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Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use modal verbs or modal phrases. 1. Sue will probably go to see her aunt. Sue is likely to go to see her aunt. 2. It would be a good idea to change your hairstyle. You should change your hairstyle. 3. Why didn’t anybody tell me about the bus strike? You should have told me about the bus strike! 4. I’m sure she wasn’t lying to you. She must have been lying to you. 5. Is it possible that she will fail her exams? Is it likely she will fail her exams? 6. She is a VIP. We’d better not quarrel with her. We can’t afford to quarrel with her. 7. I expect we will get there by 5.00, if there isn’t too much traffic. We should get there by 5.00, if there isn’t too much traffic. 8. I am sure that the cat is in the house somewhere. The cat is bound to be in the house somewhere. 9. I am sure that John is the thief. John must be the thief. 10. Look! Norman will speak about it now. Norman is about to speak. 11. All students should report to the main hall at 9.00. All students are to report to the main hall at 9.00. 12. Too bad you didn’t reconsider the idea! You ought to reconsider the idea. 13. There was a plan for the meeting to begin at 6. The meeting was supposed to begin at 6. 14. It was a mistake for you to buy that car. You shouldn’t have bought that car. 15. Is it possible that Bill saw me? Could Bill have seen me? 16. I’m sure that Karen was a beautiful baby Karen must have been a beautiful baby. 17. Perhaps Alan didn’t mean what he said. Alan might not have meant what he said. 18. I think it was wrong that you didn’t help. You should have helped. 19. You almost caused an accident! You could have caused an accident. 20. I suppose he is walking his dog. He may be walking his dog.

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EXERCISE 33. Adjective phrases. (Charts 13-14 and 13-15) Directions: Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases. Do you know the woman who is coming toward us? › Do you know the woman coming foward uS? The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet. The people waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country. I come from a city located in the southern part of the country. The children who attend that school receive a good education.

Is Should Have Been Likely Afford Should Bound Be about to are Ought Supposed Bought Can been meant Should Could Be

The children attending that school receive a good education. 5. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress. The scientists researching the causes of cancer are making progress. 6. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood. The fence surrounding our house is made of wood. 7. They live in a house that was built in 1890. They live in a house built in 1890. 8. We have an apartment which overlooks the park. We have an apartment overlooking the park. EXERCISE 34. Adjective phrases. (Chorts 13-14 end 13-15) Directions: Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases. 1. Dr. Stanton, who is the president of the university, will give a speech at the commencement ceremonies. 2. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page. 3. The rules that allow (allowing) public access to wilderness areas need to be reconsidered. 4. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary. 5. There is almost no end to the problems that face (faced) a head of state. 6. The psychologists who study (studying) the nature of sleep have made important discoveries. 7. The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful. 8. Kuala Lumpur, which is the capital city of Malaysia, is a major trade center in Southeast Asia. 9. Antarctica is covered by a huge ice cap that contains 70 percent of the earth's fresh water. 10. When I went to Alex's house to drop off some paperwork, I met Jerry, who is his longtime partner. 11. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way. 12. Two out of three people who are struck by lightning survive. 13. Simon Bolivar, who was a great South American general, led the fight for independence early in the 19th century. 14. Many of the students who hope (hoping) to enter the university will be disappointed because only one-tenth of those who apply for admission will be accepted. 15. There must exist in a modern community a sufficient number of persons who possess (possessing) the technical skill that is required to maintain the numerous devices upon which our physical comforts depend. 16. Many famous people did not enjoy immediate success in their early lives. Abraham Lincoln, who was one of the truly great presidents of the United States, ran for public office 26 times and lost 23 of the elections. Walt Disney, who was the creator of Mickey Mouse and the founder of his own movie production company, once was fired by a newspaper editor because he had no good ideas. Thomas Edison, who was the inventor of the light bulb and the phonograph, was believed by his teachers to be too stupid to learn. Albert Einstein, who was one of the greatest scientists of all time, performed badly in almost all of his high school courses and failed his first college entrance exam.

Court personnel Below are 10 people (or groups of people) who work in the different courts. Can you find them in the word square below? C J U G U I 0 P P P P 0 M T H

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Barrister Judge Prosecutor Magistrate Recorder Clerk Jury

Complete the following text choosing from the words in the square. The judiciary are perhaps the most prominent amongst those involved in running the court. The largest group of judges are juries, ordinary citizens who are not legal professionals are but are appointed to ensure that the local community is involved in the running of the legal system. They sit in a group of three (as a bench). Magistrates sit with a legally qualified clerk, who can advise on points of law. A case is presented by the prosecutor, who takes over the case from the police who have already charged the defendant (or accused) with specified crimes. In the upper courts, the judges are almost all former barristers. But many cases are also heard by recorders - part-time barristers from private practice.

At trial The climax of the legal proceedings is the trial. Read the following text about the trial and the answer the true/false questions below the text. A trial may be defined broadly and comprehensively as a judicial examination of the issues between the parties. Although some variations may exist, trials are usually held before a judge sitting alone, a referee, or a judge and jury. The counsels for the prosecution and for the defence make opening statements to the jury, outlining what each sees as the nature of the case and what each hopes to prove as the trial proceeds. Next, the counsel for the prosecution presents his case by calling witnesses, questioning them, and permitting them to be cross-examined by the counsel for the defence. The counsel for each side then makes a closing argument to the jury, summarizing the evidence in a light most favourable to their respective clients. The function of the jury is to determine the facts of the case, whereas the function of the judge is to determine the applicable law and to oversee the parties' presentation of the facts to the court. After the judge

has instructed the jury on the applicable law, the jury will retire to deliberate in private until it reaches a just verdict, which will then be announced in open court. The verdict of a jury terminates the trial. In a case tried before a judge sitting alone, the decision of the judge constitutes a termination of the trial. Decide whether the following statements are true or false 1. Criminal trials are always held in front of a jury. FALSE 2. A judge may sit alone to hear a legal case. FALSE 3. At the beginning of the trial both counsels outline their case. TRUE 4. The counsel for the defence may cross-examine prosecution witnesses. TRUE 5. The function of the jury is to decide the applicable law. FALSE 6. The judge may intervene if the counsels on either side fail to observe the court procedures. TRUE 7. The judge advises the jury on the law relevant to the ease. TRUE 8. The jury discusses their verdict in open court. FALSE

Sentencing Below is a range of sentences that may be imposed. Match each sentence to its definition. Sentence 1 Bond (застава) 8 binding over (обмежити) 2

capital punishment (смертна кара)

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suspended sentence

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jail (в’язниця) Parole (умовно-дострокове звільнення) Imprisonment (ув’язнення) Probation (випробувальний термін)

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peace bond community service (виправні роботи) determinate sentence Prison (в’язниця)

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concurrent sentence (кілька одночасних 14 вироків)

good behaviour

Definition a When two or more terms of imprisonment are served together, (concurrent sentence) b A place for long-term incarceration for a crime, (prison) c A place of confinement for time periods longer than those usual for a police station lock-up and shorter than those usual for a prison. (jail) d Unpaid work undertaken pursuant to a court order upon conviction for an offence in lieu of a sentence of imprisonment, (community service) e A release from prison, before a sentence is finished, that depends on the person 'keeping clean' and doing what he or she is supposed to do while out. If the person fails to meet the conditions, the rest of the sentence must be served. (probation) f Conduct required for criminals to get out of jail early or other privileges while in prison. (good behavior) g A sentence (usually 'jail time') that the judge allows the convicted person to avoid serving (e.g. if the person continues on good behaviour, completes community service, etc.). (suspended sentence) h A document that promises to pay money if a particular future event happens, or a sum of money that is put up and will be lost if that event happens. (bond) i An act by which the court requires a bond or bail money. (binding over) j The sentencing of a criminal to a period of time during which they will be deprived of their freedom. (imprisonment) k A bond, required by a judge of a person likely to 'breach the peace', to guarantee the person's good behaviour for a period of time. (peace bond) An exact prison term that is set by law, rather than one that may be shortened for good

behaviour. (determinate sentence) m A kind of punishment given out as part of a sentence, which means that instead of jailing a person convicted of a crime, a judge will order that the person reports to an officer regularly and according to a set schedule. (parole) n The most severe of all sentences: that of death. Also known as the death penalty. (capital punishment) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 h

Tribunals Tribunals in the UK The system of courts in the United Kingdom is supplemented by a substantial number of tribunals, set up by Acts of Parliament. They are described in the guidance given to government departments as: "those bodies whose functions, like those of courts of law, are essentially judicial. Independently of the Executive, they decide the rights and obligations of private citizens towards each other and towards a government department or public authority." Report of Council on Tribunals The growth in the number and importance of tribunals is closely related to the development of an increasingly active welfare state with legislation covering areas previously considered private. Some examples are: Social Security Appeal Tribunal Employment Tribunal Mental Health Review Tribunal Immigration Appeal Tribunal Lands Tribunal Some tribunals have a significant effect in the areas of law involved. However, they are nonetheless inferior to the courts and their decisions are subject to judicial review - examination by a higher court of the decision-making process in a lower court. Composition of tribunals and procedure A tribunal consists of three members. The chairperson is normally the only legally qualified member. The other two are lay representatives who usually have special expertise in the area governed by the tribunal, gained from practical experience. The tribunal will also have all the usual administrative support enjoyed by a court: hearing clerks, who are responsible for administering procedures, clerical staff, and hearing accommodation. Finish the text by filling the rights words into the gaps: agency brought to cases claimants costs dismissal legal resolve statements witnesses The intention of tribunals was to provide a less formal proceeding in which 1 claimants could lodge claims and respondents defend claims, and ultimately 2 resolve their disputes without the need for 3 legal representation. However, procedures have become more complicated and 4 cases brought before tribunals are often presented by solicitors and barristers. For example, a case of unfair 5 dismissal - where an employer appears to not be acting in a reasonable way in removing an employee - could be 6 brought to an Employment Tribunal. Procedure at that Tribunal may include a stage where a government 7 agency tries to broker a settlement so that a claim may be withdrawn. The 8 costs of the hearing are borne by the public purse, that is, paid from tax revenue, but legal representation is at the cost of each party. Witness 9 statements are normally exchanged before the hearing and at the hearing both parties may question 10 witnesses and address the Tribunal. The Tribunal can refer to decisions of higher courts before making its decision in a specific case.