QHSE-P221 Qalhat Safety Regulation For Work Under Permit (Permit To Work) Oman LNG [PDF]

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Oman LNG

L.L.C.

QALHAT SAFETY REGULATIONS FOR WORK UNDER PERMIT

This document has 146 pages

Documents Classification:By default all documents will be categorised as (Non-Critical / Non-Confidential unless otherwise specified Risk Classification Critical Security Classification

Unclassified

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Qalhat safety regulations for work under permit

Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: PREPARATION OF PLANT FOR WORK................................................................................... 5 1.

SCOPE............................................................................................................................................................. 5

2.

APPLICATION ................................................................................................................................................. 5

3.

CLEARANCE OF PROCESS MATERIALS - GUIDELINES..................................................................... 5

4.

ISOLATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 8

5.

OPENING UP AND VENTILATION ............................................................................................................ 11

6.

GAS SAFETY TESTING.............................................................................................................................. 14

CHAPTER 2: TEMPORARY ACCESS .............................................................................................................. 20 1.

SCOPE AND APPLICATION ....................................................................................................................... 20

2.

SAFETY SIGNS AND TEMPORARY BARRIERS ................................................................................... 20

3.

SCAFFOLDING ............................................................................................................................................ 24

4.

LADDERS, STEPS AND TRESTLES ........................................................................................................ 31

5.

VEHICLE-MOUNTED WORK PLATFORMS ............................................................................................ 35

6.

ROOF ACCESS ............................................................................................................................................ 37

CHAPTER 3: WORK ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERATIONS......................................................................... 40 1.

SCOPE AND APPLICATION..................................................................................................................... 40

2.

CONFINED SPACE WORK ...................................................................................................................... 40

3.

TANK CLEANING GUIDE............................................................................................................................ 62

4.

AREAS CLASSIFIED AS HAZARDOUS ................................................................................................... 72

5.

HOT WORK ................................................................................................................................................... 74

6.2. HAZARDS....................................................................................................................................................... 77 7.

EXCAVATION ................................................................................................................................................ 81

8.

DEMOLITION................................................................................................................................................ 85

9.

CHEMICAL HANDLING ............................................................................................................................... 89

CHAPTER 4: TASK CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................................................................... 90 1.

SCOPE AND APPLICATION ....................................................................................................................... 90

2.

WELDING AND FLAME CUTTING ............................................................................................................ 90

3.

PRESSURE AND LEAK TESTING ............................................................................................................ 96

4.

BLAST CLEANING ..................................................................................................................................... 100

5.

CHEMICAL CLEANING ............................................................................................................................. 103

6.

HIGH PRESSURE WATER JETTING ..................................................................................................... 106

7.

PAINTING .................................................................................................................................................... 109

CHAPTER 5: TOOL CONSIDERATIONS....................................................................................................... 112 1.

SCOPE AND APPLICATION ..................................................................................................................... 112

2.

MOBILE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES .................................................................................... 112 QHSE-P221 Page Page 2 of 147

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3.

CRANES ...................................................................................................................................................... 117

4.

LIFTING EQUIPMENT .............................................................................................................................. 124

5.

CARTRIDGE OPERATED TOOLS .......................................................................................................... 128

6.

GAS CYLINDERS ...................................................................................................................................... 132

7.

PORTABLE AND MOBILE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT ...................................................................... 137

8.

IONISING RADIATION .............................................................................................................................. 140

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ISSUE HISTORY Changes from previous issue are indicated in the table below:

Issue

Description

Date

0

First draft

08/01/1999

0

Amended as per QOP and QEN

14/07/ 1999

0

Sent for approval

15/07/1999

0

Authorised for issue

17/07/1999

1

Reviewed and updated

11/07/2004

2

General Update

27/05/2009

3

General Review and alignment with HSSE control framework requirement. The five sections of the Qalhat Safety Regulation are combined in one document titled QALHAT SAFETY REGULATIONS FOR WORK UNDER PERMIT as following :

09/12/2012

3a

• Sect3. Preparation of Plant for Work • Sect4. Temporary Access • Sect5. Working Environment Considerations • Sect6 Task considerations • Sect7. Tool Considerations Minor update on Chapter 4 Paragraph 3

26/03/2013

4

Periodic update and general check

18/09/2016

5

update to capture the lesson learnt shared by Shell with regards to the use of hammers with wooden handles

05/04/2018

Distribution:

This document is accessible though EDMS Controlled Documents Pyramid (CDP)

Custodian

QHSE/2

Date: 02/08/2016

Signature:

Comments Received:

QOP

QEN

QTE

Approval

QHSE

Date: 11/03/2018

Signature:

Authorisation

QCM

Date: 12/03/2018

Signature

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CHAPTER 1: PREPARATION OF PLANT FOR WORK 1.

SCOPE This section covers, in general terms, safety in the preparation of plant, office/recreational/company residential structures and laboratory for access other than access required for normal operation. In this context:1

Plant means any piece of manufacturing and / or storage equipment. Preparation includes: clearance of materials which are flammable, asphyxiant or otherwise hazardous to health, isolation from sources of hazardous material, power and radiation, opening up, ventilation and gas safety testing. Access might be required for cleaning, inspection, maintenance or plant modification. More specific safety instruction and guidance in relation to particular activities and situations are given in subsequent sections of these Safety Regulations and also given in Permit to W ork Procedure QOP-P109.

2.

APPLICATION It is the responsibility of the designated personnel in the area concerned to decide upon the extent of plant preparation necessary for particular access. Where, as indicated in this section, Permits to W ork are necessary to cover preparation activities, they must be separate from the Permits to Work required for subsequent work.

3.

CLEARANCE OF PROCESS MATERIALS - GUIDELINES 3.1. RANGE OF APPLICATION This chapter covers safety in the clearance of process materials necessary before opening up plant for work other than that required for normal operation. The clearance might include flushing with process material, venting, draining, flushing with water, inert gas purging and / or air purging.

3.2. HAZARDS During clearance of process materials, the hazards are:-

1

•

Production, in the surroundings, of atmospheres which are flammable, asphyxiant or otherwise hazardous to health.

•

Contamination of the ground or overloading of the drainage and effluent treatment systems.

•

Non-essential venting of hydrocarbons or other hazardous materials to the atmosphere.

•

Over-filling of the plant with liquid, causing either containment failure due to hydrostatic pressure, or overloading of a structure.

•

Over-pressurisation of the plant causing loss of containment.

•

Vacuum in the plant causing loss of containment.

•

Premature entry of air into contaminated plant and subsequent ignition causing fire or explosion where a source of ignition is present e.g. static electricity.

Plant may also include Office HVAC

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3.3. MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES It is the responsibility of the designated operations personnel to decide upon the extent of clearance of process materials that may be necessary for the proposed work to be carried out safely. Once the hazards associated with a particular job have been identified, it will be necessary to consider how they can be separated or isolated from the equipment or plant to be worked on. Flammable, toxic, pressurised, high temperature, or low temperature fluids will normally have to be removed from the isolated plant before working on it. Environmental limits for discharges made to the atmosphere and to water disposal systems are contained in the Environmental Consent Limits. Waste materials must be disposed of in accordance with the Procedure for Waste Management.

3.4. PERMIT REQUIREMENTS Clearance of process materials shall be under the direct supervision of the asset owner as permit issuing authority (e.g. operations). Therefore; permits to W ork are not required as long as established and approved operating procedures are followed.

3.5. TRANSFERS TO OTHER PARTS OF THE OLNG COMPLEX As much as is practicable of the process material remaining in the part of the plant which is to be opened up should be drained, pumped or vented to other parts of the plant or to the flare system provided for that purpose. Hazardous process materials should be washed or purged to other parts of the plant by use of the least hazardous material acceptable to the system. Assessment shall be done to confirm that the receiving part of the plant can handle the hazardous material (e.g. ensure that transfer of material to other part of the plant will not lead to corrosion, overpressure, excessive static load, embrittlement etc.)

3.6. DISCHARGES OF GAS OR VAPOUR TO THE SURROUNDINGS Gases and vapours may be discharged direct to atmosphere only if they are sufficiently well dispersed at the point of discharge to ensure that there are no significant risks of the following:•

Ignition of any flammable atmosphere produced in the surrounding air.

•

A concentration of any vapour hazardous to health exceeding the Short Term Exposure Limit at any point where there is access for unprotected personnel.

•

An asphyxiant atmosphere occurring at any point where there is access for unprotected personnel.

•

Unacceptable smells or other environmental nuisance.

There may be a need to perform dispersion check ensuring that exposed areas are identified and proper controls put in place Planned abnormal discharges of large quantities of gases or vapours to the atmosphere must have the prior approval of the OLNG Operations Manager. Where considered acceptable, and if reasonably practicable, such discharges should be made through properly designed vent stacks or flares. These can be a temporary provision. Sources of ignition must be avoided in areas where mixtures of compositions which might be within the flammable range are discharged to atmosphere, other than through properly designed flame arrestors.

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3.7. DISCHARGES OF LIQUIDS TO THE SURROUNDINGS Any discharge of liquid into the open must be carried out with due concern for:Protection of ground water and any water course or drainage system into which the liquid might flow. Avoidance of any hazard or nuisance which might arise from associated vapour evolution. This will normally necessitate provision for drainage into containers or into a treatment system for environmentally acceptable disposal. Open drain valve must be carefully monitored and NEVER left unattended for as long as there is any risk that a material could emerge which could overload the liquid drainage collection and treatment system or which could produce a vapour hazard or nuisance.

3.8. CLEARANCE WITH WATER Water may be used to remove soluble materials from process systems, to float away liquid hydrocarbons from low points and to displace gases and vapours. Before filling any tank or vessel with water, it must be confirmed that the plant can withstand the hydrostatic pressure involved and the structure supporting it can withstand the weight of the water. Provision must be made for environmentally acceptable disposal of water after use. NB: To prevent the formation of a vacuum great care must be exercised when draining liquids from tanks or vessels. Ensure that the vent is adequately sized and clear of any blockage or other obstruction. Use of water in the cryogenic systems should be avoided.

3.9. INERT GAS PURGING AND BLANKETING Inert gas blanketing can be used either to protect materials present in the plant from oxidation by air, or to avoid the development of a flammable atmosphere within the plant. The inert gas blanket can be established either by purging out a pre-existing process gas with an inert gas or by using an inert gas to maintain the pressure as the plant cools from its operating temperature when shutting down. In order to maintain an inert gas blanket it is necessary to maintain a purge flow of inert gas into the plant, sufficient to avoid ingress of air at any open vent or leak point. The input flow of inert gas should be controlled by use of a pressure control valve or flow meter or a restriction orifice. To avoid the flow of air due to external wind effects, there should at no time be more than one significant vent open to atmosphere. If a plant pressure controller is used to automatically control the input flow of inert gas, it should be set at a pressure sufficient to ensure that, taking wind effects into account, all parts of the system are maintained at a pressure above the ambient atmospheric pressure. Whenever inert gas purging is carried out, it is essential that:•

There is no access for personnel without breathing apparatus to points around manholes or vents where concentrations of inert gas might be asphyxiant. This must be monitored to prevent hazardous situations arising.

•

The inert gas has been well cleared from within the plant and the internal atmosphere verified safe by gas testing before there is any possibility of people entering without breathing apparatus.

•

The plant is not over pressurised by the inert gas.

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For more detailed guidance on control of access to systems containing inert gas see Section 5. ‘Inert Gas entry’

3.10.

PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT (PPE) PPE must be worn in accordance with OLNG Safety Regulations Section 8 and Site Safety Security and Traffic Rules. In all cases, except those known not to be harmful, skin contact with process materials should always be avoided as far as is practicable by:-

3.11.

•

The wearing of protective clothing

•

The avoidance of liquid permeation through coveralls to underclothing, notably in the pocket areas.

•

Changing without undue delay, any underwear contaminated with process materials

•

Washing exposed parts of the body with soap and water as soon as practicable after contamination.

•

Appropriate breathing apparatus might be necessary for personnel working in the vicinity of vents.

COMPETENCE AND TRAINING Personnel actively involved in the work must be aware of the HSE hazards associated with the materials handled. This data may be found in the Material Safety Data Sheets.

4.

ISOLATION 4.1. RANGE OF APPLICATION An essential ingredient of any Safe System of W ork is the integrity of the isolation procedure and the management of isolations, both mechanical and electrical is controlled within the PTW software. The kinds of isolations used and the precautions taken will depend on the level of risk that the job is likely to involve. Refer Site Safety regulation Section 3: Preparation of plant for work and QOP-P107, which shall always take precedence. This chapter covers safety in the selection and implementation of all types of plant isolation. Isolation means the physical separation from a source of hazardous material, power or radiation. It might entail defeat or override of automatic controls affecting the area of the work.

4.2. HAZARDS During the course of isolation, the hazards are:•

The hazards of opening up when removing blind flanges or fitting spades etc. (see Opening up and ventilation – Chapter 5 of this section)

•

Accidental defeat or override of an automatic control or protection system.

•

Voluntary defeat or override of an automatic protection or control system without the provision of an adequate alternative.

•

Further hazards are created if the form of isolation chosen is inadequate for its purpose or circumstances change while the work is in progress.

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4.3. MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES It is the responsibility of the designated operations personnel to decide upon the degree of isolation necessary for any particular piece of work to be performed safely.

4.4. PERMIT REQUIREMENTS An ISOLATION CONFIRMATION CERTIFICATE (ICC) containing a listing of all isolation points that the Clearance Certificate Signatory (CCS) must ‘verify’, is required for any isolation to be carried out other than that which is under the direct supervision of the responsible department. This is to ensure that:−

The form and the location of the isolation required is clearly understood between the designated plant authority and the personnel who will carry out the work.

−

The personnel carrying out the work of isolation are aware of, and are adequately protected against, the hazards involved.

−

Adequate alternative means of control and protection are provided when any automatic system is defeated or overridden.

Risk assessment level 2 (JHA) is required if the work of isolation entails any of the following:−

The use of less than positive means of process isolation where any inadequacy of the isolation could have serious consequences. − The use of cryogenic asphyxiant gases for pipe freezing operations. − W ork where fixed radioactive sources have to be removed. An electrical permit to work is also required for isolation within a high voltage system. (Refer to QOP-P109 for work that requires a Risk assessment) NB If the isolation activity requires the use of equipment driven by an internal combustion engine, the equipment entry must be subject to a separate Clearance and Fire Certificate.

4.5. DEFEAT OR OVERRIDE OF A SAFEGUARDING SYSTEM The defeat or override of a safeguarding system might be required for:−

Testing.

−

W ork on the safeguarding system itself.

−

W ork on a part of the plant affected by the system.

All overrides should be performed through an approved permit to work attached with risk assessment detailing the hazards associated with having the overrides in place, the consequences and the mitigations in place to manage it. Refer to QOP-P110 for details describing the level of authority and actions necessary to defeat or override a safeguarding system.

4.6. PROCESS ISOLATION Process isolation means the closing of all the ducts and pipes which connect the work area to other parts of the plant. The method of closure chosen in any particular case will depend upon the facilities available and the degree of security required. Isolations process is managed in QOP-P107 Process Isolations. all isolations must be marked-up on PEFS and attach to the permit to work. SINGLE VALVES/DOUBLE SEATS Ball valves with strengthened seat springs, which provide double seats and an intermediary cavity bleed in a single body, are acceptable as DB&B if the arrangement is specifically designed and installed for the line conditions. If an isolation scheme

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contains valves of this type, the isolation plan shall contain a procedure for integrity testing the valves, and the use of the intermediary cavity bleed. Particular attention should be given to securing valves of this type, in recognition that one motive source affects both valve positions.

SINGLE BLOCK Single Block (SB) provides a valve barrier against the ingress of fluids by the closure of a single block valve. The block valve must be proved acceptably tight against full normal upstream pressure before immobilising / securing in the closed position. The valve integrity shall be proven by bleeding off the downstream pressure and observing pressure on an appropriate indication device, over a suitable period of time, (this period of time depends on the piping volume available for pressure build up). It should be noted that single block should only be used where isolation can be proved to be effective. Extreme care should be exercised at all times when using single block valves within an isolation scheme.

4.7. MECHANICAL ISOLATION Mechanical isolation means the inhibition of the movement between parts in the work area. This entails one or more of the following provisions:(1) Positive isolation of the moving parts from all sources of driving fluid. (2) Positive isolation of the moving parts from all electricity supplies. (3) Disconnection of mechanical couplings. (4) The fitting of physical stops between the moving parts (e.g. clamp). The Isolating Authority shall verify with the Technician carrying out the task that any blinds inserted and blanks fitted are of the correct pressure/temperature rating and correctly located. W here possible, the Isolating Authority shall arrange for the testing of blinds/blanks to as high a pressure as they can be subjected with the isolations in place. Before opening up to give access for personnel to the moving parts in any piece of equipment, the drive must be isolated from all sources of motive power by means of positive isolation. Additionally, before entry or part entry of any person between moving parts, mechanical couplings must be disconnected where practicable and physical stops, of adequate strength to inhibit movement between the parts, must be fitted.

4.8. ELECTRICAL ISOLATION Electrical isolation means the disconnection of all electrical supplies to a piece of equipment such that inadvertent re-energisation of the circuit is excluded. This might be required for any of the following reasons:(1) To avoid risk of electric shock. (2) To avoid risk of electric spark. (3) To avoid activation of the electrically powered equipment during access.

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The procedures to be followed for the isolation of electrical systems, equipment and conductors are covered in the, QEN-P310 Electrical Safety Rules and may only be carried out by appropriately trained and authorised personnel. The following are typical examples of low voltage isolations:(1) The switch at the distribution board must be locked of and tagged. (2) All the fused must be removed from the circuit and the fuse box tagged. (3) The electrical cables must be physically disconnected from the supply and tagged. Where work is to be done on or near electrical systems, equipment and/or conductors that have been isolated, the electrical systems, equipment and conductors must be proven ‘dead’ at the point of work before work starts. The QEN-P310 Electrical Safety Rules describe the procedure to be used for the management of electrical isolation locks.

4.9. DE-ENERGISATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS When in operation, systems under cathodic protection are electrically insulated from all other conductive systems and are held at a small voltage differential from the earth. Incendive sparks can be produced by electrical short circuit to earth. To avoid the risk of such sparks, when work might produce a short circuit to earth in a hazardous area, the cathodic protection systems must be electrically de-energised and earthed. This must be carried out at least 24 hours before work commences to give time for de-polarisation of the protection system. There is the risk of electric shock to divers if they approach within a few metres of submerged current anodes which are in operation. Impressed current systems protecting submerged structure, including ships, must be switched off before divers commence work. Refer to QEN-W 317 W ork Instruction for Cathodic Protection.

4.10.

REFERENCES Shell HSSE and SP Control Framework; Personal Safety Manual; Hot W ork Section. Permit to W ork Procedure QOP-P109. Control and Use of Override on Process Safeguarding procedure QOP-P110. Process Isolation, Planning, Preparation, implementation and Monitoring isolation Procedure QOP-P107.

5.

OPENING UP AND VENTILATION 5.1. RANGE OF APPLICATION This chapter covers safety in the opening up and ventilation of plant in preparation for further work. Opening up means the mechanical breaching of a closed plant to atmosphere, other than by normal operation of a vent or drain valve. It usually entails one or more of the following:−

The removal of manhole or inspection covers.

−

The removal of blank flanges, pipe branches or pipe spool pieces.

−

The springing apart of pipe flanges.

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−

Ventilation means displacement of gases and vapours by breathable air.

5.2. HAZARDS During opening up the hazards are:−

Forceful release of pressurised material at the breached point.

−

Discharge of hazardous or environmentally damaging substances from the breach point.

−

The entry of air at the breach, producing a flammable atmosphere internally and the consequent risk of explosion, particularly if pyrophoric materials are present inside the plant.

During ventilation the hazards are:−

The transient presence of flammable atmospheres in spaces which contain flammable liquids or vapours.

−

The contamination of the atmosphere around ventilation outlet points.

−

Premature entry of personnel to inadequately ventilated spaces.

−

The contamination of the area during ventilation by pulling hazardous atmosphere

5.3. MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES It is the responsibility of the designated operations personnel to specify all the precautions necessary in order to avoid hazards to personnel and equipment during opening up and ventilation.

5.4. PERMIT REQUIREMENTS A BREAKING CONTAINMENT PERMIT (BLACK COLOUR-CODED FORM) is required for the opening up of any system which might contain pressurised materials, or materials which are flammable, asphyxiant or hazardous to health. A SUPPLEMENTARY CERTIFICATE is required to support the HOTWORK SPARK POTENTIAL PERMIT (ROSE COLOUR-CODED FORM) if the risks are such that:−

Pyrophoric deposits may be present in the part of the plant to be breached.

−

Breathing apparatus must be worn by the persons making the breach.

−

Special precautions must be taken against flash fire at the breach.

−

Special precautions must be taken against ingress of air at the breach.

−

Special precautions must be taken for the dispersion of the vapours likely to be released when the breach occurs or during subsequent ventilation.

For any of the above criteria, if the system to be breached is large (spanning across interconnected system comprising more than one vessel/column without intermediate isolation) and positive isolation is not possible job hazards analysis is required. Permits for the work entailing opening up and initial ventilation must be kept separate from those required for subsequent work. Refer to QOP-P109

5.5. FITTING OF SPADES AND BLANKS Before opening up a plant for the fitting of a spade or blank, the point at which the breach is to be made must, as far as is reasonably practicable, be cleared of hazardous materials, depressurised and isolated from sources of hazardous material. The part of the plant to be breached should, where practicable, be depressurised and, if safe and practicable, continuously vented to atmosphere whilst the breach is in being made.

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If single isolation is all that is available to isolate the breach point from a source of hazardous material under significant pressure, then the work must be supported with job hazards analysis. Flanges to be sprung apart should be carefully split, in accordance with good engineering practice, to check for pressure and hazardous materials before all bolts are removed. If there is concern that there might be flammable vapours together with pyrophoric deposits present in the part of the plant to be breached, arrangements must be made to ensure that there is a small outward flow of inert gas as the breach is made. The pressure of the inert gas must not be sufficient to harm personnel as it emerges from the breach. Special precautions are necessary when spades are to be fitted in large systems, such as flare systems and large diameter vapour ducts, which either cannot be isolated or can be isolated only at some considerable distance from the proposed breach point. In such a situation, the designated Engineering authority must produce a method statement (engineering work plan) covering the execution of the activity.

5.6. VENTILATION Before opening up for ventilation:−

All hazardous substances must be cleared from the plant sufficiently to ensure that during ventilation there is no unacceptable spread of hazardous vapours to the surroundings and that, where there are risks of ignition from pyrophoric deposits, there is no development of flammable atmospheres.

−

Workers are not exposed to hazardous materials beyond set exposure limits.

−

The plant must be positively isolated from all sources of hazardous substances.

−

Precautions must be taken to control the rate of oxidation and avoid ignition of any pyrophoric deposits which might be present. In the case of iron sulphide deposits this can be achieved by wetting the deposits with water and / or injecting inert gas with the ventilating air.

Ventilation may be achieved by:−

Natural means such as wind or convection.

−

Artificial means such as air eductors or fans placed at the air inlet.

−

A combination of natural and artificial means.

The ventilation strategy employed will depend upon the contents of the plant as follows:Plant containing inert gas Plant which has been blanketed with inert gas must not be opened up direct to atmosphere if it still contains sources of hazardous gases or vapours. If necessary to should be cleared first by inert gas purging and then treated as in 5.6.2 below. If there is no risk that sources of hazardous vapours might be present, it will normally be acceptable to purge out the inert gas to atmosphere from either a compressed air supply or by natural convection. Asphyxiant concentrations must be avoided in all places where there is access for unprotected personnel. Particular care is necessary where the inert gas is heavy or cold with respect to the ambient atmosphere. Gas concentration monitoring should be applied if necessary to protect the environment in these circumstances.

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Plant containing flammable vapours If it considered unsafe to vent the flammable vapours direct to atmosphere, arrangements must be made to purge them by a safe route using inert gas before ventilation. When ventilating spaces that might contain flammable vapours, all equipment used for any artificial ventilation should take suction from direct fresh air and should be placed at the natural air inlet ventilation to the space so that, in the event of its failure, it is unlikely to be enveloped by the flammable vapours. The equipment chosen must not be susceptible to mechanical sparking. It must be fully bonded and earthed against electrostatic charging. Electrical components must be certified for operation in Zone 1 areas (see Chapter 3: Work Environment Considerations – paragraph 4: Areas Classified as hazardous.)

5.7. PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT PPE must be worn in accordance with OLNG PPE procedure by Personnel opening up plants which might contain hazardous substances must wear additional personal protection appropriate to the hazards concerned. Respiratory protective equipment must be worn and the necessary attendants must be provided if the risk of hazardous gas or vapour emission at the breach cannot be avoided. Fire protective suits must be worn and the additional first-attack fire fighting equipment must be provided if there is a risk of ignition of the materials which might be released as the breach is made.

5.8. COMPETENCE AND TRAINING Personnel required to open up plants which might contain hazardous materials should have experience of this type of work. They must be made aware of the particular hazards involved and the precautions to be taken.

6.

GAS SAFETY TESTING 6.1. RANGE OF APPLICATION This chapter covers the selection and use of portable equipment and automatic monitors for gas safety testing. It includes testing for flammability, oxygen and substances hazardous to health. It does not cover:− −

Laboratory testing Fixed facilities to monitor the quality of the atmosphere during normal plant operations. Dose monitoring of personnel carried out as a precaution against exposure to vapours which are hazardous to health.

−

6.2. HAZARDS In gas safety testing, the hazards are:−

The premature entry of personnel without respiratory protection into hazardous atmospheres for the purpose of gas safety testing

−

Ignition arising from the use of inadequately certified testing equipment in hazardous areas.

−

Faulty testing equipment or faulty interpretation of readings.

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−

Failure to identify activities that concurrently could adversely affect the work site condition

6.3. MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES Gas safety testing must be carried out before:(a)

Any work which might produce a source of ignition in an area either classified as hazardous in relation to flammable atmospheres or thought for any other reason to be contaminated with flammable gases or vapours.

(b)

Entry by personnel into an area where the atmosphere might be asphyxiant or hazardous to health. Gas safety testing will only be carried out by trained and suitably qualified OLNG personnel. Only makes and types of gas safety testing equipment approved by the QMI Department may be used. All gas testing equipment are critical equipment that shall be subject to Management of Change process if needed to be changed.

6.4. PERMIT REQUIREMENTS A Gas test certificate is to be attached to any permit where a gas test is deemed required for the initial entry of the Authorised Safety Inspector into a confined space for the purpose of gas safety testing. (see Chapter 3: W ork Environment Considerations – paragraph 2: Confined Space W ork))

6.5. GAS SAFETY SAMPLING STRATEGY The aim of gas safety testing is to confirm not only that the area concerned meets the criteria for personnel entry or other activity required, but also that there are no sources of hazardous gas or vapour which could very quickly re-contaminate the area. Samples must therefore be taken and repeated to the satisfaction of the tester:−

Throughout the area

−

In poorly ventilated corners and pockets

−

Near to any possible source of contamination

6.6. GAS SAFETY SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Portable instruments should normally be used without extension tubes unless necessary to reach otherwise inaccessible places. W here an extension tube is used, the user must be satisfied by personal inspection that the extension is clean, free from leaks and made of suitable material. Samples may be taken through balloons where there is concern that mists might otherwise be drawn directly into the testing equipment, damaging it or causing it to give false readings. Samples may be taken for detailed laboratory analysis if needed for components that are not measurable using portable instruments. The material of construction of any tube, balloon or container used for sampling must be approved by the QMI Department as appropriate to avoid any contamination, dilution or absorption of the sample. Specialist means of testing are necessary for hot vapours. The use of heated sample tubes in an attempt to avoid condensation from hot gases is not recommended.

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6.7. GAS TESTING EQUIPMENT STANDARDS Protection for use in Hazardous Areas Any piece of gas safety testing equipment to be used in a Hazardous Areas, if it incorporates a potential source of ignition and is to be used without recourse to fire permit conditions, must be certified to a standard appropriate for the classification of the area and the most hazardous species of flammable gas or vapour which might be present. The minimum protection standard for the gas safety testing equipment used at OLNG is set by QHSE department. Examination and testing Gas safety testing equipment must regularly examined, tested, calibrated and marked satisfactory with the latest examination date, in accordance with a schedule by an appropriately qualified person. Users must satisfy themselves before use that the equipment has been examined and tested as required, is generally in good condition and responds as it should to trial contamination of the intake air.

6.8. ATMOSPHERIC FLAMMABILITY TESTING Atmospheric flammability testing is necessary to control hazards of fire and explosion. Flammability in a plant can arise from:−

Flammable liquids or vapours remaining in the plant after it has been opened up and while it is being ventilated.

−

Vents or leaks of flammable vapours to atmosphere.

−

Accumulation in poorly ventilated places of flammable vapours from leaks or natural causes e.g. anaerobic decomposition.

The flammability of an atmosphere, consisting of air contaminated with a flammable gas or vapour, is expressed as a percentage of the lower flammability limit for a particular flammable species present. For gas safety work, flammability is measured directly using a ‘flammable gas’ meter. If direct measurement of the flammability is impracticable because the atmosphere to be tested is hot, oxygen deficient or contaminated with materials which interfere with the direct flammability measuring instrument, an analyser may be used. This analyser measures the concentration of the flammable components in the atmosphere and the flammability of the atmosphere can then be calculated from these measurements. Criteria Based on Test results Hot work must not be allowed where the measured flammability of the atmosphere exceeds 5% of the lower flammability limit. Entry of personnel, however protected, should not be allowed where the measured flammability of the atmosphere exceeds 10% of the lower flammability limit. Such entry may be considered in emergencies only, and in exceptional circumstances, with a level of authority higher than an Authorised Gas Safety Inspector. For criteria related to confined space entry; refer to W ork Environment consideration section addressing Confined Space Entry.

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6.9. OXYGEN CONCENTRATION TESTING Atmospheric oxygen testing is necessary:−

To avoid risks to personnel from asphyxiation.

−

To avoid risks of ignition due to enhanced oxygen concentration

−

Where flammability testing is required, to ensure that the oxygen concentration is within the range necessary for reliable flammability testing.

−

Oxygen deficiency in the atmosphere can arise from:-

−

Inert gas remaining in the plant after purging or blanketing with inert gas.

−

Poor dispersion of a vent or a leak of inert gas to atmosphere.

−

Oxygen depletion of the atmosphere in a poorly ventilated place due either to biological action (e.g. organic growth) or to chemical oxidation (e.g. rusting)

−

Cutting or welding in a confined space

−

Oxygen enrichment in a plant can result from leaks in an oxygen system (e.g. gas cutting or welding equipment)

Criteria Based on Test Results The flammable gas readings for equipment designed with catalyst cannot be relied upon if the oxygen concentration of the atmosphere under test is less than 16% by volume. Breathing apparatus must be worn for entry into any confined space where the concentration of oxygen is less than 20% by volume and should be considered for entry into any space where the concentration of oxygen is measurably different from that of fresh air - W ork Environment consideration section addressing Confined Space Entry. Entry of personnel into an atmosphere where the concentration of oxygen is less than 20% volume must be treated as inert gas entry - W ork Environment consideration section addressing Inert gas Entry No entry of personnel, however protected, is allowed where the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is more than 25% volume because this would give rise to the greatly increased risk of ignition of clothes and other combustible materials.

6.10. ATMOSPHERIC TESTING HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH

FOR

OTHER

SUBSTANCES

Testing for substances hazardous to health is necessary whenever there are risks of contamination of the breathing air. Vapours hazardous to health in a plant area can arise from:−

Hazardous substances remaining in the plant after it has been opened up and while it is being ventilated.

−

Vents or leaks of hazardous substances to atmosphere.

−

Accumulation, in poorly ventilated places, of vapours hazardous to health from leaks or from natural sources e.g. hydrogen sulphide from biological activity.

Specific testing equipment shall be used to measure concentrations of hazardous substances. These equipment shall be selected based on the design working conditions and hazardous substance they are intended to measure. Changes in type of

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testing equipment or introduction of testing equipment shall be done through Management of Change. Alternatively, vapours hazardous to health may be measured by chemical or physiochemical means. The most convenient means for most vapours is the portable colorimetric test equipment which uses sealed and calibrated, throw-away test tubes e.g. Draeger Tubes. Flammability measurements are not reliable as a guide to the presence of substances hazardous to health. Portable Colorimetric Test Equipment A sample of the atmosphere to be tested is drawn through the test tube by a hand operated bellows. Each test entails breaking the two ends of the sealed glass tube and drawing through it a specified number of bellows volumes. The tube serves for only one test. A wide range of standard test tubes is available. Each tube is designed for one species of contaminant within a particular concentration range. Some tubes can be used for a group of related species. Most colorimetric tubes have a specified shelf life which applies as long as they are kept sealed and in cool conditions, away from direct sunlight. The seals must not be broken until immediately before use. The bellows pump must be in good condition and should be blown clear with clean air after use. The pump should be tested for leaks prior to each test and the volume of the stroke should be checked on a routine basis. It is important, when carrying out the test, that the stroke of the bellows pump is a full one and that exactly the specified number of strokes is taken. The user must be satisfied that no contaminant is present which might interfere with the test and that tests are carried out to cover all the hazardous materials likely to be present. Direct reading instruments They are available in the form of sophisticated analysers which can only be used by trained and experienced operators. Infra-red gas analysers are the most common but other types of analysers are also available. They are very accurate and give continuous or TW A readings e.g. MSA multi gas tester.

Criteria Based on Test Results Appropriate personal protective equipment including respiratory protection must be worn for entry into any atmosphere where a person might be subject to an exposure exceeding any of:−

The Long Term Exposure Limit (TW A 8hr-eight hour weighted average value).

−

The Short Term Exposure Limit (10 minute time weighted average value).

−

Any known shorter term safety limits.

Maximum Exposure Limits and Occupational Exposure Standards for all commonly occurring hazardous gases and vapours are given in ACGIH.

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For the following agents; the limits are defined as follows: Agent

8-hour time-weighted average limit

15-minute short term exposure limit

Benzene

0.5 ppm or 1.6 mg/m 3

2.5 ppm or 8 mg/m 3

Ethylene Oxide

1 ppm or 1.8 mg/m 3

–

Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)

10 ppm or 28 mg/m 3

50 ppm or 140 mg/m 3

MMVF (Refractory Ceramic Fibres)

0.5 fibre/ml

–

MMVF (Fibreglass, Mineral Wool)

1.0 fibre/ml

–

6.11.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Personnel carrying out gas safety tests must be protected against gas exposure hazards (see Chapter 3: Work Environment Considerations – paragraph 2: Confined Space W ork))

6.12.

COMPETENCE AND TRAINING Only Authorised Safety Inspectors and Authorised Gas testers may carry out gas safety testing within OLNG.

6.13.

REFERENCES Shell HSSE CF

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CHAPTER 2: TEMPORARY ACCESS 1.

SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1. SCOPE This section covers the safety in the provision and use of various means of occasional personnel access, mainly to heights. A chapter on the use of safety signs and notices is included.

1.2. BACKGROUND A safe means of access must be provided for every person to their place of work. This must include:(1) A safe route to and from the place of work. (2) A safe work place. (3) Provision for emergency escape e.g. by a secondary route. (4) Limitation of access by signs and barriers necessary for safety of personnel. These requirements apply both to places of regular work and to places of occasional work. For work at a place where a person might fall either a distance of more than 1.8 metres or into a hazardous situation, a platform with adequate guide rails and toe boards should be provided if reasonably practicable. Alternatively, provision only of a secure foothold together with a secure handhold may be considered for short periods of work. In this case, safety harnesses or safety nets must also be provided. (see Chapter 2: Temporary Access – paragraph 4: Ladders, Steps and Trestles) Means of access must be kept free from obstruction and from any substances likely to cause a person to slip, trip or fall. Adequate approved lighting must be provided.

1.3. APPLICATION It is the responsibility of the authorised person acting on behalf of the Operations or Engineering Manager to provide or approve the temporary means of access for any particular task on the plant. The Permit to W ork for the task must include any safety precautions necessary for the temporary means of access which are to be used. If the provision of the temporary means of access is seen as a task in itself e.g. the provision of scaffolding, this should be covered by an independent Permit to W ork. It should be noted that temporary access (usually scaffolding) is subject to Company regulations which require that the structure is subjected to periodic inspection by a competent person and authorised for use by displaying a SCAFFTAG on the structure. Such temporary structures must also be re-inspected and certified every 7 days to ensure that there are no obvious defects prior to each occasion they are used. NOTE: There is a separate chapter in this section covering scaffolding i.e. Chapter 3.

2.

SAFETY SIGNS AND TEMPORARY BARRIERS 2.1. RANGE OF APPLICATION This chapter covers the requirements for the design and provision of safety signs, fire safety signs, road traffic signs and temporary barriers.

2.2. MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES Signs, notices and barriers must be provided and located as necessary to control effectively the access of personnel where they might be exposed to hazards, and for directing people to the buildings and plant sites. All safety signs giving health or safety information or instructions to persons must comply

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Qalhat safety regulations for work under permit with the Safety Signs Regulations 1980. The main exceptions are:(1) The signs and colours used for regulating traffic. (2) Any signs in such proximity that they might lead to confusion. (3) The signs relating to fire fighting and fire escape provisions.

2.3. SAFETY SIGNS A safety sign is a sign which gives a message about health or safety by a combination of geometric form, colour and symbol. A safety sign may be supplemented by a notice. BS 5738-1:1980 provides the following scheme for colour, shape and dimension of safety signs. Prohibition signs (1) The background colour must be white. The circular band and cross bar must be red. (2) If a symbol is to be used, it must be black and placed centrally on the background and must not obliterate the cross bar. (3) Red must cover at least 35% of the area of the safety sign. Any text must be put on a supplementary notice. Warning signs (1) The background colour must be yellow. (2) The triangular band must be black. (3) The symbol which is necessary to amplify the meaning of the sign must be black and placed centrally on the background. (4) Yellow must cover at least 50% of the area of the safety sign. (5) Any text must be put onto a supplementary notice. Mandatory signs (1) The background colour must be blue. (2) The symbol which is necessary to amplify the meaning of the sign must be white and placed centrally on the background. (3) Blue must cover at least 50% of the area of the safety sign. (4) The symbols used on mandatory signs should depict general types of protection. (5) W here necessary, a specific type or level of protection should be indicated by text, on a supplementary notice. Safe condition signs (1) The background colour must be green. (2) The symbol or text which is necessary to amplify the meaning of the sign must be white. (3) The shape of the sign must be oblong or square as necessary to accommodate the symbol or text. (4) Green must cover at least 50% of the safety sign.

Safety symbols (1) The design of any symbol incorporated into the sign must be as simple as possible.

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(2) Details not essential for the understanding of the message should be omitted. (3) The recommendations given for symbols in BS-5378 must be followed. (4) In case of ionising radiation hazards, the symbol recommended by BS3510 must be used. Safety notices (1) Text in the form of a safety notice may or may not be necessary in addition to the safety sign, but whenever a safety notice is used it must be accompanied by an appropriate safety sign. (2) More than one sign may be used if this helps understanding.

2.4. ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS Road traffic signs used in the plant shall be in line with the Sultanate of Oman legislation issued by ROP (Royal Oman Police). It will be noted that the range of shapes and colours is more extensive than the range allowed for safety signs.

2.5. TEMPORARY BARRIERS Barriers should be erected as necessary with signs to indicate to personnel the restrictions or actions required. Temporary barriers may be in the form of;(1)

Portable metal frames

(2)

Wires mesh fences.

(3)

Warning posts with chains, ropes or highly visible tapes.

(4)

Hazard lamps and beacons.

(5)

Floor markings.

(6)

Purpose built scaffold with warning signs.

The type of barrier chosen must be appropriate to the circumstances, bearing in mind:(1)

The severity of the hazard.

(2)

The degree of responsibility to be expected from the personnel for whom the barrier is necessary.

(3)

The factors which might cause the barrier to deteriorate within the period of exposure.

Note: Plastic tapes (W arning/Danger) are not the appropriate barriers as per above circumstances and should only be used for warning purposes only and to be removed immediately upon completion of work.

2.6. PROVISION AND SITING Safety signs must be sited in positions where at least one can be seen from every approach. They must be kept clean and illuminated in adequate lighting conditions.

2.7. COMPETENCE AND TRAINING During safety induction, personnel will be made aware of the meanings of safety signs, notices and barriers used at OMAN LNG.

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Figure 2-1: Examples of Standard Signs Symbol Meaning

ExDmples

(9

®

Prohibition

Mandatory (Must Do)

No Smoking

Hearing Protection

Warning (Donger-Potential Hazard

Safe Condition (The Safe Way)

Fire Equipment & Safety

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3.

SCAFFOLDING 3.1. RANGE OF APPLICATION This chapter covers safety in the construction, use and dismantling of modular scaffolds. A scaffold is a temporary structure used to provide access for work or to support materials and equipment. It may be of the conventional tube and coupler type or of a proprietary type based upon the use of standard frames, with or without standard tubes and couplers.

3.2. HAZARDS During construction, use and dismantling of scaffolding, the particular hazards are:(1)

Faulty structural design or inadequate bracing.

(2)

Faulty materials of construction.

(3)

Overloading.

(4)

Deterioration of the fixings or the materials of construction due to damage or the weather.

(5)

Unauthorised alteration.

(6)

Impact from passing vehicles.

(7)

Failure of the scaffold structure when incomplete.

(8)

Falls of scaffolders.

(9)

Scaffolding materials being dropped during handling.

3.3. MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES The responsibility for safety in the construction, use and dismantling of scaffolding at OMAN LNG is divided as follows:(1)

The Head of Maintenance.

(2)

The Scaffolding contractor.

(3)

OLNG supervisor.

(4)

Contract holder.

(5)

Scaffold supervisor.

(6)

Scaffold inspector.

(7)

The user.

Engineering Manager’s Responsibilities In addition to selecting a competent Scaffolding Contractor, the Engineering Manager must:(1)

Ensure that a recognised standard or code of practice is available, understood and accepted by the Scaffolding Contractor.

(2)

Verify that the Scaffolding Contractor provide properly certified training in safe scaffold erection for his scaffolders to guarantee skilled competency.

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(3)

Verify that the Scaffold Contractor provides adequate supervision of the work in hand.

(4)

Ensure that a clearly written handover procedure is available - scafftag.

(5)

Ensure that the Users are informed about the purpose of the scaffolds, the User’s responsibilities and the need for Personal Protective Equipment.

Scaffolding Contractor’s Responsibilities The Scaffolding Contractor must:(1)

Ensure that all his employees adhere to the recognised standard or code of practice with respect to the selection, erection and possible modification of scaffolds.

(2)

Appoint a fully trained, certified and competent Scaffolding Supervisor.

(3)

Provide proper training for the scaffolders and ensure that their performance is properly monitored by the Scaffolding Supervisor.

(4)

Provide adequate Personal Protective Equipment such as safety helmets, gloves, overalls, safety spectacles, safety footwear, harnesses ( with double lanyard /shock absorber), lifelines, safety nets, and when working above water, life jackets. Ensure the proper use of all Personal Protective Equipment provided.

(5)

Carry out regular quality control checks on scaffolding materials and erected scaffolds.

(6)

Adhere to the written handover procedures and maintain good communication with the Scaffolding Supervisor at all times.

(7)

Ensure safe dismantling of the scaffolding and site clearance upon completion of the job.

(8)

Control scaffolding erection/dismantling in accordance with British Standard BS EN 12811-1:2003.

(9)

Inspect the scaffolding and the use of standard scaffolding material complying BS1139 specification

(10) Ensure that proper training and certification is given to scaffolders

OLNG supervisor’s Responsibilities The OLNG supervisor must:(1) Give proper information to scaffold contractor in the request (2) Ensure that scaffold is used properly by his personnel and himself

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Contract Holder’s Responsibilities The contract holder must:(1) Describe the proper scaffolding materials, structural design code, personnel skills (2) Ensure that there is a valid contract at any time (3) Audit the performance of the scaffolding contractor

Scaffold Supervisor’s Responsibilities The scaffold supervisor must:(1) Supervise that proper structural strength and stability of a scaffold is provided both during erection/removal and intended use.

Scaffold Inspector’s Responsibilities The scaffold inspector must:(1) Inspect a scaffold before its first us (2) Inspect scaffolding material every 6 months (3) Re-inspection a scaffold after every 7 days (4) (scaffold inspector and supervisor might be same person)

User’s Responsibilities Users must:(1)

Ensure that scaffolding is safely used and not modified without authorisation.

(2)

Report defects and unauthorised modification of the scaffolding.

(3)

Inform the relevant person when scaffolding is no longer required and is available for dismantling.

3.4. PERMIT REQUIREMENTS A COLD WORK PERMIT (Green colour-coded Form) is required from the designated operating authority for the plant area, before any scaffold is erected, altered or dismantled.

3.5. DESIGN STANDARDS Scaffolding must comply with British Standard BS EN 12811-1:2003. Temporary Working Platforms The minimum width for temporary working platforms in Oman LNG is 1070mm. All sides of every fixed temporary working platform from which a person may fall more than 1.8 metres should be fitted with two guardrails set at least 450mm and 920mm above the platform and a toe board at least 150mm deep. The gap between the top of the toe board and the guardrail must not exceed 770mm. Scaffold Loading Scaffolds must be built to suit the loading duty as indicated by table 3.1

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Table 3-1 Permitted Platform Loads on Scaffold Structures Typical use Maximum Maximum Commonly Duty of of platform distributed number of used platform load on the platform platform platform. levels widths using 2 Kg/m 225mm boards

Maximum bay length in metres

Very light

Inspection, Painting, Cleaning and Access

75

1

3 boards

2.70

Light

Painting and

150

2

4 boards

2.40

Cleaning

General purpose

General construction work

200

2 plus 1 at very light duty

5 boards or 4+1inside

2.10

Heavy

heavy construction and cladding

250

2 plus 1 at very light duty

5 boards or 5+1 inside or 4+1 inside

2.00

Special

Very heavy construction and cladding

300

1 plus 1 at very light duty

6 - 8 boards

1.80

Where sheeting is to be added to a scaffold for shielding purposes (e.g. weather protection) designs of both the scaffolding and existing structure must be checked for additional wind loads to be installed. Where there are any doubts over the safety of large or complicated scaffolds, the Scaffolding Contractor should submit a structural calculation and an erection drawing to the Oman LNG Head of Maintenance. This is also required where scaffolding height is over 30 metres. Construction Details The material used to build any scaffold must be in good condition and comply with the approved standards (refer to Oman LNG Procedure for Scaffolding). Steel items should be clean and not treated in any way to conceal defects. Every scaffold structure must be well founded. The foundation must be capable of carrying the imposed load for the entire life of the scaffolds. Base plates and sole boards must be used as appropriate to spread the load. Aluminium ladders are not allowed to be used on site. Scaffolds must not be supported by process lines, unless specifically allowed by the permit to W ork, and must not be tied into existing handrails or guard-rails, and structural beams. The scaffold must not foul process valves or push buttons, ladders or block platform completely. Scaffold tubes must not protrude so as to endanger personnel. The use of coloured end caps is recommended near access-ways.

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Joints should be wrapped or otherwise shielded in the vicinity of accessways, to prevent injury to passers-by. Ladders must be placed so as not to impose an unacceptable side loading on the scaffold and must be secured to the scaffold to prevent them slipping. Layout Constraints Sufficient means of emergency escape must be provided from each scaffold platform. Scaffolds must not block access or escape routes unless this is specifically allowed by the Permit to W ork. Supplementary provisions for access might be required if a scaffold blocks a normal access or escape route. For working under very hazardous situations at elevation stairs in two opposite direction shall be built instead of ladders, and mesh protection to prevent someone being blown off the platform should be considered.

3.6. INSPECTION Erectors inspection The scaffolding contractor will receive a request to build a scaffold through CMMS work order. When the request is not clear, the scaffolding supervisor should with the requester go to the location and discus what type and size of scaffolding is required. Erection has to be done as per OLNG safety regulations chapter 4.5. The scaffold is ready for use only when the scaffold inspector has approved it and fixed a signed scaftag on the entrance of the scaffolding. The Scaffolding Contractor erecting the scaffold must ensure that, at the time of handing over, the scaffold:(1) Complies with any design drawing and/or specification for that particular scaffold. (2)

Complies with the requirements of the Oman LNG Procedure for Scaffolding QEN-P103 and the approved standard noted therein.

(3)

Is adequate for the purpose for which it is intended.

(4)

Is stable and in a safe condition.

(5)

Safe working load is not less than 200kg/m .

(6)

Has been thoroughly inspected by a qualified competent person.

2

(7) The handover certificate has been signed and dated on behalf of the erection company. (8)

A scafftag is in place on the scaffold at the point of access.

Oman LNG Inspection It is the responsibility of the Oman LNG Head of Maintenance to ensure that on-going inspections are carried out. The inspections must be carried out by the contractor’s competent person:(1)

Before acceptance from the scaffolding contractor.

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(2)

At least once every seven days thereafter.

(3) Before use following any severe weather condition which might have affected the structural integrity of the scaffold. (4) Before use after any alteration which might have affected the structural integrity of the scaffold. (5) Inspection of all tubular, couplers/fitting and boards will be at six month cycle and be colour coded as per colour identification of hoisting & lifting equipment ( Ref-QEN-P202) A record of these inspections must be maintained by the contractor, and recorded on the scafftag. Pre-dismantling Inspection The scaffold must be inspected prior to dismantling. If the scaffold is defective, it must be made safe before dismantling commences. Where alterations have been made to the scaffold during its working life, it is not safe to assume that dismantling can be carried out in a sequence the reverse of that used during erection.

3.7. MARKING OF SCAFFOLDS Safety Signs and Barriers Whenever a scaffold is incomplete, during construction, alteration or dismantling, all access points must be barred and marked by warning signs and notices to indicate that the scaffold is not safe for general use. Where there is a potential danger to a scaffold from the impact of vehicular traffic, substantial barriers should be erected with illuminated signs as necessary to keep traffic away. The access area around a scaffold may need to be roped off to reduce the risk of debris or equipment falling on passers-by. Safety Signs must be clearly displayed on all protective fans, indicating that the fans are not for storage or access. Status Cards Before a scaffold from which a person might fall more than 1.8 metres is taken into general use, a system of status cards (Scafftags) is established. A status card must be displayed in a prominent position at every access point on the scaffold to indicate whether the scaffold may be used and if so, the date of the last satisfactory inspection and the signature of the person(s) who carried out the last inspection. The system provides a card-holder with a slot for the status card (see figure 3.2). This indicates automatically that the scaffold is unsafe when the card is removed. Users must check regularly that status cards are up to date.

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Figure 3-2 Status Card System with and without the Card

3.8. PRECAUTIONS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND DISMANTLING All materials must be raised or lowered in an orderly manner, by hand or by hoist. Small items should be handled in secure bags or baskets. No item may be thrown or allowed to fall. No scaffolder should work without a secure foothold and a secure handhold Properly secured ladders should be used for access to heights. No scaffolder should work from a scaffold platform of less than three scaffold boards, all of which should be properly supported. For exposed work at heights, scaffolders must wear safety harnesses and, whenever practicable, attach safety lanyards to a secure anchor point on an adjacent structure. This would normally be at heights above 1.8 metres, but in some circumstances it may be advisable to use harnesses and lanyards at lower level.

3.9. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Personal protective equipment / clothing in accordance with OLNG PPE regulations must be worn when constructing scaffolds. Harness with double lanyard to be used during construction and dismasting of scaffold structure (prior to receiving green status card) Personal fall arrest equipment must be worn whenever a person is exposed to a fall exceeding 6.18 meters. Head protection must be worn. Short-peaked safety helmets may be specified for construction personnel. Head protection must be worn with chin straps

3.10.

COMPETENCE AND TRAINING

Persons employed to erect, inspect, alter or dismantle scaffolds must be appropriately trained and experienced. Scaffolding Supervisors and foremen must be qualified from a suitable scaffolding qualification course and must be experienced in work with scaffolds.

3.11.

REFERENCES (1)

HSSE & SP Control Framework.

(2)

Oman LNG QEN-P103 – Procedure for Scaffolding

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4.

LADDERS, STEPS AND TRESTLES 4.1. RANGE OF APPLICATION This chapter covers safety in the use of portable ladders, steps and trestles (A-frame-ladder).

4.2. HAZARDS The main cause of accidents involving ladders is movements while in use. This occurs when they have not been secured to a fixed point, particularly at the foot. The particular hazards when working with ladders, steps and trestles are:(1) Inadequate footing. (2)

Over-reaching by the worker.

(3)

Overloading.

(4)

Overbalancing.

(5)

Tools or equipment falling on passers-by.

(6)

Electrically conductive ladders touching live overhead cables.

(7)

The sparks which can be produced when aluminium is scraped against rusty metal. Thus aluminium ladders are not permitted to be used in the process plant area.

(8)

Failure in service due to inadequate care and maintenance.

4.3. MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES Portable ladders, steps and trestles should be used only for light duties of short duration (Refer to QHSE-P209 5.4.3 Ladders) . Otherwise, properly constructed means of access should be provided. Drums or other makeshift pieces of equipment MUST NOT be used as a medium to gain access. Ladders / step ladders should be used only for low risk, short duration work. They must be in good condition, prevented from slipping, and only used by competent people. There should always be a handhold available.

4.4. PERMIT REQUIREMENTS Permits covering work for which ladders, steps and trestles might be needed should draw attention to any special constraints considered necessary for safety.

4.5. EQUIPMENT STANDARDS All ladders, steps and trestles used within Oman LNG must meet the British Standards or equivalent, appropriate to the duty. Ladders Oman LNG uses six types of ladder. (1) W ooden ladders used on the plant to access temporary platforms e.g. scaffolding. (2) Permanent steel ladders either for access or escape from fixed platforms on the plant. (3) Aluminium ladders; can be used only in gas free environment. (4) Small portable stepladders for use in the plant by Operations staff (5) Rope ladders for vertical vessel access / egress. (requires higher authority to approve the use) (6) Oman LNG also has aluminium stepladders for use in NIBs

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The following classes are recognised by British Standards. Class 1: Industrial

For heavy duty where relatively high frequency and onerous conditions of use, carriage and storage occur. Suitable for industrial purposes. Duty rating 130kg.

Class 2: Light Trades

For medium duty where relatively low frequency and reasonably good conditions of use, storage and carriage occur. Suitable for light trade purposes. Duty rating 110kg.

Class 3: Domestic

For light duty where frequency of use is low and good storage and carriage conditions pertain. Suitable for domestic and household purposes. Duty rating 110kg.

Steps and Trestles The cords of swing back steps and trestles must be of the correct length and in good condition. They should pass through the stiles and back supports and be knotted securely at each end. Trestle Platforms Trestle platforms must not be less than 435mm in width. For platforms less than 640mm in width, fabricated staging boards are recommended. Trestle platforms must not be used where a person is liable to fall more than 4.5 metres from the platform. Trestle platforms without guard rails and toe boards may be used by experienced persons for short duration work provided that, where a person is liable to fall a distance of more than 1.8 metres from the platform, either good handholds or a safety harness attached to fixed anchor points is worn. Marking of Equipment Equipment must be marked with the following particulars in accordance with British Standards:(1) The name, trademark or other means of identification of the manufacturer or supplier. (2) The number and date of the British Standards or equivalent to which the equipment conforms. (3)

The class and duty rating of the equipment.

Inspection Equipment must be inspected by a competent person and dated or colour coded to confirm satisfactory inspection, normally at intervals not exceeding 6 months. Those items found to be defective must be suitably marked or labelled and withdrawn from service. Inspection records must be maintained for the lifetime of the equipment. The condition of the equipment should be checked by the user before each occasion of use.

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4.6. CARE OF EQUIPMENT Handling Ladders, steps and trestles should be handled with care and not subjected to dropping or shock loading. If such an item has fallen or received a heavy blow, it should be examined immediately by a competent person and any damage made good before it is put back into service. Storage Ladders, steps and trestles should be stored in such a manner as to provide ease of access and inspection and to avoid hazard when withdrawing for use. When not in use, ladders may be stored vertically or horizontally; if horizontally they should be on racks designed for their protection. These racks should have supporting points every two metres to prevent excessive sagging. At no time should any load be placed on the ladder whilst in store. All equipment should be stored under cover in locations where there is good ventilation. It should not be stored near radiators, stoves, steam pipe or other places subject to excessive heat or dampness. Transport When a ladder is carried single handed, the front end must be kept high enough to clear the heads of personnel. Special care must be taken at corners and blind spots. A ladder carried on a vehicle must not project beyond the lines of the vehicle body without highly visible markings such as a whit flag or equivalent at the tip of the overhang. The ladder must not project more than one metre in front or two metres behind without side and end markings as required by the Highway Code. Adequate and appropriate fixings and/or lashings must be provided during transit, of resilient material. Ladders should be ties to each support to minimise rubbing and the effects of vibration. Other equipment should be loaded carefully so that the ladder will not be subject to shock or abrasion. Maintenance Ladders, steps and trestles must be maintained in good condition at all times. Fittings and accessories should be checked frequently to ensure that they are securely attached and in working condition. Moving parts, such as pulleys. Locks hinges, and wheels should operate freely without binding or undue play and should be oiled frequently. All bolts and rivets should be in place and tight. The ropes and cables of ladders should be inspected frequently and those that are frayed, badly worn or defective should be replaced. The cords of steps and trestles should be replaced at the first sign of wear or deterioration.

4.7. PRECAUTIONS DURING USE Ladder selection Metal ladders, wet wooden ladders and wooden ladders with reinforced stiles must not be used near exposed live electrical conductors.

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Aluminium ladders must not be used in areas where they might be splashed with acids or alkalis. Aluminium ladders can generate sparks when struck against rusty metal. The use of aluminium ladders should therefore be avoided in Hazardous Areas and must not be used in the process area Ladder Erection Ladders must not be used the wrong way up. Ladders must be of the proper length for the job to be done. If a ladder is used as a means of access to a landing place or as a working place it must rise to a height of at least 1.05 metres above the landing place and above the highest rung to be reached by the feet of the person using it. Where extension ladders are used fully extended, the minimum overlap of sections must be at least four rungs. Splicing or lashing of ladders together to obtain an extension is not permitted. A ladder longer than three metres must not be used unless:(1)

It is either vertical or inclines at about 75 degrees to the horizontal.

(2)

If vertical, it is securely fixed at its upper end.

(3) If inclined, it is securely fixed, preferably by lashing, near to its upper resting place. (4) Where lashing near the upper resting place is not practicable, other measures must be taken to prevent movement of the ladder. These may include securing it at the foot, stationing an attendant at the foot or using side guys. (5) An attendant stationed at the foot cannot be expected to steady a ladder more than six metre in length. (6) It has a level and firm footing and is not standing on loose bricks or other loose packing. (7) It is secured where necessary over its length to prevent excessive swaying or sagging. Ladders used as a means of common passage must be securely footed and lashed to prevent them from moving. Ladders for access to scaffolding may be placed only by competent scaffolders. Any fixed ladder over six metres in length, not intended for use solely in emergencies, must be protected by safety cages, hoops or other suitable means to prevent users from falling backwards. Rest platforms and safety harness anchorages must be provided at intervals not greater than nine metre. Ladder in Use A person working on or from a ladder must have both feet on the rungs and have a secure hand hold. If the work to be done necessitates the use of both hands, a safety belt must be worn. Only one person at a time may be on any one ladder. Tools and other materials should not be hand carried by persons ascending or descending vertical ladders. W here practicable, tools should be carried in pockets, special belts or should bags, provided that they do not impair movement and are held securely.

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Steps and Trestles When used free standing, steps and trestles should be spread to their fullest extent and all the feet must be resting on a firm surface. Steps should be placed with either the front or the back facing the work so as to avoid side loading.

4.8. COMPETENCE AND TRAINING All persons required to place or work with ladders, steps and trestles must have received training in their use and must be capable of detecting faults in such equipment.

4.9. REFERENCES British Standards BS-2037: Portable aluminium ladders, steps, trestles and lightweight staging. BS-1129: Portable timber ladders, steps, trestles and lightweight staging. BS-4211: Steel ladders for permanent access. QEN-P103 Procedure for Scaffolding. QHSE-P209 Procedure for Working at Height.

5.

VEHICLE-MOUNTED WORK PLATFORMS 5.1. RANGE OF APPLICATION This chapter covers safety on the use of vehicle mounted work platforms, elevated by scissor mechanisms, telescoping towers, jibs or articulating arms. The Chapter does not cover safety in the use of hoists or other platforms guided by rails or masts. It does not cover fire-fighting and rescue platforms.

5.2. HAZARDS The particular hazards of vehicle-mounted work platforms are:(1) Knocking or trapping of passengers against fixed objects. (2)

Trapping of personnel between the platform and fixed installations.

(3)

Trapping of personnel by the platform mechanism.

(4)

Failure of the mechanism with the platform in an elevated position causing personnel to be stranded.

(5)

Overturning due to overloading, excessive wind loading, Excessive platform movement, inadequate foundation, and use of an excessive gradient or attempted movement against obstruction.

(6)

Impact from other devices.

(7)

Materials falling onto areas or personnel below.

(8)

Contact with live conductors.

5.3. MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES Vehicle mounted work platforms are highly versatile for temporary access to points which can be as much as 20 metres above the vehicle parking place. Used properly, they can greatly add to the safety of temporary access. They must be used strictly within the manufacturer’s loading and range recommendations. Powered versions are not normally suitable for use in areas classified as hazardous in relation to flammable atmospheres, unless special plant operational constraints are in place to avoid release of flammable vapours. Before a vehicle mounted work platform is used at Oman LNG, a competent representative must check the relevant inspection records and examination certificates.

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5.4. PERMIT REQUIREMENTS A COLD W ORK PERMIT (Green colour-coded Form) is required for the work which entails the use of vehicle-mounted work platforms. This may specify the type of platform to be used and the precautions entailed by its use. A HOTW ORK SPARK POTENTIAL PERMIT (ROSE COLOUR-CODED FORM) is required for entry into a hazardous area of any vehicle-mounted platform incorporating an unprotected internal combustion engine or unprotected electrical equipment.

5.5. EQUIPMENT STANDARDS A vehicle mounted work platform whether on a purpose built access vehicle or a fork lift truck incorporates:(1) A work platform capable of supporting personnel, tools and materials. (2)

A structure and mechanism to support and elevate the work platform.

(3)

A vehicle chassis to provide a base for the platform.

(4)

A power unit which might serve both to propel the vehicle and move the platform.

(5)

Controls to manipulate the platform and move the vehicle.

(6)

Banksmen required when operating these vehicles near to structures as operator may not always have full view of all obstruction.

5.6. PURPOSE BUILT VEHICLES The work platform The floor of the platform should be well drained and slip resistant. It must be surrounded by a plated wall or guard rails to a height of at least 920mm. If guard rails are provided, strong mesh walls or intermediate guard rails plus 150mm deep toe boards are required. Any access gate provided should open inwards, upwards or sideways and s should return automatically to the closed and fastened position. There must be a safe means of access to the platform when at its lowest position. Anchor points must be provided for attachment of the passengers’ safety harnesses. The platform must not be modified in any way which increases its weight or its wind profile without the approval of the manufacture. The structure and the Elevating Mechanism The scissor mechanism, telescoping jib or tower, or articulating arm used to support and elevate the platform might be moved by hydraulic or pneumatic means, screw jacks or racks with pinions. Fail-safe devices must be fitted to prevent uncontrolled platform movements in the event of drive equipment failure. Stops must be fitted to constrain platform travel within the safe limits at permissible extremes of vehicle inclination. Trapping points on the elevating mechanism, within reach of personnel should be avoided or adequately guarded. HSE Guidance

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Booklet HS (G)-19 gives advice on the design and guarding of scissor mechanisms. MARKING OF EQUIPMENT Each platform must be conspicuously marked with: (1) The Safe W orking Load, (2) The maximum number of persons which may be carried, (3) The maximum permissible wind speed in which it may be used, (4) In the case of a purpose-built access vehicle, the maximum permissible chassis inclination at which it may be used. PRECAUTIONS DURING THE WORK Work carried out from the platform should not entail a reach which would take the worker's feet off the platform or the worker's centre of gravity outside the platform guard rails. All passengers should remain entirely within the guard rail as the platform is moved. The vehicle must not be moved with the platform in the elevated position except as specifically provided for by the manufacturer. The platform loading limits must be strictly adhered to. The platform must not be used as a crane unless provided for by the manufacturer. It must not be used as a jack to put pressure against a fixed object. The use of two platforms in tandem, or one platform jointly with a crane to support a single object should be avoided. Special precautions are necessary, under the direction of a suitably qualified engineer, for any such operation. A platform should not be used in the vicinity of live electrical conductors without the written agreement of an appropriately qualified electrical engineer.

6.

ROOF ACCESS 6.1. RANGE OF APPLICATION This Chapter covers safety in temporary access across flat and sloping roofs, whether for work on the roof or as a temporary route to other work. The uses of ladders, lifts and scaffolds to reach a roof and the use of scaffold platforms for roof access are covered by other chapters in this section. A sloping roof in this context means a roof or part of a roof having a pitch of more than 10 degrees.

6.2. HAZARDS The particular hazards from roof access are: 1. Fall of persons, From unguarded edges of flat roofs, from the edges of sloping roofs, through openings in roofs, through weak or fragile roof materials.

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2.

Fall of materials,

3. Contact with electricity supplies. The hazards are exacerbated by icy, wet and windy weather.

6.3. MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES Roof work, particularly work on pitched roofs, is hazardous and requires a specific risk assessment and method statement prior to the commencement of the work. For complex roof work, such as re-roofing, a Method Statement should be agreed with the contractor or work team before the start of the work. Guard rails and toe boards should be provided where practicable to protect all personnel working in positions where they might otherwise fall from a height exceeding 1.8 meters. Where this is not practicable, suitable personal fall arrest equipment must be used.

6.4. PERMIT REQUIREMENTS All access to roofs, other than where permanent safe access is provided which is itself sufficient to supply a safe working area for all proposed activities, must be controlled by a Permit to W ork.

6.5. EQUIPMENT STANDARDS Roof ladders and crawling boards must be of good construction, suitable and sound material, and adequate strength, free from patent defect and properly maintained. W hen in use they must be properly supported and securely fixed or anchored to prevent them shipping. Roof edge protection must be well constructed and fixed, providing an upper guard rail at between 920mm and 1150mm above the roof edge and a toe board 150mm deep at the roof edge. A central guard rail may also be necessary. Alternatively, a scaffold platform with guard rails and toe boards may be provided outside the edge. Anchor points provided for personal fall arrest equipment must be sound and well maintained. Temporary protective coverings for fragile roof areas, roof openings or roof lights must be of adequate strength and security fitted.

6.6. PRECAUTIONS BEFORE ACCESS Before any temporary roof access is allowed, a proper assessment must be made, including internal and external inspection as necessary, to determine the construction, strength and condition of the roof and to determine where loads may be placed and how they may be distributed. Adequate anchorage points for harnesses to be identified prior to performing activity. All personnel who will have access must be informed of the strengths and weakness of the roof. The area underneath, where materials could fall from the roof work, should be marked off by cones and tapes. Notices to give warning should be placed at all normal access points to this area. Provisions must be made to stop work in excessively icy, wet or windy conditions. The locations of any live electricity cables in the roof area must be established and action taken to isolate them from the power supply or to avoid them.

6.7. WORK ON OR NEAR TO FRAGILE ROOFS All fragile roofs, other than roofs clad wholly in transparent glass, must be identified by warning notices at all likely points of access. Roof ladders and crawling boards must be used on all fragile roofs. There must be suitable means of access such as scaffolding, ladders and crawling boards; suitable barriers, guard rails or covers where people work near to fragile materials and roof lights; and suitable warning signs indicating that a roof is fragile should be on display at ground level. Personnel must not step on to a fragile roof for any purpose. Where personnel might fall or overbalance on to a fragile roof, guard-rails or protective boarding shall be provided, or personal fall arrest equipment used as necessary to avoid a fall through. Personnel required to work on fragile roofs must use appropriate crawling boards. Document No: Issue No: Issue Date: Document No:

QHSE-P221 4 09 May 2016 QHSE-P221

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6.8. WORK ON FLAT ROOFS Flat roofs are normally strong enough for personnel access but this must be confirmed in every case before access is allowed. Underfoot protection may be needed to avoid damage to roof surfacing materials and strengthening may be needed where heavy materials or equipment are to be handled. Personnel should work only within areas bounded by roof edge protection or personnel barriers placed across the roof. Roof openings within the work area must be adequately guarded, above by rails or covers, or beneath by platforms or nets. Access to roof areas where the fall from the edge could exceed 1.8 meters and where there is no roof edge protection may be allowed only to persons wearing personal fall arrest equipment for light work of short duration.

6.9. WORK ON SHALLOW PITCH ROOFS Roofs having pitches of less than 10 degrees are normally less robust than flat roofs and may be fragile. Platform boards are necessary if there is any doubt as to their strength. Personal fall arrest equipment of roof edge protection is required as for flat roof work. Platforms may be required to span the portions where roofs sheets are to be replaced.

6.10.

WORK ON SLOPING ROOFS

Roof ladders or properly fixed crawling boards are necessary for all work on sloping roofs, except where: The pitch is less than 30 degrees and the roof surface provides particularly good foot holds in all likely weather conditions, The pitch is between 30 degrees and 50 degrees and roof battens are exposed and in such good condition as to provide safe hand and foot holds. Roofs edge protection should be provided for all work on sloping roofs except for very short duration light work such as inspection or odd tile replacement for which access using roof ladders or crawling boards is acceptable, provided that personnel fall arrest equipment. For work on roofs with pitches greater than 50 degrees or curved roofs, scaffold platforms should be provided.

6.11.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Personal protective equipment must be worn in accordance with generally applicable OLNG PPE Regulations. Leather knee pads should be used if necessary. Personal fall arrest equipment must be worn whenever a person is exposed to a fall exceeding 6.18 meters.

6.12.

COMPETENCE AND TRAINING

Only personnel who are trained and experienced in roof top working may work from sloping roofs where the pitch is greater than 30 degrees or where the pitch is between 10 degrees and 30 degrees and the roof is likely to be slippery.

6.13.

REFERENCES

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CHAPTER 3: WORK ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERATIONS 1.

SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1. SCOPE This Section covers safety considerations which are working environment related. The working environments to be considered include: (1)

Confined spaces including tanks cleaning

(2)

Confined spaces containing inert gas

(3)

Areas classified as hazardous in relation to flammable atmospheres

(4)

Underwater work using divers

(5)

Refrigerated rooms

1.2. APPLICATION It is necessary that all authorised persons operating a ‘Permit to W ork’ system are capable of recognising that additional hazards may accrue to a particular task when it is carried out in a hazardous environment. Such authorised persons must understand that increasing levels of hazard in a working environment may require that a higher level of enabling certification is necessary to allow a job to proceed.

2.

CONFINED SPACE WORK This Chapter covers the safety requirements for any entry of a person or persons into a confined space. Entry means either whole person entry or just head entry.

2.1. PURPOSE To prevent or reduce the Consequences of Incidents related to planning, preparing, executing and supporting Confined Space work (CSW ) including Inert Gas Confined Space Entry.

2.2. SCOPE This section applies to: Fully or partially enclosed spaces that are not designed and constructed for continuous human occupancy, have limited or Restricted Means for Entry or exit, and where there is a Risk of injury or health effect from Hazardous Substances or conditions, and there is a risk of oxygen deficiency or accumulation of hazardous substances (dusts, vapours or gases). This section does not apply to: • Underwater activities.

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The following special situations of Entry are handled differently: • Inert Gas Confined Space Entry is done by specialists Contractors for Inert Gas Confined Space Entry, who have specific skills, procedures, equipment and rescue plans to manage the Risk of this work. Appendix 2 provides minimum guides and precautions required for entry into a confined space which is under an inert gas atmosphere.

2.3. DEFINITIONS Confined Space Fully or partially enclosed spaces that are not designed and constructed for continuous human occupancy, have limited or Restricted Means for Entry or exit, and where there is a Risk of injury or health effect from Hazardous Substances or conditions, and there is a risk of oxygen deficiency or accumulation of hazardous substances (dusts, vapours or gases). Inert Gas Confined Space A Confined Space where the existing atmosphere is intentionally displaced with an inert gas such as nitrogen. Storage Tanks A container for storing liquids or gases such as hydrocarbons, chemicals and effluent. A tank may be constructed of ferrous or nonferrous metals or alloys, reinforced concrete, wood, or filament-wound plastics, depending upon its use and include underground and refrigerated tanks. Restricted Entry Describes a physical configuration which requires the use of the hands or a contortion of the body to enter into or exit from a Confined Space. Hazardous atmosphere Hazardous atmosphere means an atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue (that is, escape unaided from a permit space), injury, or acute illness from one or more of the following causes: Flammable gas, vapours, or mists in excess of 10% of its lower flammable limit (LFL); Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFL; NOTE: This concentration may be approximated as a condition in which the dust obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet (1.52 m) or less. Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 20 % or above 21.5 %; Atmospheric concentration of any substance which could result in employee exposure in excess of its dose or permissible exposure limit; NOTE: An atmospheric concentration of any substance that is not capable of causing death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury, or acute illness due to its health effects is not covered by this provision. Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health

2.4. HAZARDS Hazards identifications and risk assessment shall be carried out before entry in confined space to ensure adequate controls and monitoring are in place. The risk assessment should be carried out by persons who are knowledgeable, experienced and competent in carrying out such risk assessments and in addressing the necessary protective measures and emergency arrangements that should be put in place prior to work. If the risk is found to be unacceptable, then entry should not be undertaken.

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The need to isolate the confined space from risks arising externally which may affect the environment inside the confined space should be an additional part of the risk assessment. Matters to be considered in carrying out a risk assessment include but are not limited to • hazards arising as a result of the environment inside the confined space; • hazards created by work and other activities that will be carried out inside the confined space; • Hazards that are outside the confined space that could affect a person inside the confined space. When entry is allowed into confined spaces, the particular hazards are:

1. Oxygen Deficiency i.e. O2 Less than 20% oxygen 2. Oxygen Enrichment i.e. O2 more than 21.5% oxygen 3. Fire and Explosion resulting from accumulations of flammable vapour or dust 4. Toxic Hazards: can result from the same sources as the flammable hazards. Additional hazards are: e.g. H2S, CO, ammonia, contaminated PPE 5. Corrosive Hazards from corrosive substances are harmful by skin or eye contact 6. Physical Hazards e.g. excessive noise levels; Heat stress, electric shock. 7. Unsafe Conditions: e.g. falling tools and materials; slippery floor surfaces and tripping hazards; improper shoring of excavations leading to collapse. 8. Contamination of the breathing air by substances hazardous to health. 9. Persons being trapped in the event of accident or loss of consciousness. 10. Electrocution from the confined space area acting as conductive material 11. Static charge build-up and discharge 12. Access to entrance and usage of entrance points 13. Number and size of openings 14. Structure & layout including barriers within the space 15. Adjacent and/or Connected plant and machinery 16. Concurrent activities inside and adjacent to the confined space (including interconnected systems) 17. Occupancy load – number of concurrent personnel needed to be in the confined space at a time 18. Time needed for exiting in the event of an emergency (fire, toxic atmosphere, rescue injured workers etc.) The details of the nature and sources of hazard group 1 to 7 are detailed in Appendix 1.

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2.5. MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES Oman LNG applies the following hierarchy of risk reduction for each Confined Space W ork First: Eliminate the need for work in confined space. Entry into a confined space, for whatever purpose, should be contemplated only after all reasonably practicable steps have been taken to deal with the problem in some other way.

Second: Avoid the need for Respiratory Protection or skin protection for work in confined space by eliminating or minimizing flammable, toxic, asphyxiant or other Hazards through emptying, flushing, clearing, and ventilating. Avoid the need for hearing protection, fall protection, lifelines or other types of Personal Protective Equipment by removing or controlling Hazards. Third: Specify Respiratory Protection and/or other protective equipment and apply working methods that reduce the exposure time of people in the Confined Space where there is no oxygen deficiency. Oman LNG regulations designate levels of authority for the issuance of permits which require work using breathing apparatus within atmospheres which might be immediately harmful to health in the event of failure or accidental removal of the breathing apparatus. (See Appendix 2: Inert Gas Entry). The specification for any work which requires confined space entry where body recovery could be difficult in an emergency must include a Method Statement describing the rescue plan. OLNG job supervisor should prepare the rescue plan and get it reviewed and approved by QHSE/2 department. For the complicated confined space entries, .e.g. seawater intake header, the rescue plan must be tested and witnessed by QHSE/2 personnel to unearth any challenges/ weaknesses in the plan in early stage.

2.6. PERMIT REQUIREMENTS Every entry of a person or persons into a confined space must be covered by a Permit to W ork incorporating a confined space certificate. The PTW includes a job hazards analysis. However, in the case where the entry of a competent and authorised person is necessary for the purpose of confirmation that the space is gas free before the Safety Certificate can be issued, such a person may enter under the terms of the proposed permit and confined space entry certificate, provided that: a) All equipment including lifesaving equipment are deployed ready, tested and fit for the intended work b) Before any other entry is allowed, the competent and authorised person must be completely satisfied that all the necessary safety precautions have been taken and must complete the confined space entry tag (this includes but not limited to positive isolations, prescribed PPE, atmosphere testing and prescribed limits are recorded, lights etc.) The initial testing shall be comprehensive enough to assess all possible areas where trapped hazardous material might be, areas of stagnation or trapped fluids (especially for equipment with internal that may restrict ventilation flow). The Permit to W ork, when completed, should refer to a Method Statement which has been prepared for the job. Consideration must be given as to whether associated work requires a need for other types of Permit to W ork. The requirements and precautions of the Confined Space Permit are communicated to the permit holder and involved parties as per the PTW Procedure – QOP-P109.

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Qalhat safety regulations for work under permit

2.7. COMMON PRECAUTIONS FOR CONFINED SPACE WORK Whether or not breathing apparatus is to be worn, the precautions for the entry of personnel into a confined space must include:

For protection of the working atmosphere (1)

Clearance of flammable materials from the space including clearance of any deposits. which might release flammable vapours Particular care is required to clear dead legs and pockets within the space and to remove any coating blisters which might conceal volatile flammable materials.

(2)

Clearance from the space of vapours and materials which might release vapours hazardous to health.

(3)

Clearance of asphyxiant atmospheres from the confined space, except where an inert gas atmosphere is specially required for the work.

(4)

Positive isolation of the confined space from all sources of flammable, asphyxiant and otherwise hazardous materials and energy; including radiation except as may be specified for the work. The isolation points have to be as close as possible to the Confined Space. Refer to QOP-P107 PROCESS ISOLATIONS PROCEDURE. For confined space entry, pipework and ducts must be disconnected and positively isolated, using properly designed blanks or spades. Isolation simply by closed valves, plugs or stoppers is not acceptable without specific QOP/1 approval

(5)

Adequate ventilation of the space with fresh air, except where inert gas conditions are specifically required. Under no circumstances may oxygen or oxygen-enriched air be used in an attempt to correct oxygen deficiency in a confined space or to ventilate a confined space Ventilation may be supplemented by wind sails, fans or air eductors provided that, where there is any risk of flammable atmospheres, the equipment is appropriately selected, properly positioned and properly earthed to avoid any possible source of ignition. For equipment (column/vessel etc.) larger than 5M3 or culvert, airing plan (ventilation plan) detailing the ventilation scheme and location for access and equipment set-up (i.e. air ejector, fan, HVAC etc.) should be provided. The plan is attached as supporting document when approving a permit with confined space entry by AGSI. AGSI may approve amendments of the ventilation plan during the course of the activity to cater for changes in activity lay-out and work site conditions. When forced draught ventilation is requested, a ventilation plan is to be attached to the permit with air flow marked on PEFS.

(6)

Safeguards against contamination of the space from the surrounding area. Any work in the surrounding area which could give rise to contamination of the ventilation air must be stopped. If there is doubt on this matter, then continuous or very regular monitoring must be applied.

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Diesel engines must not be located upwind of any ventilation inlet to the space.

Residues and waste materials must be moved well away from the confined space so as not to give rise to contamination of the ventilation air. (7)

Protection against leakage, within the confined space, of any welding or cutting gases used. Provision for safe disposal of any gas or fume produced within the space by the equipment used for the work. Fume extraction facilities may be required.

Where pneumatic tools are used special care is necessary to ensure that they are not coupled up to nitrogen supplies by mistake, or to (instrument) air systems and/or without using oilers. (8)

Testing of the atmosphere within and around the space and monitoring as necessary to establish and maintain the atmospheric conditions required for entry. The initial tests and specified re-test interval when the space is believed to have change in conditions must be carried out by the authorised competent person. AGSI carries out the initial test and specifies the re-test frequency. Monitoring and re-tests during the work may be delegated to Authorised Gas Testers.

The following guidelines must be adhered to: Without Respiratory With Respiratory Protection Protection

Inert Entry

Oxygen %

20 to max. 21.5

>16 to max. 21.5