PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 - Q1 - W1 - Mod1 [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education National Capital Region

DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA

Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

Practical Research 2 Introduction to Quantitative Research

Quarter 1 Week 1 Module 1

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

1. Describes the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun! 1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of this module. 2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances learning that is important to develop and keep in mind. 3. Perform all the provided activities in the module. 4. Let your facilitator/ guardian assess your answers using the answer key card. 5. Analyze conceptually the post-test and apply what you have learned. 6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE • Expectations – These are what you will be able to know after completing the lessons in the module. • Pre-test – This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be mastered throughout the lesson. • Looking Back to your Lesson – This section will measure what learnings and skills did you understand from the previous lesson. • Brief Introduction – This section will give you an overview of the lesson. • Activities – This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner. • Remember – This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the lessons. • Check your Understanding – It will verify how you learned from the lesson. • Post-test – This will measure how much you have learned from the entire module.

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Hello there! Welcome to your journey in understanding quantitative research. Are you ready? But, first, let us determine if you have prior knowledge to our discussion. Let’s begin!

PRE-TEST Write T if the statement is True, F if False. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Standardized instruments ensure the accuracy, reliability, and validity of data. 2. Quantitative methods cannot be repeated to verify its findings. 3. A research design constitutes the blueprint for the selection, measurement and analysis of data. 4. Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery. 5. The main purpose of descriptive research design is to observe, describe and document aspects of particular situations. Write S if the statement pertains to the strength of a quantitative research, W if it’s a weakness. 1. It can be costly, difficult and time-consuming. 2. It is objective and provides numerical data. 3. The information on contextual factors to help interpret the results 4. It filters out external factors. 5. The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way.

How did you fare so far? Well it seems that there are a lot to know in this lesson. How would you like to continue? Are you ready? Let’s get it on!

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LESSON 1: Introduction to Quantitative Research EXPECTATIONS • •

• •

This module will help you to: Define quantitative research Describe the different characteristics of quantitative research Determine the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research Decide on suitable kinds of quantitative research in various fields of interest

It is important that you refresh yourself with the previous lesson as you will need a good grasp of those in order to understand more easily the lessons in this module.

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON Let’s go down Memory Lane Read each statement carefully. Identify what is asked for. On a separate sheet of paper, write the letter of the correct answer. 1. Which of the following is a method that is commonly used in qualitative research? a. Self-completion questionnaires c. Ethnography b. Surveys d. Structured Observation 2. What is meant by the term "grounded theory"? a. Theories should be tested by rigorous scientific experiments b. As a social researcher, it is important to keep your feet on the ground c. Theories should be grounded in political values and biases d. Theoretical ideas and concepts should emerge from the data 3. A sensitizing concept is one that: a. Provides general guidance for more flexible research b. Imposes a predetermined theoretical model on the social world c. Helps the researcher to investigate sensitive issues d. Allows the researcher to measure very small changes in a variable 4. The flexibility and limited structure of qualitative research designs is an advantage because: a. The researcher does not impose any predetermined formats on the social world b. It allows for unexpected results to emerge from the data c. The researcher can adapt his theories and methods as the project unfolds d) All of the above 5. Which of the following is not a criticism of qualitative research? a. The studies are difficult to replicate b. There is a lack of transparency c. The approach is too rigid and inflexible d. The accounts are too subjective and impressionistic 3

BRIEF INTRODUCTION Quantitative research, unlike qualitative research, uses numbers to generalize a particular inquiry based from objective scales of measurements of units called variables. Statistical treatment is utilized to determine how significant the relationships or differences between and among variables. Research findings serve as bases for generalization on certain phenomena. What is Quantitative Research? Quantitative research, through the use of computational procedures, is an objective, methodical experiential investigation of recognizable phenomena. It is highlighted with numerical analysis of data expecting that the results that can be generalized to some bigger population and describe a particular observation having no biases. The primary concern of quantitative research is numbers and its relationship with events. What is Quantitative Research? Quantitative research is a type of research which use computational techniques, an objective, and systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena. It is important to note that quantitative research is more on numerical analysis of data. The gathered numerical data yield unbiased results that can be generalized to some larger population and explain a particular observation. Quantitative research is deals with numbers and its relationship with events. Characteristics of Quantitative Research 1. It is objective NOT subjective. Precision and accuracy of measurement and analysis is the target of the concepts. Furthermore, Intuitions and guesses is not practice or used in developing conclusions or solution to a problem 2. Research questions are clearly defined. Familiarity of the topic of the research have to be more focus so that it will be clear to the readers and researcher have to be advance in what he is looking for. Research questions have to be precise and clear for which objective answers are sought. All phases of the study are carefully designed before data are gathered. 3. Research instrument is clearly structured. The instrument of the study is well-organized and plan, and with different dimensions and scales. It is a structured research tools like questionnaires or checklist. It also enable to gather or collect measurable characteristics of the population like age, socio-economic status, number of children, among others. 4. Numerical presentation of data. Data are organized and presented in the form of numbers and statistics. It is also presented in the form of tables, charts, graphs and figures that consolidate large numbers of data to show trends, relationships, or differences among variables. 5. Large sample sizes. The greater the sample sizes the more reliable data analysis. This is to avoid biases in interpreting the results. It also requires normal population distribution curve. A minimum of 20% of the population can be used as respondents of a research. 6. Replicated but not duplicate. Reliable quantitative studies can be replicated or repeated but not duplicated to verify or confirm the correctness 4

of the results in another setting. Validity of the findings may eliminating the possibility of spurious conclusions. 7. Data can be used to predict future outcomes or forecast. Through complex mathematical calculations and with the aid of computers and formulated formulas scenarios can be predicting future results. 8. Data can be used to verify existing facts and develop new concepts. A research can validate an existing fact. In some cases, research can be used to develop new ideas needed to make life more comfortable. Strengths of Quantitative Research The advantages of quantitative research are: 1. Since it is objective and provides numerical data, it misinterpreted.

can’t

be easily

2. Statistical techniques was used to facilitates sophisticated analyses and allows you to comprehend a huge amount of vital characteristics of data. 3. The data in quantitative research can be analyzed in a quick and easy way. With the use of statistically valid random models, findings can be generalized to the population about which information is necessary. 4. Replicable. This research can be replicated but with different areas of concern and location. Dimensions can be also an additive factor to improve the previous research. 5. By using questionnaire, checklist, tests or standardized instrument the data can be gathered in a quick and easy way. Weaknesses of Quantitative Research Disadvantages of quantitative research 1. It requires a large number of respondents. The larger sample size, the more or better the statistical findings are. 2. It is costly. Due to very large sample, the expenses will be greater in reaching out to these people and in reproducing the questionnaires. 6. Elaboration on contextual is not factors that can help the results or to explain variations. In quantitative research there is no need elaborate or have sharing of thoughts for further information. It is a straight forward answer unlike in qualitative. 7. Information with Sensitive issues are difficult to gathered when using structured research instruments like pre-marital sex, homosexual, domestic violence, among others. 8. If the made questionnaire was not done seriously and correctly the data will be invalid and inaccurate. 9. Researchers must be watchful on respondents who are just guessing in answering the research instrument as some of them may not reveal the real response due to ethical issues. 10. Research instruments preparation and validation may take time if no standardized tools are available. 5

Types of Quantitative Research Generally, quantitative researches are classified into non-experimental and experimental as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Matrix on Quantitative Research Types of Quantitative Research

Nonexperimental

Descriptive

Experimental

True experimental

Correlational

Quasiexperimental

Source: National Training of Trainers for SHS Teachers on School-Based Research (May 17-21, 2018, Bureau of Learning Delivery, Department of Education)

1. Non-Experimental Research. This kind of research allows the researcher to either describe a situation or phenomenon or the relationship between two or more variables without any interference from the proponent. There are two major kinds of non-experimental research. These are as follows: A. Descriptive Research. It deals with describing the nature, characteristics and components of the population or a phenomenon. Manipulation of variables or search for cause and effect is not applicable in relating to the phenomenon. This design attempts to determine the frequency with which it occurs and to find general attributes of the presently existing situation . Descriptive research is used if, for example, you want to know how many hours senior high school students spend in surfing the internet or the number of malnourished students who failed in the achievement test , and how healthy is the food served during recess in the public schools.

Descriptive (Purpose) Describe the characteristics of a certain phenomenon

(Time Frame) Current

(Degree of control over factors or precision) None or low

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(Code words to look for in research articles) Describe Interview

(Example) Survey of students who are interested in sports

B. Correlational Research. It is primarily concerned with an orderly or systematic investigation of the nature of relationships, or associations between and among variables without necessarily investigating into casual reasons underlying them. Furthermore it is also concerned with, the extent of relationships that exists between or among the variables. For example , if Performance in Mathematics can be used to predict performance then, the higher the Mathematics grade, the higher most likely be the score in Practical Research 2. Correlational research is employed if you like to know , for example, if the following factors are related to each other: sex and mathematical ability, age and leadership style, and occupation and life span.

Correlational

(Purpose) Examine the relationships between variables

(Time Frame) Current or Past (correlation) Future (prediction)

(Degree of control over factors or precision) Low or medium

(Code words to look for in research articles) Relationship Related to associated with Predicts

(Example) An investigation that focuses on the relationship between the number of hours of television watching and grade-point average

2. Experimental Research. This kind of research is centrally concerned with constructing research that is high in causal (internal) validity. There are two major kinds of experimental research. These are the following: A. True Experimental Research. This kind of research can be identified by three characteristics: randomly formed groups, manipulation of the treatment (the IV), and comparisons among groups. The purpose is to test the true cause and effect relationships of variables involve in the study. According to Prieto, et al., it offers the highest internal validity of all the designs.

True Experimental

(Purpose) To test for true cause - and – effect relationships

(Time Frame) Current

(Degree of control over factors or precision) high

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(Code words to look for in research articles) Function of Cause comparison Between Effects of

(Example) The effect of preschool language program on the language skills of inner-city children

B. Quasi-Experimental Research. This kind of research is almost the same as that of True Experimental Design. The only difference is the absence of random assignment of subjects to other conditions. Prieto, et al. added that the commonality between the quasi-experimental and true experimental research is that some subjects receive intervention and provide data likely to reflect its impact.

Quasi Experimental (Purpose) Used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on its target population without random assignment.

(Time Frame) Current

(Degree of control over factors or precision) medium-high

(Code words to look for in research articles) Function of Cause comparison Between Effects of

(Example) The effect of reading programs to students’ comprehension

ACTIVITIES Activity 1

Direction: On a separate sheet of paper, write the characteristics of quantitative research the best describe the illustration.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

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Activity 2 Direction: Supply the missing term.

1 2 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

3 5

6

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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

Activity 3 Directions: Read each statement carefully. Identify the kind of research that is being referred to. 1. The relationship between the economic status and academic performance of the respondents __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. The percentage of Grade 10 learners who will pursue academic track in Senior High School __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Effects of pandemic in the learning habits of Grade 12 learners __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. A survey on the preferred course of Grade 12 learners in college __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. The effectiveness of Content-based Instruction in teaching Social Studies in Grade 11 __________________________________________________________________________________

REMEMBER • •

Quantitative research is deals with numbers and its relationship with events.

• •

Experimental research design allows the researcher to control the phenomenon.

Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and analysis of data collected using computational techniques. In non-experimental research design, the researcher observes the phenomena as they occur naturally.

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING Directions: Fill in the K-W-H-L chart below to pre-assess your prior knowledge regarding the topic “Special Relativity”. By the end of the lesson, go back to this activity to answer the L part. Activity Title: References (If Any) Objectives:

Characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of Quantitative Research KWHL Chart Describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research.

Materials to be Used Writing materials such as pen and paper (if any)

LET’S REFLECT Think and Act. Answer the following. What were your misconceptions about What new or additional learning did the topic prior to this lesson? you gain from this lesson in terms of skills, content, and attitude? I thought… I learned that…

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POST TEST Directions: Read each statement carefully. Then, identify the kind of research being referred to. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

____________1. It is a systematic investigation of the nature of relationships, or associations between and among variables without necessarily investigating into casual reasons underlying them. ____________2. It is concerned with describing the nature, characteristics and components of the population or a phenomenon. ____________3. This research utilizes scientific method to test cause-and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by the researcher. ____________4. It is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from a population. It may be done in various ways like face-to-face phone, mail, and online. ____________5. It is intended to assess the effects, impacts or outcomes of practices, policies or programs.

REFERENCES Baraceros, Esther L. Practical Research 2. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc., 2016. Catane, J. A. Conducting Research: A Practical Application. Quezon City: Goodwill Book Store, 2010. Chan, Editha I. Research in Various Disciplines Seeing Through the Process of Writing. Valenzuela City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc., 2011. Ellison, C. Concise Guide to Writing Research. New York: McGraw Hill, 2010. Faltado III, Ruben E. et. al. Practical Research 2 Quantitative Research for SHS. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc. , 2016. Plata, Sterling L. et. al. Thinking and Writing Research 4th Edition.Manila: Trailblazer Publications Asia, Inc., 2014. Prieto, Nelia G, Naval, Victoria C. and Carey, Teresita G. Practical Research 2, For Senior High School, Lorimar Publishing Inc, 2017 Reyes, Marcelo. Social research: A Deductive Approach. Manila: Rex Book Store,Inc., 2010.

ANSWER KEY Pre - test 1. W 2. S 3. W 4. S 5. S

Looking back 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. C

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Post 1. Correlation 2. Descriptive 3. Experimental 4. Survey 5.Evaluation

Acknowledgments DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE Writers: Paul Garry P. Abello, T 1; Angelbert D. Morales, MT 2; Diane Catherine B. Teves, MT 2; Mark Vincent B. Emit, MT 2; and Erwin Abos, MT 2 Evaluators: Rosalina P. Aranzamendez, PSDS and Florence I. Edim, PSDS Reviewer: Renato N. Felipe, Jr., PSDS & Division Research Coordinator Management Team: Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V, Schools Division Superintendent Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief Lucky S. Carpio, EPS In Charge of LRMS

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