Project Report On Bridge Construction [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

FINAL REPORT: INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

Submitted by: GYAMBO DORJI UID No: 16BCE1459 Batch: 2016-2020 Contact No: 8288986795

Department of Civil Engineering Chandigarh University Gharuan, Mohali

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am highly grateful to the management of Chandigarh University Mohali, for providing this opportunity to carry out the industrial Training on the project of ‘Wangchu Zam Construction Project’ under Construction Development Corporation Limited. The author would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanks profusely to Engineer Jigme Namgyal (Project Manager) without whose wise counsel and able guidance, it would have been impossible to complete the report in this manner. The constant guidance and encouragement received from Prof. Sandeep Salhotra, Head, Department of Civil Engineering & Er. Sandeep Nasier, Academic Coordinator, Department of Civil Engineering, has been of great help in carrying out the Industrial Training and is acknowledged with reverential thanks. Signature.

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INTRODUCTION Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including work like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings. It has significant role in the life of every human being, though one may not truly sense its importance in our daily routine. The future of civil engineering is expected to be revolutionized by the new technologies including design software, GPS and other latest technical expertise in various fields. Internship program is one of the basic need that a growing engineer should have. It is basically used to pass on adequate knowledge and experience from highly qualified and experienced engineers from the industry to the candidate. It also gives the candidate the ability to overcome come challenges that are faced in engineering practices. The theoretical knowledge that is gained from the college is not enough to know the working environment outside. It gives us idea like, how to execute the theoretical knowledge that we have at site. As being a civil engineer, theoretical knowledge is not at all sufficient in this growing job market. Learning from practical challenges that we face from industry and site is very important and this internship program is one of the platform where we learn many new things. The company that i have done my internship for a month was under Construction Development Corporation Limited at Thimphu in Bhutan. The company being one of the oldest and most reliable company have built a good reputation around the society. It is one of the nation builder of the country which undergoes in various sectors of field is predominantly present in every construction aspects of the country. CDCL being a government initiative corporation have created so many job opportunities among the citizen and generates a revenue for the government. So, it plays a huge significance to the civil engineering community and the society at large. With this particular project it would benefit with the traffic congestion faced by the citizen living within the community and ultimately create a vibrant and smooth flow of the traffic once the project would be completed.

MY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES The roles and responsibilities that I have been bestowed upon were as follows:

 SURVEYING WITH THE HELP OF TOTAL STATION. The survey work was done. There are two piers named P1 and P2 as reference and the northings differ so the survey was continued from the previous day.

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 SURVEY FOR LAYING OF BATTENS The battens are laid on the I beam at 1m spacing so the survey was done for accurate laying of battens and then the battens were laid on the I beam. The size if the batten laid are 6”*4” Survey Details: A. Easting: 5.124 4.124 2.870 2.000 1.000 0.000 1.000 2.000 2.870 4.124.5.124 B. Northing: 45.162 till 90.442 (1 m spacing) C. Height:

Fig: Lying of Battens

 SURVEY FOR ROCK PROFILING. The survey details includes: A. Easting:110 -0-30 B. Height: Top height from where the excavation was started 2m down till road level.

Fig. Surveying for rock profiling 4

Fig. Rock Profiling

 TESTING OF THE CUBE. Concrete Cube Testing to determine the strength of concrete. Cube Testing is a Destructive testing Method of Concrete Testing, as the cubes are crushed in Compression Testing Machine. The mostly tested cubes in practice are of 150x150x150 size in mm.

Fig. Compressive testing machine

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 MAKING OF CONCRETE We made concrete cubes of M35 and M40 after we did the slump test. It was essential part as we had to check the strength of the concrete and after doing that choosing the suitable grade of concrete for the construction. Some of the concrete were given to the client for the test.

Fig. Testing of Slump Test

Fig. Curing with a gunny bag 

SURVEYING SCREW JACK WITH THE HELP OF TOTAL STATION.

 Survey was done for the laying of the Jack on the battens. A jack, screw jack or jackscrew is a mechanical device used as a lifting device to lift heavy loads or to apply great forces. A mechanical jack employs a screw thread for lifting heavy equipment. A hydraulic jack uses hydraulic power. The U-shaped jack is used to hold steel beam and wooden battens. The one we are using is to hold the wooden batten of 3” *4”.

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Surveying Details. A. Easting: B. Northing: Starting from 45.162 to 90.442 at 1m spacing

Fig. Laying of jack screw

METHODOLOGY

The survey was conducted for the laying of the creep post which is constructed as the support for the two 20m T-Girder. The creep post is laid on PCC (plain cement Concrete) of M50 of ratio 1:2:4 and of 100 mm height. The other dimensions are 500mm*500mm or 1000mm*500mm according to the plan or drawing which is attached in the next page for reference. The details of the survey: A. Easting: 5.2 3.9 2.6 1.3 0 1.3 2.6 3.9 5.2 B. Northing: 4.136 till 40.421 C. Height: Varies from 99.092 till 100.748

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Concrete Casting Following are the major steps which involved in concreting process:  Steps in Concreting:  Batching: The process of measuring different concrete materials such as cement, coarse aggregate, sand, water for the making of concrete is known as batching. ...  Mixing: ...  Transportation: ...  Compaction: ...  Curing  Finishing The area shown in the figure below has been casted using pumping method .The concrete was manufactured in the batching plant and transported with the help of a concreting pipe.

Fig. Batch plant

Fig. Concrete Pump

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MAKING THE SLOPE FOR THE ARCH. The Batten of 4” *6” was used in the making of the slope. This is referred to as the formwork for the arch. Each batten is cut into slope as in the drawing and they are fitted to the batten of 3” *4” over the creep post under the staging work.

Fig. Slope of an arch

ARCH SURVEY After laying the batten over the risen slope of the arch, a survey was done over the arch according to the readings and data given as per the drawings. Survey to check the northing and RL to lay the 3” *4” batten over the 4”*6” batten.

Fig. Arch made9by the battens

Fig. Side view of the arch

The 3”*4” batten was laid over the 4”*6” batten according to the survey done on the previous day. The pictures of the work done are given below.

Fig. 3"*4" batten over 4"*6" Batten The planks are laid over the batten as the form work and included in the staging work. To lay the plank the details of the survey is a. Easting: 3.125 and 3.875 b. Northing:40.662 to 89.662

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Fig. Planks laid over the batten

OBSERVATIONS AND WORK DONE

There were various observations made during the internship duration.The picture below shows the progressive work from the first day of to the final day of the project.

Fig. First Day.

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Fig. Final Day. 

PREPARING OF CONCRETE CUBES We did trial mix for M35 AND TWO M40 with chemical admixture (viscocrete 2004 NS) content of 0.073, 0.075 and 0.077 kg respectively. Concrete cubes of 150*150*150mm were prepared after the slump test. The pictures of concrete and concrete cubes designed are given below as a reference of work done. The details for the concrete mix design are provided and stored in the site for future reference.

Fig. Transit Mix.

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Fig. Concrete Cubes in Curing

 PREPARATION OF CONCRETE CUBE SPECIMEN The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the same concrete used in the field. Specimen 6 cubes of 15 cm size Mix. M15 or above

 MIXING OF CONCRETE FOR CUBE TEST Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer Hand Mixing (i)Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until the mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color (ii)Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch (iii)Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired consistency

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 SAMPLING OF CUBES FOR TEST (i) Clean the mounds and apply oil (ii) Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5cm thick (iii) Compact each layer with not less than 35strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end) (iv) Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel

 CURING OF CUBES The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24 hours and after this period the specimens are marked and removed from the molds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until taken out prior to test. Precautions for Tests The water for curing should be tested every 7 days and the temperature of water must be at 27+2oC. Procedure for Cube Test (I) Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess water from the surface. (II) Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m (III) Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine (IV) Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast. (V) Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine. (VI) Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the specimen. (VII) Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140 kg/cm2/minute till the pecimen fails (VIII) Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure. 14

 MEASURING THE ALIGNMENT AND CREATING STATIONS WITH TOTAL STATION Surveying work was carried out with the help of total stations the alignments of the readings and calculations of the angle measurement and distances were easily measured with the help of total stations.

ANGLE MEASUREMENT Most total station instruments measure angles by means of electro-optical scanning of extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotating glass cylinders or discs within the instrument. The best quality total stations are capable of measuring angles to 0.5 arc-second. Inexpensive "construction grade" total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc-seconds. DISTANCE MEASUREMENT Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulate infrared carrier signal, generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's optical path, and reflected by a prism reflector or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the computer in the total station. The distance is determined by emitting and receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelength to the target for each frequency. Most total stations use purpose-built glass prism (surveying) reflectors for the EDM signal. A typical total station can measure distances with an accuracy of about 1.5 millimeters (0.0049 ft) + 2 parts per million over a distance of up to 1,500 meters (4,900 ft). Reflector less total stations can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light in color, up to a few hundred meters. COORDINATE MEASUREMENT The coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can be determined using the total station as long as a direct line of sight can be established between the two points. Angles and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey, and the coordinates (X, Y, and Z or easting, northing and elevation) of surveyed points relative to the total station position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation. To determine an absolute location a Total Station requires line of sight observations and can be set up over a known point or with line of sight to 2 or more points with known location, called Resection (Free Stationing). For this reason, some total stations also have a Global Navigation Satellite System receiver and do not require a direct line of sight to determine coordinates. However, GNSS measurements may require longer occupation periods and offer relatively poor accuracy in the vertical axis 15

DATA PROCESSING Some models include internal electronic data storage to record distance, horizontal angle, and vertical angle measured, while other models are equipped to write these measurements to an external data collector, such as a hand-held computer. When data is downloaded from a total station onto a computer, application software can be used to compute results and generate a map of the surveyed area. The newest generation of total stations can also show the map on the touch-screen of the instrument immediately after measuring the points.

 LAYING OF MS PIPE MS pipe of diameter 40mm internal were fitted with the jack. The MS pipe is included in the staging work and they are used for next level or continuation of the staging work.

Fig. Laying of MS pipe.

After the MS pipe is fitted with the jack the U-Jacks are fitted with the MS pipe and the battens are laid over the U-Jack. So a survey was done to check the height of the U-Jack and the batten. The RL of the U-Jack is 99.725m and that of the batten is 101.065m.

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Fig. Continuation of Staging Work.

SUMMARY This report contains the detailed information of things that I have learned so far within 1 month. The report includes my day to day work progress at site and some basic information about the work carried out. The work progress is in systematic order as per the work done at site along with the details. This report is made with judgements and challenges that I have faced and cultivated during my one-month internship in WZCP at Thimphu. A brief about the project (WangchuZam Construction Project) • • • • • •

Estimated project cost=Nu.87,000,000(approx) Project includes, Construction of arch bridge, excavation Location: Chubachu; Thimphu:Bhutan Project Duration: 2 years. Starting Date: 15/05/2017 Completion Date: 15/05/19

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RESULTS AND DATA

My Experience

OUTCOMES This one-month internship at CDCL WangchukZam project construction has not only given me experience on civil engineering field but has also given me a lot of practical knowledge about the challenges faced by a site engineer. Following lines contain the outcomes of my short time internship under the very esteemed and learned/sagacious seniors. From the very first day of my internship I have been taught about the Total station, basically about its usage and the surveying works done with its help. From everything I have learnt over these past few days, the most important was learning how to read the auto-CAD drawings. Not only that but also operating the autoCAD 3D civil and have been able to use some of its features. Followed by learning about how much excavation has been done. In addition to that I have also had a great experience on preparing the trial mix and testing of cubes. While making a trial mix I got to know about different type of plastizers and its properties. The one which we used during our preparation was Sicaviscocrete which is self compacting and water reducing agent. I have also come to know about the details of the reinforcement, jacks and its types, MS-pipes, battens used during the staging work During this short time the most important lesson I have leant is that everything does not go as per planned and we must always be ready to overcome the 18

challenges, we come across every day at the site.One of the most important thing a site engineer should keep in mind is “SAFTY FIRST” is something I will keep in my mind and implement in future. Some of the life lessons I have learnt so farare the time management, how to deal with workers& resource management. The things learnt under the guidance of experienced engineers working under CDCL has provided me with abundant knowledge as a site worker. Whereby I personally feel the knowledge gained at the construction site will prove as a positive point for my career as-well-as it will give me an opportunity to shine better in life

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