Pregled antičke filozofije 9789537036942 [PDF]

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Tonći Kokić Nakladnik Naklada Breza Za nakladnika/Urednik Božo Dujmović Recenzenti Željko Kaluđerović Dario Škarica Ninoslav Zubović Berislav Žarnić Lektorica Višnja Novosel

P regled ANTIČKE FILOZOFIJE - sveučilišni udžbenik -

Lektor starogrčkog nazivlja Ivan Kapec Grafička priprema Naklada Breza

© Naklada Breza • Zagreb • 2015.

ISBN 978-953-7036-94-2 CIP zapis dostupan u računalnom katalogu Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu pod brojem 000914752

NAKLADA B R E Z A Printed in Croatia 2015

Zagreb, studeni 2015.

Sa d r ž a j Kratice.................................................................................................................... 9 1. U v o d ................................................................................................................ 13 2. Opravdanje i m etodologija..........................................................................17 3. Važnost, izvori i glavna razdoblja grčke filozofije...................................23 3.1. Važnost i izvori grčke filozofije............................................................. 25 3.2. Povijesni i orijentalni kontekst nastanka grčke filozofije.................29 3.3. Glavna razdoblja......................................................................................31 4. M ileća n i.......................................................................................................... 35 4.1. Obilježja škole.......................................................................................... 35 4.2. Tal.................................................................................................

37

4.3. Anaksimandar........................................................................................ 41 4.4. A naksim en.............................................................................................. 44 5. Pitagora i pitagorejci...................................................................................... 46 5.1. Izvori i doktrine......................................................................................47 5.2. Matematika, glazba i kozm os................................................................49 5.3. Misticizam, religioznost i ljudska duša............................................... 53 6. Heraklit (M račni).......................................................................................... 56 6.1. O izvorima i ž iv o tu ................................................................................ 57 6.2. L ogos........................................................................................................ 59 6.3. Temeljni iskazi Heraklitovog n a u k a ................................................... 61 7. Elejska škola.................................................................................................... 65 7.1. Parmenid.................................................................................................. 66 7.2. Zenon........................................................................................................ 70 7.3. Melis.......................................................................................................... 73 8. Empedoklo i Anaksagora..............................................................................76 8.1. Empedoklovo učenje..............................................................................77 8.2. Anaksagorino učenje.............................................................................. 81 5

Sadržaj

Sadržaj

14.5. Analitika (logika)........................................ i ...................................195 14.5.1. Teorija zaključka ................................................................... 197 14.5.2. Upotreba zaključka............................................................ 203 14.5.3. Kritika Aristotelovog načela protuslovlja..........................205

9. Atomisti............................................................................................................85 10. Solisti..............................................................................................................93 10.1. Protagora............................................................................................... 97 10.2. Gorgija................................................................................................... 99

14.6. Metafizika........................................................................................... 208 14.6.1. Supstancija.......................................................................... 210

10.3. Zbilja ili konstrukt?............................................................................102 11. S o k ra t.......................................................................................................... 108

14.6.2. Uzroci..................................................................................... 218 14.7. Prirodoslovlje................................................................................... 222

11.1. Problem izvora....................................................................................109 11.2. Predmetni obrat i metodologija........................................................116

14.7.1. Kretanje................................................................................... 223 14.7.2. Kozmos ................................................................................... 228 14.7.3. Nepokrenuti pokretač ........................................................... 231 14.7.4. Živi sv ijet ................................................................................233

11.3. Antropologija i etik a..........................................................................121 12. Sokratske š k o le ..........................................................................................126 12.1. M egarani............................................................................................ 127 12.2. K in ici.................................................................................................. 130

14.8. Dobro pojedinca i zajednice........................................................... 236 14.8.1. E tika ........................................................................................238 14.8.2. Razboritost............................................................................. 241 14.8.3. Prijateljstvo............................................................................. 243 14.8.4. Politika ....................................................................................245

12.3. Kirenjani.............................................................................................. 133 13. P la to n .......................................................................................................... 136 13.1. Biografija............................................................................................ 139 13.2. Kanon.................................................................................................. 141 13.3. Teorija ideja: ontologija i epistemologija....................................... 146

13.5.1. Apologija.................................................................................. 159 13.5.2. Fedon........................................................................................ 162

15. Helenizam: Filozofske škole i smjerovi................................................. 252 16. S toicizam ....................................................................................................255 16.1. Logika..................................................................................................257 16.2. Metafizika............................................................................................261 16.3. Etika....................................................................................................264

13.6. Prijelazno razdoblje: M enon............................................................167

17. Epikurejci....................................................................................................268

13.4. Antropološka i etička perspektiva..................................................151 13.5. Sokratsko razdoblje..........................................................................157

13.6.1. Zbroj vrlina ne definira vrlinu ..............................................168 13.6.2. O teoriji prisjećanja i poučavanju vrlini ............................. 170

17.1. O naravi znanja..................................................................................269 17.2. Atomizam............................................................................................272 17.3. E tika....................................................................................................278

13.7. Zrelo razdoblje: Država....................................................................173

13.7.1. 13.7.2. 13.7.3. 13.7.4.

O mogućnosti ozbiljenja idealnog polisa ............................. 174 Država kao uvećani pojedinac ..............................................176 Paideia .................................................................................... 177 O državnim uređenjima ........................................................180

18. Skepticizam ................................................................................................282 18.1. Piron....................................................................................................283 18.2. Skepticizam u Akademiji................................................................. 289

14. A r isto te l.......................................................................................................183 14.1. Biografija i odnos s Platonom.......................................................... 183 14.2. Dvije vrste učenja.............................................................................. 187 14.3. Tipovi Aristotelovih tekstova i razdioba sustavnih s p isa ........... 189 14.4. Je li Aristotel bio sustavni filo zo f? ........................................ 6

193

19. Židovsko-grčka filozofija..........................................................................293 19.1. F ilon ....................................................................................................294 19.2. L o g o s..................................................................................................296 19.3. Antropologija....................................................................................299 20. Rimska filozofija........................................................................................303 20.1. Ciceron............................................................................................. 304 7

Sadržaj

Kratice

20.2. Seneka..................................................................................................307 20.3. Epiktet................................................................................................311 20.4. Marko A urelije................................................................................. 314 21. N ovoplatonizam ........................................................................................317 21.1. Glavna n a č e la ................................................................................... 317

A u to r

K r a tic a

L a tin s k i, g r č k i (ili iz v o r n i) n a s l o v

H r v a ts k i n a s l o v

21.2. Plotin i načelo Jednoga...................................................................... 320

Aetije

Plac.

Vetusta Placita

Starija načela

21.3. ‘Hijerarhija’ b ić a ............................................................................... 323

Aristotel

Met.

Metaphysica

Metafizika

Napomena grecista..........................................................................................328

Aristotel

Cat.

Categoriae

Kategorije

Literatura.......................................................................................................... 331 Inđex reru m ...................................................................................................... 345 Bilješka o a u to ru ..............................................................................................349

8

Aristotel

Rhet.

De arte rhetorica

O govorničkom umijeću (Retorika)

Aristotel

Poet.

De arte poetica

O pjesničkom umijeću (Poetika)

Aristotel

APr.

Analytica priora

Prva analitika

Aristotel

APo.

Analytica posteriora

Druga analitika

Aristotel

DA

De Anima

O duši

Aristotel

Phys.

Physica

Fizika

Aristotel

Pol.

Politica

Politika

Aristotel

GC

De generatione et corruptione

O nastanku i nestanku

Aristotel

Cael.

De caelo

0 nebu

Aristotel

PA

De partibus animalium

0 dijelovima životinja

Aristotel

GA

De generatione animalium

0 nastanku životinja

Aristotel

MM

Magna Moralia

Velika etika

Aristotel

Nic. Eth.

Ethica Nicomachea

Nikomahova etika

Ciceron

Fin.

De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum

0 najvećem dobru i najvećem zlu

Ciceron

Off.

De officiis

0 dužnostima

Ciceron

Rep.

De re publica

0 državi

Ciceron

Att.

Epistulae ad Atticum

Pisma Atikusu

Diels Kranz

DK

Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker

Predsokratovci: Fragmenti

Diogen Laerćanin D. L.

Blol Kai yvu}pai tuiv ev