Project Report - Planning and Design of A Hospital Building [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL Medical crisis and pandemic outbreaks are always on the verge of spreading. As technology develops, medical understanding progresses and their combined application expand. Social demand and expectations are also correspondingly enhanced. Hospitals today are focusing on care of sick rather than preventing illness. This is likely to change in the future. The demand will change due to increase in life expectancy, health becoming a norm and healthcare focussing on prevention and intervention rather than treatment of diseases. This project aims at designing a hospital taking into consideration its structural requirements.

1.2 OBJECTIVES The main objectives of this project are: •

To develop the conceptual plan, architectural plan and structural plan of a hospital building.

• To analyse and design the hospital building and to estimate its cost in detail.

1.3 MOTIVATION Kochi is the largest urban city in the state with a population of more than six lakhs. In such a densely populated region, medical facilities are very important and this amplifies the demand of new hospitals. Hence a hospital has been proposed. The main motivation of the project is to learn about the planning, structural analysis and structural design of a multi-storeyed (G+4) hospital building.

1.4 SCOPE The Scope of this project includes: •

Planning of the hospital building  Preparation of conceptual plan

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

 Preparation of Architectural plan  Preparation of Structural plan •

Structural analysis of the hospital building

•

Structural design of the hospital building

•

Cost estimation of the hospital building

•

Preparation of a 3D model of the hospital building manually as well as using the software 3ds MAX

1.5 METHODOLOGY The project follows a well planned methodology for the successful completion of the project. It includes, •

Literature Review

•

Data collection

•

Conceptual planning

•

Architectural planning

•

Structural planning

•

Structural analysis

•

Structural Design

•

Structural drawings

•

Cost Estimation

•

Modelling Thorough knowledge of the subject is essential for doing any

project effectively. So the project was started with literature review. Then the site details were collected from the concerned authority. For developing the plans, the software Auto CAD was used. Following the planning, structural analysis was done manually and using the software STAAD Pro and the results were compared. After analysis, structural design was completed and structural drawings were prepared using Auto CAD. For a better visualization of the project, the 3D model of the hospital building was prepared manually and using the software 3ds max also.

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review is an integral part of any project. It is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related to the selected area of study. The review describes, summarize, evaluate and clarify the project. It gives a theoretical base and help in determining the nature of study. It has to be conducted to understand various aspects of the project and it helps in the successful completion of the project. A well planned literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas, current and relevant references with consistent appropriate referencing style.

2.1 GENERAL All buildings, whether existing or hereafter erected is classified according to the use or the character of occupancy in one of the following groups (National Building Code: Part 4 Fire and Life Safety, Clause 3.1): •

Group A Residential

•

Group B Educational

•

Group C Institutional

•

Group D Assembly

•

Group E Business

•

Group F Mercantile

•

Group G Industrial

•

Group H Storage

•

Group J Hazardous

Hospital building proposed in this project comes under “Group C - Institutional”. Hospitals are complex type of buildings comprising of wide range of services. The complexity of these buildings is in satisfying the functional relationships that must exist between various parts of a hospital. They are unique in being a building

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

type with long overall useful life of more than 50 years unlike other buildings. A good hospital design integrates functional requirements with the needs of its users.

2.2 TYPES OF HOSPITALS Hospitals may be subdivided into the following categories: •

Smallest – up to 50 beds

•

Small- up to 150 beds

•

Standard- up to 600 beds

•

Large- more than 600 beds

By function, hospitals are divided into: •

General hospitals

•

University hospitals

•

Specialist hospitals

2.3 STRATEGIC ESSENTIALS The strategic issues that must be considered while planning hospitals are: •

Design for flexibility and expandability: The golden architectural principle of indeterminacy should be followed which enables a “building to grow with order and change with calm”. The hospital building should thus, be adaptable to changing requirements and future expansion.

•

Emphasize on patient focused hospitals: The plans should be patient centered by offering an atmosphere of safety, security, cleanliness and physical comfort. A hospital should value humans above technology and patients should be encouraged to be a partner in their health management.

•

Focus on energy conservation: Energy conservation must be planned and implemented. Utilization of natural light,Use of high efficiency light sources, Effective ventilation, Energy recycling and Regular energy audit which will help in energy conservation.

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•

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Create a healing architecture: A hospital needs to be the most wonderful place in the world. The physical environment of a hospital should do no harm and should facilitate the healing process. Exposure to nature has a positive healing effect.

•

Aesthetics- an essential requisite: The hospital design should balance between function and aesthetics. Psychological aesthetics which includes happiness, joy and pleasure, Spiritual aesthetics which suggests hope, contentment and peace and Physical aesthetics which implies well-being, ease and convenience should be considered while planning.

•

Design for infection control in hospitals: The scientific design of hospitals plays an important role in infection control. The following aspects should be given due consideration: 

Critical areas such as OT, ICU should be separated from general traffic



Isolation should be planned to prevent spread of infection



Adequate hand washing stations in wards and outpatient departments.

2.4 GENERAL FACILITIES The general facilities that should be provided in a hospital are: 2.4.1 Outpatient Department: An outpatient department provides primary as well as comprehensive healthcare for patients who come for diagnosis, treatment or follow-up care. A better OPD reduces the number of admissions for inpatient care and ensures costeffectiveness and efficiency. The main design considerations are: 

Easy access from hospitals main entrance should be ensured while selecting the location.



Large waiting areas, public spaces and if necessary sub waiting areas should be there to accommodate patients and their companions without causing congestion. Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Natural light and good ventilation should be provided.

2.4.2 Accident and Emergency department Emergency medical services (EMS) which is the “front door” of the hospital is an integral part of any hospital.. Public perception and opinion of a hospital is often based on their visit to the accident and emergency department. The main design parameters are: 

Uninterrupted movement of patients and staff and easily accessible locations of equipments should be ensured.



Easy access for ambulances, patients and general public should be provided.



Easily identifiable access protected from inclement weather and accessible to disabled patient should be provided.



Readily identifiable triage area with expansion facilities for utilization during management of disasters should be there with a reception and information area available nearer to it.



Proximity of trauma rooms to the entrance should be considered.



Proper natural lighting to clinical areas should be ensured



Availability of Blood bank facilities, separate fracture treatment and plaster room should be ensured.



Centrally located Nursing work station and Doctors work area

to

enable staff to monitor patient care areas should be provided. 

Resuscitation room of area about 30 m2 with sufficient privacy for patients should be there.



Observation ward for evaluation and extended treatment, observation, re-evaluation or time consuming procedures and Special treatment rooms like Obstetric rooms, Ophthalmology and ENT rooms, Dental room should be provided.

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

2.4.3 Pharmacy It should be located so as to serve both inpatients and OPD patients. They should have multiple dispensing windows, drug storage cabinets and shelves. 2.4.4 Day care services A day care unit is where operative procedures are performed and/ or treatment provided in a manner which allows the patients to return home on the same day. The procedures may be diagnostic and therapeutic. The unit may be stand alone, attached or shared service. Cost reduction of hospital stay results in economic benefit to hospital, community and individual. The main planning and design considerations are: 

Separate waiting areas from recovery and procedure area should be provided.



Sufficient door widths for allowing easy access for trolley bed/ trolley transfer should be ensured.

2.4.5 Inpatient services An inpatient area is the part of the hospital which includes the nursing station, the beds it serves, storage and public areas needed to carry out nursing care. Since it is a home away from home for a patient, it requires holistic planning and designing to suit the requirements of seekers and providers of patient care. The main functions are: 

To provide quality and efficient patient care with minimal nurse fatigue factor



To ensure constructional and operational cost to be the lowest possible without affecting the functionality



To provide the most desirable patient care environment and necessary amenities for visitors

 Types of nursing units: A nursing unit consisting of the patient space, nursing space and allied

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

service and storage space may be of the following types: 

General wards



Private wards



Isolation room



Emergency wards



Maternity wards



Paediatric wards



Psychiatric wards



Cardiology wards



Orthopaedic wards



Neurology wards



Neonatology wards



Pre-operative and post operative wards

The main design parameters are: 

Use of natural light through atrium in waiting area should be done.



Centrally located nurse stations to provide optimal visibility of the patients.

2.4.6 Operating unit An OT is that specialized facility of the hospital where life saving or life improving procedures are carried out on the human body by invasive methods under strict aseptic conditions in a controlled environment by specially trained personnel to promote healing and cure with maximum safety, comfort and economy. The main design parameters are: 

Avoidance of unrelated hospital traffic flow and any outdoor source of noise in the area should be ensured.



Convenient functional relationship and communication with the surgical ward, ICU, CSSD should be ensured.



Provision for future expansion/ alterations should be provided.

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Atleast 2.85 m wide corridors should be provided to facilitate the movement of trolley and stretchers



Smooth non-slip floors made of impervious material should be provided.



A power back up with provision for stand by generating sets is a must.



High speed autoclaves/ sterilizers to meet the immediate/ emergency requirements of sterilizing equipment should be facilitated.

2.4.7 Intensive care unit Intensive care unit (ICU) is a dedicated facility designed, equipped and staffed for critically ill patients who require invasive life support, high levels of medical and nursing care and complex treatment.  Types of ICUs 

Cardiac care unit



Neonatal ICU



Paediatric ICUs



Neurology ICU



Neurosurgery ICU



Burn care centre



Organ transplantation unit

The main design parameters are: 

Close proximity to the operation theatres, accident and emergency department and medical imaging departments should be ensured..



Bed space should be 2-3 times more than general bed.



Toilets should enable entry of wheelchairs and should have grab bars and panic buttons.



Nursing station should be provided for optimum visual observation of patients.

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

2.4.8 Laboratory services The hospital laboratories conduct tests for the diagnosis, progress and response to therapy. Provision for comprehensive and accurate analytical test results, detection of diseases, training and research are provided in the laboratories. The main Design parameters are: 

Location of laboratories on ground floor/ first floor in close proximity to the ambulatory and acute patient care areas as well as in-patient areas should be ensured.



Conveniently accessible and adequate collection points for specimens must be ensured.



Storage facilities including those for refrigeration, reagents and supplies, maintenance of patient records should be provided.

2.4.9 Medical imaging services The main function of the medical imaging unit is to assist the clinician in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The different medical imaging services are:  Fluoroscopy room : Radio opaque media is introduced into the body to create images of tissues that would not otherwise show up well on an X-ray. The room is recommended to be 5.5 m x 6 m with a 3 m ceiling height. The room should have an attached toilet.  Mammography room : Low level radiation is utilized to identify tumours calcifications, cysts and/ or lumps in breast tissue. The room should be of 10 m2. Visual and acoustic privacy should be provided.  Ultrasound room : Diagnostic sonography is utilized to demonstrate soft tissue structures and to study physiological movements. The room should be minimum of 12 m2. It should be located with access to patient toilet facilities from within the room.  CT scanning : Transmission is picked up by a detector and the information is reconstructed by the computer on a video screen. CT (computerised tomography) examinations involve cross sectional imaging of the body.

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

 MRI : Conversion of information contrast scan is done by disturbing the individual magnetic field of various tissues with radio frequency waves The main design parameters are: 

Location on ground floor and convenient access to inpatient services, outpatient department and accident and emergency department should be ensured.



Location of X-ray room at end wings so that activities within the department are undisturbed by traffic to other parts of the hospital should be ensured.



2.4 m wide corridors should be facilitated for easy patient movement, including those on stretches/ wheelchairs.



Optimum size of 5.5 m x 6 m should be provided for x-ray rooms..

2.4.10 Blood transfusion services Blood transfusion services (BTS) in a hospital refers to the entire activities which result in proper collection of blood from voluntary donors, processing of the same, including mandatory check for certain transmissible diseases and final issue of safe blood for therapeutic use in patients. Blood bank is a medical facility designed, equipped and staffed to procure, draw, process, store, and distribute human blood and its derivatives. The main design parameters are: 

Location of the blood transfusion services on the ground floor with close proximity to accident and emergency services and away from public lavatories, restrooms, crowded areas, and other unhygienic area should be ensured.



Premises should be well-lighted, ventilated and mesh screened or has air curtains to prevent entry of flies and other insects.



Adequate space should be provided for proper storage of blood units in designated rooms and should not encroach on corridors and common spaces.

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

2.4.11 Mortuary services Generally the mortuary is located in a far off, isolated area of the hospital. It is truly a dead house from which dead bodies are taken for cremation or burial. The main design parameters are: 

The mortuary/ morgue should be located in a separate building near the pathology laboratory on the ground floor, easily accessible from the wards, accident and emergency department and operating theatres.



Corridors should be minimum 2.4 m wide to allow easy passage of trolleys.



An area of 0.6-0.8 m2/ bed is recommended.



Windows should be adequately provided to obtain maximum natural light, and daylight factor should be 1.

2.4.12 Hospital stores department Stores department is a place which ensures

uninterrupted supply of

numerous item at all times and where all stores are procured in adequate quantities, stored properly, and utilized optimally by issuing to various patient care areas.  Types of stores 

Medical and drug stores



Surgical stores



Machinery and equipment stores



General stores



Linen stores



Stationery stores

The major design parameters are: 

Location of stores should be such that it should be easily accessed when required, and it should be possible to issue oldest stock first.



Maximum utilization of the available space should be ensured.



Lighting in the stores should be adequate for proper inspection and issue of items.

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2.4.13 Medical record services The primary objective of the medical record department is to maintain records and documents related to patient care so as to ensure continuity of treatment and care to the patient.the main design parameters are: 

Medical record office should be spacious, well ventilated, and have adequate protection from pests and rodents. It may be prudent to have air-conditioning so as to control humidity and improve comfort levels.



Admission and enquiry office should be 15-20 m2.



Filing space should be provided adequately.

2.4.14 Administrative care unit Hospital administrative care unit manages the day to day operation of all departments in the hospital. The main duties are to plan, direct, co-ordinate and supervise the delivery of healthcare. The main design parameters are: 

Location should be ensured in proximity to the main entrance



Facilities such as office accommodation for administrative, medical, supervisory nursing personnel and clerical staff, meetings and conference room(s) with facility for multimedia presentation, storage of stationery,

supplies

and

office

equipment,

toilet

facilities

for

administrative/ clerical staff, dining for staff are recommended. 2.4.15 Hospital housekeeping and waste management Housekeeping services is undoubtedly the single most important factor amongst support services which has significant bearing on patient satisfaction in a hospital.  Housekeeping Housekeeping refers to the cleaning and upkeep of the hospital premises which renders the environment surfaces safe to handle by removing organic matter, salts and visible soils.

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

 Sanitation Sanitation refers to the entire activities in the environment with a view of reduce diseases and improve health.  Bio-medical waste Bio-medical waste is defined as “any solid, fluid, or liquid waste, including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human-beings”. 2.4.16 Laundry services Laundry services constitute one of the most important supportive services in a hospital. The main design parameters are:  Location should be convenient to the user units and close to the service elevator. If possible, it should be in close proximity to the CSSD and dietary services.  Separate room should be provided for receiving and holding soiled linen until it is ready for pick up or processing.  Separate rest rooms for staffs should be provided. 2.4.17 Central Sterile Supply Department A Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) is a hospital support service, which is entrusted with processing and issue of supplies including sterile instruments and equipment used in various departments of a hospital. The main design parameters are: 

Materials/ items from contaminated and sterile areas should be separated from each other.



Separate receipt and despatch areas should be provided.



Space requirements vary from 0.7 to 1 m2 per bed.

2.4.18 Catering unit A food service department in hospitals is one of the most important supportive services in hospitals. The main design parameters are: 

Proper ventilation and lighting should be there.

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING



LPG cylinder bank should be available.



Hot and cold water outlets, adequate steam supply, Fire protection devices should be provided.

2.4.19 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning system Hospitals have multi-dimensional role of providing a safe and comfortable environment to the patients, visitors and staff. Specified range of temperature and humidity is also required for effective functioning of hospital equipment. The components of HVAC system are: 

Outside air inlet or intake filters.



Humidity modification mechanism.



Heating and cooling equipment.



Fans.



Ductwork.



Air exhaust.

2.4.20 Fire safety in hospitals Ever since the dawn of mankind’ existence, fire has been respected and feared. One cannot survive without it. However it also has the potential of a destructive force. All possible preventive measures should be taken to prevent fire hazards within the hospital buildings. 2.4.21 Lighting in hospitals Lighting is critical in hospital environment. It is of great importance and has to satisfy the needs of the patients, visitors as well as those of the medical and nursing staff. It is also essential that safety, reliability, cost and ease of maintenance is given due consideration while planning electrical supply and lighting in hospitals.

2.5 CONCEPTUAL PLAN A conceptual plan is a plan in the initial stage of a project, which articulates the conceptual view of the project. A conceptual plan identifies different rooms in different levels of a building and interconnections between those rooms. It also shows the functions of various parts of the building. So, whether the project can be Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

done or not is determined on the basis of the successful completion of conceptual plan. For the preparation of the conceptual plan various standards that should be referred are: 2.5.1 Kerala Municipal Building Rules As per Kerala municipal building rules, a hospital building should satisfy the following requirements: a) The height of room in a building other than residential occupancy should not be less than 3.00 m provided, in the case of air-conditioned rooms it shall not be less than 2.5 m. b) The area of bath-room shall not be less than 1.50 sq.m with either side not less than 1.1 m, carpet area of a latrine shall not be less than 1. 1 0 square metres with one side not less than 1.0 metre: Provided that the area of combined bathroom and latrine shall be not less than 2.2 square metres with one side not less than 1. 1 metres c) The height of bathroom or latrine shall be not less than 2.20 metres. d) Any building having more than four floors including basement or sunken floors, shall have at least two staircases, one of which may be an external stairway e) The minimum width of stair shall be not less than 1.20 metre. f)

The minimum width of tread shall be 30 cm.

g) The height of riser shall not exceed 15 cm. h) The height of handrail shall be not less than 90 cm. i)

The width of passages giving access to the staircase in any building shall not at any point, be less than the width of the stair.

j) The clear width of any corridor, verandah or passageway in any building shall be not less than 1.0 metre at any point. k) The width of fire escape staircase shall be not less than 75 cm. l) The width of fire escape stair tread shall be not less than 15 cm. m) The height of the fire escape stair riser shall not exceed 19 cm. Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

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n) The height of handrail of a fire escape staircase shall not be less than 100cms. o) Fire escape stair shall be constructed only in the exterior of the building and shall be connected directly to the ground. p) Fire escape stairs shall have a straight flight. 2.5.2. National Building Code of India The National Building Code of India (NBC), a comprehensive building Code, is a national instrument providing guidelines for regulating the building construction activities across the country. The Code mainly contains administrative regulations, development

control

rules

and

general

building

requirements;

fire

safety

requirements; stipulations regarding materials, structural design and construction (including safety) and building and plumbing services. As per NBC, for a hospital building, a) The height of all rooms for human habitation shall not be less than 2.75 m measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point of the ceiling (bottom of slab). In the case of air-conditioned rooms, a height of not less than 2.4 m. b) The height of a bathroom or water-closet measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point in the ceiling (bottom of slab) shall not be less than 2.1 m. c) The area of a bathroom shall not be less than 1.8 m2 with a minimum 2

width of 1.2 m. The floor area of water-closet shall be 1.1 m with a minimum width of 0.9 m. If bath and water-closet are combined, its floor area shall not be less than 2.8 m2 with a minimum width of 1.2 m. d) The height of a store room shall be not less than 2.2 m. e) The minimum width of the staircase shall not be less than 0.9 m. f) The minimum width of the tread shall be 300 mm. g) The maximum height of riser shall be 150 mm. Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Design standards for a hospital building

The design standards for a hospital are as follows. The minimum carpet area in m2 per room for as per Architectural Standard - Ernst & Peter Neufert - Architects' Data •

Nursing area

19 – 25 m2

•

Intensive therapy

30 – 50 m2

•

Surgical area

130 – 160 m2

•

X- ray

60 – 70 m2

•

Recovery area

25 – 30 m2

•

Clinical physiology

80 – 100 m2

•

Clinical neurophysiology

78 – 100 m2

•

Central reception

140 – 160 m2

•

Delivery area

85 – 100 m2

•

Dialysis

70 – 80 m2

•

Sterilization

40 – 120 m2

•

Pharmacy

minimum 20 m2

•

Patient room

minimum 10 m2 for single bed and 16 m2 for double bed

•

Doctor’s station

16 – 20 m2

•

Eye treatment

minimum 25 m2

•

Ear Nose and Throat (ENT)

25 – 30 m2

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

•

Prayer room

at least 40 m2

•

Administrative office

minimum 20 m2

•

Casualty examination

minimum 15 m2

•

Maternity ward

10 – 14 bed spaces

2.6 ARCHITECTURAL PLAN Architectural plan is a documentation of written and graphical descriptions of the architectural elements of a building. Unlike conceptual plan, architectural plan gives equal importance to both concept and physical aspects. Thus it is a detailed extension of conceptual plan. It shows the relationship between the rooms, spaces and other physical features at one level of a building. It also includes the details of fixtures, furniture, etc. that should be placed in a room.

2.7 STRUCTURAL PLAN After the preparation of the architectural plan of the building, the next step is the structural planning of the building frame. It is the graphical representation of arrangement of structural components like columns, beams and slabs in the building. This involves the determination of the following. •

Position and orientation of columns: Columns should preferably be located at the corners of a building, and at the intersection of beams/walls. Avoid larger spans of beams and larger centre-to-centre distance between columns. Orient the column so that the depth of the column is contained in the major plane of bending or is perpendicular to the major axis of bending.

•

Positioning of beams: Beams shall normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy concentrated load to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs. Avoid larger spacing of beams from deflection and cracking criteria.

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

2.8 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Structural analysis is the determination of the physical effects of loads on physical structures and their components. It incorporates the fields of applied mechanics, material science and applied mathematics to compute the structure’s deformations, internal forces, stresses, support reactions and bending moments. The results of the analysis are used to verify a structure’s fitness for use. Structural analysis was done manually using Kani’s method and using the software STAAD Pro. Kani’s method is an indirect extension of slope deflection method. This is an efficient method due to simplicity of moment distribution. The method offers an iterative scheme for applying slope deflection method of structural analysis. All the computations are carried out in a single line diagram of the structure. The method is self correcting, that is, the error, if any, in a cycle is corrected automatically in the subsequent cycles. STAAD is one of the leading structural analysis and design software. In structural analysis, the complete cross section dimention as well as the material properties of the member are drawn. The stress resultants are determined by analysis.

2.9 STRUCTURAL DESIGN Structural design is the determination of cross-section and amount of reinforcement that should be provided to the structural components so that it can withstand the physical effects of loads determined in the structural analysis. A structure should be so designed that it fulfills its intended purpose during its intended life time with •

Adequate safety in terms of strength and stability

•

Adequate serviceability in terms of stiffness and durability and

•

Reasonable economy

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

The Indian standard codes used are IS 456:2000, IS 875(part 1, part 2 and part 3), IS 13920, IS 1893, IS 3370.

2.10 COST ESTIMATION The process of calculating the quantities and costs of various items required in connection with the construction of the designed structure is called cost estimation. It never gives the actual cost of work, instead gives the probable cost of construction worked out from the dimensions on the drawings and standing rates at the time of estimation. It gives a thorough knowledge about the volume of work that can be completed within the limits of available funds.

2.11 MODELLING For the better visualization of the project, 3D modelling is very essential. It can be done manually as well as using softwares. Different softwares are available for software modelling like 3ds Max and revit. It gives a 3D view of the designed structure before its construction. Thus 3D modelling helps to modify the aesthetic factors of the building before the construction itself.

2.12 SOFTWARES USED: For this project we used the following softwares : •

Auto CAD for the preparation of conceptual plan, architectural plan, structural plan and structural drawings

•

STAAD Pro for structural analysis

•

3ds max for 3D modelling

2.12.1 Auto CAD AutoCAD is a software application for 2D and 3D design and drafting. It enables a fast powerful way of drafting and time consuming tasks can be done by the click of a button. Dimensions can be keyed in instead of reading with a scale. CAD drawings can be saved for a long time without the patches of time; it can be altered every now and then as we wish. The CAD drawings can be interpolated with other software’s for estimating, planning and designing. Advantages of using AutoCAD are: Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

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•

Manipulates and modifies the design with ease.

•

Store and save the files in a centralized database for the purpose of future calibration and record keeping.

•

Creates modern and complex buildings with much better design and functionality.

•

Saves the cost and have the digital files ready anytime. 2.12.2 STAAD Pro STAAD Pro is a software that helps a designer to analyse and design

the building structurally. Unlike most of the structural software, STAAD Pro can be customized by us to fix exactly our design needs. It can handle the smallest of truss structures to any size models. It provides the bending moment diagram, shear force diagram, deflection and the detailed summary of analysis from which we can find the maximum bending moment and shear force values which helps us in designing the structure. It also gives the reinforcement details for the structure. 2.12.3 3ds Max 3ds Max is a 3D modelling software which is specialised in design visualization of structures. It provides a comprehensive modelling, animation, simulation and rendering solution for building graphics. It delivers efficient new tools, accelerated performance, and streamlined workflows to help increase overall productivity for working with complex and high-resolution assets.

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Page no: 22

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

CHAPTER 3 LOCATION AND SOIL REPORT 3.1 NEED FOR A HOSPITAL With a large number of advanced tertiary/quaternary care facilities, Kochi has one of the best healthcare facilities in India. It is the prime destination for people seeking advanced healthcare facilities from across Kerala. In recent times, it has attracted a large number of patients from all over India, Middle East, African nations as well as from Europe and United States looking for relatively inexpensive advanced medical care. It is for the same purpose that the hospital building has been conveniently located at Chunangamveli, Aluva.

3.2 LOCATION The hospital building is located at a distance of 8 km from Aluva railway station and about 19 km from the Cochin International Airport, Nedumbassery.

Fig 3.1. Location Map (Source: www.google.com/maps)

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

3.3 DATA COLLECTION The following data were collected from the concerned authority: 1. Soil investigation report. 2. Site plan for the hospital building at Chunangamveli.

3.4 SOIL INVESTIGATION REPORT The soil investigation was done on the site by rotary drilling and consisted of taking 13 bore holes at various locations within the site. The soil investigation report is included in annexure A. It shows that: •

Proposed site consists of top layer of gravelly soil followed by lateritic silty/clayey sand followed by lateritic sandy clay with pebbles / Hard laterite followed by silty weathered rock followed by hard rock. Bore holes are taken to 5.25 to 11.40 depth where they are terminated.

•

For transferring heavier or highly uneven loads bored RCC deep piles (DMC) extending about 6.00 to 12.00 depth penetrating soft rock fully and 300 mm in to hard rock.

3.5 SITE PLAN The site plan is included in Annexure B. The plot area of the site is 92347 sq.m. The nearby landmarks include the Aluva railway station, Cochin International Airport and Kochi metro yard. The arrangement of various buildings like canteen, nurse quarters, patient relative quarters are shown in the site plan. It gives the exact position of proposed hospital building in the site. The car parking arrangement provided is also shown.

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

CHAPTER 4 CONCEPTUAL PLAN A conceptual plan is a plan which articulates the conceptual view of the project. The multi-storeyed hospital building consists of 5 storeys (G+4). Conceptual plans for different floors were prepared using the software Auto CAD. For preparing the conceptual plan we referred NBC, KMBR and Architect’s Standards by Peter and Ernest Neufert. The conceptual plan of this project is shown in annexure B.The departments provided were: •

General medicine

•

Gynaecology

•

Gastro

•

Ear, Nose, Throat (ENT)

•

Ophthalmology

•

Ortho

•

Nephrology

•

Neurology

•

Cardiology

•

Dermatology

•

Dental

•

Surgery

•

Paediatrics

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

2.1 FLOOR DETAILS Each floor consists of 3 stairs and 2 fire exits. Separate lifts are provided for patients, passengers and staffs.  GROUND FLOOR: 1. Emergency department •

Examination room

•

Treatment rooms

•

Casualty observation

- 100 m2

•

Casualty ICU

- 45 m2

•

Procedure room

- 52 m2

•

Duty doctor’s room + rest room

- 28 m2

•

Nurse station + rest room

- 40 m2

•

Casualty lift

- 27 m2

2. Main reception

- 13 m2

3. Billing counter

- 10 m2

4. Social service

- 12 m2

5. File storage + staff area

- 33 m2

6. Pharmacy

- 29 m2

7. Electrical room

- 12 m2

8. Blood bank + storage

- 64 m2

9. Laboratory

- 1157 m2

10. Patient rooms – 14 nos with toilets attached

- 22 m2/room

11. Scanning rooms (CT and MRI)

- 26 m2

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

12. General medicine

- 19 m2

13. Dental Out Patient (OP)

- 35 m2

14. Gastro Out Patient (OP)

- 60 m2

15. Endoscopy

- 60 m2

16. Ortho department •

Out Patient (OP)

- 15 m2

•

Operation Theatre (OT)

- 22 m2

17. Ophthalmology

- 33 m2

18. Gynaecology department •

Out Patient (OP)

- 8 m2

•

Examination

- 11 m2

•

Reception

- 8 m2

•

Ultra sonography

- 29 m2

•

Operation Theatre (OT)

- 26 m2

•

Labour room + pre labour room

- 53 m2

•

Post operative ward

- 26 m2

•

Maternity ward

- 156 m2

•

Nursery

- 61 m2

19. X- Ray room

- 64 m2

 FIRST FLOOR: 1. Ear, Nose, Throat (ENT) OP

- 19 m2

2. Feeding room

- 10 m2

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

3. General medicine

- 15 m2

4. ENT OP

- 13 m2

5. Neurology OP

- 13 m2

6. Nephrology

- 12 m2

7. Dialysis

- 46 m2

8. Caath lab

- 67 m2

9. General OP

- 51 m2

10. Cardio OP

- 20 m2

11. Paediatrics •

OP

- 20 m2

•

Immunization room

- 12 m2

•

Treatment room

- 21 m2

•

Staff room

- 19 m2

•

Help desk

- 11 m2

12. Pharmacy storage

- 29 m2

13. Doctor’s room

- 127 m2

14. Examination room

- 60 m2

15. Equipments

- 36 m2

16. Surgery •

OP

- 60 m2

•

OT

- 96 m2

17. Electrical room

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

- 12 m2

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

18. Administration

•

•

Assistant officers

- 21 m2

•

Director’s office

- 11 m2

•

Conference

- 43 m2

•

Office

- 97 m2

Gynaecology department

•

•

Neonatal ICU

- 93 m2

•

Baby scrub

- 12 m2

•

Buffer space

- 19 m2

•

Nursing staff room + changing

- 80 m2

Dermatology •

OP

- 28 m2

•

Examination

- 23 m2

•

Procedure

- 11 m2

•

Equipments

- 10 m2

21. Isolation ward

- 128 m2

22. Nurses station

- 21 m2

23. Linen store

- 26 m2

24. Patients room with toilets attached

- 22 m2/room

•

SECOND FLOOR:

1. Refreshment area

- 10 m2

2. Enquiry area

- 12 m2

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

3. Staff area

- 11 m2

4. Equipment room

- 33 m2

5. Operation theatre •

Pre OT

- 21 m2

•

Preparation rooms

- 21 m2

•

Major OT

- 33 m2 (2 no.s)

•

Major OT

- 38 m2 (2 no.s)

6. Prayer hall

- 65 m2

7. Pharmacy + storage

- 29 m2

8. Post operative ward

- 38 m2

9. ICU

- 63 m2 (2 no.s) & 75 m2(1 no.)

10. Dirty utilities

- 26 m2

11. Discussion room

- 22 m2

12. OT pharmacy

- 61 m2

13. Pre procedure room

- 29 m2

14. Sterilization •

Collection and sorting

- 16 m2

•

Decontamination

- 28 m2

•

Sterilization

- 91 m2

•

Machine room

- 150 m2

15. Male ward

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

- 154 m2

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

16. Female ward

- 162 m2

17. Linen store

- 54 m2

18. Nursing station

- 54 m2

19. Patient rooms

- 18 m2

•

THIRD FLOOR AND FOURTH FLOOR:

1. Pharmacy

-15 m2

2. Store

- 19 m2

3. Cafeteria

- 31 m2

4. Nurse station

- 31 m2

5. General store

- 262 m2

6. Electrical room

- 12 m2

7. Nurse rest room

- 124 m2

8. Patients room

- 20 m2

Details from the conceptual plan: •

Number of storeys: 5 (Ground + 4 floors)

•

Plinth area: 5532.36 sq.m

•

Floor Area Ratio (FAR): 0.03416

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

CHAPTER 5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Beam and column layout of the building was prepared as an initial step of structural analysis and design. Dead load, live load, wind load and seismic load was calculated in accordance with IS 875 (Part 1), IS 875 (Part 2), IS 875 (Part 3) and IS 1893 (Part 1). The building was structurally analysed using the software STAAD Pro and manually using Kani’s Rotation contribution method.

5.1 IMPOSED LOAD According to IS: 875 (part 2) - 1987, hospitals are classified under institutional buildings. The imposed loads acting on the structure are: •

Bed rooms

- 2 kN/m2

•

Wards

- 2 kN/m2

•

Dressing rooms

- 2 kN/m2

•

Dormitories

- 2 kN/m2

•

Lounges

- 2 kN/m2

•

Kitchen

- 3 kN/m2

•

Laundries

- 3 kN/m2

•

Laboratories

- 3 kN/m2

•

Dining rooms

- 3 kN/m2

•

Cafeterias

- 3 kN/m2

•

Restaurants

- 3 kN/m2

•

Toilets

- 2 kN/m2

•

Bathrooms

- 2 kN/m2

•

X- ray rooms

- 3 kN/m2

•

Operating rooms

- 3 kN/m2

•

General storage rooms

- 3 kN/m2

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

•

Office rooms

- 2.5 kN/m2

•

OPD rooms

- 2.5 kN/m2

•

Corridor

- 4 kN/m2

•

Passages

- 4 kN/m2

•

Lobbies

- 4 kN/m2

•

Staircases

- 4 kN/m2

•

Fire escapes

- 4 kN/m2

•

Boiler rooms

- 5 kN/m2

•

Plant room

- 5 kN/m2

5.2

DEAD LOAD As per IS: 875 (Part 1) - 1987, the dead loads on the structure are as follows:

•

Reinforced Cement Concrete

- 25 kN/m2

•

Masonry Wall

- 19 kN/m2

•

Glass Panel

-0.123 kN/m2 (for 5mm nominal

thickness) •

Floor Finish

- 1 kN/m2

•

Parapet

- 19 kN/m2

5.3

WIND LOAD CALCULATION Design wind speed, V z = V b x K 1 x K 2 x K 3

[Cl. 5.3, IS 875(Part 3) - 1987]

Where, V b = Basic wind speed for any site K 1 = Probability factor (risk coefficient) K 2 = Terrain, height, and structure size factor K 3 = Topography So, V b = 39 m/s K1 = 1

[Fig 1, IS 875(Part 3) - 1987] [Table 1, IS 875(Part 3) - 1987]

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

K 2 = 1.064

[Table 2, IS 875(Part 3) - 1987]

K3 = 1

[Appendix C, IS 875(Part 3) - 1987]

V z = 1 x 1.064 x 1 x 39 = 41.496 m/s Wind Pressure, P z = 0.6V z 2 = 0.6 x 41.496 x 41.496 = 1.033 kN/m2

5.4

KANI’S ROTATION CONTRIBUTION METHOD Fixed end moments and rotation factors which were needed for performing

Kani’s method of analysis of frame were calculated. All the computations were carried out in a single line diagram of the structure are shown in Annexure C. The frames which were analysed are shown in figure 5.1 and figure 5.2.

Fig 5.1 Frame 1-1

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Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

Fig 5.2 Frame 2-2 The fixed end moments, rotation factors and distribution factors for the analysis were calculated as in the sample calculation shown below : • Fixed end moment = ±

𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 2 12

For member A1A2 in frame 2-2, W = 12.6075 kN/m l = 4m Therefore M A1A2 = -16.81 kNm

For member A2A1 M A2A1 = 16.81 kNm •

Rotation factor = 0.5 ×

𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

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Relative stiffness = =

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

For member A1G1 in frame 1-1, Relative stiffness = I/1 Total relative stiffness of joint = 1.508I Therefore rotation factor = -0.331

•

Distribution factor = 1.5 ×

𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

For member A1B1 in storey 1,

Relative stiffness = I/3.7 Total relative stiffness of all the members in the storey = 12I/3.7 Therefore distribution factor = -0.125 . The iterations for the frame was carried out and included in annexure 8. Using the final moment values got in each member after the iteration, the final moments of beams and columns were calculated as shown : 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎1𝑎𝑎2 Final moment in beam A1A2 = 2𝑀𝑀′𝑎𝑎1𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑀𝑀′𝑎𝑎2𝑎𝑎1 + �������� Where �������� 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎1𝑎𝑎2 = fixed end moment at A1

𝑀𝑀′𝑎𝑎1𝑎𝑎2 = moment of A1A2 in the last iteration 𝑀𝑀′𝑎𝑎2𝑎𝑎1 = moment of A2A1 in the last iteration

In frame 2-2, for beam A1A2,

�������� 𝑀𝑀 𝑎𝑎1𝑎𝑎2 = 16.81 kNm 𝑀𝑀′𝑎𝑎1𝑎𝑎2 = 1.34 kNm

𝑀𝑀′𝑎𝑎2𝑎𝑎1 = 4.18 kNm

Therefore final moment = -9.95 kNm

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Final moment in the column A1B1 = 2𝑀𝑀′𝑎𝑎1𝑏𝑏1 + 𝑀𝑀′𝑏𝑏1𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑀𝑀"𝑎𝑎1𝑏𝑏1 + �������� 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎1𝑏𝑏1 �������� Where 𝑀𝑀 𝑎𝑎1𝑏𝑏1 = fixed end moment at A1

𝑀𝑀′𝑎𝑎1𝑏𝑏1 = moment of A1B1 in the last iteration 𝑀𝑀′𝑏𝑏1𝑎𝑎1 = moment of B1A1 in the last iteration

𝑀𝑀"𝑎𝑎1𝑏𝑏1 = displacement contribution of A1B1

In frame 2-2, for column A1B1, �������� 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎1𝑏𝑏1 = 0 kNm

𝑀𝑀′𝑎𝑎1𝑏𝑏1 = 1.51 kNm 𝑀𝑀′𝑏𝑏1𝑎𝑎1 = 7.1 kNm

𝑀𝑀"𝑎𝑎1𝑏𝑏1 = 0.021 kNm

Therefore final moment = 10.099 kNm The final moments calculated for all the beams and columns of both the frames are shown in tables 5.8, 5.9, 5.10 and 5.11 in annexure C.

Fig 5.2: STAAD model of the building

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

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CHAPTER 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN The limit state method was followed to design the structure. The code referred was IS 456:2000. For this project a one-way slab, a two-way slab, a beam, a column, a lintel beam, a staircase, a shear wall, pile foundation and a water tank were designed.

6.1 DESIGN OF SLAB 6.1.1 TWO WAY SLAB Sample calculation for two way slab 115.

Fig 6.1.1 Plan 𝑓𝑓𝑌𝑌 = 415𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 30 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓ℎ = 1𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ = 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

ly = 5.6 m lx = 5 m

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Semester: VIII

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

ly = 1.12 lx

Hence,

ly � < 2 lx

Step1: Effective depth Assume an effective depth 130mm giving an effective cover of 30mm for moderate exposure conditions. ∴ Overall depth, D= 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑ℎ + 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 120 + 30 = 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Provide 170mm as overall depth. Effective depth along shorter direction: d x = D – (Effective Cover + ½ × dia of bar) = 150 – 30 = 120mm Effective depth along longer direction: d y = dx – dia of bar = 120 – 10 = 110mm Step2: Effective span 1

12

of the clear span= 1�12 × 5

(Cl. 22.2.b (2), IS 456 – 2000)

= 0.4166

Width of support= 0.3 𝑚𝑚

As width of the support is less than 1�12 of the clear span, Effective span = Clear Span + Effective depth, OR

Effective span = Clear Span + 2 × ½ (width of support)

𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 = 5 + 0.3 or 5 + 0.12 = 5.3𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 5.12𝑚𝑚 (whichever is lesser) = 5.12 𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 = 5.6 + 0.3 or 5.6 + 0.11 = 5.9𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 5.71𝑚𝑚 (whichever is lesser) = 5.71 𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Step 3: Load Calculation

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

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Semester: VIII

Branch: CE

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Dead load= 𝐷𝐷 × 25

= 0.17 × 25

= 4.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

Floor finish = 1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

Live load= 4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

(IS 875 – 1987, Part 2)

Total dead load= 4.25 + 1

= 5.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

Total live load = 4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

Design dead load (𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑 ) = 1.5 × 5.25

= 7.875 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

Design live load (𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙 ) = 1.5 × 4

= 6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

Total design load (𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 ) = 7.875 + 6 = 13.875 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2 Step4: Bending Moment Calculation 𝑙𝑙𝑦𝑦 ⁄𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 = 5.71⁄5 . 12 = 1.1

𝛼𝛼𝑥𝑥 = 0.076

(Table 27, IS 456-2000)

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = ∝𝑥𝑥 × 𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 × 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 2

= 0.076 × 13.875 × 5.122 = 27.64 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚

𝛼𝛼𝑦𝑦 = 0.0626

𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = ∝𝑦𝑦 × 𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 × 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 2 = 0.0626 × 13.875 × 5.122 = 22.77 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘. 𝑚𝑚

Step5: Effective depth required Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 40

Semester: VIII

Branch: CE

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2

𝑄𝑄 = 0.138 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 415𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 415 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑 = �

Q fck b

=�

27.64×10 6

0.138×30×1000

= 81.70 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

As it is less than 120mm, provide an effective depth of 120mm with an effective cover of 30mm. Overall depth, D = 120 + 30 = 150mm

Step 6: Area of steel in short span direction 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑[1 −

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ] 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

27.64 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 120 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (1 − 27.64 × 106 = 43326𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 4.994𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 693.36 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

415 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) 1000 × 30 × 120

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.12% 𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷 =

0.12 × 1000 × 170 100

= 204 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Provide 10 mm dia bars 1000𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 1000 × 𝜋𝜋�4 × 122 = 693.36

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, 𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑣 =

= 163.11 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 3𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (whichever is less)

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 41

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

(Cl. 26.3.3 b (1), IS 456-2000) 3𝑑𝑑 = 3 × 120

= 360𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 300𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Hence provide 10 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c in short span directions with alternate bars curtailed. Step 6: Area of steel in long span direction 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 �1-

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 b

22.77 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 110 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦 �122.77 × 106 = 39715.5𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦 − 4.994𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2

415 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦 � 1000 × 30 × 110

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 621.97 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Using 10 mm dia bars 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑣 =

1000𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 A𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

1000 × 𝜋𝜋�4 × 122 = 621.97 = 181.84 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Maximum spacing should not exceed 3d or 300 mm (Cl. 26.3.3 b (1), IS 456-2000) 3𝑑𝑑 = 3 × 110

= 330 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Hence provide 10 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c in long span direction. Step 7: Torsional reinforcement 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ) = =

3 × 693.36 4

3 3 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) = × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 4 4

= 520.02 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 42

Semester: VIII

Branch: CE

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, 𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑣 = =

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

1000𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 A𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 )

1000 ×𝜋𝜋�4 ×10 2 520.02

= 151.03 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Hence provide 10 mm dia. bars @ 150mm c/c on both ways at the top and bottom corners. 1

Reinforcement should extend to a distance of = × 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 or 900mm =

1 × 5 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 900𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 5

5

= 1000mm or 900mm

Hence, let the torsional reinforcement extend to a distance of 900mm. Step 8: Check for shear 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓, 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = =

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 × 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 2

(Table 13, IS 456-2000)

13.875 × 5 2

= 35.52 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 𝜏𝜏v =

= 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 =

=

)=

1000×𝜋𝜋⁄4 ×122 150

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 bd

(Cl. 40.1, IS 456-2000)

35.52×10 3 1000 ×120

= 0.296𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

= 753.98 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

100𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ) 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

100𝑥𝑥753.98 1000 ×120

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

= 0.63

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 𝜏𝜏c = 0.55𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

(Table 19, IS 456-2000)

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 𝜏𝜏cmax = 3.5𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 (Table 20, IS 456-2000)

Hence, 𝜏𝜏𝑣𝑣 < 𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐 and 𝜏𝜏𝑣𝑣 < 𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

Therefore, the slab is safe in shear. Step 9: Check for development length

𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑(max ) =

𝑀𝑀1 + 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉

(Cl. 26.2.3.3, IS 456-2000)

Development length, Ld =

𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

)

=

=

∅σs

4 τbd

(Cl. 26.2.1, IS 456-2000)

0.87 fy ∅ 4 τbd

0.87 × 415 × 12 4 × 1.2 × 1.6

= 564.14 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Moment of resistance offered by 12 mm dia bars @ 100 mm c/c 𝑀𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 Ast 𝑑𝑑 �1-

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ) =

f𝑦𝑦 Ast � fck bd

1000 ×𝜋𝜋�4 ×12 2 150

= 753.98 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝑀𝑀1 = 0.87 𝑥𝑥 415 𝑥𝑥 753.98 𝑥𝑥 120 �1 − = 29.84 × 106 𝑁𝑁. 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

415 × 753.98 � 1000 × 30 × 120

𝑀𝑀 = 29.84 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑉𝑉 = 35.52𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

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Semester: VIII

𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑(max )

Branch: CE

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

29.84 × 1000 + 130 35.52

=

= 969.75 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

)

< 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑(max )

Hence, safe in development length.

Step 10: Check for deflection Modification factor for span less than 10 m, K1 = 1.2 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 = 0.58 × 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 ×

(Cl.23.2.IS 456-2000)

Ast(𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ) Ast(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 )

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.58 × 415 × �

693.36 � 753.98

= 221.35 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 =

100𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

= 0.63

𝐾𝐾2 = 1.3

(Fig. 4, IS 456-2000)

𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 20 × 𝐾𝐾1 × 𝐾𝐾2 𝑑𝑑

= 26 × 1.2 × 1.4

𝑙𝑙

𝑑𝑑

𝑙𝑙

𝑑𝑑

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = =

= 43.68

𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ℎ

5000 120

= 41.66

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2 ∴one way continuous slab

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 415 𝑁𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 25 𝑁𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Assuming 0.3 % steel

Effective depth 𝑑𝑑 =

𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥

30

= 74 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

[Cl.23.2.1,IS 456 -2000]

With a clear cover of 20 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 10 # 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 overall thickness

𝐷𝐷 = 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 47

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

Fig 6.1.5. Plan – one way slab Calculation of loads : Self weight of the slab = 25 × 0.150 = 3.75 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ⁄ 𝑚𝑚2

Floor finish = 1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑚𝑚 Live load = 4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

2

Total dead load 𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑 = 4.75 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

Factored dead load 𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 1.5 × 4.75 = 7.125 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2 Total Live load 𝑤𝑤𝑙𝑙 = 4𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

Factored live load 𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 1.5 × 4 = 6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

Total load 𝑤𝑤 = 8.75 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2

Factored total load 𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢 = 1.5 × 8.75 = 13.125 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2 Calculation of maximum bending moment:

Bending moment near middle of end span = �

1

𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 2 +

12

= 5.78 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾

Bending moment near middle of interior span = �

1

16

1

10

𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 2 +

= 4.57 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Bending moment at support next to end support = − �

1

10

𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 2 � 1

12

𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 2 �

𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 2 +

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

1

9

𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 2 �

Page no: 48

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

= − 6.68 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

= −�

Bending moment at other interior supports

1

12

𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 2 +

= − 6.1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

1

9

𝑤𝑤𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥 2 �

[Table 12, IS 456-2000]

∴Maximum bending moment = −6.68𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 0.36 𝑋𝑋𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑

𝑋𝑋𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑

�1 – 0.42

𝑋𝑋𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

= 0.48 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 = 1000mm

𝑑𝑑

� 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏²𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

[Annex G, IS 456-2000]

R

[Cl.38.1, IS 456-2000]

6.68 × 10 6 = 0.36 × 0.48 (1 – 0.42 × 0.48)1000 × 𝑑𝑑² × 25 ∴ 𝑑𝑑 = 44 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Provide 𝑑𝑑 = 130 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝐷𝐷 = 150𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 �1 −

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

�

[Annex G, IS 456-2000]

6.68 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × 130 �1 − ∴

=46936.5 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 5.99 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 145 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

2

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.12% 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

= 0.0012 × 1000 × 150

415 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � 1000 × 130 × 25

[Cl 26.5.2.1, IS 456-2000]

= 180 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Assume 10 mm # bars, Spacing, 𝑠𝑠 =

1000 ×𝜋𝜋 ×10 2 � � 4 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

= 436 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Maximum spacing= 3𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙)

[Cl 26.3.3.b1,1S 456-2000]

= 390𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

= 300𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Provide 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 # @ 300𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐/𝑐𝑐

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 49

Semester: VIII

Branch: CE

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 1000 × 78.539 / 300 = 262𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Distribution bars:

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) = 0.0012𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 180 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 Assuming 8 mm # bars, Spacing, 𝑠𝑠 =

1000 × 𝜋𝜋 ×8 2 � 4

�

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

= 279 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Maximum spacing= 5𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 450 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

[Cl 26.3.3.b2, 1S 456-2000]

= 650𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 450 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 450𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Provide 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 # 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 @ 250𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐/𝑐𝑐. Check for deflection: 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 = 100

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

= 100 × = 0.2

𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 = 0.58 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

262 1000 × 130

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

= 0.58 × 415 ×

= 165.36 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

180 262

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 2 𝑙𝑙

𝑑𝑑 𝑙𝑙

𝑑𝑑

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 26 × 2 = 52 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =

2.2

.13

[Cl 23.2.1.c, IS 456:2000]

[Cl 23.2.1.a, IS 456:2000]

= 16.92

= 16.92 < 52 - hence safe

Check for development length Area of the steel available after 50% curtailment = 262/2 = 131 mm2 Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 50

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

Moment of resistance of section after 50 % curtailment of steel 𝑀𝑀1𝑢𝑢 = 1.5 × 0.87 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 � 1 −

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 � = 9.068 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

Shear force at the end = 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 1.5 × 0.5 × 13.125 × 2.2 = 21.65 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐿𝐿0 = d or 12#, whichever is greater. ∴ 𝐿𝐿0 = 130 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑀1 Vu

+ 𝐿𝐿0 = 548 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Ld =

0.87 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝛷𝛷 4 𝜏𝜏 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

=

Hence safe.

0.87×415×10 4×1.4×1.6

= 403 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢

Hence the beam is designed as an under reinforced section.

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 52

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

0.138𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2 = 310.5 × 106

0.138 × 30 × 300 × 𝑑𝑑2 = 168 × 106

∴ 𝑑𝑑 = 368 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Provide d = 450 mm with Effective Cover as 50 mm Provide Overall depth, D = 500𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 Reinforcement at support: 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 �1 −

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

�

[Annex G, IS 456-2000]

168 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × 450 �1 − ∴ 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 1175.52 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

415 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � 30 × 300 × 450

Providing 20mm dia bars, Number of bars required = Provide 4 nos. , 20mm dia bars.

1175 .52× 4 𝜋𝜋×20 2

=4

π

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 4 × � � × 20 × 20 = 1256.64 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =

0.85 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

4

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 307.223 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 < 1256.64 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.04𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 6000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 > 1256.64 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

[Cl 26.5.1.1a, IS 456-2000]

[Cl 26.5.1.1b, IS 456-2000]

Hence the design is safe.

Reinforcement at mid span: Moment at mid-span obtained from the analysis 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 95 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 Reinforcement at mid span: 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 �1 −

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

95 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × 450 �1 − 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 625 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

415 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � 30 × 300 × 450

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 53

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

Number of bars required =

625× 4 𝜋𝜋×20 2

Provide 3 nos. , 20mm dia bars.

=2

π

𝐴𝐴st 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 3 × � � × 20 × 20 = 942.48 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =

0.85 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

4

[Cl 26.5.1.1a, IS 456-2000]

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 307.23 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 < 942.48 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.04𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 6000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 > 942.48 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 [Cl 26.5.1.1b, IS 456-2000] Hence the design is safe. CHECK FOR SHEAR: 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 182 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Nominal shear stress, 𝜏𝜏𝑣𝑣 = 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 =

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢

𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

=

182× 10 3

300 ×450

= 1.35 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

[Cl 40.1, IS 456-2000]

100 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 100 × 1256.637 = = 0.84 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 300 × 500

For 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 = 0.84 and M30 concrete, Design shear stress 𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐 = 0.615 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

P

(Table 19, IS 456-2000)

𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 3.5 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

(Table 20, IS 456-2000)

Since τc < 𝜏𝜏𝑣𝑣 < 𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , shear reinforcement is to be provided Using 8 mm dia 2 legged stirrups, 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2 × 𝜋𝜋 ×

82 = 100.53 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 4

Strength of shear reinforcement: 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = (𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 − 𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)

[Cl 40.4a, IS 456-2000]

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = (182 × 103 ) − (0.615 × 300 × 450) = 98.975 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 Spacing of stirrups, 𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣 = 𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣 =

0.87 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

0.87 × 415 × 100.53 × 450 98.975×1000

= 165.025 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 54

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

Maximum spacing of stirrups 𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =

0.87 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0.4 𝑏𝑏

or 0.75 𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

whichever is less

= 302 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 or 337 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 300𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Provide 8 mm dia, 2 legged stirrups @ 170 mm c/c

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION: 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 =

100 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 100 × 1256.64 = = 0.84 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 300 × 500

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 = 0.58 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

[Cl 23.2.1.456:2000]

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

= 0.58 × 415 ×

= 225.16 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

1175.52 1256.64

Modification factor 𝐾𝐾1 = 1.2 𝑙𝑙

𝑑𝑑 𝑙𝑙

𝑑𝑑

allowable = 26 × 1.2

[Cl 23.2.1.a , IS 456:2000]

= 31.2 5.7

provided =

0.45

= 12.67 < 31.2, Hence the design is safe.

CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH:

Area of the steel available after 50% curtailment =

942.48 2

= 471.239 mm2

Moment of resistance of section after 50 % curtailment of steel: 𝑀𝑀1𝑢𝑢 = 1.5 × 0.87 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 � 1 −

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 � = 207.507 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

Shear force at the end = Vu = 182 kN

𝐿𝐿0 = d or (12 × diameter of bar) = 450mm or 240mm whichever is greater. ∴ 𝐿𝐿0 = 450 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑀1𝑢𝑢 Vu

+ 𝐿𝐿0 =

Ld =

207.507

0.87 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝛷𝛷 4 𝜏𝜏 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

182

=

+ 0.45 = 1.5901 𝑚𝑚 = 1590 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

0.87×415×20 4×1.5×1.6

= 752.18 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
20 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 2960

+

500

400 30

= 19.25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (< 20 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

Take 𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦 ,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 20 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Step 3: Trial section longitudinal reinforcement Design for uniaxial eccentricity with, 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 930 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 1.15�𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 2 = 1.15�2952 + 1922 = 405 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾

Effective Cover = 𝑑𝑑’ = 60 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑’/𝐷𝐷 = 60/600 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢

= 0.1

𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷

=

930× 1000

30×600×400

= 0.13

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 405 × 106 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷2 30 × 400 × 6002 𝑝𝑝

𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

= 0.05

= 0.0937

(Chart 44, SP 16)

𝑃𝑃 = 0.05 × 30 = 1.5%

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𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 100 1.5 × 400 × 600 = 100

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 =

= 3600 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Assuming reinforcement distributed equally on four sides and diameter of the bar as 10 no. of 25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 with effective cover as 60𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. Actual, 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 10 ×

𝜋𝜋

4

× 252

= 4909 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 100 ×

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠

𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

= 2.05 %

= 100 ×

4909 600×400

Step 4: Uniaxial moment capacity of section 𝑝𝑝 2.05 = = 0.071 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 30

𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 930 × 1000 = = 0.13 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷 30 × 600 × 400 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 0.15 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷2

Hence, 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢,𝑦𝑦1 = 0.15 × 30 × 600 × 400 2 = 432𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

(Chart 44, SP 16)

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢,𝑥𝑥1 = 0.15 × 30 × 400 × 600 2 = 648 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

This is significantly greater than 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 295𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 & 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 192 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 Step 5: Computation of Puz

𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 0.45 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 + (0.75 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 0.45 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

(Cl. 39.3, IS 456-2000)

= 0.45 × 30 × 400 × 600 + (0.75 × 415 − 0.45 × 30) × 4909

𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢

𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

= 4701.65 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

=

930

4701 .65

= 0.197 < 0.2

Hence, 𝛼𝛼𝑛𝑛 = 1

(Cl.39.6, IS 456-2000)

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Step 6: Check for safety under biaxial loading

�

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 1

𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛

�

+ �

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 1

𝛼𝛼 𝑛𝑛

�

=�

295 1

648

� + �

= 0.89 < 1

192 1

432

�

Hence the trial section is safe under the applied load. Step 7: Transverse reinforcement 25/4 Min diameter of lateral ties > � 6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

=

6.25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

(Cl.26.5.3.2, IS 456-

2000)

Provide 8 mm dia ties 𝐷𝐷 = Pitch < � 16 × 25 = 300 =

400 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 400𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Provide 8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 dia lateral tie @ 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 c/c.

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Fig 6.3.1 Longitudinal Section

Fig 6.3.2 Section x-x

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

6.4 DESIGN OF LINTEL Sample calculation of a lintel above the door opening of 4 m span is shown below: 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 415 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 30 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Support width = 200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Clear span = 4000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Step 1: Effective depth Assume overall depth of lintel, 𝐷𝐷 = 250 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Assume effective cover of lintel, 𝑑𝑑’ = 30 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

∴ Effective depth of lintel = overall depth – effective cover = 250 − 30

= 220 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Step 2: Effective span calculation Size of door = 4𝑚𝑚 × 2.5𝑚𝑚

(1) Effective span = Clear Span + width of supports = 4 + 0.20 = 4.2 𝑚𝑚

(2) Effective span = Clear Span + Effective Depth = 4 + 0.22 Lesser value is provided

= 4.22 𝑚𝑚

Effective span,l = 4.2 𝑚𝑚

Step 3: Load Calculation

The length of the wall to one side is less than half the effective span. ∴ The load acting on lintel will be equal to the masonry contained in the rectangle of

height, h = 3.7 – 2.1 − 0.25 = 1.35 𝑚𝑚 Dead load of lintel = 1 × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝐷𝐷 × 25

= 1 × 0.2 × 0.25 × 25 = 1.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚

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Load from brick masonry = Density of brickwork × Thickness × Height = 19 × 0.2 × 1.35

= 5.13 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚

Total load = 1.25 + 5.13 = 6.38 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Total design dead load, (𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 ) = 1.5 × 6.38 = 9.57 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Step 4: Bending Moment Calculation

𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) = =

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 ×𝑙𝑙 2

9.57×4.22 8

8

= 21.10 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Step 5: Effective depth required 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 𝑄𝑄𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑑𝑑2

𝑑𝑑 = �

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢

Q fck b

=�

21.10×10 6

0.138×30×200

= 159.64 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 160 mm

Provide an effective depth of 220 mm with an effective cover of 30 mm. Overall depth, 𝐷𝐷 = 220 + 30` = 250 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Step 6: Area of steel required 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 �1 −

𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ×𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

�

21.10 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 220 �1 −

415×𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

30×200×220

24.97 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 = 79431 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 21.10 × 106

�

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𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 292.54 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Provide 10 mm dia bars as main reinforcement No. of bars =

𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

=

292.54 𝜋𝜋 ×10 2 4

= 4 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

Provide 4 #, 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 dia bars as main reinforcement Provide 2 #, of 8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 dia bars as stirrup holder.

Step 7: Check for shear Maximum shear force, 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 =

=

𝑊𝑊𝑢𝑢 ×𝑙𝑙

9.57×4.22

= 20.19 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

2

2

Nominal shear stress,

(Table 13, IS 456-2000)

(Cl 40.1, IS 456-2000)

𝜏𝜏v = =

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢

bd 20.19×10 3 200×220

= 0.505 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

As two bars are cut off at support, 𝜋𝜋

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 = 2 × × 𝑑𝑑2 4

= 157.08 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Percentage of steel, 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 =

=

100𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 bd

100×157.08 200×220

= 0.357%

For M30 concrete and 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 = 0.357%

Design permissible shear stress 𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐 ,

(Table 19, IS 456-2000)

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Since 𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐 >𝜏𝜏𝑣𝑣 𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑏𝑏×𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑣

=

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐 = 0.425 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

minimum reinforcement is needed,

(Cl 26.5.1.6, IS 456-2000)

0.4

0.87×𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

Using 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 dia two legged stirrups of 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 =415𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 𝜋𝜋

Area of Shear Reinforcement, 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2 × × 82 = 100.53 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × 0.87 × 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 0.4 × 𝑏𝑏 100.53 × 0.87 × 415 = 0.4 × 200

Spacing, 𝑠𝑠𝑣𝑣 =

4

= 453.71 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Maximum spacing < 0.75 𝑑𝑑 = 0.75 × 220 = 165 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Provide 8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 dia two legged stirrups @ 165 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 c/c

Fig 6.4.1 Longitudinal Section of Lintel

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Fig.6.4.2 Section X-X

6.5 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE The design of a dog legged staircase spanning longitudinally is given below: Height of floor = 3.7 m Rise of the step = 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Tread of the step = 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Width of the step = 1.8𝑚𝑚

Live load, 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑚𝑚2

Finishing load = 1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑚𝑚2 Effective cover = 20 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Fig 6.5.1 Plan view of staircase

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

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Design of flight Step 1. Effective span calculation Assuming 200mm bearing into the wall effective span AB = .1+.1+3.6+1.45 = 5.3 𝑚𝑚

Step 2: Load calculation: Loads on flight portion: Dead weight of waist slab = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 × 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ×

��𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 +𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐 �

= 25 × 0.15 ×

Self Weight of Steps = 25 × Floor Finish = 1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑚𝑚2

(0.15) 2

= 4.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑚𝑚2

𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻

��.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 +.𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 � .𝟑𝟑

= 1.875 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑚𝑚2

Live Load = 4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑚𝑚2

Total Load = 11.07𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑚𝑚2

Loads on Landing portion: Assuming thickness of landing = 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Dead Weight of Slab = 25 × 0.15 = 3.75𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑚𝑚2 Floor Finish = 1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑚𝑚2

Live Load = 4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑚𝑚2

Total Load = 8.75 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑚𝑚2

Load on each flight = 4.375 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑚𝑚2 Step 3: Reactions:

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Let reactions be 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 and 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 Taking moment about A

𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 + 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 =(11.075 × 3.7) + (4.375 × 1.6) = 47.98 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Moment about A =𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 × 0 − �

11.075×3.75×3.75 2

=75.81 + 31.5 + 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 × 5.3

� + (4.375 × 1.6)(3.7 +

1.6 2

) + 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 × 5.3

5.3 × 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 =107.31

𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = 20.247 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 27.733𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

At max. BM, Shear force = 0

27.733 − 11.075x = 0

X = 2.504 𝑚𝑚

So, SF is 0 at 2.504 m from A

= 37.72 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 Design BM

2.504

= (27.733 × 2.504) − (11.075 × 2.504) × (

Max. Moment

2

)

=1.5 × 37.72

=56.58 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Step 4:Caliculation of area of steel Use M 30 and Fe 415 steel 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 415

𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑

= .48

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 0.36 × (𝑥𝑥𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 /𝑑𝑑)(1 − 0.42(𝑥𝑥𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 /𝑑𝑑))𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

56.58 × 106 = .36 × .48 × (1 − .42 × .48) × 30 × 1000 × 𝑑𝑑 d = 116.9mm

assuming d =130mm provide 20mm cover Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

𝐷𝐷 = 150𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 �1 −

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 � 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

56.58 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 130 × (1 − (415 × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)/30 × 1000 × 130)

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 1381.39 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Provide 12mm diameter as main reinforcement 𝜋𝜋 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 1381.39/(( ) × 122 ) 4 = 12.21 = 13

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 1000 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎/𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

= (1000 × 113.097)/1381.39 = 81.87

Hence provide 12mm bar as main reinforcement @ 80mm spacing For distribution bars, 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣 =

𝜋𝜋

0.12 0.12 × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = × 1000 × 150 = 180 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚 100 100

� 4 �×8×8×1000 180

= 279.2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Provide 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 dia minimum distribution steel @ 270 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 spacing c/c.

Step 6: Check for shear : Vu=26.62 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 𝜏𝜏v =

=

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

)=

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢

bd 26.62×10 3 1000×130

(Cl. 40.1, IS 456-2000) = 0.204𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

1000 × 𝜋𝜋⁄4 × 122 80

= 1413.71𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

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𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡 =

100𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

=(100 × 1381.39)/(1000 × 130)

= 1.062

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 𝜏𝜏c = .72𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

(Table 19, IS 456-2000)

Hence, 𝜏𝜏𝑣𝑣 < 𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐

Therefore, the slab is safe in shear. Step 6: Check for Development Length: For M30 grade concrete, 𝜏𝜏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 1.5𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 =

0.87 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝛷𝛷 4 𝜏𝜏 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

=

0.87×415×12 4×1.5×1.6

= 451.3125 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Moment of resistence offered by 12mm diameter bar @ 120mm c/c 𝜋𝜋

Ast provided = (1000 × ( ) × 𝑑𝑑2 )/ 𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣 4

𝜋𝜋

=(1000 × ( ) × 122 )/80 =1413.71

𝑀𝑀1𝑢𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑 �d-

4

𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏

= 0.87 × 415 × 130 × 1413.7 �130= 56.372 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Lₒ = d or 12 𝛷𝛷 which is greater

415 × 1413.7 � 1000 × 30

Lₒ = 144

1.3𝑀𝑀1𝑢𝑢 Vu

+ 𝐿𝐿0 =

1.3×56.372×10 6 26.62×10 3

+ 144

= 2896.952 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Ld =

=

0.87 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝛷𝛷 4 𝜏𝜏 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

0.87×415×12 4×1.5×1.6

= 451.3125 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝜏𝜏𝑐𝑐

∴ The area of horizontal shear reinforcement 𝐴𝐴ℎ at a vertical spacing 𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣 is given by 0.87 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑 𝑤𝑤 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣 =

[Cl 40.4, IS 456:2000]

Using 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 dia two legged horizontal stirrup 𝑆𝑆𝑣𝑣 =

0.87 × 415 × 78.539 × 2 × 2790 = 143.725 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1307.37 × 103 − (0.37 × 2790 × 200)

Provide 140 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

∴ reinforcement in horizontal direction =

�

1000× 𝜋𝜋×102 � 4

140

= 1122 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

∴ provide 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 @ 140 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐/𝑐𝑐 as horizontal reinforcement on both the faces and in the full height of the wall.

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Fig 6.6.1 Plan

Fig 6.6.2 Sectional elevation A-A

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

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Fig 6.6.3 Sectional plan A-A

6.7 DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATION Data available Max load on column= 3438 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 415 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 30 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Effective cover= 60 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Step 1: Load carrying capacity Maximum load on column C1= 3438 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 Load on each pile =

3438 3

= 1146𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Provide 12m length pile

Size of circular pile provided

=

Load carrying capacity 𝑄𝑄𝑢𝑢

= = =

∅ = 0.40𝑚𝑚

𝑐𝑐𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 +∝ 𝑐𝑐̅𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠

𝜋𝜋

147.15 × 9 × � × 0.42 � + 0.7 × 147.15 × 12 × (𝜋𝜋 × 0.4)

4

1720 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 > 1146𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

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Step 2: Main Reinforcement 𝑙𝑙 12 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑑𝑑 0.4

= 24 > 12,

∴ Pile behaves as a long pile.

Hence reduction coefficient 𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟

Design load for short column

=

1.25 -

=

1.25 –

=

0.75

=

𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢

𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

48×𝐷𝐷

12

48×0.40

1146

=

0.75

= 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 0.4𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 + �0.67 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 0.4𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

1528 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝜋𝜋

1528 × 103 = 0.4×30x� × 4002 � +(0.65 × 415 − 0.4 × 30)𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 4

= 75.3𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Since the length of the pile is greater than its least width ∴ 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

= =

1.25 100

𝜋𝜋 4

× 4002

1571 mm2

Provide 6 no: of 20𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∅ bar 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

×

=

𝜋𝜋

� × 6 × 202 �= 1885 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 4

Step 3: Lateral reinforcement in the body of pile

Lateral reinforcement in one body of the pile is provided at 0.2% of gross value. Volume needed per mm length

=

Nominal cover

= =

Using 8mm ∅ ties

0.2/100 ( 𝜋𝜋 /4 × 400 2 × 1)

251.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

Perimeter of tie

=

Volume of each tie

= =

Pitch

=

π 2 x8 x916 4

46110𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 46110 251.4

=

183𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

=

200mm

= Maximum permissible pitch

𝜋𝜋 × (400 − 2 × 50 − 8)

1/2 × 400

Hence provide 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∅ ties at 150𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 c/c throughout the length Step 4: Lateral reinforcement near head and pile end Value of ties per mm length at = 6% gross value

=

0.6

100

754𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Value of each tie

=

Pitch

= =

x(𝜋𝜋 /4 × 4002 × 1)

46110 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 46110 754

61 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Provided ties at 50mm c/c in bottom and top of length = 3x400 =1200mm

Fig.6.8.1 and fig.6.8.2 shows longitudinal and cross section of piles and reinforcement detailing

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Fig.6.7.1 Longitudinal section of pile

Fig.6.7.2 Cross section of pile

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

6.8. DESIGNING OF PILE CAP The design of the pile cap is done below and fig.6.9.1 shows the pile cap.

Fig.6.8.1 Pile cap Step 1: Dimension c/c spacing of pile is taken as 1.5m Keep 200mm clear projection of cap beyond the face. Overall length cap along AB

Length of beam CD

=

=

1.5+0.4+0.4

= ℓ

2.3𝑚𝑚

=

CD

=

ℒ√3

=

2

1.5√3 2

= 1.3m

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Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

The length of cap in the direction of CD = 1.3+0.4+0.4 = 2.1m Step 2: Design of beam DC Load on each pile

=

1146 kN

Let the width of beam

=

400mm

B.M due to load

=

3438 x1.5

=

992.5 kNm

3√3

Let us assume size of beam to be 400x800mm Weight of slab equal to two times the width of the beam Self wt , w

= =

Length of beam ,ℓ

Total load

Reaction C

(3 × 400 × 800)×25 24 kN/m

=

ℒ√3

=

1.3m

=

1.3x24

=

31.2 kN

= =

2

31.2 2

15.6 kN

Distance of point of application of column load = =

2 3

2 3

ℓ

x1.3 =0.87

B.M at centre of column due to self weight = 15.6x103 x0.87 -

Total B.M

d

=

4.489kNm

=

4.489+992.5

=

997 kNm

=

Mu

�𝑅𝑅

𝑢𝑢 𝑏𝑏

=�

2

x 0.872

997×10 6

2.761×400

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30

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

=

950mm

Hence provide d=1100mm so as to set as an under reinforced section Mu

=

Ast

=

997x106

No. of 25mm ∅ bar

=

0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 Ast d�1 −

A st 𝑓𝑓 y

bd 𝑓𝑓 ck

397155Ast - 12.48Ast 2

=

2747.7 mm2

=

6

=

wℓ

�

2747 .7 π ×25 2 4

Provide 6 no: of 25mm ∅ bars

Step 3: Design of beam AB

B.M due to load from beam CD

B.M due to self weight

6

=

3438x1.5

=

859.5 kNm

=

24ℓ 8

6

2

=

30×1.52

=

6.75 kNm

=

859.5+6.75

=

866.25kNm

=

1100-D

=

1075

Mu

=

866.25x106

=

0.87𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 Ast d�1 −

Ast

=

Total B.M

d

8

A st 𝑓𝑓 y

bd 𝑓𝑓 ck

�

388128.75Ast - 12.48Ast 2 P

2420 mm2

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

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Provide 5 no: of 25mm ∅ bar in beam AB.

Step 4: Secondary Reinforcement

Area of secondary reinforcement = Using 10mm ∅ bar No: of bar

0.2 x 2747.7

=

550 mm2

=

π ×10 2 4

=

550

8

Provide 8 no. of 10mm ∅ ties as secondary reinforcement.

Fig.6.92, fig.6.9.3 and fig.6.9.4 shows the reinforcement detailing of pile cap

Fig 6.8.2 Pile cap detailing - plan

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Fig.6.8.3 Cross section of pile cap in X-X direction

Fig.6.8.4 Cross section of pile cap in Y-Y direction

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6.9

Branch: CE

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF WATER TANK

Design constants Grade of concrete = M20 𝜎𝜎𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 7 N/mm2 𝑚𝑚 =13

𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 115 N/mm2 𝑘𝑘 = 0.442 𝑗𝑗 = 0.853 𝑅𝑅 = 1.32

Step 1: Determination of BM for horizontal bending 𝐿𝐿

𝐵𝐵

=

4.6

= 1.179 < 2

3.9

Hence both long wall and short wall bend horizontally for upper portion upto point D where horizontal water pressure. 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑊𝑊(𝐻𝐻 − ℎ) ℎ=

𝐻𝐻 4

or 1 = 0.5 or 1 whichever is greater.

ℎ = 1 𝑚𝑚

Thus top 1 m wall bend horizontally bottom 1 m will bend vertical cantilever. Water pressure at D 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑊𝑊(𝐻𝐻 − ℎ)

= 9800 (2 − 1) = 9800 Nm

The fixed end moment for long wall =

𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿2 12

=

𝑃𝑃×4.62 12

= 1.763𝑃𝑃 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

The fixed end moment for short wall =

𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 2 12

=

𝑃𝑃×3.92 12

= 1.267𝑃𝑃 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

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Consider quarter FAE with joint A as rigid. Taking clockwise moment as positive and anti-clockwise as negative, The fixed end moment MAF for long wall will be = +1.763P The fixed end moment MAF for short wall will be = -1.267P Consider area A, moment of inertia I for both wall should be same. Stiffness of wall will be inversely proportional to the length.

DISTRIBUTION FACTOR

Member

Stiffness

Relative

Total stiffness

stiffness AE

0.435

2

AF

0.513

2.36

Distribution factor

4.36

Joint

0.459 0.541

A

Member

AE

AF

Distribution factor

0.459

0.541

Fixed end moment

+1.763P

-1.267P

Balancing moment

0.227P

0.268P

2P

P

Final moment

Hence moment of support Mf = 2P = 2 x 9800 = 19600 Nm/m This support moment will cause tension at water face. B.M at centre long span =

𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿2

=

8

− 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓

9800×4.62 8

− 19600

= 6321 Nm/m

The B.M cause tension at outer face = B.M at the centre of short span

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

=

=

𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 8 9800×3.92 8

− 9800

= 8832.25 Nm/m

It will cause tension at water face. Therefore, maximum design moment = 19600 Nm/m Step 2: Design at section Consider bending effect along effective depth, 16900×1000

𝑑𝑑 = �

1.32×1000

= 113.15 = 115 mm

Provide an overall depth T = 150 mm so that effective depth = 200 – 35 = 115 mm Step 3: Determination of pull 𝐵𝐵

Direct tension on long wall, 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿 = 𝑃𝑃 × = 9800 × 2

𝐿𝐿

3.9

Direct tension on short wall, 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 = 𝑃𝑃 × = 9800 × 2

Step 4: Cantilever moment

2

= 19110 𝑁𝑁

4.6 2

= 22540 𝑁𝑁

Cantilever moment at the base, per unit weight = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 This will cause tension on the water face.

ℎ2 6

= 9800 × 2 ×

= 3266.67 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

12 6

Step 5: Reinforcement for long wall Upper portion is subjected to both bending in horizontal direction as well as pull. The reinforcement for both will be in the horizontal direction. Hence reinforcement has to be provided for a net moment (Mf - Px) Where Mf = moment at end and Px = pull in horizontal direction Reinforcement is provided at water face, 𝑇𝑇

𝑥𝑥 = 𝑑𝑑 − = 115 − 2

150 2

= 40 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 87

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

Ast for B.M =

𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 −𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿 𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

=

(19600×1000)−19110×40 115×0.853×115

= 1669.68 mm2 = 1670 mm2

Ast for pull =

𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿

𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

=

19110 115

Total Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

= 166.174 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

= 1669.68 +116.174 = 1835.85 mm2 per m height Using 20 mm Φ bars, AΦ = 314 mm2 Spacing =

1000×314 1835.85

= 171.03 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Hence provide 20 mm Φ bars at 160 mm c/c The above reinforcement is to be provided at the inner face, near the corner

and

height 1 m above the base. Step 6: Reinforcement at middle of long walls Tension occur at the outer surface since the distance of steel from face will be less than Permissible stress in steel is 115 N/mm2 only. Hence the same design constant, found in step will be used. Design B.M = 6321 Nm per m height PL = 19110 N 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 =

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 =

𝑀𝑀−𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿 𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿 𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠

=

=

(6321×1000)−19110×40

19110 115

115×0.835×115

= 166.174 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

= 492.56 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Total Ast = Ast1 + Ast2 = 492.56 + 166.174 = 658.74 mm2 per m height This is very near to reinforcement provided at the ends. Hence provide 20 mm Φ bars. Bend half the bars provided at the end, outward at distance L/4 = 1.15 m from end. Spacing = =

1000 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝛷𝛷

=

1000×314 658.74

= 476

Provide 20 mm Φ bar @ 350 mm spacing Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 88

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

Step 7: Reinforcement for short wall B.M at the end Mf = 8832.25 Nm Direct pull PB = 22540 N 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) =

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 (𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝) =

𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵

𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

=

𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 −𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

22540 115

=

8832.25×1000−22540 ×40 115×0.853×115

= 196 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

= 703 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Total Ast = 703 + 196 = 899 mm2

1000×314

Spacing of 20 mm Φ bar =

899

= 349.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Hence provide 20 mm bars @ 340 mm c/c at inner face near the end of short span. B.M causes tension at water face. Hence provide nominal reinforcement at outer face. Hence bend half the bars outward at distance B/4 = 3.9/4 = 0.975 m from each end and continues in the remains half throughout. Step 8: Reinforcement for cantilever moment and distribution reinforcement Maximum cantilever moment = 3266.67 Nm 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =

3266.67×1000

115×0.853×115

= 289.58 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

But minimum reinforcement in vertical direction is 0.3% area, 0.3

100

× 150 × 1000 = 450 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Since half this area of steel can resist cantilever moment, we will provide 225 mm2 steel area vertically in inner face and remaining area is 225 mm2 vertically at outer face to serve as distribution reinforcement. Therefore area of steel in each face = 225 mm2 Using 10 mm Φ bars, spacing = Step 9: Design of base slab

1000×78.5 225

= 349.06 = 345 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Provide thickness 180 mm D.L of slab = 25 x 180 = 4500 N/mm2 Weight of water = 9810 x 2 = 19600 N/mm2 Total weight = 241.20 N/mm2 Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 89

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

For 1 m wide strip of the slab, B.M =

24120 ×4.62 12

= 42531.6 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

Accompanied by a pull= 9810 × 2 = 19620

Provide 12 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 @ clear cover of 25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑 = 180 − 25 − 6 = 149 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

At the centre of the section, 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑑𝑑 −

𝑡𝑡

2

= 149 −

Bending moment = 𝑀𝑀 − 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 =

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 =

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 =

41374020

115

600

= 59 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

2

− 19620 × 59

= 41374020 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

115×0.853×149

19620

4253

180

= 2830.7 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

= 170.60 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 + 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 = 3001.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 Spacing =

113×1000 3001.3

= 37.65 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

∴ provide 12 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 @ 37.65 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. Step 10: Detailing

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 90

Semester: VIII

Branch: CE

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Fig 6.9.1 Plan

Fig 6.9.2 Section A-A

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Page no: 91

Semester: VIII

Branch: CE

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Fig 6.9.3 Section B-B

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Page no: 92

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

CHAPTER 7 ESTIMATION 7.1 QUANTITY ESTIMATION Quantity estimation of construction of the building was done using single line method and it is shown in Table 7.1.1 and Table 7.1.2. Sl: No

1

Item

No

Length

Bread th

(m)

Height

(m)

Quantity

(m)

(m3)

12

1079

Pile foundation including excavation a) Providing and erecting piling equipment & plant

321

for DMC pile 600mm dia b) Boring

321

c) RCC M30

321

d) Reinforcement

321

1330kg

426930

321

0.81 m3x321

260

321

321x160kg

51360

0.28

e) RCC M30 for Pile cap 900x900x1000mm f) Reinforcement for pile cap First class brick masonry 2

in cement mortar for super structure (m3) i Ground Floor Quantity

1343

0.2

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3.7

993.82

Page no: 93

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

ii First Floor Quantity

1414

0.2

3.7

1046.36

iii Second Floor Quantity

1502

0.2

3.7

1111.48

iv Third Floor Quantity

613

0.2

3.7

453.62

v Fourth Floor Quantity

613

0.2

3.7

453.62

Total

4058.9

Deductions: Glass

191

0.2

1

38.2

RCC Beams

5485

0.3

0.5

822.75

Lintel

1153

0.2

0.25

57.65

Doors-D1

347

0.9

0.2

2.1

131.166

Doors-D2

70

1.5

0.2

2.1

44.1

Window-W1

30

1.5

0.2

1.2

10.8

Window-W2

264

1

0.2

1.2

63.36

Ventilation-V

133

1

0.2

0.5

13.3

Total deduction

1181.33

Net quantity

2878

3. Lift wall i

Ground floor

63.6

0.2

3.7

47.06

ii

First floor

63.6

0.2

3.7

47.06

iii

Second floor

63.6

0.2

3.7

47.06

iv

Third floor

54

0.2

3.7

39.96

v

Fourth floor

54

0.2

3.7

39.96

Total

221

RCC work excluding in steel & its bending but 4. including centring, shuttering & binding steel (m3) Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 94

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

Column i.

Ground Floor Quantity

321

3.7

0.4

0.6

285.048

ii.

First Floor Quantity

321

3.7

0.4

0.6

285.048

iii.

Second First Quantity

321

3.7

0.4

0.6

285.048

iv.

Third Floor Quantity

207

3.7

0.4

0.6

183.816

v.

Fourth Floor Quantity

207

3.7

0.4

0.6

183.816

Total

1222.78 Thickn

Slab

Area

i.

First Floor Quantity

4544

0.15

681.6

ii.

Second First Quantity

4544

0.15

681.6

iii.

Third Floor Quantity

4544

0.15

681.6

iv.

Fourth Floor Quantity

2327

0.15

349.05

v.

Roof slab Quantity

2327

0.15

349.05

ess

Total

2743

Beam i.

First Floor Quantity

1343

0.3

05

201.45

Ii.

Second Floor Quantity

1414

0.3

0.5

212.1

iii.

Third Floor Quantity

1502

0.3

05

225.3

iv.

Fourth Floor Quantity

613

0.3

0.5

91.95

v.

Roof slab Quantity

613

0.3

0.5

91.95

RCC beam

822.75

Lintel

3973

0.2

198.65 1021.4

Total 5. Stair case

6.

0.25

TMT bars for reinforcement

67.37 Kg/ m3 m3

of concrete

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 95

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

1222.

Columns

78

RCC Beams and lintels

Slab and staircase

1021. 4 2810. 37

231.8

283448

142.32

145366

88.09

247566

Total

676380

12 mm thick plastering in 7.

walls 1:6 cement, sand mortar (m2) Internal Ground Floor

1342

-

3.7

4969

First floor

1414

-

3.7

5232

Second floor

1502

-

3.7

5557

Third and fourth floor

613

-

3.7

2268

Total

18026

External Ground Floor

1498

-

3.7

5543

First Floor

1574

-

3.7

5824

Second floor

1645

-

3.7

6087

Third and fourth floor

745

-

3.7

2757

Total

20211

Deductions : Glass

191

0.2

1

38.2

Doors- D1

347

0.9

0.2

2.1

131.166

Doors- D2

70

1.5

0.2

2.1

44.1

Window- W1

30

1.5

0.2

1.2

10.8

Window- W2

264

1

0.2

1.2

63.36

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 96

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

Ventilation- V

133

1

0.2

Net Quantity

0.5

13.3 37856

6mm plastering with 1:3 8.

cement, medium sand mortar in ceilings (m2) Ground Floor

4544

1st Floor

4632

2nd Floor

4590

3rd Floor

2327

4th Floor

2327

Total

18641

Two coats of distemper 9.

over a coat of primer on

18641

ceiling 10

White washing 3 coatswalls (m2) Internal (for all floors after deduction) External(for all floors after deduction)

11 12

White washing 3 coatsceilings (m2)

17725

19910

18420

Painting Internal : 2 coats of distemper over a coat of primer on walls

17725

External : 2 coats of apex paint over

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

19910

Page no: 97

Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

a coat of primer on walls 13

Flooring Vitrified tile over 20mm

i

thick cement screed in cm 1:6

ii

Ground Floor

4488

1st Floor

4468

2nd Floor

4468

3rd Floor

2275

4th Floor

2275

Total

17974

Ceramic tile flooring in toilets Ground Floor

25

1.5

1.5

-

56.25

First floor

34

1.5

1.5

-

76.5

Second floor

34

1.5

1.5

-

76.5

Third and fourth floor

23

1.5

1.5

-

51.75

Total iii

313

Ceramic tile on vertical faces of wall in toilets Ground Floor

150

1.5

225

First floor

204

1.5

306

Second floor

204

1.5

306

Third and fourth floor

138

1.5

207

Deductions: Door- D1

116

0.9

2.1

219

Ventilation

116

1

0.5

58

Total

767 Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

Page no: 98

Semester: VIII

14 15

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

Water proofing treatment

2327

to roof slab Doors Aluminium glazed door

130

0.9

2.1

246

Aluminium glazed door

46

1.5

2.1

145

Wooden door

5

1.5

2.1

16

Wooden door.

62

0.9

2.1

117

FRP door

139

0.9

2.1

263

Glass door

1

4

2.1

9

Glass door

1

6.4

2.1

14

7.1.1 QUANTITY OF STEEL Quantity estimation of reinforcement of the building was done and is shown in table 7.1.2 Table.7.1.2. Quantity of steel Item

Item

No: 1.

No:

L

wt/m

Qty.

(m)

(kg/m)

(kg)

Remark

Steel reinforcement in slabs 5.6 x 5 x .15 = 4.2 m3 concrete Steel bar including

38

5.45

0.617

125

bending in

over lap+2 hook

R.C.C work

=5-

Main bar – a)

10mm ∅ straight

.06+4x.1+2x5.6x.0 1

bar 150mm c/c @ 0.617 kg/m ( No: = 37)

5.6−0.06 0.15

L= 4.5-side cover+

19

1.3

.617

15.24

=5.45

=

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Page no: 99

Semester: VIII

10mm ∅ straight bar 150 mm c/c b)

32

6.04

0.617

119.25

16

1.3

0.617

12.83

32

4.95

.395

62.57

16

5.55

.395

35.07

@ 0.617 kg/m 5−0.06

( No: = 30)

0.15

=

8mm∅ c)

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

Distributers for bend up portion Total

2.

a)

b) c)

370

Reinforcement in beam (span 5.7x.3x.5=0.855m3 concrete)

Top bars

2

20mm∅

L=5.7- (2x0.04)+ 7.2

2.46

a)

c)

(2x40x0.02) =7.2

Bottom bars 20mm∅ Stirrups 8mm∅

4

5.64

2.46

55.5

L=5.7-0.06

33

2.36

.395

30.76

L=(.45+.25)x2+12x.08

Total

3.

35.42

121.68

Steel reinforcement in column ( .6x.4x3.7=0.888m3 concrete)

25 mm dia bar @ 3.86kg/ m 8 mm lateral ties 300 mm c/c @

10

5.04

3.86

194.5

3.7-0.1+2x45x.016

13

2.2

0.395

11.3

2x.5+2x.3+2x.3

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

0.395 kg/m Total

205.84

7.2 COST ESTIMATION Cost estimation was done and shown in table.7.2.1 Table 7.2.1 Cost estimation

Sl. No 1.

Item of Work

Quantity/ No’s

Rate/Unit Amount Rs. Rs.

Piling Providing and erecting piling 321

2000/ each

642000

Boring

321

1700/ each

545700

RCC M30

1079

6000/ cum

6474000

426930

65/kg

27750450

260

6500/ cum

1690000

51360

65/kg

3338400

equipment & plant for DMC pile 400mm dia

Reinforcement RCC M30 for pile cap including shuttering Reinforcement for pile cap Total

2. 3.

40440550

First class brick masonry in cement mortar 1:6 for super structure (m3) Lift wall

2878

5500/ cum

221

6570/

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

15829000 1451970

Page no: 101

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

cum 4. RCC work excluding in steel & its bending but including centring, shuttering & binding steel (m3) i) ii)

iii)

Column

1223

Slab and staircase

2811

Beam and lintels

1022

5. TMT bars for reinforcement 6. 12 mm thick plastering in walls 2

1:6 cement, sand mortar (m )

6570/ cum 6778/ cum 6778/ cum

8035110

19052958

6927116

676380

65/ kg

43964700

37856

240/ m2

9085440

18641

135/ m2

2516535

18641

45/ m2

838845

17725

40/ m2

709000

19910

70/ m2

1393700

17725

50/m2

886250

19910

50/m2

995500

7. 6mm plastering with 1:3 cement, medium sand mortar in ceilings (m2) 8. Two coats of distemper over a coat of primer on ceiling 9. 2 coats of distemper over a coat of primer on internal faces of walls 10. 2 coats of apex paint over a coat of primer on external faces of walls 11. White washing 3 coats on internal faces of walls 12. White washing 3 coats on external faces of walls

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Semester: VIII

Branch: CE

13. Vitrified tile over 20mm thick

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

17974

2500/ m2

44935000

313

900/ m2

281700

767

900/m2

690300

2327

350/ m2

814450

17. Aluminium glazed door

246

5500/ m2

1353000

18. Aluminium glazed door

145

5500/ m2

797500

cement screed in cm 1:6 in floors 14. Ceramic tile flooring in toilets 15. Ceramic tile on vertical faces of wall in toilets 16. Water proofing treatment to roof slab

19.

20.

21.

Wooden door 1.5mx 2.1m

16

Wooden door 0.9m x2.1m

117

FRP door

263

7500/ each 7000/ each 4500/ each

22. Electrification works - 5%

819000

1183500 10155156

23. sanitary fittings, plumbing works

1055156

– 5% 24. Miscellaneous items ( 2%) Total cost

12000

4062063 227475499

The expected cost of construction is Rs.227475499/Plinth Area of building = 5532.36 m2 Plinth Area rate = 227475499/5532.36 = 41117.26/ m2

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Semester: VIII

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

Branch: CE

CHAPTER 8 MODELING 8.1

GENERAL An architectural model is a miniature creation of the actual structure. It is

generally done to scale, and acts as a tool to communicate to clients and patrons to provide them the 3 dimensional feel of the structure. A variety of materials are the used for the purpose for model making such as Plaster of Paris, cardboard, wood, plastic, metal, forex sheets, foam boards, etc. The 3D Model of the building was prepared using 3Ds Max software. The scale adopted for the building along its length and width was 1:100, whereas, the scale adopted for the building along its height was 1:50.

8.2

PURPOSE OF MODEL MAKING

•

Effective tool to exhibit a design.

•

Provides a 3 dimensional view to the structure, thus providing a better understanding of the plan.

•

It helps to empathize with the challenges one might have to face in constructing the structure.

8.3

MODELING TOOLS Basic materials used for the purpose of modelling are:

•

Forex Board

•

Hack saw blade

•

Plywood

•

Thermocol sheet

8.4

MODELING USING SOFTWARE: 3Ds Max With reference to AutoCAD drawing and the structural design of the hospital

building, a 3 D Model of the structure was made using 3Ds Max. The model was

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Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

provided with materials, detailed, and rendered. The 3D picture along with the Model is given in Annexure D.

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Branch: CE

Project Title: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION The project report titled “Planning and design of a Hospital building” presents the conceptual plan, architectural plan and structural plan of the hospital building. Auto CAD was used to prepare all the drawings. The results, sample calculations and the structural drawings of structural analysis and structural design are incorporated in this report. The structural components were designed as per the Indian standards. STAAD Pro was also used to analyse the structure and the results from the software were compared with that of manual analysis. Single line method was used for the detailed estimation of the designed structure. The estimated values are also included in this report., The 3D model of the proposed building was prepared manually as well as using 3ds Max.

9.1 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK •

Nurse quarters near the hospital building.

•

Quarters for patient relatives near hospital building.

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REFERENCE 1. Sakthi Kumar Gupta, Lt Col Sunil Kant, R Chandrasekhar, Sidhartha Satpathy – MODERN TRENDS IN PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF HOSPITALS Principles and Practice. 2. Bousmaha Baiche, Nicholas Waliman, ‘Ernst and Peter Neufert Archiect’s Data- School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University 3. B. C. Punmia – Comprehensive RCC Design 4. B.C. Punmia – Limit state design of reinforced concrete. 5. M. Chakraborti - Estimating, costing, specification & valuation in civil engineering 6. S.Unnikrishna Pillai, Devdas Menon – Reinforced concrete design 7. S. Ramamrutham – Design of reinforced concrete structures. 8. S. Ramamrutham – Theory of structures. 9. National Building Code (2005). 10. Kerala Municipality Building Rules (2013). 11. General public work department- Delhi schedule of rates (2014) 12. www.wikipedia.com 13. www.wikimedia.com 14. http://www.kone.in/elevators-lifts/solutions/ 15. IS 456:2000 - Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete 16. IS 875 (Part 1, 2, 3):1987 - Code of practice for design loads for buildings and structures 17. 1893 (Part 1):2002 - Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures. 18. IS 3370:1967 – Code of practice for concrete structures for the storage of liquids 19. IS 13920:1993 – Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces – Code of practice 20. SP 34:1987-Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing 21. SP 16:1980 - Design aids (for reinforced concrete) to IS 456-1978. Toc H Institute of Science & Technology Arakkunnam – 682 313

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ANNEXURES

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ANNEXURE A

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ANNEXURE B

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ANNEXURE C

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ANNEXURE D

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APPENDIX

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