Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik, Band 2: Elektromagnetismus [Band 2, 9. Auflage] 3110188988, 978-3-11-018898-1 [PDF]

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WY[ WY[ WZV W[S W[V

[PV [PVPS [PVPT [PVPU [PVPV [PVPW

r+272+$/%/(,7(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r+272:,'(567>1'( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r+272',2'(1N r+272(/(0(17( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P n(8&+7',2'(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P j$/%/(,7(5On$6(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P n(8&+76725(N g/(.752/80,1(6=(1= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

W[Y W[Y W[Z XRU XRV XRW

[PW [PWPS [PWPT

j$/%/(,7(5Ov(&+12/2*,( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XRX r5>3$5$7,21N f27,(581*N u758.785,(581* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XRX k17(*5,(57( u&+$/781*(1N o,.52(/(.7521,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XR[

[PX [PXPS [PXPT [PXPU [PXPV

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SR

i$6(17/$'81*(1N r/$60(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XSW

SRPS SRPSPS SRPSPT SRPSPU SRPSPV

n$'81*675$163257 2+1( i$69(567>5.81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k21,6$7,21 81' t(.20%,1$7,21 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u7520Ou3$1181*6Oe+$5$.7(5,67,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P c1:(1'81*(1 ,0 u75$+/(16&+87= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k21(1 $/6 m21'(16$7,216.(,0( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

XSY XSY XTR XTS XTV

SRPT SRPTPS SRPTPT SRPTPU

n$'81*675$163257 0,7 i$69(567>5.81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P v2:16(1'On$:,1(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k21,6$7,216.$00(51 0,7 i$69(567>5.81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r523257,216=>+/(5N f5$+7.$00(51 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

XTX XTX XTZ XTZ

SRPU SRPUPS SRPUPT SRPUPU SRPUPV SRPUPW SRPUPX

u(/%67>1',*( g17/$'81*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P |@1'%(',1*81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P |@1'(1 81' n?6&+(1 ,0 i(,*(5O|>+/(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P m2521$O 81' h81.(1(17/$'81*(1 ,1 n8)7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i(:,77(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i/,00(17/$'81*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P n,&+7%?*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

XUS XUS XUU XUV XU[ XVX XWT

SRPV

r/$60(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XWW

SRPW SRPWPS SRPWPT SRPWPU SRPWPV

k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SR P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u75$+/81*N f(7(.725(1N u75$+/81*66&+87= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i(:,77(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r/$60(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d,2*5$3+,(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

SS

i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XXU

SSPS SSPSPS

v(&+1,.(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XXV x$.880 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XXV

XR[ XR[ XSR XSS XST

XWZ XWZ XW[ XW[ XXR

k1+$/7

zkkk

SSPSPT SSPSPU SSPSPV SSPSPW SSPSPX SSPSPY SSPSPZ

u3$1181*69(5625*81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P c%6&+,5081* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.7521(148(//(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k21(148(//(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.7521(1O 81' k21(11$&+:(,6 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d(:(*81* *(/$'(1(5 v(,/&+(1 ,1 h(/'(51 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.7521(1237,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

XXX XXZ XX[ XYT XYW XZT XZV

SSPT SSPTPS SSPTPT SSPTPU SSPTPV

g/(.7521(15?+5(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f,2'(1N t?17*(15?+5(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P x(567>5.(55?+5(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.7521(1675$+/5?+5(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P n,&+7*(67(8(57( t?+5(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

X[U X[U X[X X[[ YRT

SSPU SSPUPS SSPUPT SSPUPU SSPUPV SSPUPW

i(5>7(N i52M*(5>7( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u75$+/67 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P h(552(/(.75,=,7>7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P v(&+1,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Y[V Y[W Y[Z ZRS ZRV

SUPV

g/(.75(7(

SUPW SUPWPS SUPWPT SUPWPU SUPWPV SUPWPW

k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SU P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.75267$7,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u75?081*6(/(.75,=,7>7N gtOh/@66,*.(,7(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r,(=2(/(.75,=,7>7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P h(552(/(.75,.$Bg/(.75(7( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d,2*5$3+,(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

SV

o$*1(7,6086 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P ZSW

SVPS SVPSPS SVPSPT SVPSPU SVPSPV

f,$O 81' r$5$0$*1(7,6086 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f(71,7,21(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P o(6681* '(5 u86=(37,%,/,7>7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P f,$0$*1(7,6&+( u725( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P r$5$0$*1(7,6&+( u725( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

ZSY ZSY ZSZ ZTS ZTT

SVPT SVPTPS SVPTPT SVPTPU SVPTPV SVPTPW SVPTPX SVPTPY SVPTPZ SVPTP[

h(5520$*1(7,6086 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P h(5520$*1(7,6&+( o(66*5?M(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i1*( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P ZX[ SW

o$7+(0$7,6&+( j,/)60,77(/ P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P ZYS

SWPS SWPT SWPU SWPV SWPW SWPX SWPY SWPZ SWP[

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SXPV SXPVPS SXPVPT

g567( j,/)( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [TV u2)2570$M1$+0(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [TV c7(063(1'( 81' j(5=On81*(1Oy,('(5%(/(%81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [TW

SXPW SXPWPS SXPWPT SXPWPU

k17(51(7Oj,1:(,6( =8 m$3,7(/ SX P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i()$+5(19(50(,'81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g567( j,/)( 1$&+ u75206&+/$* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P w0675,77(1\ i()>+5'81* '85&+ g/(.752602* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

SY

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SYPU

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ZYS ZYU ZZR ZZU ZZZ Z[S Z[X [RV [RX

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P [R[ [SV [SV [SY [TR

[TY [TY [TZ [TZ

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k1+$/7

SYPUPS SYPUPT SYPUPU

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SYPW

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SYPX

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SYPY SYPYPS SYPYPT SYPYPU SYPYPV

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T

S g,1/(,781*\ |8*$1* =80 g/(.7520$*1(7,6086

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ungeschert B (ohne Luftspalt)

mit Luftspalt zunehmende Scherung

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Anker

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b

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TP y(,/ '(5 h$.725 SBT 921 i/P JUPSRSK 1,&+7 0,7 +,1*(6&+5,(%(1 :85'(N *,%7 i/PJUPSTRK '$6 f233(/7( '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,(N ',( ,0 n8)763$/7 %(1?7,*7 :,5' 81' ,0 v5(,%(5 *(63(,&+(57 6(,1 0866] /(7=7(5( ,67 '$6 r52'8.7 $86 v5(,%(592/80(1 81' dv 6 jvP f(6+$/% ,67 (6 *@167,*N :(11 '(5 c5%(,76381.7 r 0?*/,&+67 '257 /,(*7N :2 ',( j&+( ,1 c%%P UPVXKP f$ ,1 i/P JUPSS[K '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 sv 81' cv (,1*(+7N ,1 i/P JUPSTRK $%(5 '(5(1 r52'8.7N .$11 '$6 u8M(5(6 h(/'K (17O 635,&+7 '(0 r81.7 r '(5 j+17(1 u75(89866)$.7256 6,1' $1$/7=O /,&+(1 h/866 $8)1(+0(1] (6 0866 %(, h/866%(5(&+181*(1 :,( n8)7 J,5 3 SK %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1P o$*1(7,6&+( u&+$/7(5P g/(.7520$*1(7( +$%(1 '(1 *52M(1 x257(,/N '$66 '(5 0$*1(O 7,6&+( h/866 *(67(8(57 :(5'(1 .$11P f85&+ g,1O 2'(5 c866&+$/7(1 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 u75206 .$11 0$1 '$6 o$*1(7)(/' (,1O 2'(5 $866&+$/7(1P f$6 (5*,%7 (,1 %5(,7(6 u3(.7O 580 921 x(5:(1'81*60?*/,&+.(,7(1N A 921 '(5 v@5./,1*(/ %,6 =85 o$*1(7.833/81*P d(925 6,186)?50,*( y(&+6(/675?0( (5=(8*7 :(5'(1 .2117(1N *$% (6 6&+21 NN=(5O +$&.7( i/(,&+675?0(DDP f(5 j$00(5Ow17(5%5(&+(5 JcP y$*1(5 SZU[K )@5 (,1(1 u7520.5(,6 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(0 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 0,7 %(:(*/,&+(0 c1.(5N '(5 $1 (,1(5 d/$77)('(5 %()(67,*7 ,67 81' ,1 '(5 t8+(67(//81* Jg/(.7520$*1(7 $86*(6&+$/7(7K '85&+ (,1(1 n8)763$/7 920 o$*1(7(1 *(75(117 ,67N ,1 '(5 c5%(,7667(//81* Jg/(.7520$*1(7 (,1*(6&+$/7(7K $%(5 921 '(1 u&+(1.(/1 '(6 o$*1(7(1 $1*(=2*(1 :,5'P f(5 %(:(*O /,&+( c1.(5 %(7>7,*7 $8M(5'(0 (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+$/7(5N '(5 ,1 '(5 t8+(67(//81* *(6&+/266(1N ,1 '(5 c5%(,7667(//81* *(?51(7 ,67P h@*7 0$1 181 ',( u38/(1 '(6 g/(.7O 520$*1(7(1 81' '(1 920 c1.(5 %(7>7,*7(1 u&+$/7(5 +,17(5(,1$1'(5 ,1 (,1(1 u7520O .5(,6N '$11 :,5' %(,0 (567(1 u75209866 '(5 g/(.7520$*1(7 %(7>7,*7 81' '$'85&+ @%(5 '(1 u&+$/7(5 '(5 u7520.5(,6 817(5%52&+(1] '(5 $86*(6&+$/7(7( o$*1(7 *,%7 '(1 c1.(5 )5(,N '(5 '(1 u&+$/7(5 :,('(5 6&+/,(M7 81' '$0,7 '(1 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 :,('(5 (,16&+$/7(7] 86:P g,1( 12&+ +(87( :(,79(5%5(,7(7( c1:(1'81* '(6 j$00(5Ow17(5O %5(&+(56 ,67 ',( (/(.75,6&+( m/,1*(/P t(/$,6 6,1' )(51*(67(8(57( u&+$/7(5N ',( 0,7 (,1(0 ./(,1(1 u7520 J0,7 ./(,1(5 u&+$/7O /(,6781*K ,0 o$*1(7.5(,6 9,(/ *5?M(5( u75?0( Jn(,6781*(1K ,0 u&+$/7.5(,6 6&+$/7(1 .?11(1P t(/$,6Ou7$7,21(1 ',(17(1 %(, '(5 925,1'8675,(//(1 r267 =80 r)(5'(:(&+6(/P k1 '(5 v(/(*5$7( :85'(1 '$11 ',( u7$7,21(1 =85 u,*1$/Ox(567>5.81* 921 o256(O |(,&+(1 62 %(1$117\ g,1 $86 '(5 h(51( $1.200(1'(6 6&+:$&+(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 u,*1$/ %(7>7,*7 (,1 NNt(/$,6DDN '$6 (,1(1 921 (,1(5 /2.$/(1 u752048(//( *(63(,67(1 u7520.5(,6 6&+$/7(7N '(5 '$6 u,*1$/ %,6 =85 1>&+67(1 u7$7,21 75$163257,(57P g7:$ =85 6(/%(1 |(,7N ,1 '(5 '$6 v(/()21 (17:,&.(/7 :85'(N (1767$1' $8&+ ',( 0$7+(0$7,6&+( n2*,. Ji(25*( d22/(N SZSWASZXV] c8*86786 f( o25*$1N SZRXA SZYSKP u,( :85'( $/6 NNm217$.7Oc/*(%5$DD =8(567 $8) ',( u&+$/781* '(5 v(/()21Ot(/$,6 $1*(:(1'(7] +(87( ,67 ',( u&+$/7$/*(%5$ Jc%6&+1P SWPZK ',( 7+(25(7,6&+( i581'/$*( )@5 (/(.7521,6&+( u7(8(5O 81' t(&+(1$1/$*(1P f,( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 t(/$,6 *(67$77(7(1 (5670$/6 (,1( (/(.75,6&+( w06(7=81* /2*,6&+(5 x(5.1@3)81*(1P i581'9(5.1@3)81*(1

w06(7=81* =P dP '85&+

p(*$7,21 JpkejvK m21-81.7,21 JwpfK f,6-81.7,21 JqfgtK

~51(5 t(,+(16&+$/781* =:(,(5 u&+/,(M(5 r$5$//(/6&+$/781* =:(,(5 u&+/,(M(5

SXZ

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7( +U

+U A B

A Input (a)

A

A

B

Output (b)

c%%P UPVY n2*,6&+( u&+$/781*(1\ J$K pqv J3 pkejvK 0,7 (,1(0 y(&+6(/Om217$.7 J%K pqt J3 pkejv qfgtK 0,7 =:(, ~51(5Om217$.7(1 ,1 t(,+(16&+$/781* 81' (,1(0 y(&+6(/.21O 7$.7P f,( y,1'81*(1 61*7 :85'(1P k1 '(5 u7$5.675207(&+1,. :,5' '$6 t(/$,6 $/6 u&+@7= %(=(,&+1(7P f$ =85 c.7,9,(O 581* (,1 0,1,0$/(5 c1635(&+67520 (55(,&+7 :(5'(1 0866N .$11 0$1 '$6 u&+@7= 62 $86/(*(1N '$66 (6 $8) %(567520 2'(5 )(+/(5+$)7(1 m85=6&+/866 =85 g5'( Jg5'6&+/866K $1635,&+7 81' '(1 %(7525(1(1 p(7=7(,/ $%6&+$/7(7P NNu(/%67+$/7(1'(DD t(/$,6 %/(,%(1 ,1 c5%(,7667(//81*N $8&+ :(11 '(5 0,1,0$/( c1635(&+67520 1,&+7 0(+5 =8*()@+57 Stützplatten 1 Kontakte 2 3

Kontaktfedern Isolierplatte Achse

Joch

Achsenanker

Lötstifte Relaisspule

Trennstift Rundeisenkern

c%%P UPVZ u.,==( (,1(6 t(/$,6N :,( (6 )5@+(5 ,1 9,(/(1 x$5,$17(1 =85 u&+$/781* 921 v(/()21O 9(5%,1'81*(1 (,1*(6(7=7 :85'(P

UPX o$*1(7(

SX[

:,5'] '$6 ,67 =P dP 0?*/,&+ '85&+ (,1(1 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 ,0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m5(,6N '(5 '$)@5 625*7N '$66 '(5 c5%(,76.217$.7 1$&+ u&+/,(M81* NN./(%(1 %/(,%7DDN $%(5 =8 6&+:$&+ ,67N 80 '$6 t(/$,6 $86 '(5 25(1(1 t8+(67(//81* =8 %5,1*(1P u,&+(581*6$8720$7(1 6,1' 6(/%67+$/7(1'( u&+@7=(N ',( %(, %(567520 (,1(1 u7520O .5(,6 817(5%5(&+(1 81' '85&+ 0$18(//( d(7>7,*81* (,1(6 u&+$/7(56 :,('(5 ,1 ',( c86*$1*667(//81* =85@&.*(%5$&+7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P u&+5,7702725(1P k0 d$8 >+1(/1 9,(/( u&+5,7702725(1 J67(33,1* 027256K '(1 63>7(5 ,1 c%6&+1P VPVPU %(+$1'(/7(1 f5(+67520Ou+1( $1N :(,/ '$0,7 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( y,O '(567$1' '(6 m5(,6(6 J',( t(/8.7$1=K 0,1,0,(57 :,5'P f,( t,&+781* '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866(6 81' ',( u75205,&+781* ,1 '(5 u7$725:,&./81* 6,1' %(,0 t(/8.7$1=02725 %(/$1*/26P c%%P UPV[$ =(,*7 ',( t272567(//81* 1$&+ d(6752081* '(5 r+$6( S] :,5' $/6 1>&+67(6 ',( r+$6( T %(675207N (5)2/*7 (,1 u&+5,77 ,0 w+5=(,*(56,11P f,( |$+/ '(5 u&+5,77( 352 w0/$8) (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(0 r52'8.7 921 r+$6(1=$+/ J+,(5 UK 81' |>+1(=$+/ J+,(5 VKP f(5 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+( t2725 +$7 '(1 x257(,/N '$66 (5 0,7 9,(/(1 |>+1(1 *(%$87 :(5'(1 .$11N $%(5 '(1 p$&+7(,/N '$66 ,0 67520/26(1 |867$1' .(,1 u(/%67+$/7(020(17 (;,67,(57P f,(6(5 p$&+7(,/ :,5' %(, 3(50$1(17 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 t2O 725(1 9(50,('(1P f(5 r(50$1(170$*1(7Ou&+5,7702725 ,67 6&+(0$7,6&+ ,1 c%%P UPV[% *(=(,*7 0,7 =:(, r+$6(1 JS2SA 81' T2TAK 81' 6(&+6 t2725Oo$*1(732/(N ',( ',( t2//( '(5 |>+1( @%(51(+0(1] $8&+ ,1 ',(6(0 d(,63,(/ ,67 ',( u&+5,77=$+/ 352 w0/$8) */(,&+ STP h@5 u&+5,77( ,0 w+5=(,*(56,11 6,1' ',( u7$7253+$6(1 62 =8 %(67520(1N '$66 p25'Bu@'

1

1 2

3 2' 2

3 (a)

1

(b)

S N

N S

S N

2

1'

c%%P UPV[ r5,1=,3 '(6 u&+5,77027256\ J$K t(/8.7$1=Ou&+5,7702725N J%K r(50$1(170$*1(7O u&+5,7702725P h@5 %(,'( d(,63,(/( ,67 ',( u&+5,77=$+/ 352 w0/$8) */(,&+ STP

SYR

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

1$&+(,1$1'(5 '85&+ ',( )2/*(1'(1 u7$72532/( 5($/,6,(57 :,5'\ SA2S J*(=(,*7 ,1 c%%P UPV[%KN T2TAN S2SAN TA2TP f(5 x257(,/ (,1(5 +2+(1 |>+1(=$+/N :,( 6,( %(,0 t(/8.7$1=02725 0?*/,&+ ,67N 81' '(5 x257(,/ (,1(6 u(/%67+$/7(020(17(6N :,( (6 '(5 r(50$1(170$*1(702725 %(O 6,7=7N :(5'(1 %(,0 j&+(P f,( t2725=>+1( 5,&+7(1 6,&+ 1$&+ '(1 *(*(1@%(5/,(*(1'(1N '85&+ d(6752081* 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 u7$725=>+1(1 $86P o,7 j/)7(1P c%O *(%,/'(7 ,67 185 -( (,1 u7$7256(*0(17 352 r+$6( 81' (,1 ./(,1(5 c866&+1,77 $86 '(5 t27256&+(,%(P o,7 (,1(5 u7$725%(6752081*N ',( 1$&+(,1$1'(5 ',( ,1 c%%P UPWR$A' *(=(,*7(1 u7$72532/Oo$*1(7,6,(581*(1 +(592558)7N %(:(*7 6,&+ ',( u&+(,%( ,0 d,/' 1$&+ 5(&+76P

S N S

S N

N S

S N

N

N S

N S

S N

N S

N S

S N

N S

(b)

N N S

S N

N S

S N

S N S

N S

S (c)

N S

S

N (a)

S N

S N

N (d)

c%%P UPWR r5,1=,3 (,1(6 =:(,3+$6,*(1 u&+(,%(10$*1(7Ou&+5,77027256P i(=(,*7 ,67 -( (,1 u7$O 725(/(0(17 352 r+$6( 81' (,1 ./(,1(5 c866&+1,77 $86 '(5 t27256&+(,%(P

UPY f5(+638/Oo(66,167580(17(

SYS

UPY f5(+638/Oo(66,167580(17( f$6 6,1' (/(.75,6&+( o(66,167580(17(N ',( '$6 r5,1=,3 (,1(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 v256,216O :$$*( $86187=(1\ f$6 f5(+020(17N '$6 (,1( '5(+%$5( 67520'85&+9266(1( u38/( ,1 (,1(0 67$5.(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/' (5)>+57N '5(+7 ',( u38/( %,6 '$6 5@&.75(,%(1'( f5(+020(17 '(5 v256,216$125'181* (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+ ,67P f,(6( 0$*1(72O0(O &+$1,6&+(1 k167580(17( :85'(1 :(,7*(+(1' '85&+ (/(.7521,6&+( o(66,167580(17( 2+1( %(:(*/,&+( v(,/( (56(7=7P y(,/ $%(5 '$6 ,+1(1 =8*581'(/,(*(1'( 3+1*(%$1'(6 (17*(*(1P f$6 |(,*(5,167580(17 '(5 c%%P UPWS +$7 =:(, u3,5$/)('(51N ',( $8&+ '(5 u7520=8)8+5 ',(1(1P f(5 r(50$1(17O 0$*1(7 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(0 y(5.6725 +2+(5 m2(5=,7,9)(/'67>5.(P y(&+6(/675200(6681* 0,7 f5(+638/,167580(17(1P f$ ',( c1=(,*( ',(6(5 k167580(17( 921 '(5 t,&+781* '(6 u75209866(6 $%+>1*,* ,67N :@5'( ',( p$'(/ %(, 6(+5 1,('5,*(5 h5(48(1= +,1O 81' +(56&+:,1*(1] %(, WR j= .$11 6,( ,1)2/*( ,+5(5 v5>*+(,7 '(0 u7520 1,&+7 )2/*(1 81' =(,*7 '(6+$/% '(1 o,77(/:(57 k 3 R $1P w0 y(&+6(/675?0( 0(66(1 =8 .?11(1N 0866 925+(5 (,1( i/(,&+5,&+781* Jc%6&+1P VPUPWK (5)2/*(1P d(, WR j= 67?57 ',( t(67:(//,*.(,7 '(6 */(,&+*(5,&+7(7(1 y(&+6(/675206 1,&+7] '$6 f5(+O 638/6*(N 80 '(1 u7520>1'(581*(1 =8 )2/*(1N 81' =(,*7 '(6+$/% '(1 o,77(/:(57 '(6 */(,&+*(5,&+7(7(1 u7520(6 $1P f$ '(5 o,77(/:(57 (,1(5 */(,&+*(5,&+O

c%%P UPWS

f5(+638/O|(,*(5,167580(17P

SYT

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

7(7(1 u,186)81.7,21 ./(,1(5 $/6 '(5 g5(.7,9:(57 ,67N 0866 )@5 y(&+6(/67520Og5(.O 7,9:(57( (,1( 921 '(5 i/(,&+675206.$/$ $%:(,&+(1'(N $%(5 (%(1)$//6 /,1($5( u.$/(1O 7(,/81* $1*(%5$&+7 :(5'(1\ k()) 3 J@B|ZK k0,77(/ k()) 3 SPSS k0,77(/P

JUPSTSK

f,(6( h250(/ *,/7 185 )@5 6,186)?50,*(1 y(&+6(/67520P u3$1181*60(6681* 0,7 f5(+638/,167580(17(1P q%:2+/ ',( c1=(,*( 921 f5(+638/O ,167580(17(1 '85&+ (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 +(5925*(58)(1 :,5'N /$66(1 6,( 6,&+ $8&+ =85 o(6681* 921 u3$1181*(1 9(5:(1'(1P p$&+ '(0 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7= 6,1' u3$1181* 81' u752067>5.( =8(,1$1'(5 3523257,21$/P o$1 %5$8&+7 $/62 185 0,7 '(0 y,'(567$1' '(5 u38/( =8 08/7,3/,=,(5(1N :(11 0$1 $86 '(5 u75200(6681* (,1( u3$1181*60(6681* 0$&+(1 :,//P f$ '(5 k11(1:,'(567$1' '(5 f5(+638/( .2167$17 ,67N .$11 ',( u.$/$ $8&+ ,1 x2/7 *((,&+7 :(5'(1P o$1 %(925=8*7 f5(+638/(1 0,7 +2+(0 k11(1:,'(567$1'N 'P +P $86 '@11(0 f5$+7 0,7 9,(/(1 y,&./81*(1P j$7 ',( f5(+638/( -('2&+ (,1(1 ./(,1(1 y,'(567$1'N '$11 :,5' (,1 x25:,'(567$1' ,1 t(,+( *(6&+$/7(7P f85&+ 9(56&+,('(1( x256&+$/7:,'(567>1'( .$11 0$1 (,1 k167580(17 )@5 0(+5(5( d(5(,&+( 806&+$/7%$5 0$&+(1P g%(162 .$11 0$1 '85&+ y,'(567>1'( 3$5$//(/ =85 o(66638/( '(1 u7520Oo(66%(5(,&+ (5:(,7(51P u2 (17+$/7(1 ',( .>89,&+(1 w1,9(5O 6$/0(66,167580(17(N ,1 (,1(0 i(+>86( (,1*(%$87N y,'(567>1'( =85 g5:(,7(581* '(5 u7520O81' u3$1181*6%(5(,&+( 1(%(1 '(0 (,*(17/,&+(1 o(66,167580(17P w1' =85 o(6681* 921 y(&+6(/67520 %(71'(7 6,&+ $8&+ (,1 i/(,&+5,&+7(5 '$5,1N '(5 y(&+O 6(/67520 ,1 i/(,&+67520 80:$1'(/1 .$11P c8) '(5 2%(5(1 u(,7( '(6 i(+>86(6 6,(+7 0$1 185 ',( c16&+/866./(00(1N 0(+5(5( .5(,6%2*(1)?50,*( u.$/(1 1(%(1(,1$1'(5 817(5 i/$6 81' (,1 2'(5 0(+5(5( u&+$/7(5 =80 g,167(//(1 $8) '(1 *(:@16&+7(1 o(66O %(5(,&+P u3,(*(/*$/9$120(7(5P f,(6(6 (/(.752O0(&+$1,6&+( y81'(5:(5. :$5 )@5 (7:$ SRR l$+O 5( '$6 NNc5%(,763)(5'DD '(5 g;3(5,0(17$/3+1*7P q%:2+/ +(87,*( r+7( 1(+0(1 (/(.75,6&+( n(,6781* $8)N :(,/ ',( u38O /(1 (,1(1 819(50(,'/,&+(1 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1' +$%(1P u2/$1*( ',(6(5 n(,6781*6O %('$5) '(6 k167580(176 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1 ,67 *(*(1@%(5 '(5 62167 ,0 p(7=:(5. 80*(6(7=7(1 n(,6781*N .$11 0$1 '$6 k167580(17 )@5 (,1( 0,1,0$/( x(5)>/6&+81* '(5 u7520O 81' u3$1181*69(57(,/81* ,0 p(7=:(5. $86/(*(1P f$6 +(,M7N 0$1 %$87 c03(5(0(7(5 0,7 :(1,*(1 y,1'81*(1 $86 ',&.(0 f5$+7N 80 '(1 k11(1:,'(567$1' 81' '$0,7 '(1 u3$1181*6$%)$// $0 k167580(17 ./(,1 =8 +$/7(1] x2/70(7(5 %$87 0$1 0,7 9,(/(1 y,1'81*(1 $86 '@11(0 f5$+7N 80 '(1 k11(1:,'(567$1' 0?*/,&+67 *52M 81' '$0,7 ',( u7520$8)1$+0( '(6 k167580(176 ./(,1 =8 0$&+(1P i$1= $1'(56 :$5(1 ',( %(5/(*81*(1 %(,0 i$/9$120(7(5P j,(5 :2//7( 0$1 ',( *5?M70?*/,&+( g0371'/,&+.(,7 '(6 k167580(176 (55(,&+(1N 81' '$=8 08667( 0$1 '$)@5 625*(1N '$66 ',( 920 k167580(17 %(1?7,*7( n(,6781* @%(5+$837 +,1(,1 *(/$1*(1 .2117(P y(,/ '$6 (,1 c13$6681*6352%/(0 921 *(1(5(//(5 d('(8781* ,67N 62// (6 +,(5 925*(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1\ g,1( u3$1181*648(//( 0,7 k11(1:,'(567$1' ts 81' '(5 n((5O /$8)63$1181* wR /,()(57 (,1( 920 u7520 k $%+>1*,*( m/(00(163$1181* wN ',( '(1 u7520 '85&+ '$6 i$/9$120(7(5 0,7 '(0 k11(1:,'(567$1' ti 75(,%7\ R

2'(5

w 3 wR 2ts 6 k 3 ti 6 kN

wR 3 Jts 1tiK kP

JUPSTRK

f$0,7 />667 6,&+ ',( 920 i$/9$120(7(5 $8)*(1200(1( n(,6781* :,( )2/*7 6&+5(,%(1\ ri 3 ti kT ri 3 wRT ti Jts 1tiK2TP

JUPSTSK

o,7 921 p8// =81(+0(1'(0 ti :>&+67 ri =81>&+67 /,1($5 $1N 62/$1*( ti * ts ,67P h@5 ti + ts :,5' ri 3523257,21$/ =8 SBti 81' *(+7 1$&+ 18//P w0 '$6 o$O ;,080 )@5 ri =8 71'(1N %,/'(1 :,5 $86 i/P JUPSTSK ',( c%/(,781* 'riB'ti 81' %(67,00(1 '(5(1 p8//67(//(P f$0,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ ri 3 o$;,080 )@5 ti 3 tsP

JUPSTTK

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N

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(a)

Spannung

VPU y(&+6(/67520

TVU

Zeit

(b)

c%%P VPWY r5,1=,3 (,1(6 i/(,&+67520*(1(5$7256\ J$K f5(+638/(1Oc125'181* 0,7 =:(,7(,/,*(0 m20087$725N J%K x(5/$8) '(5 $%*(1200(1(1 u3$1181*P

$1 '(1 m20087$725 *('5@&.7( m2+/(O 2'(5 i5$3+,767@&.( (56(7=7 :25'(1N :(5'(1 $%(5 $8&+ +(87( 12&+ $/6 NNd@567(1DD J%586+(6K %(=(,&+1(7P w0 ',( 921 '(5 o$6&+,1( *(/,()(57( u3$1181* =8 (5+?+(1N 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 9,(/( y,1'81*(1 81' 0$&+7 '$6 o$*1(7)(/' 0?*/,&+67 .5>)7,*P c8M(5'(0 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 0(+5(5( :,1.(/0>M,* *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(56(7=7( u38/(1N ',( =8 (,1(0 m5(,6 =86$0O 0(1*(6&+/266(1 6,1'] '(5 m20087$725 :,5' (17635(&+(1' 817(57(,/7P l('( k62/,(581* =:,6&+(1 =:(, %(1$&+%$57(1 m20087$725Ou(*0(17(1 :,5' '85&+ (,1( f5$+76&+/(,)( @%(5%5@&.7P f,( ,1'8=,(57(1 u3$1181*(1 $'',(5(1 6,&+ 81' '85&+ ',( i/(,&+5,&+O 7(5:,5.81* '(6 m20087$7256 (5+>/7 ',( 921 '(1 d@567(1 $%*(1200(1( u3$1181* ',( ,1 c%%P VPWZ& )@5 '(1 h$// 921 9,(5 u38/(1 J=:(, u38/(13$$5(1K *(=(,*7( h250P f,( i/>7781* :,5' 8062 %(66(5N -( 0(+5 NNu38/(1DD J$8&+ (,1)$&+( f5$+76&+/(,)(1 1(117 0$1 62K 0,7 (17635(&+(1' 817(57(,/7(0 m20087$725 $8) '(0 c1.(5 $1*(O %5$&+7 6,1'P y(,/ %(, (,1(0 67$5. 817(57(,/7(1 m20087$725 ',( m217$.7Ou(*0(17( 6(+5 ./(,1 6,1'N %(=(,&+1(7 0$1 6,( $/6 m20087$725On$0(//(1 J1,&+7 =8 9(5:(&+6(/1 0,7 '(5 n$0(//,(581* 921 g,6(1.?53(51 =85 w17(5'5@&.81* 921 w00$*1(7,6,(O 581*6Oy,5%(/675?0(1KP f,( (567(1 $8) k1'8.7,21 %$6,(5(1'(1 527,(5(1'(1 o$6&+,1(1 =85 u7520(5=(8*81* :$5(1 i(1(5$725(1 0,7 m20087$725(1 $/6 i/(,&+5,&+7(5 $8) '(5 g5=(8*(56(,7(P d$/' '$5$8) (5.$117( 0$1 ',( p@7=/,&+.(,7 '(6 y(&+6(/675206 81' %(*$11N i(1(5$725(1 2+1( m20087$725(1 =8 %$8(1 J0(+5 ,1 c%6&+1P VPVPSKP

Spannung

a

b

c Zeit

c%%P VPWZ J$K 81' J%K */(,&+*(5,&+7(7( k1'8.7,21663$1181*(1 921 =:(, [R@ *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(56(7=7(1 u38/(13$$5(1] J&K ',( $0 9,(57(,/,*(1 m20087$725 $%*(*5,5(1( u3$1181*P

TVV

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

w0:$1'/81* $8) '(5 x(5%5$8&+(56(,7(P f,( m20%,1$7,21 (,1(6 i/(,&+67520Oi(1(O 5$7256 0,7 (,1(0 ,+1 $175(,%(1'(1 y(&+6(/67520Oo2725 ,67 (,1 527,(5(1'(5 y(&+O 6(/67520Oi/(,&+67520Ow0)250(5P o,7 '(1 g/(.7521(15?+5(1 Jc%6&+1P SSPTK (1767$1' (,1( 1(8( o(7+2'( '(5 i/(,&+O 5,&+781* J5(&7,7&$7,21KP f,( t?+5(1 :85'(1 1$&+ '(5 c1=$+/ '(5 ,1 ',( i/$6.2/%(1 (,1*(6&+02/=(1(1 TN U 2'(5 W o(7$//(/(.752'(1 $/6 f,2'(1N v5,2'(1 2'(5 r(172'(1 %(=(,&+1(7P f,( f,2'(1N ',( (,1( *(+(,=7( m$7+2'( 81' (,1( 1,&+7O*(+(,=7( c12'( %(6,7=(1N *(67$77(1 185 g/(.7521(19866 921 m$7+2'( =8 c12'( 81' 6,1' '(6+$/% 6(+5 *87( i/(,&+5,&+7(5P f(5 p$0( NNf,2'(DD +$7 6,&+ =80 u//7 ',( m21'(16$72563$1181* $%N 62%$/' ',( y(&+6(/63$1181* :,('(5 ./(,1(5 $/6 80$; :,5'P y(11 0$1 1>+(581*6:(,6( 921 '(0 $8&+ '$11 12&+ J%,6 =80 p8//'85&+*$1*K 1$&+*(/,()(57(1 n$'(67520 $%O 6,(+7N (5)2/*7 '(5 c%)$// '(5 i/(,&+63$1181* (;321(17,(//\ 8 J7K 3 80$;(;3J27B2K 0,7

2 3 t eP

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f$6 *,/7 %,6 ',( y(&+6(/63$1181* :,('(5 *5?M(5 :,5' $/6 8 J7KP y,( c%%P VPW[% ,/O /8675,(57N (5675(&.7 6,&+ '(5 (;321(17,(//( c%)$// 1>+(581*6:(,6( @%(5 ',( *$1=( y(&+O 6(/67520Or(5,2'( v 3 SB) J) 3 h5(48(1=KP f$0,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ '(5 u3$1181*6+8% (8 =8 (8 3 80$; 280,1 . 80$; vB2N

JVPSS[K

81' :(11 0$1 :,66(1 :,//N :,( *52M '(5 n$'(.21'(16$725 6(,1 0866N '$0,7 %(, (,1(0 n$6767520 , '(5 u3$1181*6+8% 1,&+7 *5?M(5 $/6 (8 ,67N '$11 1@7=7 ',( )2/*(1'( w06&+5(,%81* 921 i/P JVPSS[K 0,7 e 3 2Bt 81' 80$; Bt W ,\ e . 80$; BJ(8 ) tK 3 ,BJ(8 )KP

JVPSTRK u u max exp (--tJR C ) u (t ) ¢u

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u max t

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VPU y(&+6(/67520 uc

u\ C

u(t)

uc

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t (a)

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TVX

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

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bremsend

Drehzahl

treibend I

II U = konst.

Drehmoment

U=0

III treibend

IV bremsend

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TXR

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21 L N

Anlaufkondensator U

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VPW u75209(5625*81*

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VPW u75209(5625*81*

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Primärenergie Umwandlungs- und Verteilungsverluste

Sekundärenergie

Eigenbedarf nichtenergetischer Verbrauch

Verluste beim Verbraucher

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Endenergie

Nutzenergie

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VPW u75209(5625*81*

TXY

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Bundesbahn

Öffentliche Versorgung KraftwerkEigenverbrauch

Industrie

Brutto - Erzeugung Netto - Erzeugung

Import Export Pumpstromverbrauch Netzverluste

Verkehr öffentliche Beleuchtung

Stromaufkommen

Abgabe an Verbraucher

Sondervertragskunden Haushalte Gewerbe + Sonstiges Bundesbahn

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Landwirtschaft

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Bergbau und verarbeitende Betriebe (Industrie)

TXZ

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VPW u75209(5625*81* 12

Welt-Energieverbrauch pro Jahr Mrd. t SKE /a

Kernenergie

Zusammenbruch des Ostblocks

10

TX[

Wasserkraft und Sonstige

Ölkrisen

Gas

8

6

Erdöl

2. Weltkrieg 4 1. Weltkrieg und Folgen

Weltwirtschaftskrise

Kohle

2

0

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

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Mikrowellen Hochfrequenz

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330°

Öffnungswinkel 0° ı 360° 1.0 30°

3 dB

0.8 0.71 0.6 0.5 0.4

300°

Halbwertsbreite

60°

27°

0.2

270°

Nebenzipfel

90°

20 10 8 6 4 3 2 dB

Nullstellen 240°

(a)

120° 210°

180°

150° (b)

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$240ø (a)

c%%P WPUX 0$11KP

Leitung (b)

Empfangsrichtung

J$K u&+/(,)(1',32/N J%K {$*,Og03)$1*6$17(11( 0,7 V g/(0(17(1 J1$&+ fP p@+5O

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E -Feld y Spule

Ferritstab x

Richtung zum Sender : ± z

C (a)

(b)

E-Feld

z

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S

E

S (a)

Metallwand

E

(b)

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E

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M

Polarisator (a)

Objekt

Analysator

Bild (b) Wall

Wall

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VUZ

X n,&+7 Sternenlicht Sternenlicht Fernrohr

scheinbare Winkeländerung der Sternposition

Sonne (a)

(b)

Erdbahn

Beobachter auf der Erde

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R o nei egen ptima gun sch ler gsw irm ink el

(a)

Geschwindigkeit des Tropfens

(b)

(c) Geschwindigkeit der Person

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VVR

X n,&+7

(a)

(b)

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JXPYYK

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XPT n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7

VVS

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c%%P XPXT u75$+/(1*$1* '(6 g;3(5,0(17(6N '(5 ',( o(+5)$&+5(9(;,21(1 =(,*7 J1$&+ cPcP o,&+(/621KP

XPT n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7

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pTBpS 3 J*TB*SK (;3L2(gBJ.vKb (g 3 gT 2gS #RP

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JYPYTK

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JYPYUK

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E1

E2

spontane Emission

Absorption

induzierte Emission

Photon

Atom

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WRT

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spontane Emission

Anregung durch Elektronenstoß in Gasentladung

Abregung durch Wandstöße He

Ne Energieniveaus

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WRV

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WRW

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1.0

0.5

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0.5

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JYPY[K

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WRX

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JZPSK

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JZPTK

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höchste Sprungtemperatur

°C

K 150 HBCCO TBCCO

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BSCCO keramische Supraleiter

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100 77 Siedetemperatur flüssiger Stickstoff

--200.0

50 Nb-Legierungen --250.0

Hg Pb

--273.2 1910

LBCO

Nb 1930

1950 1970 Jahr der Entdeckung

1990

4.2 Siedetemperatur 0 flüssiges Helium 2000

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WXU

leeres Leitungsband Ionisierungsenergie des Atoms

Bandlücke

Energie

besetztes Valenzband N=1 Atom

2

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10 4 Cluster

10 5

10 20 Festkörper (Isolator)

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EL Donatoren

EG

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Energie Akzeptoren EV

VB EA

c%%P [PT

d>1'(502'(// 0,7 f21$725O 81' c.=(3725Op,9($86P

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J[PYK

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J[PZK

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J[PSRK

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J[PSSK

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E

E

LB Metall

LB Barriere für LB-Elektronen

Metall EF

Barriere für VB-Löcher VB

VB

(a)

n-Halbleiter x

(b)

p-Halbleiter x

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Legierungs-T.

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C E

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IE U EB

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IB

RL U CB

U CE

IB

IE

10

10

IE JmA --8

8

--6

6

--4

IC JmA 4

0 +20 (a)

--20 --40 U CB JV

8

--100

6

--80

2

0 0

IBJÌA --120

IC JmA 4

--2

2

RL

U BE

--60

--80

0 0

--100 (b)

--60 --40 --20 0 --20

--40 --60 U CE JV

--80

--100

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D G

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Verarmung (Depletion)

G

B S

(b)

IDmax

D

D

G S

p n

U GS = 0

S

U GS < 0

ID UP

U GS

U DS

U GS ≈U P

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