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‫ ابدي‬abadīya infinite duration, endless time, eternity

‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬a particle introducing direct and indirect questions; ‫ أم ― ا‬a - am in alternative questions; ‫ أم ―سواء ا‬sawā’un a ― am no matter whether - or; ‫ أ و‬a-wa particle indicating or implying doubt: or? perhaps? (atau/apakah) ‫( اَوتشك في ذلك‬tašukku) you wouldn't doubt it, would you? do you perhaps doubt it? or do you doubt it? ‫اَال‬ alā and ‫ اَما‬a-mā intensifying interjections introducing sentences: verily, truly, indeed, oh yes, etc., ‫( اَال فانظروا‬fa-nẓurū) oh, do look! why, look! ‫( اَما انه‬innahū) why, he is ... !

‫ آبد‬ābid wild, untamed ‫ آبدة‬ābida pl. ‫ اوابد‬awābid2 unusual thing, prodigious event │ ‫ اوابد الدنيا‬a. addunyā the Wonders of the World ‫ مؤبد‬mu'abbad eternal, endless, everlasting │‫( سجن مؤبد‬sijn) life imprisonment 1

‫ ابرة‬ibra pl. ‫ ابر‬ibar needle, pln; indicator (of an instrument); shot, injection (med.);sting, prick │ ‫حقنه ابرة‬ ḥaqanahu ibratan to give s.o. an injection; ‫ ابرة الراعى‬i. ar-rā‘ī geranium (bot.); ‫ابرة‬ ‫( مغناطيسية‬magnāṯīsīya) magnetic needle; ‫ شغل االبرة‬šug1 al-i. needlework

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‫ آب‬āb2 August = Agustus (month; Syr., Leb., Jord., Ir.)

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‫ اب‬see ‫ابو‬

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‫ اب‬abba u to long, yearn, (‫ إلى وطنه‬ilā waṯanihi for one's homeland)

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‫ ابيب‬look up alphabetically

‫( اباتي‬It. abate) abātī abbot (Chr.) ‫ ابالة‬ibāla, ibbāla bundle, bale ‫ يا ابت‬see ‫ابو‬ ‫ ابجد‬abjad alphabet ‫ ابجدي‬abjadī alphabetic(al); ‫ ابجديات‬elementary facts, simple truths │ ‫الحروف االبجدية‬the letters of the alphabet ‫ ابد‬abada (‫ ابود‬ubūd) to stay, linger (‫ ب‬at a place); ― i u to roam in a state of wildness, run wild, be shy, shy away, run away (animal, game) II to make lasting or permanent, perpetuate, eternize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to be perpetuated, become lasting or permanentl; to return to a state of wildness ‫ ابد‬abad pl. ‫ آباد‬ābād endless, eternal duration, eternity; ‫ ابدا‬abadan always, forever; ever, (with neg.) never (in the future), not at all, on no account; (alone, without negation) never! not at all! By no means! │ ‫ إلى األبد‬،‫ على األبد‬and ‫أبد الدھر‬ abada d-dahri forever; ‫ ابد اآلبدين‬abada labadīn and ‫ إلى ابد اآلبدين‬ilā abadi l-a. forever and ever

‫ ابر‬abara i u (abr) to prick, sting II to pollinate (‫ ھـ‬a palm tree)

‫ مئبر‬mi'bar needlecase; pack needle 2

‫ آبار‬ābār see ‫بئر‬

‫ ابريشية‬abrašīya and ‫ ابروشية‬abrūšīya pl. -āt diocese, bishoprie (Chr.); parish (Chr.) ‫ ابرميس‬abramīs, ‫ ابراميس‬bream (zool.) ‫ ابريز‬pure gold 1 ‫ ابريسم‬ibrīsam, ibrīsim silk ‫ ابريق‬ibrīq pl. ‫ اباريق‬abārīq2 pitcher, jug ‫ ابريل‬abril April ‫ ابزن‬abzan pl. ‫ ابازن‬abāzin2 washbowl ‫ ابزيم‬ibzīm pl. ‫ ابازم‬abāzim2 buckle, clasp ‫ ابض‬ubḍ pl. ‫ آباض‬ābāḍ and ‫ مأبض‬ma’biḍ pl. ‫ مآبض‬ma’ābiḍ2 hollow of the knee, popliteal space ‫ ابط‬V to take or carry under one's arm (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to put one's arm (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬around s.o., around s.th.), hold in one's arm (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ ابط‬ibṯ pl. ‫ آباط‬ābāṯ m. and f. armpit ‫ ابق‬abaqa i (‫ اباق‬ibāq) to escape, run away (a slave from his master) ‫ ابق‬abaq a kind of hemp ‫ آبق‬ābiq pl. ‫ اباق‬ubbāq runaway, escaped; a fugitive

‫ ابدي‬abadi everlasting, eternal, endless

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‫ االبدي‬al-abadī eternity

‫ ابل‬ibil (coll.) camel

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‫ ابالة‬ibāla, ibbāla bundle, bale

‫ ابليز‬iblīz alluvial deposits (of the Nile)

disdain (‫ ھـ‬s.th.): to deny (‫ على ھـ‬s.o. s.th.) │ ‫( ابى اال أن يفعله‬illā an yaf’alahū) he insisted on doing it; ‫ ابى ﷲ إال أن‬God willed that ... V to refuse, decline

‫ ابليس‬iblīs pl. ‫ ابالسة‬abālisa devil, Satan 1

‫ ابن‬II to celebrate, praise, eulogize (‫ ه‬a deceased person), deliver a funeral oration (‫ ه‬in praise of s.o.)

‫ اباء‬ibā’, ‫ اباءة‬ibā’a rejection; dislike, distaste, aversion, disdain; pride

‫ ابنة‬ubna passive pederasty

‫ ابي‬abīy disdainful, scornful: proud, lofty, lofty-minded

‫ ابان‬ibbān time: ‫ ابان‬ibbāna during, ‫في‬ ‫ ابان‬at the time of, during ‫ تأبين‬ta’bīn commemoration (of a deceased person) │‫ حفلة تأبين‬ḥaflat at-t. commemorative celebration (in honor of a deceased person) ‫ مأبون‬ma’būn catamite; weakling, mollycoddle, sissy; scoundrel 2

‫ ابن‬see 1‫بن‬

‫ ابنوس‬abnūs ebony ‫ ابه‬abaha and abiha a (abh) to pay attention ( ‫ل‬, also ‫ ب‬to), heed (‫ل‬, also ‫ ب‬s.th.), take notice (‫ل‬, also ‫ ب‬of) │‫امر ال يؤبه له‬ (yu'bahu) an insignificant, unimportant matter V to display proud, haughty manners; to turn away, keep one's distance, remain aloof (‫ عن‬from), look down (‫ عن‬upon), think o.s. far above (‫عن‬ s.o. or s.th.) ‫ ابھة‬ubbaha splendor, pomp, ostentation, pageantry; pride ‫ اب‬ab pl. ‫ آباء‬aba' father (also eccl.): ancestor, forefather: ‫ يــا ابــت‬yā abati O my father! ‫ االبــوان‬al-abawān the parents, father and mother; ‫ ابونا‬abūnā reverend father, form of address and title of a priest (Chr). │‫ابا عن جد‬ aban ‘an jaddin handed down from father to son, as s.th. inherited from forefathers; ‫ ا بو سعن‬abū su’n marabou; ‫ ا بو ال نوم‬abū nnaum poppy; ‫ ابـــو الھـــول‬abū l-haul the Sphinx; ‫ ابـــو اليقظـــان‬abū l-yaqẓān rooster, cock ‫ ابوة‬ubūwa fatherhood, paternity ‫ ابوي‬abawī paternal, fatherly ‫ ابونيت‬ebonite ‫( ابونيه‬Fr. abonné) abūneh pl. -āt subscription; subscription card (e.g., for public conveyances, a concert season, etc.) ‫ ابى‬abā a (‫ اباء‬ibā’, ‫ اباءة‬ibā’a) to refuse, decline; to turn down, reject, scorn,

‫ آب‬ābin pl. ‫ اباة‬ubāh reserved, standoffish; unwilling, reluctant, grudging ‫ ابيب‬abīb the eleventh month of the Coptic calendar 2 ‫ ابيقوري‬abīqūrī Epicurean ‫ ابيقوري‬abīqūriya Epicureanism ‫ اترج‬utrujj and ‫ اترنج‬utrunj citron (Citrus medica; bot.) ‫( آتشجي‬Turk. ateşçi) ātešgī fireman, stoker ‫ مأتم‬ma’tam pl. ‫ مآتم‬ma’ātim2 obsequies, funeral ceremony 1

‫ اتان‬atān pl. ‫ آتن‬ātun, ‫ اتن‬utun, utn female donkey, she-ass

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‫ اتون‬atūn, attūn pl. ‫ اتن‬utun, ‫ اتاتن‬atātīn2 kiln, furnace, oven

‫ اتاوة‬itāwa pl. ‫ اتاوى‬atāwā duty, tax, tribute ‫( اتوبيس‬Fr.) otobīs autobus, bus ‫( اتوماتيكي‬Fr.) otomātīkī automatic ‫ اتومبيل‬boyl lI‫الى‬d ‫( اتوموبيل‬Fr.) otomobīl automobile ‫ اتى‬atā i (‫ اتيان‬ityān, ‫ اتى‬aty, ‫ مأتاة‬to come (‫ ه‬or ‫ الى‬to; ‫ على‬over s.o.), arrive (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ الى‬at); ‫ب‬ ‫ اتى‬to bring, bring forward, produce, advance, accomplish or achieve s.th.; ‫اتى ه‬ ‫ ب‬to bring, give or offer s.o. s.th.; to do, perform (‫ ھـ‬a deed), carry out, execute (‫ھـ‬ e.g., movements); to commit, perpetrate ( ‫ ھـ‬a sin, a. crime); to mention (‫ على‬s.th.); to finish off (‫ على‬s.th., also s.o.); to finish, complete, carry through, dispose, settle, wind up, conclude, terminate, bring to a close (‫ على‬s.th.); to destroy, annihilate, eradicate, wipe out (‫ على‬s.th.); to eliminate, carry away, sweep away (‫على‬ s.th.), do away (‫ على‬with); to use up, exhaust (also a subject), present exhaustively, in great detail (‫ على‬s.th.), elaborate (‫ على‬on s.th.) │ ‫ كما يأتي‬as

follows; ‫( اتى على آخره‬ākhirihī) to complete, finish s.th.; to spend or use up the last of s.th.; ‫ اتى على األخضر واليابس‬to destroy everything, wreak havoc; ‫اتى‬ ‫ البيوت من ابوابھا‬s.th. in the right way, knock on the right door;‫ يؤتى من قبل‬yu’ta min qibali is undermined, weakened, ruined by III to offer furnish, give, afford (‫ ب‬to s.o. s.th.), provide, supply (‫ ب‬s.o. with); to be propitious, be favorable (‫ ه‬for s.o.), favor ( ‫ ه‬s.o.); to turn out well (. for s.o.), be in favor (‫ ه‬of); to suit, befit, become (‫ ه‬s.o.), be appropriate (‫ ه‬for s.o.); to agree (‫ ه‬with s.o.; food) │‫( اتاه كل شيء‬kullu šai’in) everything was in his favor, turned out well for him, came his way IV to bring (‫ھـ‬ s.o. s.th.); to give (‫ ھـ‬s.o. s.th.); to grant (‫ھـ‬ ‫ ه‬to s.o. s.th.), bestow (‫ ھـ‬upon s.o. s.th.) │ ‫( آتى الزكاة‬zakāta) to give alms V to originate, stem, derive, spring, arise, result (‫ عن‬from); to end (‫ عن‬with), result (‫عن‬ in); to get (‫ الى‬to), arrive (‫ الى‬at); to be easy to do, be feasible without difficulty, be attainable, go well, progress; to go about s.th. (‫ )فى‬gently, cautiously X to ask to come, induce to come (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ مأتى‬ma’tan pl. ‫ مآت‬ma’ātin place where s.th. comes from; place at which one arrives; access; pl. ‫ مآت‬place of origin; origin, source, provenance; place where one has been or to which one has come; place where s.th. starts, where s.th. ends ‫ آت‬ātin coming, next; following │ ‫( األسبوع اآلتي‬usbū‘) the coming week, next week; ‫ كاآلتي‬as follows ‫ موات‬mu’ātin, muwātin favorable, propitious, opportune, convenient, suitable ‫ اث‬aṯṯa u I a (‫ اثاثة‬aṯāṯa) to be luxuriant, grow profusely (hair, plants) II to fix up, prepare (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to furnish (‫ ھـ‬an apartment) V to be or become rich, wealthy, to prosper; to be furnished ‫ اثاث‬aṯāṯ furniture, furnishings (of an apartment, of a room) ‫ تأثيث‬ta’ṯīṯ furnishing ‫ اث‬aṯṯ, ‫ اثاث‬aṯīṯ abundant, luxuriant, profusely growing (hair, plants) ‫ اثر‬aṯara u i (aṯr, ‫ اثارة‬aṯāra) to transmit, pass along, report, relate (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ عن‬from, or based on the authority of, s.o.) II to affect,

influence (‫ في‬or ‫ على‬s.o., s.th.), act (‫ في‬or ‫ على‬upon), produce an effect, make an impression, have influence (‫ في‬or ‫ على‬on); to induce (phys.) IV to prefer (‫ ھـ على‬s.th. to), like (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) more (‫ على‬than); to have a predilection, a liking (‫ ھـ‬for), like (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), be fond (‫ ھـ‬of); to choose, deem wise or advisable (‫ ان‬to do s.th.); to adore (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ s.o., s.th.) │‫( آثر نفسه بالخير‬nafsahū bi-lkair) to wish o.s. well, hope for the best for o.s. V to be impressed, be influenced; to let o.s. be impressed, be impressible; to be moved, be touched (‫ ب‬or ‫ ل‬by, also ‫;)من‬ to be excited, be stimulated; to be affected (‫ ب‬by, said of materials, e.g., iron by acid); to be induced (phys.); to follow in s.o.’s (‫)ه‬ tracks, follow s.o.’s example, emulate (‫ه‬ s.o.); to pursue, follow up (‫ ھـ‬a question, a problem); to perceive, feel (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) X to claim a monopoly; to possess alone, with the exclusion of others, monopolize (‫ب‬ s.th.); to appropriate (‫ ب‬s.th.), take exclusive possession (‫ ب‬of); to preoccupy (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), engross (‫ ھـ‬the attention) │‫استأثر‬ ‫ ﷲ به‬the Lord has taken him unto Himself ‫ اثر‬aṯar pl. ‫ آثار‬āṯār track, trace, vestige; sign, mark; touch; impression, effect, action, influence (‫ في‬on); tradition (relating the deeds and utterances of Mohammed and his Companions); work (of art, esp. of literature); ancient monument; ‫ آثار‬antiquities; remnants, vestiges; (religious) relics │‫‘ علم اآلثار‬ilm al-a. archeology; ‫ دار اآلثار‬museum of antiquities; ‫( ال اثر له‬aṯara) ineffective, ineffectnal; ‫( بأثر رجعي‬raj‘ī) with retroactive force (jur.); ‫اصبح اثرا بعد عين‬ aṣbaḥa aṯaran ba‘da ‘ainin to be destroyed, be wiped out, leave nothing but memory behind; ‫( اعاده اثرا بعد عين‬a‘adahū) to destroy s.th. completely ; ‫ في اثره‬،‫على اثره‬ (also fī iṯrihī) on his (its) track, at his heels, after him; immediately afterwards, presently, thereupon; ;'11 j. immediately afterwards, presently ‫ اثر‬iṯra (prep.) immediately after, right after ‫ اثري‬aṯarī archeologic(a1); archeologist (also ‫ آثاري‬āṯārī); old, ancient, antique │ ‫ عالم اثري‬archeologist; ‫( لغة اثرية‬luga) dead language ‫ اثر‬aṯir egoistic, selfish

‫ اثرة‬aṯara selfishness, egoism ‫ اثير‬aṯīr favored, preferred (‫ عند‬by s.o.), in favor (‫ عند‬with s.o.); select, exquisite, noble; see also alphabetically ‫ اثارة‬aṯāra remainder, remnant; faint trace, vestige ‫ مأثرة‬ma’ṯara, ma’ṯura pl. ‫ مآثر‬ma’āṯir exploit, feat, glorious deed

‫ اثيل‬atīl and ‫ مؤثل‬mu’attal deep-rooted; of noble origin, highborn ‫ اثم‬atima a (itm, atam, ‫ مأثم‬ma’tam) to sin, err, slip V to eschew sin, shun evil; to restrain o.s. hold back ‫ اثم‬itm pl. ‫ آثام‬ātām sin, offense, misdeed, crime

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‫ مأثم‬ma’tam pl. ‫ مآثم‬sin, offense, misdeed, crime

‫ تأثير‬ta’ṯīr action, effect, influence, impression (‫ على‬،‫ في‬on); effectiveness, efficacy; induction (phys.)

‫ تأثيم‬sin, offense, misdeed, crime ‫ آثم‬ātim pl. ‫ اثمة‬atama and ‫ اثيم‬atīm pl. ‫ اثماء‬atmā’ sinful, criminal, wicked, evil; sinner

‫ تأثيري‬ta’ṯīrī produced by induction, inductive, inductional, induced (phys.) ‫ إيثار‬īṯār preference; altruism; predilection; love, affection

‫ اثمد‬itmid antimony

‫ تأثر‬ta’aṯṯur being influenced; agitation, emotion, feeling; excitability, sensitivity; (pl. -āt) feeling, sensation, perception │ ‫ سريع التأثر‬easily impressed, impressible, sensitive

‫ اثينا‬atīnā Athens ‫ اثيوبيا‬atyūbiyā Ethiopia

‫ تأثري‬ta’aṯṯurī: ‫المذھب التأثري‬ (madhab)the impressionistic movement

‫ اج‬ajja u i (‫ اجيج‬ajīj) to burn, blaze, flame (fire) II to light, kindle, start (‫ ھـ‬a fire) V = I

‫ اثير‬atīr ether

‫ اثيوبي‬atyūbī Ethiopian; (pl.-ūn) an Ethiopian │ ‫البالد االثيوبية‬Ethiopia

‫ تأثرية‬ta’atturīya impressionism

‫ ماء اجاج‬mā’ ujāj bitter, salty water

‫ استئثار‬isti’tār arrogation of a monopoly; monopolization; presumption, presumptuousness; exclusive power ‫ مأثور‬ma’tūr transmitted, handed down │ ‫(قول مأثور‬qaul) and ‫( كلمة مأثورة‬kalima) proverb ‫ مؤثر‬mu’attir affecting, acting upon; effective; impressive; moving, touching, pathetic; (pl. -āt) influencing factor, influence 2

‫ أثير‬look up alphabetically

‫ أثفية‬utfīya pl. ‫ أثاف‬atāfin trivet, tripod (in &ncient times: &ny one of the three stones supporting a cooking pot near the fire) │ ‫ ثالثة األثافي‬that which rounds out a number, caps s.th., puts the lid on s.th., the crowning touch ‫ اثل‬atala i to consolidate, strengthen II to become rich V to be consolidated, be strengthened; to become rich ‫ اثل‬atl pl. ‫ اثول‬utūl (coll.; n. un. pl. atalat) tamarisk (bot.)

‫ اجاج‬ajjāj burning, blazing, hot ‫ متأجج‬muta’ajjij burning, blazing, flaming ‫ اجبية‬ajabīya horologium (Copt.-Chr.) 2

‫ أجر‬ajara u (ajr) to reward, recompense, remunerate (‫ ھـ‬s.o.) II to let for rent, let out, hire out, rent, lease (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); (with nafsahū) to hire s.o. out IV to let for rent, let out, hire out, rent, lease (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to rent, hire, lease, hold under a lease (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), take a lease, (‫ ھـ‬on); to hire, engage, take on (‫ ه‬s.o.), engage the services (‫ ه‬of s.o.) X to rent, hire, lease, hold under a lease (‫ھـ‬.th.), take a lease (‫ ھـ‬on); to charter (‫ ھـ‬a vessel); to hire, engage, take on (‫ه‬ s.o.), engage the service (‫ ه‬of s.o.) ‫ اجر‬ajr pl. ‫ اجور‬ujūr wages, pay, honorarium, recompense, emolument, remuneration; price, rate, fee │ ‫اجور السفر‬ u. as-safar fares ‫ اجرة‬ujra hire, rent, rental; price, rate, fee; fixed rate, (official) charge; postage │ ‫ اجرة البريد‬postage; ‫ اجرة النقل‬u. an-naql

‫ آجل‬ājil delayed, protracted; deferred; later, future (as opposed to ‫عاجل(│ عاجال او‬ ‫’آجال‬ājilan au ājilan, ‫ في عاجله او آجله‬sooner or later, now or later on; ‫في العاجل واآلجل‬ now and in the future ‫ اآلجلة‬al-ājila the life to come, the hereafter ‫ مؤجل‬mu’ajjal delayed, late, postponed, deferred; fixed in time, deadlined

transport charges, freight(age), carriage, cartage ‫ اجير‬ajīr pl. ‫ اجراء‬ujarā’ hireling; workman, laborer, day laborer; employee ‫ اجيرة‬ajīra working woman, factory girl, female laborer; woman employee ‫ تأجير‬ta’jīr letting, leasing, hiring out, letting on lease; lease│ ‫مشروع التأجير‬ ‫( واإلعارة‬i‘āra) Lend-Lease Act ‫ ايجار‬ījār pl. -āt rent; letting, leasing, hiring out, letting on lease│ ‫ لإليجار‬for rent, to let ‫ اجارة‬ijāra pl. -āt rent; letting, leasing, hiring out, letting on lease ‫ استئجار‬isti’jār rent, lease, tenure ‫ مأجور‬ma’jūr paid, salaried, on the payroll, gainfully employed; employee; mercenary, venal, hired, bribed ‫ مؤجر‬mu’ajjir pl. -ūn landlord, lessor ‫ مستأجر‬musta’jir leaseholder, lessee, tenant; employer 5 2

‫ آجر‬ājurr (n. un. ‫ )ة‬baked brick

‫ اجزاجي‬see ‫جزء‬ ‫ اجزاخانة‬see ‫جزء‬ ‫ اجاص‬ijjāṣ pear ‫ اجل‬ajala a (ajal) to hesitate, tarry, linger II to delay, postpone, put off, defer, adjourn (‫ھـ‬ ‫ الى‬s.th. till) V to be postponed, be deferred, be adjourned (‫ مؤجر‬till, to) X to request postponement (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to seek to delay (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ اجل‬ajal yes, indeed! certainly! by all means! ‫ ألجل‬li-ajli or ‫ من اجل‬min ajli because of, on account of, for the sake of; for │ ‫ألجل‬ ‫أن‬in order that, that, so that; ‫مــن أجــل ھــذا‬ therefore, for that reason, on this account ‫ اجل‬ajal pl. ‫ آجال‬ājāl appointed time, date, deadline; instant of death; respite, delay│‫ باألجل‬on credit (com.); ‫قصير األجل‬ short-term, short-time; short-lived: ‫إلى أجل‬ ‫( غير مسمى‬gairi musammā) for an indefinite period, sine die, until further notice ‫ تأجيل‬ta’jīl delay, postponement, adjournment, deferment, respite; appointment of a time or date

‫ اجمة‬ajama, coll. ‫ اجم‬ajam pl. -āt, ‫ اجم‬ujum, ‫آجام‬ ājām thicket, jungle, forest: reeds, canebrake ‫ اجمية‬ajamiya malaria│ ‫ بعوضة األجمية‬ba‘ūḍat al-a. anopheles ‫ آجن‬ājin brackish (water) ‫ اجندة‬ajanda notebook ‫ اح‬aḥḥa u (aḥḥ) to cough ‫ احد‬II to make into one, unite, unify (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VIII ‫ اتحد‬see ‫وحد‬ ‫ احد‬aḥad, f. ‫ احدى‬one: somebody, someone, anybody, anyone (esp. in negative sentences and questions); ‫ األحد‬the One (God); Sunday│‫ احدھم‬aḥaduhum every one of them; ‫ يوم األحد‬yaum al-a. Sunday; ‫أحد‬ ‫ السعف‬a. as-sa‘af Palm Sunday; ‫أحد العنصرة‬ a. al-‘anṣara Whitsunday; ‫ آحد األلوف‬āḥād al-ulūf a few thousand (2-9000; as distinguished from ‫ عشرات األلوف‬and ‫مئات‬ ‫)األلوف‬ ‫ احدي‬aḥadī dominical, Sunday (adj.) ‫ احدية‬aḥadīya unity, oneness ‫ اآلحد‬al-āḥād the units (math.) 1

‫ احن‬aḥina a (aḥan) to bate (‫ على‬s.o.)

‫ احنة‬iḥna pl. ‫ احن‬iḥan old feud, deep-rooted hatred 2

‫ احين‬see ‫اوح‬

‫ اخ‬see ‫اخو‬ ‫ اخت‬see ‫اخو‬ ‫ اخذ‬aḳaḍa u (aḳḍ) to take (‫ من ھـ‬s.th. from or out of): to take (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) along: to get, receive, obtain (‫ من ھـ‬s.th. from); to take up, seize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to grab (‫ ب‬s.o., s.th.), take hold of (‫)ب‬: to perceive, notice (‫ ه‬s.o., said of the eye); to gather, understand, infer, deduce (‫ من ھـ‬s.th. from), read (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) between the lines (‫ من‬of); to grip,

captivate, thrill, spellbind (‫ ب‬s.o.); to take up, acquire, make one's own (‫ ب‬s.th., e.g., a method); to keep, adhere (‫ ب‬to), observe, take over, adopt, embrace, follow, copy, imitate (‫ ب‬s.th.); to accept ( ‫ ب‬s.th.); to take, lead (‫ الى ب‬s.o. to); to admonish, urge, drive (‫ ب ه‬s.o. to do s.th.); to enjoin, impose (‫ ب ه‬on s.o. s.th.); to take away (‫ ه على‬from s.o. s.th.), strip, deprive ( ‫ ه على‬s.o. of), cut off, bar (‫ ه على‬s.o. from); to reproach, hlame (‫ ه على‬s.o. for); to hold against s.o. (‫ )على‬that ... (‫)ان‬, fix the blame (‫ على‬on s.o., ‫ ان‬for the fact that); to obligate (‫ ب على‬s.o. to); to learn (‫ على‬or ‫عن‬ from s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), acquire knowledge (‫على‬ or ‫ عن‬from s.o.), ‫'( أخذ العلم عنه‬ilm) to study under s.o.; to begin, start (‫ في‬or ‫ ب‬with s.th. or s.th., with foll. imperf.: to do s.th.), prepare, set out, be about (‫ في‬or ‫ ب‬to do s.th.) │ ‫( أخذ أبھته‬uhbatahū) to make preparations, prepare o.s., get ready; ‫أخذ‬ ‫( مأخذ فالن‬ma’ḳad) to adopt the same course as s.o. else, follow s.o.’s example; ‫ أخذ منه مأخذا‬to seize s.o., take possession of s.o. (a sensation, or the like); ‫أخذ مجراه‬ (majrāhu) to take its course; ‫أخذ مجلسه‬ (majlisahū) to take one's seat, sit down; ‫( أخذ خذره‬ḥidrahū) to be on one's guard; ‫( أخذه بالحسنى‬ḥusnā) to be friendly, be nice to s.o.; ‫( أخذ بخاطره‬bi-ḳāṯirihī) to show o.s. complaisant toward s.o., try to please s.o.; ‫( أخذ بذنبه‬bi-danbihi) to punish s.o. for his offense; ‫( أخذ رأيه‬ra'yahū) to ask s.o.’s opinion, consult s.o.; ‫( أخذ الرأي عليه‬uḳida r-ra'yu) the matter was put to a vote; ‫أخذ‬ ‫( بأسباب‬bi-asbābi) to embrace, adopt s.th., e.g., ‫( أخذ بأسباب الحضارة األروبية‬ḥaḍāra) to adopt European culture; ‫( أخذ بالشدة‬šidda) to deal with s.o. severely, give s.o. a rough time; ‫ أخذ عليه طريقه‬to obstruct s.o.’s way, hinder s.o. from moving on; ‫ أخذ على عاتقه‬to shoulder s.th., take s.th. upon o.s.; ‫أخذ العدة‬ ‫‘( ل‬udda) to prepare, set out, get ready to do s.th.; ‫‘( أخذ عليه عھدا‬ahdan) to put s.o. under an obligation, impose a commitment on s.o.; ‫أخذ على )حين( غرة‬ uḳida ‘alā (ḥīni) girratin to be taken by surprise, be caught unawares; ‫أخذ بالمقابلة‬ (muqābala) to repay like for like; ‫شيء يأخذ‬ ‫ القلوب‬s.th. which captivates the heart, a fascinating, thrilling thing; ‫أخذنا المطر‬ (maṯarū) we got caught in the rain; ‫أخذ‬ ‫( بناصره‬bi-nāṣirihi) to help s.o., stand by

s.o., take care of s.o., look after s.o.; ‫أخذ‬ ‫( نفسه‬nafasahū) to draw breath; ‫أخذ عليه‬ ‫ أنفاسه‬to take s.o.’s breath away; ‫أخذ النوم‬ (naum) sleep overwhelmed him; ‫أخذ بيده‬ (bi-yadihī) to help s.o., stand by s.o. II to lay under a spell, enchant, bewitch (‫ ه‬s.o.) III to censure, blame (‫ على ه‬،‫ ب‬s.o. for s.th.); to punish (‫ على ه‬،‫ ب‬s.o. for); to hold s.th. (‫ )على‬against s.o. (‫)ه‬, resent (‫ على‬s.th. ‫ه‬, in s.o.)│ ‫ ال تؤاخذني‬lā tu’āḳidnī pardon me! forgive me! no offense, I hope! VIII ‫ اتخذ‬ittaḳada to take (‫ ه‬s.th.); to take on, assume (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to take up, occupy (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to pass, adopt (‫ ھـ‬e.g., a resolution); to take, single out, have in mind (‫ ه ه‬،‫ھـ ھـ‬ s.o. or s.th. as); to make use (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), use (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to imitate, affect (‫ ھـ‬e.g., s.o.’s manner of speaking); to make (‫من ھـ‬ s.th. out of s.o. or s.th.)│ ‫( اتخذ شكال‬šaklan) to take on a form or shape; ‫اتخذ موقفا‬ (mauqifan) to take an attitude, assume a position; ‫ اتخذ التدابير االزمة‬to take the necessary measures; ‫( اتخذ قرارا‬qarāran) to pass or adopt a resolution; ‫اتخذ المواقع الجديدة‬ to take up new positions (troops) ‫ أخذ‬aḳd acceptance, reception; seizure; taking out, taking away, removal, etc.│ ‫أخذ‬ ‫ الرأي‬a. ar-ra'y voting, vote; ‫( أخذ ورد‬waradd) discussion, debate, dispute, argument; ‫( شيء ال يقبل أخذا وال ردا‬yaqbalu) an indisputable matter; ‫أخذ وعطاء‬ (wa-‘aṯā’) give-and-take; traffic, trade; dealings, relations (esp. business, commercial); discussion, debate; fight, battle ‫ أخذة‬uḳda spell, charm ‫ أخيذ‬aḳīd prisoner of war ‫ أخيذة‬aḳīda booty, spoils ‫ أخاذ‬aḳḳād captivating, fascinating, thrilling ‫ مأخذ‬ma’ḳad pl. ‫ مآخذ‬ma’āḳid2 place from which one takes s.th., source; O wall socket, outlet (el.); adoption, borrowing, loan; manner of acting, mode of procedure, approach; pl. ‫ مآخذ‬source references, bibliography (in booke); reprehensible points, faults, flaws, defects, shortcomings│ ‫ المأخذ األقرب‬the simplest, easiest approach; ‫ قريب المأخذ‬easy to handle or to use; see wao aḳada (middle of paragraph)

‫ مؤاخذة‬mu’āḳada objection, exception; censure, blame│ ‫( !ال مؤاخذة‬mu’āḳadata) pardon me! no offense, I hope! ‫ أخذ‬ma’ḳūd taken, seized; taken by surprise, caught, trapped; surprised; taken (‫ ب‬with), fascinated (‫ ب‬by); ‫ مأخوذ به‬in force, valid ‫ مأخوذات‬ma’ḳūdāt receipts, takings, returns (com.) ‫ اخر‬II to delay, put off, defer, postpone, adjourn (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to hinder, impede, obstruct, hold up (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), slow down, retard (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to draw out, delay ( ‫ عن‬s.th. beyond its appointed time); to put back (‫ ه‬,‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.), shelve (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to set back (‫ ھـ‬a watch, a clock); to suspend, discharge, dismiss, remove (‫ ه‬s.o. from an office) V to be late; to be delayed, fall or lag behind (‫)عن‬, tarry, linger, hesitate; to default (‫ عن‬on), be behindhand, be in arrears (‫ عن‬with), be behind (‫ عن‬in); to hesitate (‫ عن‬with); to be suspended (from service), be discharged, be dismissed│ ‫لم‬ ‫ يتأخر بعد ذلك من ان‬after that, he did not hesitate long before he …, presently, he ... ‫ آخر‬āḳir pl. -ūn, -āt, ‫ اواخر‬awaḳir2 last, ultimate, utmost, extreme; end, close, conclusion; foot, bottom (of a paper); ‫ اآلخر‬and ‫ اآلخرة‬the hereafter│ ‫الدار اآلخرة‬ the abode in the hereafter, the everlasting abode; ‫الى آخره‬ilā ākīirihī and so forth, et cetera; ‫ آخر األمر‬āḳir l-amri eventually, finally, in the end, after all; ‫ آخر الدھر‬āḳir d-dahri forever; ‫ آخر الزمان‬a. az-zamān time at which the Day of Judgment is to be expected, the end of the world; ‫عن آخره‬ to the last, down to the grass roots, entirely, completely, e.g., ‫دمر عن آخره‬ (dummira) to be completely destroyed, be wiped off the map; ‫ من آخره‬from behind, from the rear; ‫ ما له آخر‬endless, infinite; ‫في‬ ‫ آخر اآلخر‬after all, last of all; ‫ اواخر الشھر‬a. aš-šahr the end of the month, the last ten days of the month; ‫ اخيرا وليس آخرا‬last but not least ‫ اآلخرة‬al-āḳira the hereafter ‫ آخر‬āḳar 2, f. ‫ اخرى‬uḳrā, pl. comm. ‫اخر‬ uḳar 2 (and ‫ آخرون‬āḳarūn or ‫اخريات‬ respectively) another, one more, ‫ اآلخر‬the other│ ‫( مرة اخرى‬marratan) once more; ‫ھي‬ ‫ ھو اآلخر‬،‫ األخرى‬he also, she also, he in

turn, she in turn, ‫ انا اآلخر‬I also; ‫ان كانت‬ ‫( األخرى‬in kānat) otherwise; ‫من آن الى آخر‬ from time to time; ‫( من سنة الى اخرى‬sana) from year to year; ‫( بين فترة واخرى‬fatra) once in a while, from time to time; ‫( اخرى―آونة‬awinatan) sometimes -sometimes, at times -- at times ‫ األخرى‬al-uḳrā the hereafter ‫ اخروي‬uḳrawī of or relating to the life to come or the hereafter ‫ اخير‬aḳīr last; latest; rearmost; the second of two; ‫ اخيرا‬eventually, finally, in the end, after all, at last; recently, the other day; ‫ األول―االخير‬the former—the latter│ ‫اخيرا وليس آخرا‬last but not least ‫ مئخار‬mi’ḳār palm which retains its fruit into the winter ‫ تأخير‬ta’ḳīr delay, deferment, postponement; obstruction, retardation; putting back, temporary shelving ‫تأخر‬.f ta’aḳḳar delay, lag, retardation; hesitation, tarrying, lingering; slowness, tardiness; backwardness, underdevelopment (of a country) ‫ مؤخر‬mu’aḳḳar rear part, tail, end; atern (of a ship); remainder, balance (of a sum, to be paid later); ‫ مؤخرا‬mu’aḳḳaran recently, lately, the other day; at last, finally, eventually ‫ مؤخرة‬mu’aḳḳara rear, rear guard (of an army); rear positions or lines (mil.); stern (of a ship) ‫ متأخر‬muta’aḳḳir delayed, belated, late; occurring later (‫ عن‬than); behind, behindhand in arrears; backward, underdeveloped; lagging, staying behind; defaulter; ‫ المتأخرون‬the later, or modern, authors, writers, or the like (as opposed to ‫ المتقدمون(؛ المتأخرات‬arrears, balance of a ‫س‬um remaining due after previous payment│ ‫( البلدان المتأخرة‬buldān) the underdeveloped countries ‫ اخطبوط‬uḳṯubūṯ octopus ‫ اخو‬III to fraternize, associate as brothers (‫ه‬ with s.o.) V to act or show o.s. as a brother or friend VI to fraternize, associate as brothers

‫ اخ‬aḳ pl. ‫ اخو‬iḳwa, ‫ اخوان‬iḳwān brother; fellow man, neighbor; friend; pl. ‫اخوان‬ specif., brethren or members of an order; ‫ اإلخوان‬religious brotherhood of the Wahabi sect, militant in character, established by Ibn Sa‘ūd in 1910│ ‫يا أخي‬ my dear friend! ‫ اخو ثقة‬aḳū tiqa trustworthy, reliable; ‫ اخ شقيق‬brother through both father and mother, brothergerman

‫ األدب‬and ‫ عديم األدب‬ill-mannered, ill-bred, impolite, uncivil; ‫‘( األدب العامي‬āmmī) popular literature; ‫ رجال األدب‬literati, men of letters; ‫ كلية اآلداب‬kullīyat al-ā. (= faculté des lettres) college of arts; ‫ آداب‬rules, rules of conduct, e.g., ‫ آداب السلوك‬rules of decorum, etiquette; ‫ اآلداب‬decency, morals ‫ادبي‬adabī moral, ethic(al); literary│ ‫ واجب ادبي‬moral obligation; ‫ادبيا وماديا‬ adabiyan wa-māddīyan morally and physically; ‫( الفلسفة األدبية‬falsafa) ethics, moral science

‫ اخت‬uḳt pl. ‫ اخوات‬aḳawāt sister; (gram.) cognate; counterpart│ ‫ اختھا‬the other (of two), its mate, its counterpart (after a fem. noun)

‫ ادبيات‬adabīyāt lliterature, belles-lettres ‫ ادبخانة‬adabḳāna pl. -āt toilet, water closet

‫ خوي‬ḳuwaiy little brother ‫ اخوي‬aḳawi brotherly, fraternal

‫ اديب‬adīb pl. ‫ ادباء‬udabā’ cultured, refined, educated; well.bred, wellmannered, civil, urbane; a. man of culture and refined tastes; man of letters, writer, author

‫ اخوية‬aḳawīya brotherhood (as a religious association) ‫ اخاء‬iḳā’, ‫ اخوة‬uḳūwa brotherhood, brotherliness, fraternity

‫ اديبة‬adība authoress, writer

‫ اخاوة‬iḳāwa fraternization, fraternity, brotherliness

‫ مأدبة‬ma’duba pl. ‫ مآدب‬ma’ādib banquet, formal dinner

‫ تآخ‬ta’āḳin fraternization

‫ تأديب‬ta’dīb education; discipline; punishment, chastisement; disciplinary punishment│‫ مجلس التأديب‬majlis at-t. disciplinary board

‫ اخور‬aḳūr barn, stable ‫ اد‬adda u i to befall, afflict (‫ ه‬a.o.) ‫ امر اد‬amr idd a terrible, evil, horrible thing ‫ ادب‬aduba u (adab) to be well-bred, wellmannered, cultured, urbane, have refined tastes; ― adaba i (adb) to invite (to a party or banquet, ‫ ه‬s.o.), entertain (‫ ه‬s.o.)│ ‫( ادب مأدبة‬ma'duba) to arrange a banquet, give a formal dinner II to refine, educate (‫ه‬ s.o.); to discipline, punish, ehastise (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to invite as a guest (‫ ه‬s.o.) V to receive a fine education; to be well-bred, welleducated, cultured, have refined tastes; to show o.s. polite, courteous, civil, urbane; to educate o.s., refine one’s tastes (‫ ب‬by, through); to let o.s. be guided (‫ ب‬by)│ ‫( تأدب بأدبه‬bi-adabihi) to follow s.o.’s moral example ‫ ادب‬adab pl. ‫ آداب‬ādab culture, refinement; good breeding, good manners, social graces, decorum, decency, propriety, seemliness; humanity, humaneness; the humanities; belleslettres│‫ بيت األدب‬toilet, water closet; ‫قليل‬

‫ تأديبي‬ta'dībī disciplinary; punitive, retaliatory│ ‫(قضية تأديبية‬qaḍīya) disciplinary action ‫ تأدب‬ta’addub good breeding, good manners, civility, politeness, courteousness, tact ‫ آدب‬ādib host ‫ مؤدب‬mu’addib pl. -ūn educator; teacher in a Koranic school (Tun.); ― mu'addab well-bred, well-mannered, civil, urbane ‫ ادرة‬udra scrotal hernia ‫ ادرنة‬adirna2 Edirne, Adrianople (city in NW Turkey) ‫( االدياتيك‬Fr. adriatique) al-adriyātīk and ‫بحر‬ ‫ االدياتيك‬baḥr al-a. the Adriatic Sea 1

‫ ادم‬adama i (adm) to take some additional food (‫ ھـ‬with the bread), enrich (‫ ھـ‬the bread) with some extra food or condiment

‫ ادام‬idām anything eaten with bread; shortening, fatty ingredient 2

duty), realization, effectuation, accomplishment (of a task); rendition, reading (e.g., of a musical composition); fulfillment; payment│ ‫ حسن األداء‬ḥusn al-a. good rendition (of a work of art, of a musical composition)

‫ ادم‬adam, adama skin ‫ اديم‬adīm skin; surface; tanned skin, leather│‫ اديم األرض‬a. al-arḍ the surface of the earth

‫ تأدية‬ta’diya rendering (of a service); pursuit, performance, execution, discharge (of a duty), realization effectuation; accomplishment (of a task); fulfillment; payment

‫ ادام‬addām tanner 3

‫ آدم‬ādam2 Adam│‫ ابن آدم‬human being ‫ آدمي‬ādamī human; humane; poor, inferior, meager; (pl. -ūn, (‫ اوادم‬awadim2) human being ‫ آدمية‬ādamīya humaneness, humanity; humanism

‫ اداة‬adāh pl. ‫ ادوات‬adawāt tool; instrument; utensil, implement, device, appliance; apparatus; (gram.) particle│ ‫ اداة الحكم‬a. alḥukm machinery of government; ‫اداة‬ ‫ التعريف‬definite article (gram.); ‫اداة التنفيذية‬ (tanfīdīya) executive agency; pl. materials, equipment, gear, ‫( ادوات حربية‬ḥarbīya) war material; ‫( ادواوت احطياطية‬iḥtiyāṯīya) standby equipment (techn.); ‫ادوات منزلية‬ (manzilīya) household utensils, household effects

‫ مؤدى‬mu’addan assignment, task, function; sense, meaning, signification, import, underlying idea ‫ اذ‬id 1. (introducing a verbal clause) (and) then; ‫ إذ ذاك‬id dāka (also written ‫ )إذاك‬then, at that time, at the same time, in doing so; 2. (conj.; temp. and caus.) as, when; since, as, the more so as, because; ‫ اذ ان‬id anna since, as, in view of the fact that; for, because 1

١ ‫اذا‬. (introducing a nominal clause the subject of which may he expressed by ‫ب‬ with foll. genit.) and then, and all of a sudden; (with noun in nominative case or with ‫ )ب‬there was … and all of a sudden there was …; 2. (conj.) when; if, whenever; whether, if (introducing indirect questions); ‫ اذا ما‬when, whenever; ‫ا‬ ‫( ال اذا‬illā) unless if not; except when

2

‫ )اذا )اذن‬idan then, therefore, in that case, hence, consequently

‫ األدون‬al-adōn (Hebr.) the Lord; Mr. ... (Isr.) ‫ ادى‬II to convey, take, bring, lead, steer, channel (‫ ه ب‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th., ‫ الى‬to), see that s.o. or s.th. (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬or ‫ )ب‬gets to (‫ ;)الى‬to bring about, cause, effect, produce (‫الى‬ s.th.); to lead, contribute, be conducive ( ‫ الى‬to a result); to amount, come practically (‫ الى‬to); to tend (‫ الى‬to), aim (‫الى‬ at); to carry out, execute, discharge (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to perform (‫ ھـ‬a ritual, etc.); to do ( ‫ واجبه‬wājibahū one’s duty); to fulfill (‫وظيفة‬ a function, ‫ رسالة‬a mission); to accomplish (‫ مأمورية‬a task); to take (‫ يمينا‬an oath; ‫امتحانا‬ an examination); to render (‫ خدمة‬ḳidmatan a service, ‫ ل‬or ‫ الى‬to s.o.; ‫ ھـ‬e.g., a meaning, a musical composition, etc.)│‫ادى‬ (salām) to greet, salute V to lead, be conducive, contribute (‫ الى‬to results); to be carried out, be performed, be accomplished; to 10 arrive (‫ إلى‬at), be lead (‫ إلى‬to) X to demand, claim (‫ ھـ ه‬from s.o. s.th.) ‫ اداء‬adā’ pl. -āt (as verbal noun of II) rendering (of a service); pursuit, performance, execution, discharge (of a

‫ آذار‬ādār2 March (month; Syr., Leb., Jord., Ir.) 1

‫ اذن‬adina a to listen (‫ إلى‬to s.o..); to allow, permit (‫ في ل‬s.o. s.th.); to hear, learn (‫ ب‬of s.th.), be informed (‫ ب‬about) II to call (‫ب‬ to), esp. to call to prayer (‫ ;)بالصالة‬to crow (rooster) IV to announce, make known (‫ب‬ s.th., ‫ ب ه‬to s.o. s.th.), inform, notify (‫ه‬ s.o.); to call to prayer; to call upon s.o. (‫)ه‬, urge, admonish, exhort (‫ ه‬s.o..) to do s.th. ( ‫ ;)ب‬to herald (‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to foreshadow (‫ ب‬s.th.); to be on the verge (‫ ان‬of doing s.th..)│ ‫( )آذن بالسقوط )بالزوال‬zawāl) to show signs of the imminent downfall (end); ‫آذن‬ ‫( الليل بانتصاف‬lailu bi-ntiṣāf) it was close to midnight V to herald, announce (‫ ب‬s.th.) X to ask permission (‫ في‬to do s.th., rarely ‫ ;)ب‬to ask permission to enter (‫ على‬s.o.'s house), have o.s. announced (‫ على‬to s.o.);

to take leave (‫ من‬of s.o.), say good-by (‫من‬ to) ‫ اذن‬idn permission, authorization; ‫باذن ﷲ‬ if God choose, God willing; (pl. ‫اذون‬ udūn, ‫ اذونات‬udūnāt) (postal) order│ ‫اذن‬ ‫ البريد‬pl. ‫ اذونات البريد‬postal money order; ‫اذن‬ ‫ البوسته‬do.

‫ آرامى‬ārāmī Aramaean; Aramaic ‫ ارب‬ariba a (arab) to be skillful, proficient (‫ب‬ in s.th.); -- araba i to tighten (‫ ھـ‬a knot) III to try to outwit (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ ارب‬arab pl. ‫ آراب‬ārāb wish (‫ في‬for), desire, need (‫ في‬of s.th.); purpose. aim, goal, end

‫ اذن‬udun, udn pl. ‫ آذان‬ādan ear; handle (of a cup)│ ‫( التھاب االذن الوسطى‬wusṯā) middle-ear infection, otitis media (med.)

‫ ارب‬irb pl. ‫ آراب‬ārāb limb│‫مزقه اربا اربا‬ (mazzaqahū) to tear s.th. to pieces or to shreds

‫ اذان‬adān call to prayer

‫ اربة‬irba skill, resourcefulness, cleverness, smartness

‫ اذنية‬udaina little ear; ear lobe

‫ اربة‬urba pl. ‫ ارب‬urab knot, bow

‫ مأذنة‬ma’dana, ‫ مئذنة‬midana pl. ‫مآذن‬ ma’ādin2 minaret

‫ اريب‬arīb skillful, resourceful, clever, intelligent

‫ ايذان‬idān declaration, proclamation, announcement (‫ ب‬of s.th..)│ ‫ايذنا بانتھاء‬ ‫ الحديث‬indicating that the conversation is (was) ended ‫ مأذون‬ma’dūun authorized; slave with limited legal rights (Isl. Law); = ‫مأذون‬ ‫( شرعي‬šar‘ī) official authorized by the cadi to perform civil marriages (Isl. Law) ‫ مأذونية‬ma’dūnīya leave, furlough (mil. Syr.); license, franchise (Syr.) ‫ مؤذن‬mu’addin muezzin, announcer of the hour of prayer 2

‫ اذن‬idan see ‫اذا‬ ‫ اذى‬adiya a to suffer damage, be harmed IV to hs.rm, hurt, wrong (‫ ه‬s.o.); to molest, annoy, irritate, trouble (‫ ه‬s.o.)│‫ ال يؤذي‬lā yu’dī innocuous, harmless, inoffensive V to suffer damage, be wronged; to feel offended, be hurt ‫ اذى‬adan, ‫ اذاة‬adāh, ‫ اذية‬adīya damage, harm; injury; trouble, annoyance, grievance, wrong, offense, insult ‫ اذاية‬idāya damage, harm, harmfulness, noxiousness ‫ ايذاء‬īdā’ harm, damage, prejudice; offense,. hurt; grievance, nuisance ‫ مؤذ‬mu’din hurtful, harmful, injurious, detrimental, prejudicial; annoying, irksome, troublesome; painful, hurting, offensive, insulting ‫ اراتيقي‬arātīqī and ‫ اراتيكي‬pl. ‫ اراتقة‬arātiqa a heretic (Chr.)

‫ مأرب‬ma’rab pl. ‫ مآرب‬ma’ārib2 wish, desire; object of desire, purpose, aim, goal, end ‫ اربيل‬arbīl Erbil (the ancient Arbela, city in N Iraq) ‫ ارتوازي‬artuwaāzī artesian (well) 1

‫ ارث‬II to sow dissension (‫ بين‬between, among)

2

‫ ارث‬irt inheritance, heritage; estate (of inheritance)

‫ ارثوذكسي‬urtūduksī orthodox; ‫ االرثوذكسية‬the Orthodox Church ‫ الروم االرثوذكسي‬ar=rūm al-urtūduksī the Greek Orthodox Church ‫ ارج‬arija a (araj, ‫ اريج‬arīj) to be fragrant V do. ‫ ارج‬araj fragrance, sweet smell ‫ ارج‬arij fragrant, sweet-smelling ‫ اريج‬arīj fragrance, sweet smell ‫ ارجح‬II ta’arjaḥa to rock, swing ‫ متأرجح‬muta'arjiḥ fluctuating ‫ االرجنتين‬al-arjantīn Argentina ‫ ارجوان‬urjuwān purple ‫ ارجوان‬urjuwānī purple(-colored) ‫ ارجوز‬popular spelling (eg.) of ‫’ قره جوز‬aragōz (q.v.); Punch (in a Punch and Judy show) ‫ ارخ‬II to date (‫ ھـ‬a letter, and the like, ‫ ب‬with a date); to write the history of s.th. (‫)ھـ‬

‫ تاريخ‬ta'rīḳ dating (of a letter, etc.); ta'rīḳ pl. ‫ تواريخ‬tawārīḳ2 date; time; history; chronicle, annals│ ‫ تاريخ الحياة‬t. al-ḥayāh biography; curriculum vitae; ‫تاريخ عام‬ (‘āmm) world history; ‫ علماء التاريخ‬the historians ‫ تاريخي‬tārīḳī historic(al) ‫ مؤرخ‬mu'arriḳ pl. -ūn historiographer, historian, chronicler, annalist; -- mu’arraḳ dated ‫ ارخبيل‬arḳabīl archipelago ‫( ارخن‬άρχων) pl. ‫ اراخنة‬arāḳina archon, pl. notables (Chr.-Copt.) ‫ اردب‬irdabb (now usually pronounced ardabb)pl. ‫ ارادب‬arādib2 ardeb, a dry measure (Eg.; = 1981) ‫ اردبة‬irdabba cesspool ‫ االردن‬al-urdunn Jordan (river and country) ‫ اردني‬urdunni Jordanian│ ‫المملكة االردنية‬ ‫ الھاشمية‬al-mamlaka al-u. al-hāšimīya the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (official designation)

the ground, ground (adj.); earthly; underground, subterranean ‫ ارضي شوكي‬arḍī šaukī artichoke ‫ ارض‬araḍ (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬termite; woodworm ‫ ارضية‬arḍīya pl. -āt floor; ground (also, e.g., of a printed fabric, of a painting); ground floor, first floor (tun.); storage, warehouse charges ‫ ارضروم‬arḍurum2 Erzurum (city in NE Turkey) ‫( ارطة‬also ‫ )اورطة‬urṯa pl. ‫ ارط‬uraṯ (‫)اورط‬ battalion (formerly, Eg.; mil.) ‫ ارطقة‬arṯaqa pl. -āt heresy (Chr.) ‫ تاريع‬see ‫ريع‬ ‫ ارغن‬urgun pl. ‫ اراغن‬aragin2 organ (mus. instr.) ‫ ارول‬urgūl, argūl a wind instrument (related to the clarinet, consisting of two pipes of unequal length) ‫ ارق‬ariqa a to find no sleep II to make sleepless (‫ ه‬s.o.), prevent s.o. (‫ )ه‬from sleeping ‫ ارق‬araq sleeplessness, insomnia

‫( اردواز‬Fr. ardoise) arduwāz slate 1

‫ ارز‬arz (n. un. ‫ )ة‬cedar

‫ اريكة‬arika pl. ‫ ارائك‬arā’ik2 couch, sofa; throne

2

‫ ارز‬aruzz rice

‫ اركيلة‬argīla pl. ‫ اراكيل‬arāgīl2 (syr.) water pipe, narghile

‫ ارس‬arasa i (ars) to till the land ‫ اريس‬irrīs and arīs peasant, farmer

‫ ارلندي‬irlandī Irish 1

‫ ارستقراطي‬aristuqrāṯī aristocratic; ristocrat

‫ ارم‬urram molar teeth│ ‫حرق االرم‬ (ḥarraqa) to gnash one's teeth (in anger)

‫ ارستقراطية‬aristuqrāṯīya aristocracy ‫ ارسطو‬arisṯū Aristotle ‫ ارش‬arš indemnity, amercement, fine, penalty; blood money (for the shedding of blood; Isl. Law) ‫( ارشي ابسقوبس‬Gr. ὰρχιεπίσϰοπος) archbishop ‫( ارشيدوق‬Fr. archiduc) archduke, ‫ارشيدوقة‬ archduchess ‫ ارض‬arḍ f., pl. ‫ اراض‬arāḍīn, ‫ اراضون‬arāḍūn earth; land, country, region, area; terrain, ground, soil│ ‫( االرض السفلى‬suflā) the nether world; ‫( االرض المقدسة‬muqaddasa) the Holy Land, Palestine ‫ ارضي‬arḍī terrestrial, of the earth; soil-, land- (in compounds); situated on or near

‫ ارم‬arama i to bite

‫ ارومة‬arūma, urūma root, origin; stump of a tree ‫ مئرم‬mi'ram root (of a tooth) 2

‫آرام‬ārām (= ‫ )ارام‬pl. of ‫ رئم‬ri'm) white antelopes

‫ االرمن‬al-arman the Armenians ‫ ارمني‬armanī Armenian (adj. and n.) ‫ ارمينيا‬armēniyā Armenia ‫ االرناوط‬al-arnāwuṯ the Albanians ‫ ارناوطي‬arnāwuṯī Albanian ‫ ارنب‬arnab f., pl. ‫ ارانب‬arānib2 hare; rabbit│ ‫( ارنب ھندي‬hindī) guinea pig

‫ ارنبة‬arnaba female hare, doe│ ‫ارنبة االنف‬ a. al-anf tip of the nose; nose, muzzle (of an animal)

‫ ازق‬azaqa i (azq) to be narrow V do. ‫ مأزق‬ma'ziq pl. ‫ مآزق‬ma’āziq2 narrow passageway, narrow pass, strait, bottleneck; predicament, fix, dilemma, critical situation, also ‫( مأزق حرج‬ḥarij)

‫( ارنيك‬Turk. örnek) urnīk pl. ‫ ارانيك‬arānīk2 pattern, model; form, blank ‫ اروبا‬urubbā Europe ‫ اروبي‬urubbī European (adj. and n.) 1

‫ ارى‬ary honey

2

‫ آرى‬ārī Aryan

‫ ازل‬azl pl. ‫ آزال‬āzāl eternity (without beginning), sempiternity ‫ ازلي‬azali eternal, sempiternal ‫ ازلية‬azalīya sempiternity, eternity ‫ ازم‬V to be or become critical, come to a head (situation, relations)

‫ آرية‬ārīya Aryanism ‫ اريحا‬arīḥā Jericho

‫ ازمة‬azma pl. azamāt emergency; crisis│ ‫( ازمة وزارية‬wizāriya) cabinet crisis

‫ از‬azza u i (‫ ازيز‬aziz) to simmer; to hum, buzz; to whiz, hiss; to fizzle; to wheeze

‫ تأزم‬ta'azzum: ‫ تأزم الحالة‬t. al-hāla critical development, aggravation of the situation

‫ ازيز‬azīz hum(ming), buzz(ing); whizzing, whizz, whistle (e.g., of bullets) 1

‫ ازب‬azaba i (azb) to flow, run (water) 2

‫ مئزاب‬mi'zāb pl. ‫ مآزيب‬ma'āzīb and ‫ميزاب‬ mīzāb pl. ‫ ميازيب‬mayāzīb2 drain; gutter, eaves trough 2

‫ ازب‬izb dumpy, pudgy, stocky; small man

‫ مأزوم‬ma'zūm victim of a crisis ‫ ازمير‬izmīr2 Izmir (formerly Smyrna, sea-port in W Turkey) ‫ ازميل‬izmīl pl. ‫ ازاميل‬azāmīl 2 chisel ‫( ازوت‬Engl.) azōt azote, nitrogen ‫ ازوتي‬azōtī nitrogenous

‫ االزبك‬al-uzbak the Uzbeks ‫ ازر‬azara i (azr) to surround (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to clothe (‫ ه‬s.o. with an ‫ ازار‬izār q.v.); to cover, wrap up (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to strengthen, brace (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to help (‫ ه‬s.o.); to support, back up, strengthen (‫ه‬ s.o.) V and VIII to put on an izār (see below), wrap s.o. in an izār VI to help each other; to rally, unite, join forces ‫ ازر‬azr strength│ ‫ شد ازره‬šadda azrahū or ‫شد من‬ ‫( ازره‬min azrihi) to help, support, encourage s.o., back s.o. up; šadda azruhū to be energetic, vigorous, lusty, courageous ‫ ازار‬izār m. and f., pl. ‫ ازر‬uzur loincloth; wrap, shawl; wrapper, covering, cover ‫ مئزر‬mi’zar pl. ‫ مآزر‬ma’āzīr2 apron; wrapper, covering, cover ‫ مؤازرة‬mu’āzara support, aid, assistance, backing ‫ تآزر‬ta’āzur mutual assistance ‫ ازف‬azila a (awaf, ‫ ازوف‬uzūf) to come, approach, draw near (a time)

‫ ازى‬III to be opposite s.th. (‫)ه‬, face (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ھـ‬ s.th.) ‫ ازاء‬izā’a (prep.) opposite, face to face with, facing; in front of; in the face of (e.g., of a situation); as compared with; ‫ بازاء‬bi-izā’i opposite, face to face with, facing; in front of; ‫‘ على ازاء‬alā izā’i in the face of (e.g., of a situation) 1

‫ آس‬ās myrtle

2

‫ آس‬pl. -āt ace (playing card)

3

‫ آس‬II to found, establish, set up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), lay the foundation (‫ ھـ‬for) V to be founded, be established, he set up ‫ اس‬foundation, basis; exponent of a power (math.) ‫ اس‬asās pl. ‫ اسس‬usus foundation (also, of a building), fundament, groundwork, ground, basis; keynote. Tonic (mus.)│‫على‬ ‫( اساس‬with foll. genit.) on the basis of, on the strength of, on account of, according to; ‫( ال اساس له من الصحة‬asāsa, ṣiḥḥa) completely unfounded (news, rumor) ‫ اساسي‬asāsī fundamental, basic; elementary; essential; principal, chief,

main│‫( حجر اسود‬ḥajar) cornerstone, foundation stone ‫ اساسيات‬asāsīyāt fundamentals, principles ‫ تأسيس‬ta'sīs founding, foundation, establishment, setting up, institution; grounding, laying of the substructure (arch.); pl. -āt facilities, utilities; institutions ‫ تأسيس‬ta'sīsī founding; foundational, fundamental│ ‫( مجلس تأسيسي‬majlis) constituent assembly ‫ مؤسس‬mu'assis founder ‫ مؤسسة‬mu’assasa pl. -āt foundation, establishment; firm (com.); institution; organization ‫ االسبان‬al-asbān, al-isbān the Spaniards ‫ اسباني‬isbānī Spanish; (pl. -ūn) Spaniard

‫ استانبولي‬istanbūlī of Istanbul ‫ اآلستانة‬al-āsitāna, ‫ االستانة‬al-astāna, al-istāna Constantinople, Istanbul ‫ استبرق‬istabraq brocade ‫ استراتيجي‬istrātījī strategic ‫ استرالي‬usturālī Australian ‫ استراليا‬usturālīyā Australia ‫ استرليني‬istarlīnī sterling│ ‫ جنيه استرليني‬pound sterling; ‫ منطقة االسترليني‬minṯaqat al-i. sterling area ‫ استمارة‬see ‫امر‬ ‫( استوبة‬It. stoppa) tow, oakum; cotton waste ‫( استوديو‬It.-Engl. studio) istūdiyō pl. ‫استوديوھات‬ istūdiyōhāt studio; atelier ‫ استوكھولم‬istokholm Stockholm ‫( استونيا‬Engl.) istōniyā Estonia

‫ اسبانخ‬isbānaḳ spinach

‫ استياتيت‬I istiyātīt steatite, soapstone (min.)

‫ اسبانيا‬isbāniyā Spain

‫ اسوج‬look up alphabetically

‫ اسبداج‬isbidāj and ‫ اسبيداج‬isbīdāj white lead, ceruse

‫ اسد‬X to display the courage of a lion (‫على‬ against)

‫( اسبرتو‬It. spirito) isbirto alcohol

‫ اسد‬asad pl. ‫ اسد‬usud, usd, ‫ اسود‬usūd, ‫ آساد‬āsād lion; Leo (astron.)│ ‫ داء االسد‬leontiasis (med.)

‫ اسبليطة‬isbalīṯa epaulet ‫ است‬see 1‫ست‬ ‫ استاتيكي‬istātīkī static (el.) ‫( استاد‬Fr. stade) istād stadium ‫ استاذ‬ustād pl. ‫ اساتذة‬asātida master; teacher; professor (academic title); form of address to intellectuals (lawyers, journalists, officials, writers and poets); ledger (com.)│ ‫( االستاذ األعظم‬a‘ẓam) Grand Master (of a lodge); ‫ االستاذ األكبر‬title of the Rector of Al Azhar University; ‫استاذ كرسي‬ (kursī; Eg.) and ‫( استاذ بكرسي‬Syr.) full professor; ‫( استاذ بال كرسي‬Syr.) associate professor; ‫( استاذ متفرغ‬mutafarrig;Eg.) parttime professor (holding an office outside the university); ‫( استاذ مساعد‬musā‘id) assistant professor (Eg.; Syr.); ‫استاذ زائر‬ (Eg.; Syr.) visiting professor; ‫اساتذة في الجدل‬ (jadal) they are masters of disputation ‫ استاذية‬ustādīya mastership; professorship, professorate ‫ استانبول‬istanbūl2 Istanbul, Constantinople

1

‫ اسر‬asara i (asr) to bind, fetter, shackle, chain (‫ ه‬s.o.); to capture, take prisoner (‫ه‬ s.o.); to captivate, fascinate, hold spellbound (‫ ه‬s.o.), absorb, arrest (‫ ھـ‬the attention) X to surrender, give s.o. up as prisoner ‫ اسر‬asr (leather) strap, thong; capture; captivity│‫ شدة االسر‬šiddat al-a. vigor, energy ‫ اسرة‬usra pl. ‫ اسر‬usar, -āt family; dynasty; clan, kinsfolk, relatives; -- asirra see ‫سرير‬ ‫ باسره‬bi-asrihī entirely, completely, altogether, ‫ جاءوا باسرھم‬all of them came, they came one and all ‫ اسار‬isār (leather) strap, thong; captivity; captivation, enthrallment│ ‫ وقع في اساره‬to be subjected to s.th., fall into the clutches of s.th.

‫ اسير‬asīr pl. ‫ اسراء‬usarā2, ‫ اسرى‬asrā, ‫ اسارى‬asārā prisoner, captive, prisoner of war ‫ اسيرة‬asīra pl. -āt female prisoner, slave girl ‫ آسر‬āsir winning, captivating, fascinating; captor ‫ مأسور‬ma’sūr captivated, fascinated, enthralled (‫ ب‬by) 2

‫ اسرة‬asirra see ‫سرير‬

3

‫ مأسورة‬look up alphabetically

‫ اسرائيل‬isrā’īl2 Israel│ ‫ بنو اسرائيل‬banū i. the Israelites; ‫ دولة اسرائيلية‬daulat i. the State of Israel ‫ اسرائيلي‬isrā’īlī Israelitish; Israelite; Israeli (adj, and n.); ‫ اسرائيليات‬Judaica ‫ اسرافيل‬isrāfīl 2 Israfil, the angel who will sound the trumpet on the day of Resurrection ‫ اسرب‬usrub lead (metal)

‫ )لالسف‬unfortunately; ‫ مع االسف‬and ‫بكل اسف‬ bi-kulli asafin do. ‫ اسف‬asifa and ‫ اسيف‬asīf regretful, sorry, sad, grieved, distressed ‫ تأسف‬ta'assuf regret ‫ آسف‬āsif regretful, sorry, sad│ ‫تركته غير‬ ‫( آسف‬gaira āsifin) I left him without regret, I was only too glad to leave him ‫ مأسوف عليه‬ma’sūf ‘alaihi mourned (esp. of a dead person, = the late lamented) ‫ مؤسف‬mu’sif distressing, sad, regrettable ‫ متأسف‬muta’assif sad, sorry, regretful; ‫ !متأسف‬sorry! ‫ اسفاناخ‬isfānāk and ‫ اسفانخ‬isfānaḳ spinach│ ‫( اسفاناخ رومي‬rūmī) garden orach (Atriplex hortensis, bot.) ‫ اسفلت‬asfalt asphalt ‫ اسفنج‬isfanj,isfunj sponge ‫ اسفنجي‬isfanjī spongy; porous

‫ اسطانبول‬isṯanbūl2 Istanbul, Constantinople

‫ اسفندان‬isfindān maple (bot.)

‫ اسطبل‬isṯabl pl. -āt stable, barn

‫ اسفيداج‬isfīdāj; white lead, ceruse

‫( اسطبة‬It. stoppa) usṯubba tow, oakum

‫ اسفين‬isfīn pl. ‫ اسافين‬asāfīn2 wedge

‫ اسطرالب‬asṯurlāb astrolabe

‫ اسقربوطي‬isqarbūṯī: ‫( مرض اسقربوطي‬maraḍ) scurvy (med.)

‫ اسطقس‬isṯaqīs pl. -āt element ‫ اسطوانات‬usṯuwāna pl. -āt column (arch.); cylinder (math.; of an engine); phonograph record; -- pl. ‫ اساطين‬asāṯīn2 high-ranking, prominent personalities; stars, celebrities, authorities, masters (e.g., of art: ‫ اساطين الفن‬a. al-fann) ‫ اسطوانى‬usṯuwānī cylindric(al) ‫ اسطورة‬usṯūra pl. ‫ اساطير‬asāṯīr legend, fable, tale, myth, saga ‫ اسطوري‬usṯūrī fabulous, mythical, legendary 2

‫ اسقف‬usquf pl. ‫ اساقفة‬asāqifa, ‫ اساقف‬asāqif2 bishop│ ‫ رئيس االساقفة‬archbishop ‫ اسقفي‬usqufī Episcopal ‫ اسقفية‬usqufīya episcopate, bishopric ‫ اسقمري‬usqumrī, isqumrī mackerel (zool.) ‫ اسقيل‬isqīl an Oriental variety of sea onion (Scilla) ‫( اسكتش‬Engl.) isketš sketch ‫ اسكتلندا‬iskotlandā Scotland

‫ اسطول‬usṯūl pl. ‫ اساطيل‬asāṯīl fleet; squadron

‫ اسكتلندي‬iskotlandī Scottish, Scotch

□ ‫ اسطى‬usṯā (colloq. for ‫ )استاذ‬pl. ‫اسطوات‬ usṯawāt master; foreman, overseer; also form of address to those in lower callings, e.g., to a cab driver, coachman, etc.

‫ اسكلة‬iskila pl. ‫ اساكل‬asākil2 seaport, commercial center (in the East)

‫ اسف‬asifa a (asaf) to regret (‫ على‬or ‫ ل‬s.th.), feel sorry (‫ على‬for), be sad (‫ على‬about) V do

‫ اسكندرونة‬iskandarūna2 Iskenderon (formerly Alexandretta, seaport in S Turkey)

‫ اسف‬asaf grief, sorrow, chagrin, regret│ ‫وا‬ ‫ !اسفاه‬wā asafāh! Oh, what a pity! it's too bad! ‫ ويا لالسف‬wa-yā lal-asafi (or only

‫ االسكندرية‬al-iskandarīya Alexandria (city in N Egypt)

‫ اسكملة‬iskamla stool, footstool

‫ اسكندينافيا‬iskandināfīya Scandinavia

‫ اسل‬II to sharpen, point, taper (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ اسل‬asal (coll.) rush (bot.)

‫ أسوار‬iswār, uswār pl. ‫ أساور‬asāwir2, ‫أساورة‬ asāwira bracelet, bangle

‫ اسلة‬asaIa pl. -āt thorn, spike, prong; point (also, e.g., of a pen = nib); tip of the tongue

‫ أسوان‬aswān Aswan (city in S Egypt)

‫ الحروف االسلية‬al-ḥurūf al-asalīya the letters ‫ س‬،‫ ز‬and ‫ص‬

‫ اسى‬see ‫اسو‬

‫ اسيل‬asīl smooth│ ‫( خد اسيل‬ḳadd) smooth cheek ‫ اسالة‬asāla eliptic, oval form ‫ مؤسل‬mu’assal pointed, tapered ‫( اسالمبولي‬variant of ‫ )استانبولي‬islāmbūlī of Istanbul ‫ اسالنده‬islandā Iceland 1

‫ اسم‬see ‫سم‬

‫ اسوج‬asūj Sweden ‫ اسوجي‬asūjī Swedish ‫ آسيا‬āsiyā Asia│ ‫( آسيا الصغرى‬ṣugrā) Asia Minor ‫ آسيوي‬āsiyawī Asiatic, Asian (adj. and n.) ‫ اسيوط‬asyūt2 Asyūt (city in central Egypt) ‫ اشب‬V to be mixed, heterogeneous, motley (a crowd) ‫ اشابة‬ušāba pl. ‫ اشائب‬ašā’ib2 mixed, motley crowd

‫ اسمانجوني‬asmanjūnī sky-blue, azure, cerulean

‫ اشببيلية‬išbīliya2 Seville (city in SW Spain)

‫ اسمره‬asmara Asmara (capital of Eritrea)

‫ اشبين‬išbīn pl. ‫ اشابين‬see ‫شبن‬

‫ اسمنت‬asmant, ismant cement

‫ اشر‬ašara u (ašr) to sow (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); -- i to file, sharpen with a file (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to mark, indicate, state, enter, record (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to grant a visa; to provide with a visa (‫على‬ s.th.)

‫ اسمنتي‬asmantī cement (adj.) ‫ اسن‬asana i u and asina a to become brackish (water) ‫ آسن‬āsin brackish (‫ اسو‬and ‫ اسى( اسا‬asā u (asw, ‫ اسا‬asan) to nurse, treat (‫ ھـ‬a wound); to make peace (‫بين‬ between, among); -- ‫ اسى‬asiya (‫ اسا‬،‫اسى‬ asan) to be sad, grieved, distressed II to console, comfort (‫ ه‬s.o.); to nurse (‫ ه‬a patient) III to share (one’s worldly possessions, ‫ ه‬with s.o.), be charitable (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to assist, support (‫ ه‬s.o.); to console, comfort (‫ ه‬s.o.); to treat, cure (‫ ھـ‬s.th., medically) V to be consoled, find solace VI to share the worldly possessions; to assist one another, give mutual assistance ‫ اسى‬asan grief, sorrow, distress ‫ اسوة‬uswa, iswa example, model, pattern│‫ اسوة ب‬uswatan bi following the model or pattern of; along the lines of; in the same manner as, just as, like ‫ مأساة‬ma’sāh pl. ‫ مآس‬ma’āsin trogedy, drama ‫ تأسية‬ta’siya consolation, comfort ‫ مواساة‬muwāsāh (for mu’āsāh) consolation; charity; beneficence

‫ اشر‬ašar liveliness, high spirits, exuberance; wildness; insolence, impertinence ‫ اشر‬ašir lively, sprightly, in high spirits, exuberant; wild; insolent, impertinent, arrogant ‫ مئشار‬minšār pl. ‫ مواشير‬mawāšīr2 saw ‫ تأشير‬ta’šīr issuance of an official endorsement; official endorsement; visa ‫ تأشيرة‬ta’šīra pl. -āt visa│ ‫ تأشيرة مرور‬t. murūr or ‫ تأشيرة اجتياز‬transit visa ‫ مؤشر‬mu’aššir indicator, needle (of a measuring instrument) ‫ مؤشر‬mu’aššar jagged, serrated; marked, designated (‫ ب‬by, with) ‫ اشفى‬išfā pl. ‫ اشاف‬ašāfin awl, punch ‫ اشنان‬ušnān potash; saltwort (Salsola kali; bot.) ‫ اشنة‬ušna moss ‫ اشور‬ašūr Assyria ‫ اشوري‬ašūrī Assyrian (adj. and n.)

‫ اصيص‬aṣīṣ pl. ‫ اصص‬uṣūṣ flowerpot

‫ اصولي‬uṣūlī in accordance with the rules, conforming to prevailing principles; traditional, usual; legist

‫ اصد‬II to close, shut (a door, etc.) ‫ اصر‬iṣr pl. ‫ آصار‬āṣār covenant, compact, contract; load, encumbrance, burden; sin; pl. ‫ آصار‬bonds, ties

‫ اصيل‬pl. ‫ اصالء‬uṣalā’2 of pure, noble origin; original, authentic, genuine; pure; proper, actual; firm, solid; sound, reasonable, sensible; of strong, unswerving character; steadfast; deeprooted; native, indigenous│ ‫األصل األصيل‬ the actual reason; ‫ اصيل الرأي‬of sound, unerring judgment

‫ آصرة‬āṣira pl. ‫ اواصر‬awāṣir2 bond, tie (fig. e.g., ‫ اواصر الوالء‬a. al-walā’i bonds of friendship); obligation, commitment ‫ اصطبل‬iṣṯabl pl. -āt stable, barn ‫ اصفھان‬iṣfahān2 Isfahan (city in W central Iran) ‫ اصل‬aṣula u (‫ اصالة‬aṣala) to be or become firmly rooted; to be firmly established; to be of noble origin II to found (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), give s.th. (‫ )ھـ‬a firm foundation, establish the foundation or origin of (‫ )ھـ‬V to be or become firmly rooted, deep-rooted, ingrained; to take root, be or become firmly established; to derive one's origin ( ‫ من‬from) X to uproot, root out, extirpate, exterminate, annihilate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to remove (‫ ھـ‬an organ by a surgical operation)│ ‫(استأصل شأفته‬ša’fatahū) to eradicate s.th., eliminate s.th. radically ‫ اصل‬pl. ‫ اصول‬root; trunk (of a tree); origin, source; cause, reason; descent, lineage, stock (esp., one of a noble character); foundation, fundament, basis; the origins! (e.g., of s book); pl. ‫ اصول‬principles, fundamentals, rudiments, elements (e.g., of a science); rules; basic rules, principles, axioms; real estate, landed property; assets (fin.); -- ‫ اصال‬aṣlan originally, primarily; (with neg.) by no means, not at all, not in the least│‫ في األصل‬originally, at first; ‫اصول‬ ‫ الفقه‬u. al-fiqh the 4 foundations of Islamic jurisprudence, i.e., Koran, Sunna, qiyās (analogy) and ijmā‘ (consensus); ‫اصول‬ ‫ وخصوم‬assets and liabilities; ‫اصول مضاعفة‬ (muḍā‘afa) double-entry bookkeeping; ‫( حسب األصول‬ḥasaba) properly, in conformity with regulations ‫ اصلي‬original, primary, primal, initial; genuine, authentic, pure; basic, fundamental, principel, chief, main│ ‫الثمن‬ ‫( األصلي‬taman) cost price; ‫الجھات األصلية‬ (jihāt) the cardinal points (of the compass); ‫‘( عدد اصلي‬adad) cardinal number; ‫‘( عضو اصلي‬uḍw) regular member

‫ اصيل‬pl. ‫ آصال‬āṣāl, ‫ اصائل‬aṣā’il2 time before sunset, late afternoon ‫ اصالة‬aṣāla firmness, steadfastness, strength of character; nobility of descent, purity of origin; aṣālatan immediately, directly, personally│ ‫ اصالة الرأي‬a. ar-ra’y clarity and firmness of judgment; judiciousness; ‫باالصالة عن نفسه‬ spontaneously, of one's own accord, in one's own name, personally, privately (as opposed to ‫بالنيابة عن غيره(؛ اصال ونيابة‬ aṣālatan wa-niyābatan directly and indirectly ‫ تأصيلة‬ta’ṣīla pedigree, genealeogy ‫ تأصل‬ta’aṣṣu1 deep-rootedness ‫ استئصال‬isti’ṣāl extirpation, extermination, (radical) elimination; removal by surgery ‫ متأصل‬muta’aṣṣil deep-rooted, deepseated; chronic (illness) ‫ اطيط‬aṯīṯ the mooning bray of a camel 1

‫ اطر‬aṯara i u (aṯr) and II to bend, curve (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) ‫ اطار‬iṯār pl. -āt, ‫اطر‬uṯur frame (also, of eyeglasses); tire (of a wheel); hoop (of a barrel, etc.) ‫ اطارة‬iṯāra rim, felly (of a wheel) ‫ اطاري‬iṯārī framelike, hoop-shaped

2

‫ اطرية‬see ‫طرى‬

‫ اطرغلة‬uṯrugulla a variety of pigeon ‫ اطرون‬aṯrūn = ‫نطرون‬ ‫ االطالنطيك‬،‫ االطالنتيك‬al-aṯlantīk, al-aṯlanṯīq the Atlantic ‫ اطالنطيكي‬aṯlanṯīqī and ‫ اطالنطي‬aṯlanṯī Atlantic

‫ اطلس‬aṯlas2 satin; (pl. ‫ اطالس‬aṯālis2 atlas, volume of geographical maps ‫ اطلسي‬aṯlasī Atlantic ‫ اطلنطي‬aṯlanṯī Atlantic│ ‫الحلف االطلنطي‬the Atlantic Pact ‫ اطوم‬aṯūm sea turtle ‫ اغا‬agā, ‫ آغا‬āgā pl. ‫ اغوات‬agawāt aga, lord, master, sir; eunuch, harem chamberlain ‫ االغريق‬al-igrīq, ‫ االغارقة‬al-agāriqa the Greeks ‫ اغريقي‬igrīqī Greek, Grecian (adj. and n.) ‫ اغسطس‬agustus August (month) ّ V to grumble, mutter in complaint (‫من‬ ‫اف‬ about) ّ uff dirt (in the ears or under the ‫اف‬ nails), earwax, cerumen ّ uff interj. expressing anger or ‫اف‬ displeasure ‫ افف‬afaf displeasure; grumbling, grumble ‫ االفرنج‬al-ifranj the Franks, the Europeans│ ‫بالد‬ ‫ االفرنج‬Europe ‫ افرنجي‬ifranjī European ‫ افرنسي‬ifransī French; ‫ االفرنسية‬the French language; ‫ االفرنسيون‬the French ‫ افريز‬ifrīz pl. ‫ افاريز‬afārīz2 frieze; edge; curb; sidewalk│‫ افريز المحطة‬i. al-maḥaṯṯa platform (of a railroad station); ‫افريز الحائط‬ molding (arch.) ‫ افريقا‬afrīqā f. and ‫ افريقيا‬ifrīqiyā, now usually pronounced afrīqiyā f. Africa│ ‫افريقيا‬ ‫( الشمالية‬šamālīya) North Africa ‫ افريقي‬ifrīqī, now usually pronounced afrīqī African; (pl. -ūn, ‫ افارقة‬afāriqa) an African

faraway countries, remote regions; provinces, interior of the country (as distinguished from the capital)│ ‫آفاق األرض‬ a. al-arḍ the remotest parts of the earth; ‫ آفاق البالد‬a. al-bilād the outlying portions of the country; ‫ شذاذ اآلفاق‬šuddad al-a. foreigners, travelers ‫ افقي‬ufqī horizontal ‫ آفاقي‬āfāqī coming from a distant country or region ‫ افاق‬affāq wandering, roving, roaming; tramp, vagabond ‫ افك‬afaka i (afk) and afika a (ifk, afk, afak, ‫افوك‬ ufūk) to lie, tell a lie ‫ افك‬ifk and ‫ افيكة‬afīka pl. ‫ افائك‬afā’ik2 lie, untruth, falsehood ‫ افاك‬affak liar, lying ‫ افل‬afala u i (‫ افول‬ufūl) to go down, set (stars) ‫ افول‬ufūl setting (of stars) ‫ آفل‬āfil transitory, passing ‫ افالطون‬aflāṯūn2 Plato ‫ افن‬afan stupidity ‫ افين‬afīn and ‫ مأفون‬ma’fūn stupid, foolish, fatuous; fool ‫ افندي‬afandī pl. -īya gentleman (when referring to non-Europeans wearing Western clothes and the tarboosh); (after the name) a title of respect (eg.); ‫ !افندم‬afandim! Sir! (eg.) afandim? (I beg your) pardon? What did you say? 20 ‫( افوكاتو‬It. avvocato) avokātō advocate, lawyer, attorney│‫ االفوكاتو العمومي‬representative of the attorney general (= Fr. avocat général) ‫ افيون‬afyūn opium│‫ روح االفيون‬al-a. laudanum

‫ آفرين‬āfirīn bravo! well done!

‫ اقة‬uqqa pl. -āt oka, a weight, in Eg. = 1.24s kg, in Syr. = 1.2s2 kg

‫ افسنتين‬ifsantīn, ifsintīn wormwood, absinthe (Artemisia absinthium; bot.)

‫ مؤقت‬see ‫وقت‬

‫ افشين‬ifšīn pl. ‫ افاشين‬afāšīn2 litany (Chr.) ‫ االفغان‬al-afgān the Afghans; Afghanistan ‫ افغانستان‬afgānistān Afghanistan ‫ افغاني‬afgānī Afghan (adj. and n.) ‫ افق‬ufq, ufuq pl. ‫ آفاق‬āfāq horizon; range of vision, field of vision; pl. distant lands,

‫ اقحوان‬uqhūwān pl. ‫ اقاحى‬aqāḥī daisy ‫ اقرباذين‬aqrabādīn composite medicament│ ‫علم‬ ‫‘ االقرباذين‬ilm al-a. pharmaceutics, pharmacology ‫ اقرباذيني‬aqrabādīnī pharmaceutic(al) ‫ اقيط‬aqīṯ cottage cheese ‫ اقليد‬iqlīd look up alphabetically

‫ اقلم‬aqlama to acclimate, acclimatize, adapt, adjust II ta'aqlama to acclimatize (o.s.) 2

‫ اقليم‬iqlīm pl. ‫ اقاليم‬aqiilim climate; area, region; province, district; administrative district (Eg.; = ‫ مديرية(; االقاليم‬country, provinces (as distinguished from the city) ‫ اقليمي‬iqlīmī climatic; regional, local; territorial│‫( المياه االقليمية‬miyāh) territorial waters ‫ اقليد‬iqlīd pl. ‫ اقاليد‬aqālīd2 key ‫ اقليدس‬iqlīdis Euclid ‫ اقنوم‬uqnūm pl. ‫ اقانيم‬aqānīm2 hypostasis, divine person within the Trinity (Chr.); constitutive element ‫( اقونة‬Gr. είκών) iqūna icon (Chr.) ‫ اقيانوسية‬uqyanūsiya Oceania ‫ اكادى‬akkādī Akkadian ‫ اكاديمية‬akādīmīya academy ‫ اكتوبر‬okctober October ‫ اكد‬II to assure (‫ ھـ ل‬s.o. of, ‫ ان‬that); to give assurance (‫ ھـ ل‬s.o. of); to confirm (‫ ھـ‬s.th. a view) V to be or become convinced, convince o.s. (‫ من‬s.th.); to reassure o.s., make sure (‫ من‬of s.th.); to be sure (‫ من‬of); to be urgent, imperative, requisite ‫ تأكيد‬ta'kīd pl. -āt assurance; confirmation; emphasis; ‫ بالتأكيد‬most certainly! of course! ‫ تأكد‬ta’akkud assurance, reassurance ‫ أكيد‬akīd certain, sure; firm (resolve); definite (desire); urgent, imperative (need); ‫ أكيدا‬akīdan certainly! surely! ‫ مؤكد‬mu’akkad certain, definite, sure; confirmed ‫ متأكد‬muta'akkid convinced (‫ من‬of) 1

‫ اكر‬akara i (akr) to plow, till, cultivate (‫ ھـ‬the land) ‫ اكار‬akkār pl. -ūn, ‫ اكرة‬akara plowman

2

‫ اكرة‬ukra pl. ‫ اكر‬ukar ball (for playing)

‫ اكزيما‬ekzēmā eczema (med.) ‫ اشعة اكس‬aši‘‘at iks X-rays ‫ اكسترا‬extra ‫ اكسجين‬oksižēn oxygen

‫ اكسير‬iksīr elixir ‫ اكف‬akuff see ‫كف‬ ‫ اكل‬akala u (akl, ‫ مأكل‬ma’kal) to eat (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to eat up, consume, swallow, devour, destroy (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to eat, gnaw (‫ ھـ‬at), 21 eat away, corrode, erode (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to spend unlawfully (‫ ھـ‬s.th.). enrich o.s. feather one's nest (‫ ھـ‬with)│ ‫اكل عليه الدھر وشرب‬ (dahru, šariba) to be old and worn out, be timeworn; ‫( اكل الربا‬ribā) to take usurious interest; ‫ يعلم من اين تؤكل الكتف‬ya‘lamu min aina tu’kalu l-katif he knows how to tackle the matter properly; ‫( اكله جلده‬j ‫ه‬lduhū) his skin itched; ‫اكل في الصحن‬ (ṣaḥn) to eat off a plate; ‫( اكل حقه‬ḥaqqahū) to encroach upon s.o.’s right II and IV to give s.o. (‫ )ه‬s.th. (‫ )ھـ‬to eat, feed (‫ ھـ ه‬s.o. s.th.) III to eat, dine (‫ ه‬with s.o.) V to be devoured, be consumed; to be eaten away, corrode, undergo corrosion; to become old, worn, timeworn, full of cracks; to be destroyed by corrosion VI = V ‫ اكل‬akl food; meal, repast; fodder, feed│ ‫غرفة االكل‬gurfat al-a. dining room; (eg.) ‫اكل‬ ‫ البحر‬a. al-baḥr land washed away by the sea or the Nile (as opposed to ‫)طرح البحر‬ ‫ اكل‬ukul, ukl food; fruit│ ‫ آتى اكله‬to bear fruit ‫ اكلة‬akla pl. akalāt meal, repast; -- ukla bite, morsel

○ ‫ اكال‬ukāl prurigo, itch eruption (med.) ‫ اكال‬akkāl, ‫ اكيل‬akīl, ‫ اكول‬akūl voracious, gluttonous; hearty eater, gourmand, glutton ‫ مأكل‬ma’kal pl. ‫ مآكل‬ma’ākil2 food, eats ‫ تأكل‬ta’akkul wear; corrosion; erosion (geol.) ‫ تآكل‬ta’ākul wear; corrosion; erosion (geol.) ‫ ائتكل‬i’tikāl erosion (geol.) ‫ آكل‬ākil eater ‫ آكلة‬ākila gangrenous sore ‫ مأكول‬ma’kūl eatable, edible; pl. ‫ مأكوالت‬food, foodstuffs, eatables, edibles ‫ مؤاكل‬mu’ākil table companion

‫ متأكل‬muta’akkil and ‫ متآكل‬muta’ākil corroded; eroded; worn, timeworn; full of cracks; rusty, rust-eaten

(relative pronoun) he who, that which; who, which, that│‫ بعد اللتيا والتى‬ba‘da llutayyā wa-llatī after lengthy discussions, after much ado

‫ اكليروس‬iklīrūs clergy (Chr.) ‫ اكليروسية‬iklīrūsīya clericalism ‫ اكليركي‬iklīrikī cleric(al) ‫ اكلينيكي‬iklīnīkī clinical

‫( الزاس‬Fr. Alsace) alzās2 Alsace (region of NE France) ‫ الس‬II to belittle, disparage (‫ على‬s.o.) 2

‫ اكمة‬akama pl. -āt, ‫ اكام‬ikām, ‫ اكم‬ukum, ‫آكام‬ ākām (coll. ‫ اكم‬akam) hill; reef; heap, pile│ ‫( وراء االكمة ما وراءھا‬warā’a) something's fishy! there is more to it than meets the eye ‫ ال‬ill pact, covenant; blood relationship, consanguinity 1

‫ اال‬a-lā and ‫ اما‬a-mā see│a

2

‫اال‬alā see 1‫الو‬

3

‫ اال‬allā (= ‫ ان ال‬an lā) lest, that ... not, in order that ... not, so as not to

4

‫ اال‬illā (=‫ ان ل‬in lā) unless if not; except, save; (after negation:) only, but, not until│‫اال ان‬ illā anna except that ..., yet, however, nevertheless (also introducing main clauses); ‫ اال اذا‬illā idā unless, if not; except when; ‫ واال‬wa-illā (and if not =) otherwise, orelae; ‫ اال وھو‬illā wa-huwa (with a preceding negation) unless he ..., except that he ... ; ‫ وما ھي اال ان‬wa-mā hiya illā an (with following verb in perf.) it was not long until ... ; presently, forthwith; ‫وما ھي‬ ‫ حتى‬... ‫ اال ان‬wa-ma hiya illā an ... ḥattā no sooner had he ... than .... e.g..... ‫فما ھي اال أن‬ ‫( ھم حتى فعل‬hamma) he had no sooner made his plan than he carried it out

‫ االسكا‬alaska Alaska ‫ االى‬alay and ‫ آالى‬ālay pl. -āt regiment 22 1

2

‫ الب‬alaba u i (alb) to gather, join forces, rally II to incite (‫ على ه‬s.o. against) V to rally, band together, plot, conspire (‫ على‬against) ‫ جبال االلب‬jibal al-alb the Alps

‫ االلبان‬al-albān the Albanians ‫ البانيا‬albāniyā Albania ‫ الخ‬abbreviation of ‫ الى آخره‬ilā āḳirihī and so on, etc. ‫ الذى‬alladī f. ‫ التى‬allatī, pl. m. ‫ الذين‬alladīna f. ‫ الالتى‬allātī, ‫ اللواتى‬allawātī, ‫ الالئى‬allā’ī

‫ الف‬alf pl. ‫ الوف‬ulūf, ‫ آالف‬ālāf thousand; millennium│‫( الوف مؤلف‬mu’allafa) or ‫آالف‬ ‫ مؤلفة‬thousands and thousands; ‫عشرات‬ ‫ االلوف‬ašarāt al-u. tens of thousands; ‫مآت‬ ‫ االلوف‬mi’āt al-u. hundreds of thousands ‫ الفى‬alfī: ‫‘( عيد الفى‬īd) millennial celebration, millenary

2

‫ الف‬alif name of the letter│‫ من الفه الى يائه‬from beginning to end, from A to Z; ‫يعرف الفه‬ ‫( وياءه‬wa-yā’ahū) he knows it from A to Z; ‫ الف باء‬ABC

3

‫ الف‬alifa a (alf) to be acquainted, familiar, conversant (‫ ھـ‬with s.th.); to be on intimate terms (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to be or get accustomed, used, habituated (‫ ھـ‬to); to like (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), be fond of (‫ ;)ھـ‬to become tame II to accustom, habituate (‫ ھـ ه‬s.o. to s.th.); to tame, domesticate (‫ ھـ‬an animal); to form (‫ ھـ‬e,g., a committee, a government); to unite, join, combine, put together (‫ بين‬different things); to compile, compose, write (‫ ھـ‬a book) V to be composed, be made up, consist (‫ من‬of); to be united, be combined VI to be attuned to each other, be in tune, be in harmony; to harmonize (‫ مع‬with) VIII to be united, be linked, be connected; to be on familiar, intimate terms (‫ ب‬with); to form a. coalition (pol.); to fit, ‫س‬uit (‫ مع‬s.th.), go well, agree, harmonize (‫ مع‬with); to be well-ordered, neat, tidy X to seek the intimacy, court the friendship (‫ ه‬of s.o.) ‫ الف‬ilf pl. ‫ االف‬ullāf intimate; close friend, intimate, confidant; lover ‫ الف‬ulfa familiarity, intimacy; friendship, love, affection; union, concord, harmony, congeniality ‫ اليف‬alīf familiar, intimate; tame, domesticated (animal); friendly, amicable, genial; (pl. ‫ االئف‬alā’if2) intimate, close friend, associate, companion

‫ الوف‬alūf familiar, intimate; tame, domesticated (animal); attached, devoted, faithful

‫ تألم‬ta’allum sensation of pain, pain, ache ‫ مؤلم‬mu’allim aching, painful; sad, grievous, distressing

‫ مألف‬ma'laf object of familiarity ‫ تأليف‬ta’līf formation (e.g., of a government); union, junction, combination (‫ بين‬of separate things); literary work; composition, compilation, writing (of a book, of an article); (pl. ‫تآليف‬ ta’ālīf2, ‫ )تواليف‬work, book, publication

‫ متألم‬muta’allim aching, painful; in pain, suffering, deeply afflicted; tormented 2

‫ االم‬ilā-mā see ‫الى‬

‫ الماس‬almās (al sometimes interpreted as definite article) diamond ‫ االلمان‬al-almān the Germans

‫ تآلف‬ta’āluf harmony; familiarity, intimacy, mutual affection; comradeship, camaraderie

‫ الماني‬almānī German; (pl. -ūn, ‫المان‬ almān) a German

‫ ائتالف‬I’tilāf concord, harmony; agreement (‫ مع‬with); union; coalition, entente (pol.)

‫ المانية‬almānīya German character or characteristics, Germanity

‫ ائتالفي‬I’tilāfī coalition- (in compounds)│ ‫ وزارة ائتالفية‬coalition cabinet

‫ المانيا‬almāniyā Germany

‫ اله‬II to deify (‫ ه‬s.o.), make a god of s.o. (‫ )ه‬V to become a deity, a godhead; to deify o.s. ‫ االه‬,‫ اله‬ilāh pl. ‫ آلھة‬āliha god, deity, godhead

‫ الف‬ma’lūf familiar, accustomed; usual, customary; custom, usage 23

‫ االھة‬ilaha pl. -āt goddess

‫ مؤلف‬mu’allif pl. -ūn author, writer; -mu’allaf composed, consisting, made up ( ‫ من‬of); written, compiled; (pl. -āt) book, publication; see also 1‫ الف‬alf

‫ االھي‬،‫ الھي‬ilāhī divine, of God; theological; ‫ االالھيات‬al-ilāhīyāt theological, spiritual concerns ‫علم االالھيات‬ ‘i1m al-i. theology

‫ متآلف‬muta’ālif harmonious ‫ الق‬alaqa i, (alq) to shine, radiate, flash, glitter, glisten V and VIII do. ‫ الق‬alaq brightness, brilliance

‫ ﷲ‬allāh Allah, God (as the One and Only)│ ‫ درك‬li-llāh darruka exclamation of admiration and praise, see ‫در‬ ‫ اللھم‬allāhumma O God!│ ‫( اللھم اال‬illā) unless, were it not that, except that, or at best (after a negative statement); ‫اللھم اذا‬ (idā) at least if or when; if only; ‫اللھم نعم‬ (na‘am) by God, yes! Most certainly!

‫ االق‬allāq bright, shining, brilliant, radiant; glittering, flashing, sparkling ‫ تألق‬ta’alluq glow, radiance, effulgence ‫ متألق‬mula’alliq bright, shining, brilliant, radiant

‫ الوھية‬ulūhīya divine power, divinity ‫ تأليه‬ta’līh deification, apotheosis

‫ الكتروني‬elektrōnī electronic│‫‘( عقل الكتروني‬aql) electronic computer 2

‫ آله‬ālih (pagan) god

‫ الم‬alima a (alam) to be in pain, feel pain; to suffer (y from s.th.) II and IV to cause pain or suffering (‫ ه‬to s.o.), pain, ache, hurt (‫ ه‬s.o.) V = I; to complain ‫ الم‬alam pl. ‫ آالم‬ālām pain, ache, suffering, agony│‫( آالم نفسانية‬nafsānīya) mental agony; ‫ اسبوع اآلالم‬usbū‘ al-a. Passion Week (Chr.) ‫ اليم‬alīm aching, sore; sad, grievous, painful, excruciating; hurting

‫ آلھة‬āliha pl. -āt goddess ‫ آلھي‬ālihī divine ‫ متأله‬muta’allih divine, heavenly ‫ الالھوت‬etc., see ‫الھوت‬ 1

( ‫ آلو(االال‬alā u to neglect or fail to do, not to do (‫ في‬s.th.), desist, refrain (‫ في‬from s.th.)│ ‫(ال يألو جھدا في‬jahdan) ‫ال‬ he will go to any length, he spares no effort, goes out of his way for IV to swear│‫ آلى على نفسه ان‬he promised himself that he ...

‫ ايالء‬īlā’ oath

Omdurman (city in central Sudan, opposite Khartoum); ‫ ام الراس‬u. ar-ra's skull, brain; cerebral membrane, meninges; ‫ ام اربع واربعين‬u. arba‘ waarba‘īn centipede; ‫ ام شملة‬u. šamla(ta) this world, the worldly pleasures; ‫ بام العين‬bi-u. l-‘ain or ‫ بام عينه‬with one’s own eyes; ‫ام‬ ‫ القرآن‬and ‫ ام القرآن‬the first sura of the Koran; ‫ ام القرى‬u. al-qura Mecca; ‫ام الكتاب‬ also: the original text of the Book from which Koranic revelation derives; the uncontested portions of the Koran; ‫ام الوطن‬ u. al-waṯan capital, metropolis; ‫امھات‬ ‫ الحوادث‬the most important events; ‫امھات‬ ‫ الحروف‬matrix (typ.); ‫ امھات المسائل‬the main problems; ‫ امھات المسائل‬the principal virtues

1

‫( آلو‬Fr. hallo) hello!

‫ الومنيا‬alūminyā and ‫ الومنيوم‬aluminyom aluminum 24 l

‫ الى‬ilā (prep.) to, toward; up to, as far as; till, until; ‫( الى ان‬conj.) until│‫( الى آخره‬āḳirihī) and so forth, et cetera; ‫ الى ذلك‬besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition to that; ‫ الى غد‬till tomorrow! ‫( اللقاء الى‬liqā’) goodby! ‫ االم‬ilāma (= ‫ )الى ما‬up to where! how far! ‫ الى متى‬till when! how long! ‫اليك عني‬ (‘annī) get away from me! away with you! ‫( الى جانب ذلك‬jānibi d.) besides, moreover, in addition to that; ‫ ھذا الى ان‬moreover, furthermore; ‫( الى غير ذلك‬gair d.) and the like; ‫ وما اليه‬and the like, et cetera; ‫ومن اليه‬ ‫( ))اليھم‬wa-man) and other people like that; ‫( اليك‬addressing the reader) now here you have ... ; here is (are) ... ; following is (are) ..., e.g., ‫ والى القارئ ما‬in the following, the reader will find what ... ; ‫اسلوب عبراني‬ ‫( الى العربية‬uslūb ‘ibrānī) a style of Hebrew approximating Arabic; ‫ال الى ھذا وال الى ذاك‬ neither this way nor that way, belonging to neither group; ‫ االمر اليك‬it’s up to you, the decision is yours

2

‫ امة‬umma pl. ‫ امم‬umam nation, people; generation│‫ امة محمد‬Mohammed's community, the Mohammedans; ‫االمم‬ ‫( المتحدة‬muttaḥida) the United Nations ‫ امي‬ummī maternal, motherly; illiterate uneducated; (pl. -ūn) an illiterate ‫ امية‬ummīya ignorance; illiteracy; see also under 2‫اموى‬ ‫ اممي‬umamī international ‫ امومة‬umūma motherhood; motherliness, maternity

3

‫(آالالء‬pl. of ‫ الى‬ilan) benefits, blessings ‫ الية‬alya, ilya pl. alayāt fat tail (of a sheep); buttock

‫ امام‬amāma (prep.) in front of; in the presence of│‫( الى االمام‬amāmi) to the front, forward, onward, ahead; ‫( لم يكن اال ان‬illā an) he had no other alternative but to ... ; ‫( وقف امامه‬waqafa) to oppose, resist, stop, check s.th.

‫ الياذة‬iliyāda Iliad 1

‫ ام‬am or? (introducing the second member of an alternative question)

2

‫ امة‬ama pl. ‫ اماء‬imā’, ‫ اموات‬amawāt bondmaid, slave girl

‫ امامى‬amāmī front, fore-, anterior, forward, foremost│‫( نقطة امامية‬nuqṯa) outpost 25

3

‫ ام‬amma u (amm) to go, betake o.s., repair (‫ھـ‬ to a place), go to see (‫ ه‬s.o.); -- (‫امامة‬ imāma) to lead the way, lead by one’s example (‫ ه‬s.i.); to lead (‫ ه‬s.o.) in prayer; -(‫ امومة‬umūma) to be or become a mother II to nationalize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to go, betake o.s. repair (‫ ھـ‬to a place), go to see (‫ ه‬s.o.) VIII to follow the example (‫ ب‬of s.o.)

‫ ام‬umm pl. ‫ امھات‬ummahāt mother; source, origin; basis, foundation; original, original version (of a book); the gist, essence of s.th.; pl. ‫ امھات‬matrix (typ.)│ ‫ ام الحبر‬u. alḥibr cuttlefish squid; ‫ ام الحسن‬u. al-ḥasan (magr.) nightingale; ‫ ام الخلول‬u. al-ḳulūl river mussel (zool.); ‫ ام درمان‬u. durmān

‫ امام‬imām pl. ‫ ائمة‬a’imma imam, prayer leader; leader; master; plumb line ‫ امامة‬imāma imamah, function or office of the prayer leader; imamate; leading position; precedence ‫ تأميم‬ta’mīm pl. -āt nationalization 1

‫ اما‬a-mā see│a

2

‫ اما‬ammā (with foll . ‫ ف‬fa) as to, as for, as far as... is concerned; but; yet, however, on the other hand│‫( اما بعد‬ba‘du) (a formular phrase linking introduction and actual

subject of a book or letter, approx.:) now then …, now to our topic: ... 3

‫ اما‬immā if; ‫ واما‬-- ‫ اما‬be it -- or, either – or (also ‫ او‬-- ‫)اما‬

‫ امبراطور‬imbrāṯūr emperor ‫ امبراطوري‬imbrāṯūrī imperialist(ic) ‫ امبراطورية‬imbrātūrīya empire, imperium; imperialism ‫ امبير‬ambīr pl. ‫ امابير‬amābīr2 ampere (el.) ‫ امبيق‬imbiq = ‫انبيق‬ ‫ امت‬amt crookedness, curvedness, curvation, curvature; weakness ‫ امد‬amad pl. ‫ آماد‬āmād end, terminus, extremity; period, stretch or span of time, time; distance│‫ منذ امد بعيد‬for a long time (past); ‫ قصير االمد‬short-dated; of short duration, short-lived; short-term ‫ امر‬amara u (amr) to order, command, bid, instruct (‫ ه‬s.i. ‫ ب‬to do s.th.), commission, charge, entrust (‫ ه‬s.o. ‫ ب‬with s.th. or to do s.th.); -- amara, amura u (‫ امارة‬imāra) to become an emir II to invest with authority, make an emir (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ على‬over) III to ask s.o. 's (‫ )ه‬advice, consult (‫ ه‬s.o.) V to come to power; to set o.s. up as lord and master; to behave like an emir; to assume an imperious attitude; to be imperious, domineering VI to take counsel, deliberate together, confer, consult with each other; to plot, conspire (‫ على‬against) VIII to deliberate, take counsel) (‫ ب‬about); to conspire, plot, hatch a plot (‫ ب‬against s.o.)│ ‫ ائتمر بامره‬to carry out s.o.’s orders ‫ امر‬amr 1. pl. ‫ اوامر‬awāmir2 order, command, instruction (‫ ب‬to do s.th.); ordinance, decree; power, authority; (gram.) imperative│ ‫‘( امر عال‬ālin) royal decree (formerly, Eg.); ‫‘( امر علي‬alīy) decree, edict of the Bey (formerly, Tun.); ‫ امر قانوني‬ordinance having the force of law (Tun.); ‫( االمر والنھي‬wa-nnahy) pl. ‫االوامر‬ ‫( والنواھي‬lit.: command and interdiction, i.e.) sovereign power; full power(s), supreme authority; ‫( امر توريد‬delivery) order (com.); ‫ تحت امرك‬at your disposal, at your service. -- 2. pl. ‫ امور‬umūr matter, affair, concern, business│‫امر واقع‬ (accomplished) fact; ‫ امر معروف‬common knowledge; ‫ في اول االمر‬at first, in the

beginning; ‫(الالمر ما‬amrin) for some reason or other; ‫ اليس االمر كذلك‬isn't it so? ‫اما‬ ‫( واالمر كذلك‬ammā wa-l-amru) things being as they are, there will, no doubt, ...; ‫مھما‬ ‫( يكن من امر‬min amrin) whatever may happen; however things may be; ‫ھو بين‬ ‫ امرين‬he has two possibilities (or alternatives); ‫ االمر الذى‬which (introducing a relative clause the antecedent of which is another clause); ‫ قضى امره‬qudiya amruhu it's all over with him; in the latter and similar phrases, ‫ امره‬is a frequent paraphrase of "he" ‫ امر‬immar simple-minded, stupid ‫ امرة‬imra power, influence, authority, command│‫ امرته‬under his command ‫ امارة‬amāra pl. -āt, ‫ امائر‬amā’ir2 sign, token, indication, symptom, mark, characteristic 26 ‫ امارة‬imāra position or rank of an emir; princely bearing or manners; principality, emirate; authority, power│‫ امارة البحر‬i. albaḥr office or jurisdiction of an admiral, admiralty; ‫( امارات ساحل عمان‬i. s. ‘ummān) Trucial Oman ‫ امير‬amīr pl. ‫ امراء‬umarā’ commander; prince, emir; title of princes of a ruling house; tribal chief│ ‫(امير االى‬alay) commander of a regiment (formerly, Eg.; approx.: colonel; as a naval rank, approx.: captain); ‫ امير االمراء‬approx.: major general (Tun.); ‫( امير البحار‬Eg. 1939) approx.: admiral, ‫( كبير امراء البحار‬Eg. 1939) approx.: fleet admiral; ‫ امير البحر‬a. al-baḥr admiral (when referring to a non-Arab officer of this rank; Eg. 1939 approx.: vice-admiral); ‫ امير البحر االكبر‬or ‫امير البحار‬ ‫ االعظم‬fleet admiral (when referring to a non-Arab officer of this rank); ‫ امير اللواء‬a. al-liwā’ (Ir., since 1933) brigadier; ‫امير لواء‬ ‫ العسة‬a. l. al-‘assa commandant of the Bey's palace guard (formerly, Tun.); ‫امير‬ ‫ المؤمنين‬a. al-mu’minīn Commander of the Faithful, Caliph ‫ اميرة‬amīr pl. -āt princess ‫ اميري‬amīrī (and □ ‫ ميري‬mīrī) goverment(a1), state-owned, state, public│ ‫( ارض اميري‬arḍ) government land (Syr.); ‫ المطبعة االميرية‬government press

‫ امار‬ammār constantly urging, always demanding (‫ ب‬to do s.th.); inciting, instigating│ ‫( النفس االمارة بالسوء‬nafs, sū’) the baser self (of man) that incites to evil

‫ امرك‬II ta’amraka to become Americanized, adopt the American way of life, imitate the Americans

‫ تأمور‬ta’mūr soul, mind, spirit; pericardium (anat.)│‫التھاب التأمور‬ pericarditis (med.)

‫ امرلس‬amarillis amaryllis (bot.)

‫ مؤامرة‬mu’āmara pl. -āt deliberation, counsel, conference; plot, conspiracy ‫ تأمر‬ta’ammur imperiousness, domineeringness; imperious deportment, overbearing manners ‫ تآمر‬ta’āmur joint consultation, counsel, deliberation, conference; plot, conspiracy ‫ ائتمار‬i’timār deliberation, counsel, conference; plot, conspiracy ‫ استئمارة‬isti’māra (frequently written ‫ )استمارة‬form, blank ‫ آمر‬āmir commander; lord, master; orderer, purchaser, customer, client│ ‫اآلمر‬ ‫ الناھى‬absolute master, vested with unlimited authority ‫ مأمور‬ma’mūr commissioned, charged; commissioner; civil officer, official, esp., one in executive capacity; the head of a markaz and qism (Eg.)│ ‫مأمور البوليس‬ commissioner of police; ‫مأمور التفلسة‬ (taflīsa) receiver (in bankruptcy; jur.); ‫ مأمور‬m. al-ḥaraka traffic manager (railroad); ‫ مأمور التصفية‬m. al-taṣfīya receiver (in equity, in bankruptcy; jur.) ‫ مأمورية‬ma’mūrīya pl. -āt order, instruction; errand; task, assignment, mission; commission; commissioner's office, administrative branch of a government agency, e.g., ‫مأمورية قضائية‬ (qaḍā’īya) judicial commission charged with jurisdiction in outlying communities (Eg.) ‫ متآمرون‬muta’āmirūn, conspirators, plotters ‫ مؤتمون‬mu’tamirūn conspirators, plotters; members of a congress, convention, or conference, conferees ‫ مؤتمر‬mu’tamar pl. -āt conference; convention, congress│‫ مؤتمر الصلح‬m. aṣṣulḥ peace conference

‫ تأمرك‬ta’amruk Americanization ‫ امريكا‬amrīkā (formerly, also ‫ )امريقا‬America│ ‫( امريكا الجنوبية‬janūbīya) South America 27 ‫ امريكي‬amrīkī American; (pl. -ūn) an American ‫ االمريكان‬al-amrīkān the Americans ‫ امريكاني‬amrīkānī American; (pl. -ūn) an American ‫ امس‬amsu (but acc. ‫ امسا‬amsan) the day past, yesterday; the immediate past, recent time; -- amsi (adv.) yesterday; recently, lately, not long ago│ ‫ باالمس‬bi-l-amsi yesterday; not long ago; ‫ امس االول‬a. lawwal two days ago, the day before yesterday ‫ امسية‬umsīya pl. -āt, ‫ اماسى‬amāsīy evening ‫ امستردام‬amstirdām Amsterdam ‫ امشير‬amšīr the sixth month of the Coptic calendar ‫ امع‬imma‘ and ‫ امعة‬imma‘a characterless person; opportunist, timeserver ‫ امل‬amala u (amal) to hope (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬for), entertain hopes (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬of) II to hope; to expect (‫ من ھـ‬s.th. of s.o.); to raise hope. (‫ه‬ in s.o.), hold out hope. (‫ ه‬for s.o.), give (‫ه‬ s.o.) reason to hope or expect│ ‫امله خيرا‬ (ḳairan) to let s.o. hope for the best V to look attentively (‫ في‬،‫ ھـ‬at), regard, contemplate (‫ في‬،‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to meditate; to consider, think over, ponder (‫ في‬،‫ ھـ‬s.th.), reflect (‫ في‬،‫ ھـ‬on) ‫ امل‬amal pl. ‫ آمال‬āmāl hope, expectation (‫ في‬of s.th., also ‫ ب(│ امل كاذب‬fallacious hope ‫ مأمل‬ma’mal pl. ‫ مآمل‬ma’amil2 hope ‫ تأمل‬ta’ammul pl. -āt consideration; contemplation; pl. ‫ تأمالت‬meditations ‫ آمل‬āmil hopeful ‫ مؤمل‬mu’ammil hopeful ‫ مأمول‬ma’mūl hoped for, expected

-āt) s.th. deposited in trust, a deposit, trust, charge; secretariat│‫ امانة الصندوق‬a. aṣṣundūq treasury department; ‫امانة عامة‬ (‘āmma) secretariat general; ‫محزن االمانات‬ maḳzan al-a. baggage checkroom

‫ متأمل‬muta’ammil contemplative, meditative, reflective; pensive, wistful, musing ‫ امن‬amuna u (‫ امانة‬amāna) to be faithful, reliable, trustworthy; -- amina a (amn, ‫امان‬ amān) to be safe, feel safe (‫ من‬or ‫ ھـ‬from) II to reassure (‫ ه‬s.o.), set s.o.’s (‫ )ه‬mind at rest; to assure, ensure, safeguard, guarantee, warrant, bear out, confirm, corroborate (‫ ھـ‬،‫ على‬s.th.); to insure (‫ضد‬ ‫ الحريق‬against fire); to entrust (‫ ه‬to s.o., ‫على‬ s.th.); to say "amen" (‫ على‬to s.th.) IV to believe (‫ ب‬in) VIII to trust (‫ ه‬s.o.), have confidence, have faith (‫ ه‬in); to entrust ( ‫ على ه‬s.o. with, to s.o s.th.) X = VIII; to ask for protection, for a promise of security, for indemnity (‫ ه‬s.o.)

‫ مأمن‬ma’man place of safety, safe place ‫ تأمين‬ta’mīn securing, protection; assurance; safeguarding; reassurance; ensuring; guaranty, warranty; security, surety; insurance│ ‫( تأمين اجتماعي‬ijtimā’ī) social security; ‫( تأمين ضد الحريق‬ḍidda) fire insurance; ‫( تأمين على الحياة‬ḥayāh) life insurance ‫ ايمان‬iman faith, belief (‫ ب‬in) ‫ ائتمان‬I’timān trust, confidence; credit ‫ استئمان‬isti’mān trust, confidence

‫ امن‬amn safety; peace, security, protection│‫‘( االمن العام‬āmm) public safety; ‫ رجال االمن‬the police ‫ امان‬amān security, safety; peace; shelter, protection; clemency, quarter (mil.); safeguarding, assurance of protection; indemnity, immunity from punishment│‫( في امان ﷲ‬a valedictory phrase) in God's protection! ‫ امين‬amīn pl. ‫ امناء‬umanā’2 reliable, trustworthy, loyal, faithful, upright, honest; safe, secure; authorized representative or agent; trustee; guarantor (‫ على‬of); chief, head; superintendent, curator, custodian, guardian, keeper; chamberlain; master of a guild (Tun.); (mil.) approx.: quartermaster-sergeant (Eg. 1939)│ ‫( االمين االول‬awwal) Lord Chamberlain (formerly, at the Eg. Court); ‫ كبير االمناء‬approx.: Chief Master of Ceremonies (ibid.); ‫ امين المخزن‬a. almaḳzan warehouse superintendent; stock clerk; ‫ امين سر الدولة‬a. sirr ad-daula and ‫ امين السر‬a. as-sirr permanent secretary of state (Sy,.); ‫ امين الصندوق‬a. aṣ-ṣundūq and ‫ امين المال‬treasurer; cashier; ‫امين العاصمة‬ mayor (esp. Ir.); ‫‘( امين عام‬āmm) secretary general; ‫ امين المكتب‬a. al-maktab (formerly) a subaltern rank in the Eg. navy (1939) 28 ‫ آمين‬āmīn amen! ‫ امانة‬amāna reliability, trustworthiness; loyalty, faithfulness, fidelity, fealty; integrity, honesty; confidence, trust, good faith; deposition in trust; trusteeship; (pl.

‫ آمن‬āmin peaceful ‫ مأمون‬ma’mūn reliable, trustworthy ‫ مؤمن عليه‬mu’amman ‘alaihi insured ‫ مؤمن‬mu’min believing, faithful; believer ‫ مؤتمن‬mu’taman entrusted (‫ على‬with); confidant; sequestrator (jur.) ‫ امنيبوس‬omnibus omnibus, bus 1

‫ اموى‬amawī of or like a bondmaid or handmaid

2

‫ اموي‬umawī Ommiad (adj.) ‫ بنو امية‬banū umayya the Ommiads

‫ اميبا‬amībā amoebae ‫ اميرال‬amīrāl admiral ‫ اميركه‬،‫ اميركا‬amērikā, amērika America ‫ اميرالية‬amīrālīya admiralty 1

‫ ان‬an (conj.) that; -- in 1. (conj.) if; ‫ وان‬wa-in although, even though, even if; ‫ وان – ان‬be it -- or (be it); ‫ اال‬illā (= ‫ )ان ال‬look up alphabetically 2. (particle) not, esp. in the phrase ‫ ان ھو اال‬in huwa illā (f. ‫ )ان ھي اال‬it is nothing but, it is no more than

2

‫ ان‬anna (conj.) that; ‫ بما انه‬bi-mā annahū since he (it), because he (it); ‫‘ على انه‬alā annahū while he (it), whereas he (it); introducing a main clause: however, yet; ‫ وذلك انه‬that is to say, namely, to wit; -- innā (intensifying particle introducing a nominal clause) verily, truly (in most cases not translated in English)

‫ انما‬innamā but, but then; yet, however; rather, on the contrary 3

‫ ان‬anna i (‫ انين‬anīn, ‫ تأنان‬ta’nān) to groan, moan (‫ من‬at) ‫ انة‬anna pl. -āt moan, groan│ ‫انات وآھات‬ wails and laments ‫ انين‬anīn plaintive sound, wail; groan, moan(ing)

‫ انا‬ana I

‫ انثى‬untā pl. ‫ اناث‬ināt, ‫ اناثى‬anātā feminine; female; a female (of animals); ‫ االنثيان‬al-untayān the testicles ‫ انثوى‬untawī womanly, female, women's (in compounds); effeminate, womanish ‫ انوثة‬unūta femininity, womanliness ‫ تأنيث‬ta’nīt the feminine, feminine form (gram.) ‫ مؤنث‬mu’annat (gram.) feminine (adj.)

‫ اناني‬anānī egotistic; egoistic(al), selfish

‫ انثروبولوجيا‬antrōbōlōjiyā anthropology

‫ انانية‬anānīya egoism, selfishness

‫ انجاص‬injās (syr.) pear

‫ االناضل‬al-anāḍul Anatolia

‫( انجلترا‬It. Inghilterra) ingilterā England

‫ اناناس‬anānas pineapple

‫ االنجليز‬al-ingəlīz the English

‫ انب‬II to blame, censure, reprehend, upbraid (‫ه‬ s.o.) ‫ تأنيب‬ta’nīb blame, censure, rebuke ‫( انبا‬pronounced ambā) Abba, a high ecclesiastic title of the Coptic Church, preceding the names of metropolitans, bishops, patriarchs, and saints (< Άββα) ‫ انبار‬anbār pl. ‫ انابر‬anābir2, ‫ انابير‬anābīr2 warehouse, storehouse, storeroom 29 ‫( انباشي‬Turk. onbaşı) onbašī a mil. rank: corporal (formerly, Eg.); ‫وكيل انباشي‬ approx.: private first class (Eg.) ‫ انبوبة‬،‫ انبوب‬see ‫نب‬ ‫ انبيق‬inbīq alembic ‫ انت‬an-ta, f. anti thou, you (2nd pers. sing.); pl. m. ‫ انتم‬antum, f. ‫ انتن‬antunna you (2nd pers. pl. and polite form of address); dual ‫ انتما‬antumā both of you ‫ انتذا‬anta-dā it’s you! ‫ انتيكخانة‬antīkḳāna museum ‫ انتيكة‬antīka pl. -āt (eg.) old, old-fashioned, outmoded ‫ انتمون‬antimūn antimony ‫ انث‬anuta u (‫ انوثة‬unūta) to be or become feminine, womanly, womanish, effeminate II to make feminine; to effeminate, make effeminate; to put into the feminine form (gram.) V to become feminine (also gram.)

‫ انجليزى‬ingəlīzī English; Englishman ‫ انجيل‬injil pl. ‫ اناجيل‬anajīl2 gospel ‫ انجيلى‬injīlī evangelical; evangelist ‫ انجيلية‬injīlīya evangelical creed ‫ االندلس‬al-andalus Spain ‫ اندونيسيا‬indūnīsiyā Indonesia ‫ انس‬anisa a and anusa u (uns) to be companionable, sociable, nice, friendly, genial; ‫ انس به‬to like s.o.’s company, like to be together with s.o.; to be or get on intimate terms (‫ ب‬or ‫ الى‬with s.o.); to be used, accustomed, habituated (‫ الى‬to); to perceive, notice, find (‫ ھـ‬a quality, ‫ من‬،‫في‬ in s.o.); to sense, feel, make out, recognize (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ في‬in, at)│ ‫(انس لحديثه‬li-ḥadītihī) to like to listen to s.o. II to put at ease; to tame III to be friendly, nice (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to entertain, amuse (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to keep s.o. (‫)ه‬ company; to entertain, delight, amuse (‫ه‬ s.o.); to perceive, discern, make out (with the eyes; ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to sense (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to find, see, notice, observe, e.g., ‫آنس فيه الكفاية‬ he saw that be was duly qualified, that he was a capable man V to become incarnate (Son of God) X to be sociable, companionable; to get on familiar terms, become intimate; to become tame; to be friendly, nice, kind (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to accommodate o.s., accustom o.s., settle down; to be familiar, familiarize o.s., acquaint o.s. (‫ ب‬or ‫ الى‬with); to inform o.s., gather information (‫ ب‬ahout); to take into consideration, take into account, bring into play (‫ ب‬s.th.), draw upon s.th. (

‫ ;)ب‬to listen (‫ ل‬to s.th.), heed (‫ ب‬an opinion) ‫ انس‬uns sociability; intimacy, familiarity, friendly atmosphere ‫ انسى‬unsī: ‫( كعب انسى‬ka‘b) talus, inner anklebone (anat.) ‫ انس‬ins (coll.) man, mankind, human race ‫ انسي‬insī human; human being ‫ ناس‬nās (coll.) and ‫ اناس‬unās people ‫ ناسوت‬nāsūt mankind, humanity 30 ‫ اناسى‬anāsīy (pl.) people, human beings, humans ‫ انيس‬anīs close, intimate; close friend; friendly, kind, affable, civil, polite, courteous ‫ انسان‬insan man, human being│ ‫انسان‬ ‫ العين‬i. al-‘ain pupil (of the eye) ‫ انسانة‬insāna woman ‫ انسانى‬insānī human; humane; humanitarian, philanthropist ‫ انسانية‬insānīya humanity, humaneness; politeness, civility; mankind, the human race ‫ مؤانسة‬mu’ānasa intimacy, familiarity, friendliness, geniality, cordiality; sociability; conviviality ‫ ايناس‬īnās exhilaration; friendliness, geniality; familiarity, intimacy, cordiality; sociability ‫ تأنس‬ta’annus incarnation (Chr.) ‫ ائتناس‬I’tinās social life, sociability ‫ آنسة‬ānisa pl. -āt, ‫ اوانس‬awānis2 young lady, miss ‫ مأنوس‬ma’nūs familiar, accustomed ‫ مستأنس‬musta’nis tame ‫( انش‬Engl.) inš inch ‫( انشوجة‬It. acciuga) anšūga (eg.) anchovy ‫ انطاكية‬anṯākiya2 Antioch (ancient city in Syria; now Antakya, in S Turkey) ‫ انطولوجى‬onṯōlōjī ontologic(al) (philos.) ‫ انف‬anifa a (anaf) to disdain, scorn (‫ من‬s.th., ‫ان‬ to do s.th.); to reject haughtily (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) X

to resume, renew, recommence (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); (jur.) to appeal (‫ ھـ‬a sentence) ‫ انف‬anf pl. ‫ آناف‬ānāf, ‫ انوف‬unūf nose; spur (of a mountain); pride│ ‫ رغم انفه‬ragma anfihi in defiance of him, to spite him; ‫كسر انفه‬ (anfahū) to humiliate s.o., to put s.o.'s nose out of joint; ‫ شامح االنف‬stuck-up, haughty, proud ‫ انفى‬anfī nasal ‫ انفة‬anafa pride; rejection; disdain (‫ من‬of s.th.) ‫ انوف‬anūf proud, haughty, stuck-up, supercilious, disdainful ‫ استئناف‬isti’nāf fresh start, recommencement, renewal, resumption, reopening (also, of a legal case); appeal (jur.)│ ‫( قدم استئنافا‬qaddama) to appeal, make an appeal (jur.) ‫ استئنافى‬isti’nāfī of appeal, appellate; ‫ استئنافيا‬isti’nāfīyan by appeal ‫ آنف‬ānif preceding, above│ ‫آنف الذكر‬ (dikr) preceding, above, above-mentioned; ‫ آنفا‬ānifan previously, above, in the foregoing ‫ مؤتنف‬mu’tanaf primordial, virginal state; beginning ‫( انفرس‬Fr. Anvers) anvers Antwerp (city in N Belgium) ‫ انفلونزا‬influwanzā influenza, grippe ‫ انق‬aniqa a to be neat, trim, smart, spruce, comely, pretty; to be happy (‫ ب‬about), be delighted (‫ ب‬by) IV to please (‫ ه‬s.o.)│‫يؤنقه‬ ‫( الشيء‬šai’u) he likes the thing V to apply o.s. eagerly and meticulously (‫ فى‬to); to be meticulous, fastidious, finical; to be chic, elegant ‫ اناقة‬anāqa elegance ‫ انيق‬anīq neat, trim, spruce, comely, pretty; elegant, chic ‫ انوق‬anūq Egyptian vulture (Neophron perenopterus)│ ‫ اعز من بيض االنوق‬a‘azz2 min baiḍi l-a. (lit.: rarer than the eggs of a vulture, i.e.) approx.: scarcer than hens’ teeth (proverbially for s.th. rare) ‫ تأنق‬ta’annuq elegance 31

‫ مؤنق‬mu’anniq, ‫ مونق‬mūniq pretty, comely, winsome, nice, pleasing ‫ متأنق‬muta’anniq chic, elegant ‫ انقره‬anqara Ankara

direction); how? wherever; however│ ‫وانى‬ ‫ له اال‬... (allā) and why shouldn't he ... ? ‫ انيسون‬anīsūn, ‫ آنيسون‬aniseed

‫ انقليس‬anqalīs eel

‫ انيميا‬anīmiyā anemia│○ ‫ انيميا خبيثة‬pernicious anemia (med.)

‫ آنك‬ānuk lead (metal)

‫ آه‬āhi! ‫ آھا‬āhan! (interj.) oh!

‫ انكشارى‬inkišārī pl. -īya Janizary

‫ اھب‬II to prepare, make ready, equip (‫ ه‬،‫ل ھـ‬ s.o., s.th. for) V to be ready, be prepared; to prepare o.s., get ready; to equip s.o., be equipped (‫ ل‬for)

‫ انكلترة‬،‫( انكلترا‬It. Inghilterra) ingilterā, ingiltera England ‫ انكلوسكسون‬al-anglosaksūn the Anglo-Saxons ‫ انكلوسكسونية‬al-anglosaksūnīya AngloSaxondom ‫ االنكليز‬al-inglīz the Engliah ‫ انكليزى‬inglīzī English; Englishman ‫ انكليس‬ankalīs eel ‫ االنام‬al-anām and ‫( اآلنام‬coll.) mankind, the human race ‫ انموذج‬unmūdaj model, pattern; type, example; sample, specimen ‫ انمون‬anamūn anemone (bot.) 1

‫ انى‬anā i to mature, become ripe; to draw near, approach, come (esp. time)│ ‫انى له ان‬ it is (high) time that he; esp. in negative statements: ‫ الم يأن‬a-lam ya'ni? isn't it about time ...? V to act slowly, proceed unhurriedly, bide one's time, be patient X to take one's time, hesitate (‫ فى‬in, with); to wait ‫ انى‬anan pl. ‫ آناء‬ānā’ (span of) time, period│ ‫(فى آناء الليل‬laili) all night long; ‫آناء‬ ‫ الليل واطراف النھار‬ānā’a l-laili wa-aṯrāfa nnahār by day and by night ‫ اناة‬anāh deliberateness; perseverance, patience│ ‫ طول االناة‬ṯūl al-a. longsuffering, great patience; ‫ طويل االناة‬longsuffering (adj.) ‫ اناء‬inā’ pl. ‫ آنية‬āniya, ‫اوان‬awānin2 vessel, container, receptacle│ ‫ آنية الطعام‬a.. aṯṯa‘ām table utensils, dishes; mess kit ‫ تأن‬ta’annin slowness, deliberateness ‫ متأن‬muta’annin slow, unhurried, deliberate

2

‫ انى‬annā (interrog. part.) where ... from? why is it that ... ? why? Where? (place and

‫ اھبة‬uhba pl. ‫ اھب‬uhab preparation, preparedness, readiness, alertness; equipment, outfit, gear│ ‫ اھبة الحرب‬u. alḥarb military equipment; ‫على اھبة الرحيل‬ ready to set out; ‫ على اھبة االستعداد‬fully prepared; on the alert (mil.); ‫ أخذ اھبته‬to make one's preparations, get ready ‫ اھاب‬ihāb skin, hide ‫ تأھب‬ta’ahhub preparedness, readiness; (pl. -āt) preparation ‫ متأھب‬muta’ahhib ready, prepared ‫ اھل‬ahala u (‫ اھول‬uhūl) to take a wife, get married; -- ahila a to be on familiar terms (‫ ب‬with); -- pas. uhila to be inhabited, be populated (region, place) II to make fit or suited, to fit, qualify (‫ ه‬،‫ ل ھـ‬s.o., s.th. for); to make possible (‫ ھـ ل‬for s.o. s.th.), enable (‫ ھـ ل‬s.o. to do s.th.), make accessible (‫ ھـ ل‬to s.o. s.th.); to welcome ( ‫ ب‬s.o.) V to be or become fit, suited, qualified (‫ ل‬for s.th.); to 32 take a wife; to marry, get married X to deserve merit (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), be worthy (‫ ھـ‬of) ‫ اھل‬ahl pl. –ūn, ‫ اھال‬ahālin relatives, folks, family; kin, kinfolk; wife; (with foll. genit.) people, members, followers, adherents, possessors, etc.; inhabitants; deserving, worthy (‫ ل‬of s.th.); fit, suited, qualified (‫ ل‬for); pl. ‫ األھالى‬،‫ األھلون‬the natives, the native population│ ‫ اھل البيت‬a. al-bait members (of the house, i.e.) of the family; the Prophet's family; ‫ اھل الدار‬the people living in the house; ‫ اھل الحرفة‬a. alḥirfa people of the trade; ‫ اھل الحلف‬a. alḥilf people pledged by oath, members of a sworn confederacy; ‫ اھل الخبرة‬a. al-ḳibra people of experience, experts; ‫اھل السفسطة‬ a. al-safsata Sophists; ‫ اھل السنة‬a. as-sunna

the adherents of the Sunna, the Sunnis; ‫اھل‬ ‫ المدر والوبر‬a. al-madar wa-l-wabar the resident population and the nomads; ‫اھل‬ ‫ الوجاھة‬a. al-wajāha people of rank and high social standing; ‫ اھال وسھال‬ahlan wasahlan welcome! ‫ اھال بك‬ahlan bika welcome to youl ‫ له في دارنا اھل‬he is a welcome guest in our house

‫ اوبرا‬and ‫( اوبرا‬It. opera) ōpərā opera; opera house

‫ اھلي‬ahlī domestic, family (adj.); native, resident; indigenous; home, national│ ‫ بنك اھلي‬national bank (Eg.); ‫( حرب اھلية‬ḥarb) civil war; ‫محكمة اھلية‬ (maḥkama) indigenous court (Eg.); ‫القضاء‬ ‫( األھلي‬qaḍā’) jurisdiction of indigenous courts; ‫( اإلنتاج األھلي‬intāj) domestic production; ‫( وقف اھلي‬waqf) family wakf

‫ اوتوقراطي‬oṯūqrāṯī autocratic

‫ اھلية‬ahlīya aptitude, fitness, suitableness, competence; qualification │ ‫ا‬ ‫ ألھلية القانونية‬the civil rights; ‫كامل األھلية‬ legally competent; ‫ عديم األھلية‬legally incompetent, under tutelage ‫ آھل‬ahil and ‫ مأھول‬ma’hūl inhabited, populated (region, place) ‫ مؤھالت‬mu’ahhilāt qualifications, abilities, aptitudes ‫ متأھل‬muta’ahhil married ‫ مستأھل‬musta’hil worthy, deserving, meriting; entitled ‫ اھليلج‬ihlīlaj myrobalan, emblic (fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L.; bot.); ellipse (geom.)

‫( اوبريت‬Fr.) ōpərēt operetta ‫( اوت‬Fr. août) August (month; mağr.) ‫( اوتوبيس‬Fr. autobus) otobīs autobus, bus ‫( اوتجراف‬Fr.) otogrāf pl. -āt autograph ‫( اوتوماتيكي‬Fr.) otomātīkī automatic ‫( اوتوموبيل‬Fr.) otombīl automobile ‫( اوتيل‬Fr.) ōtēl pl. -āt hotel ‫ اوج‬auj highest point, acme, pinnacle; culmination, climax; apogee (astron.); peak (fig.; of power. of fame) 33 ‫ آح‬āḥ albumen, eggwhite O ‫ آحين‬āḥīn albumin (‫ اود( آد‬āda u (aud) to bend, flex, curve, crook ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to burden, oppress, weigh down ( ‫ ھـ‬s.o.); -- ‫ اود‬awida a (awad) to bend; to be bent V to bend; to bow ‫ اودة‬auda burden, load ‫ اود‬awad: ‫ قام باوده‬to provide for s.o.’s needs, stand by s.o. in time of need; ‫أقام اوده‬ (awadahū) do.; to support s.o., furnish s.o. with the means of subsistence ‫ اوار‬uwār heat, blaze; thirst ‫ اوربا‬urubbā Europe ‫ اوربي‬urubbī Europesn

‫ اھليلجي‬ihlīlajī elliptic(al)

‫ اورشليم‬ūrušalīm2 Jerusalem

‫ او‬au or; (with foll. subj.) unless except that

‫ )اورطة )= ارطة‬urṯa pl. ‫ ارط‬uraṯ battalion (formerly, Eg.; mil.)

1

(‫ اوب( آب‬āba u (aub, ‫ اوبة‬auba, ‫ اياب‬iyab) to return; ‫ ب آب‬to catch, contract, suffer, incur s.th., be in for s.th., be left with, get one’s share of ‫ من كل اوب‬min kulli aubin from all sides or directions; ‫( من كل اوب وصوب‬ṣaubin) do. ‫ اوبة‬auba return ‫ اياب‬iyāb return │ ‫ ذھابا وايابا‬dahāban wa-iyaban there and back; back and forth, up and down ‫ مآب‬ma’āb place to which one returns; (used as verbal noun:) return │ ‫ذھوب ومآب‬ coming and going

2

‫ آب‬look up alphabetically

‫ اورغوي‬uruguwāy Uruguay ‫( اوركسترا‬It.) arkestrā orchestra ‫( اورنيك‬Turk. örnek) urnīk pl. ‫ ارانيك‬arānīk2 sample, specimen; model, pattern; form, blank ‫ اوروبا‬urubbā, ‫ اوروپا‬Europe ‫ اوروبي‬urubbī Europesn ‫ اوروجواي‬uruguwāy Uruguay ‫ اوز‬II (eg.) to ridicule (‫ على‬s.o.), make fun of s.o. (‫)على‬ ‫ اوز‬iwazz (col1.; n. un.) goose, geese

‫ آس‬ās myrtle; see also alphabetically ‫ اوستراليا‬usturāliyā Australia ‫( اوستريا‬It.) austriyā Austria ‫ اوسلو‬Oslo ‫ اوسطى‬ūsṯā see ‫اسطى‬ ‫ اوشية‬ūšīya pl. ‫ اواش‬awāšin prayer, oration (Copt.-Chr.) ‫ آفة‬āfa pl. -āt harm, hurt, damage, ruin, bane, evil; epidemic, plague; plant epidemic ‫ مؤوف‬ma’ūf stricken by an epidemic ‫( اوفرول‬Engl.) ovirōl overalls l

(‫ اوق( آق‬āqa u to bring s.o. (‫ )على‬bad luck, cause discomfort or hardship (‫ على‬to) II to burden (‫ ه‬s.o.) with s.th. unpleasant, troublesome or difficult

2

‫ اوقة‬see ‫اقة‬

3

‫ اويقات‬uwaiqāt (dimin. of ‫ )اوقات‬short times; good times

‫ اويقيانوس‬،‫اويقيانس‬

oqiyānus, oqiyānūs ocean

‫ اوقية‬ūqīya pl. -āt ounce, a weight of varying magnitude (Eg.: 37.44 g; Aleppo 320 g; Jerusalem 240 g; Beirut 213.3 g) ‫( اوكازيون‬Fr. occasion) okazyōn clearing sale, special sale ‫ اوكرانيا‬ukrānīya Ukraine ‫( اوكسجين‬Fr. oxygène) oksižēn oxygen (‫ اول( آل‬āla u (aul, ‫ مآل‬ma’āl) to return, revert ( ‫ الى‬to); to go back, be attributed, be attributable (‫ الى‬to), spring, derive (‫الى‬ from); to lead, conduce, tend (‫ الى‬to), result eventually (‫ الى‬in); to come or go eventually (‫ الى‬to s.o.), pass into the hands of (‫ الى( │ آل األمر الى‬the long and the short of it was that ... ; ‫( آل به المطاف الى‬maṯāfu) he eventually got to the point where ... II to interpret, explain (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ آل‬āl family, relatives, kinsfolk, clan; companions, partisans, people; mirage, fatamorgana ‫ آلة‬āla pl. -āt instrument, utensil; tool; apparatus; device, implement, appliance; machine│ ‫ آالت الحس‬ā. al-ḥiss sensory organs; ‫( آلة بخارية‬buḳārīya) steam engine; ‫ آلة الجر‬ā. al-jarr tractor; ‫آلة جھنمية‬ (jahannamīya) infernal machine; ‫آلة حربية‬

(ḥarbīya) instrument of war; ٣٤ ‫آلة التحريك‬ motor, engine; ‫ آلة حاسبة‬calculating machine; ‫ آلة الحياكة‬a. al-ḥiyāka power loom; ‫ آلة الخياطة‬sewing machine; ‫آلة راديو‬ radio; ‫ آلة رافعة‬hoisting machine, crane, derrick; pump; ‫ آلة التسخين‬and ‫آلة مسخنة‬ (musaḳḳina) heater; ‫آلة التصوير‬ (photographic) camera; ‫ آلة الطباعة‬printing press; ‫ آلة الغسل‬a. al-gasl washing machine; ‫ آلة التفريخ‬incubator; ‫ آلة االستقبال‬receiver, receiving set (radio); ‫( آلة مقطرة‬muqaṯṯira) distilling apparatus, still; ‫ آلة الكتابة‬and ‫آلة‬ ‫ كاتبة‬typewriter; ‫ آلة لعب القمار‬a. la‘b alqimār slot machine; ‫( آلة موسيقية‬mūsīqīya) musical instrument; ‫ آلة التنبيه‬alarm; siren horn (of an automobile); ‫آلة صماء‬ (ṣammā’) (fig.) tool, creature, puppet ‫ آلى‬ālī mechanic(al); mechanized; motorized; instrumental; organic│ ‫محراث‬ ‫( آلي‬miḥrat) motor plow; ‫القوات اآللية‬ (quwāt) motorized troops; ‫حركة آلية‬ (ḥaraka) a mechanical movement ‫ آلية‬ālīya mechanics ‫ آالتى‬ālātī pl. ‫ آالتية‬ālātīya (eg.) musician; singer ‫ اول‬awwal2, f. ‫ اولى‬ūlā, pl. m. -ūn, ‫اوائل‬ awā’il2 first; foremost, most important, principal, chief, main; first part, beginning; (with def. article also) earlier, previous, former; see a1so under │‫ولى‬ ‫( االنسان االول‬insān) primitive man; ‫طبيب اول‬ physician-in-chief; ‫ االولون‬,‫ االوائل‬the forebears, forefathers, ancestors; ‫اوائل الشھر‬ a. aš-šahr the first ten days of a month, beginning of a month; ‫ الول مرة‬li-awwali marratin or ‫ للمرة االولى‬for the first time; ‫من‬ ‫ من اوائله‬،‫ اوله‬since its beginnings, from the very beginning; ‫( من اوله الى آخره‬āḳirihī) from beginning to end, from A to Z; ‫اول‬ ‫ االمر‬awwala l-amr at first, in the beginning; ‫ االول فاالول‬each time the first available; ‫( اول ما‬awwala) the moment when, just when; at the very outset of; ‫اكثر‬ ‫( من االول‬aḳtara) more than before ‫ اوال‬awwalan first, firstly, in the first place; at first, in the beginning│ ‫اوال باول‬ and ‫ اوال فأوال‬by and by, gradually, one after the other, one by one; ‫ اوال واخيرا‬and ‫اوال‬ ‫( وآخرا‬āḳiran) first and I~st, altogether; simply and solely, merely

‫ اولى‬awwalī prime, primary, primordial, original, initial, first; elemental, fundamental, basic, principal, chief, main; elementary; primitive, pristine, primeval│ ‫( مدرسة اولية‬madrasa) elementary school, grade school; ‫( مواد اولية‬mawādd) raw materials; ‫‘( عدد اولى‬adad) prime number; ‫( فاتورة اولية‬fātūra) pro forma invoice

‫ آنذاك‬ānadāka that day, at that time, then ‫ اون‬aun calmness, serenity, gentleness ‫ اوان‬awān pl. ‫ آونة‬āwina time│ ‫قبل اوانه‬ prematurely; ‫ في اوانه‬at the right time, timely, seasonably, ‫ في غير اوانه‬at the wrong time, untimely, unseasonably; ‫بين‬ ‫ اآلونة‬from time to time; ‫بين اآلونة واالخرى‬ (uḳrā) and ‫( آونة وأخرى‬āwinatan, uḳrā) at times, sometimes; ‫ آونة – وأخرى‬sometimes – sometimes, at times – at times; ‫فات االوان‬ (fāta) it is too late; ‫( آن االوان‬āna) the time has come, it is time (‫ ل‬for, to do s.th.)

‫ اولية‬awwalīya pl. -āt fundamental truth, axiom; primary constituent, essential component, element; precedence; priority ‫ ايل‬ayyil, iyyal, uyyal pl. ‫ ايائل‬ayā’il2 stag ‫ ايالة‬iyāla pl. -āt province; regency

2

‫ ايلولة‬ailūla title deed (jur.)

‫ اونباشى‬onbašī corporal, see ‫انباشى‬

‫ مآل‬ma’āl end; outcome, final issue, upshot; result, consequence│ ‫في الحال وفي‬ ‫ المآل‬at present and in the future

(‫ اوه( آه‬āha u and II to moan, sigh V to moan, sigh; to sigh with admiration (‫ ل‬over), exclaim “ah!”

‫ تأويل‬ta’wīl pl. -āt interpretation, explanation

‫ اوه‬awwah (interj.) oh! ‫ آه‬āhi, ‫آھـ‬āhan, ‫ اواه‬awwāhi oh!

‫ اوالء‬ulā’i, ‫ اوالئك‬،‫ اولئك‬ulā’ika these; those, pl. of the demonstr. pron. ‫ ذا‬and ‫ذلك‬

‫ آھة‬āha pl. -āt sigh, moan; pl. ‫ آھات‬sighs of admiration; rapturous exclamations

‫ اولمبى‬olimbī Olympic│ ‫االلعاب االولمبية‬the Olympic games

‫ تأوه‬ta’awwuh moaning. sighing; admiring exclamation; plaintive sound, wail

‫ اولمبياد‬olimbiyād Olympiad ‫ اولو‬ulū (pl. of ‫ )ذو‬owners, possessors, people (with foll.genit.: of)│ ‫اولو االمر‬u. l-amr rulers, powerful leaders; ‫ اولو الحل والعقد‬u. lḥall wa-l-'aqd (lit.: masters of solving and binding) do.; ‫ اولو الشأن‬u. š-ša’n the responsible people 1

‫ اوام‬uwām thirst

2

‫ اوم‬ohm (el.) 35

‫ اومنيبوس‬omnībūs omnibus, bus 1

‫ آن‬ān time; ‫ اآلن‬al-āna now│ ‫ فى آن‬and ‫فى آن‬ ‫ واحد‬at the same time, simultaneously; ‫من‬ ‫( آن الى آخر‬āḳara) from time to time; ‫ما بين‬ ‫( آن وآخر‬wa-āḳara) and ‫ آنا بعد آن‬sometimes, at times, now and then: once in a while; ‫آنا‬ ‫ فآنا‬gradually, by and by, little by little; ‫آنا‬ ‫ وآونة‬-- (āwinatan) sometimes -sometimes, at times -- at times; ‫قبل اآلن‬ qabla l-āna before, previously, formerly; ‫ لآلن‬li-l-āna and ‫ حتى اآلن‬ḥattā l-āna until now, hitherto, so far; ‫ بعد اآلن‬ba‘da l-āna from now on, henceforth, in the future; ‫من‬ ‫ اآلن فصاعدا‬min al-āna fa-ṣā‘idan do. ‫ آنئذ‬āna’idin that day, at that time, then

‫ايوان‬look up alphabetically

‫ اوى‬awā i to seek refuge, seek shelter (‫ الى‬at a place); to go (‫ الى‬to bed); to betake o.s., repair (‫ الى‬to a place); to shelter, house, put up, lodge, accommodate, receive as a guest (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) II to shelter, lodge, put up, accommodate, receive as a guest (‫ه‬ s.o.) IV to seek shelter (‫ الى‬at a place), to retire (‫ الى‬to a place); to betake o.s., repair (‫ الى‬to a place); to shelter, house, put up, lodge, accommodate (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ ايواء‬īwā’ accommodation, lodging, housing, sheltering ‫ مأوى‬ma’wan pl. ‫ مآو‬ma’āwin place of refuge, retreat, shelter; abode; resting place; dwelling, habitation│ ‫مأوى ليلى‬ (lailī) shelter for the night; doss house ‫ ابن آوى‬ibn āwā pl. ‫ بنات آوى‬banāt a. jackal 1

‫ آية‬āya, coll. ‫ آي‬āy, pl. -āt sign, token, mark; miracle; wonder, marvel, prodigy; model, exemplar, paragon, masterpiece (‫ فى‬of, e.g., of organization, etc.); Koranic verse, ‫( آي الذكر الحكيم‬āy ad-dikr) the verses of the

Koran; passage (in a book), utterance, saying, word; ‫( آيات‬with foll. genit.) moat solemn assurances (of love, of gratitude) 2

‫ اى‬ay that is (to say), i.e.; namely, to wit

‫( ايريال‬Engl.) ēriyāl aerial, antenna ‫ ايزيس‬īzīs Isis ‫ ايس‬ayisa a (‫ اياس‬iyās) to despair (‫ من‬of s.th.) ‫ اياس‬iyās despair

3

‫ اى‬ī yes (with foll. ‫ وﷲ‬yes indeed! Yes, by God!)

4

‫ اى‬ayy, f. ‫ اية‬ayya (with foll. genit. or suffix) which? what? what kind of? Whoever, whosoever; any, every, no matter what ... ; (with neg.) no; ‫ ايما‬ayyumā whatever, whatsoever│‫ ايا كان‬،‫ اية كانت‬ayyan kāna, ayyatan kānat whoever he (or she) is, no matter who he (or she) is; ‫ اي من كان‬ayyu man kāna whoever it may be, whosoever; ‫( على اي حال‬ayyi ḥālin) in any case, at any 36 rate, at all events, by all means; ‫اى واحد‬ ayyu wāḥidin any one; ‫ ان له شأنا اى شأن‬inna lahū ša’nan ayya ša’nin it is of the greatest importance (lit.: it is of importance, and of what importance!); ‫ اعجب به ايما اعجاب‬u‘jiba bihi ayyama i‘jābin how much he admired him! he admired him greatly; ‫اقبل عليه ايما اقبال‬ aqbala ‘alaihi ayyama iqbālin he showed the greatest interest in it

‫ ايا‬iyyā with nominal suffix to express the accusative│‫ اياك ان‬take care not to ..., be careful not to ...; ‫ اياك و‬،‫ اياك من‬beware of ... ! ‫( واياك‬dial. wayyāk), ‫( واياه‬wayyāh) with you, with him

‫( ايشرب‬Fr. écharp,) sash (‫ ايض( آض‬āḍa i to return, revert (‫ الى‬to s.th.); to become (‫ الى‬s.th.) ‫ ايضا‬aiḍan also, too, as well, likewise, equally; again; in addition, besides, moreover ‫ ايطاليا‬īṯālīyā Italy ‫ ايطالى‬īṯālī Italian; (pl. -ūn) an Italian ‫( ايقونة‬Gr. είκών) īqūna and ‫ ايقونية‬īqūnīya pl. -āt icon (Chr.) ‫ ايك‬aik (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬thicket, jungle 1

‫ ايل‬and ‫ ايالة‬see ‫اول‬

2

‫ ايلول‬ailūl2 September (Syr., Leb., Ir., Jord.)

3

‫ ايلولة‬ailūla title deed (jur.)

(‫ ايم( آم‬āma i: ‫( آم من زوجته‬zaujatihī) to lose one's wife, become or be a widower, ‫آمت‬ ‫( من زوجھا‬zaujiha) to lose one’s husband, become or be a widow ‫ ايمة‬aima, ‫ ايوم‬uyūm and ‫ تأيم‬ta’ayyum widowhood ‫ ايم‬ayyim pl. ‫ ايائم‬ayā’im2, ‫ ايامى‬ayāmā widower, widow

‫ ايار‬see 2‫اير‬ ‫ ايد‬II to back, support (‫ه‬, s.o., ‫ ھـ‬a claim, an aspiration, etc.); to confirm, corroborate, endorse (‫ ھـ‬news, a. judgment, etc.) V = pass. of II ‫ تأييد‬ta’yīd corroboration, confirmation, endorsement, backing, support ‫( ايدروجين‬Fr. Hydrogène) idrožēn hydrogen ‫( قنبلة ايدروجينية‬qunbula) hydrogen bomb 1

‫ اير‬air pl. ‫ ايور‬uyūr penis

2

‫ ايار‬ayyār2 May (Syr., Leb., Ir., Jord.)

‫ ايران‬īrān Iran, Persia

‫ ايوم‬aiwam2 see ‫يوم‬ ‫ ايما‬ayyumā see 4‫ اي‬ayy 1

(‫ اين( آن‬āna i to come, approach, draw near (time)│ ‫( آن االوان‬awān) the time has come: ‫ آن له ان‬it’s time for him to ...

‫ آن‬see ‫اون‬ ‫ اين‬aina where? (= at or to what place?)│ ‫من‬ ‫ اين‬min aina where … from? ‫ الى اين‬where? (= to what place?) ‫ اين نحن من‬how far we still are from … worlds separate us from ... (fig.); ‫ اين ھذا من ذاك‬what is this compared with that! 37

‫ ايرانى‬īrānī Iranian, Persian; (pl. -ūn) a Persian, an Iranian

‫ االين‬al-ainu the where; space (philos.)

‫ ايرلندا‬irlandā Ireland

‫ ايان‬ayyāna when? (conj.) when

‫ ايرلندى‬irlandī Irish; (pl. -ūn) Irishman

‫ اينما‬ainamā wherever 2

‫اين‬II to ionize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to be ionized (el.)

‫ ايون‬iyōn pl. -āt ion

‫ بابوية‬bābawīya papacy

‫ تأيين‬ta’yīn ionization

1

‫ متأين‬muta’ayyin ionized

2

‫ ايه‬īhi, īha, īhin (interj.) well! now then! All right! ‫ ايھا‬ayyuhā, with fem. also ‫ ايتھا‬ayyatuhā (vocative particle) O ... ! ‫ ايوب‬ayyūb2 Job ‫ االيوبيون‬al-ayyūbīyūn the Ayubites

‫بأبأ‬ba’ba’a to say “papa” (child) ‫ بؤبؤ‬bu’bu’ root, source, origin; core, heart, inmost part; pupil of the eye, also ‫بؤبؤ لعين‬ b. al-‘ain

‫ بابل‬bābil2 Babel, Babylon ‫ بابلى‬bābilī Babylonian ‫ بابه‬bābih the second month of the Coptic calendar ‫ بابوج‬bābūj pl. ‫ بوابج‬bawābij2 slipper

‫ ايوم‬aiwam2 see ‫يوم‬ 1

‫ايون‬see 2‫اين‬

2

‫ ايوان‬īwān pl. -āt recess-like sitting room with a raised floor, usually opening on the main room or courtyard through an arcade; estrade

‫ب‬ 1

‫ ب‬abbreviation of ‫ باب‬chapter

1

‫ ب‬bi (prep.) in, at, on (place and time); with (indicating connection, association, attendance); with, through, by means of (designating instrumentality or agency, also with pass. = by); for (= at the price of); by (= to the amount of); by (introducing an oath)│‫ بالليل‬bi-l-lail at (by) night, ‫ بالنھار‬bi-n-nahār during the daytime, by day; ‫ شماال بشرق‬šamālan bišarqin northeast; ‫ فبھا ونعمت‬fa-bihā wani’mat in that case it’s all right; ‫ ليس بي ان‬it is not my intention to ... ; ‫ ھذا بذاك‬hādā bidāka now we are even, we are quits; ‫قبل‬ ‫( مجيئه بساعة‬majī’ihī) an hour before his arrival; ‫“ ب‬with” frequently gives causative meaning to a verb, e.g., ‫نھض‬ ‫( بشيء‬lit.: to rise with s.t‫ا‬., i.e.) to boost, further, promote s.th.; ‫ بلغ به الى‬to cause s.o. to arrive at, lead s.o. to; for its use as copula after negations, etc., see grammar; ‫ بال‬bi-lā without; ‫ بما ان‬bi-mā anna in view of the fact that; since, as, inasmuch as, because; ‫ بما فيه‬bi-mā fīhi including

‫ باء‬bā’ name of the letter ‫ب‬ ‫ بابا‬bābā pl. ‫ بابوات‬bābawāt, ‫ باباوات‬pope; papa, father, daddy ‫ بابوى‬bābawī, ‫ باباوى‬papal

‫ بابور‬bābūr pl. -āt, ‫ بوابير‬bawābīr2 (=‫)وابور‬ locomotive, engine; steamship, steamer ‫ بابونج‬bābūnaj camomile (bot.) ‫ باتسته‬bati.ta batiste ‫ باثولوجى‬batōlōjī pathologic(al) ‫ باثولوجيا‬batōlōjiyā pathology ‫ باذنجان‬bādijān and ‫ بيذنجان‬baidinjān (coll.; n. un. ‫ ة‬pl. -āt eggplant, aubergine 38 1

‫ بار‬bār pl. -āt bar; taproom

2

‫ بأر‬ba’ara a to dig a well ‫ بئر‬bi'r f., pl. ‫ آبار‬ābār, ‫ بئار‬bi’ār well, spring ‫ بؤرة‬bu’ra pl. ‫ بؤر‬bu’ar center, seat (fig.); site; pit; abyss

‫( باراشوت‬Fr. parachute) bārāšūt parachute ‫ باراغواى‬bārāguwāy Paraguay ‫ باربوني‬see ‫بربونى‬ ‫( باركيه‬Fr.) barkēh parquet, parquetry floor ‫ بارنامج‬see ‫برنامج‬ ‫ بارة‬bāra pl. -āt para (coin) ‫ بارود‬bārūd saltpeter; gunpowder ‫ بارودة‬bārūda pl. ‫ بواريد‬bawārīd2 rifle, carbine ‫ باريس‬bārīs2 Paris ‫ باريسى‬bārīsī Parisian ‫ باز‬bāz pl. ‫ بيزان‬bīzān and ‫ بأز‬ba’z pl. ‫بؤوز‬ bu’ūz, ‫ بئزان‬bi’zān falcon ‫ بازار‬bāzār pl. –āt bazaar ‫ بازلت‬bāzalt basalt ‫ بازوبند‬bāzūband bracelet

‫ بؤس‬ba’usa u (‫ بأس‬ba’s) to be strong, brave, intrepid; -- ‫ بئس‬ba’isa a (‫ بؤس‬bu’s) to be miserable, wretched VI to feign misery or distress VIII to be sad, worried, grieved ‫ بئس الرجل‬bi’sa r-rajulu what an evil man! ‫ بأس‬ba’s strength, fortitude, courage, intrepidity (as verbal noun of ‫بؤس‬ ba’usa); harm, hurt, injury, impairment, detriment, wrong│ ‫شديد البأس‬courageous, brave, intrepid; ‫( ال بأس‬ba’sa) there is no objection to it; unobjectionable; not bad, rather important, considerable, e.g., ‫كميات‬ ‫( ال بأس بھا‬kammīyāt) considerable quantities; ‫( ال بأس‬ba'sa) never mind! it doesn't matter! it's all right! ‫ ال بأس ان‬it doesn't matter that ... ; ‫ اى بأس؟‬ayyu ba'sin? what does it matter! what of it! ‫ليس‬ ‫( عليه بأس من‬ba’sun) he will be none the worse for ... ; ‫( ال بأس عليك‬ba’sa) it won't do you any harm! don't worry! don't be afraid ‫ بنات بئس‬banātu bi's calamities, adversities, misfortunes ‫ بئس‬bu’s, ‫ بأساء‬ba’sā’, ‫ بؤس‬bu’ūs and ‫ بؤسى‬bu’sā pl. ‫ ابؤس‬ab’us misery, wretchedness, suffering, distress ‫ بئيس‬ba’īs pl. ‫ بؤساء‬bu’asā’2 miserable, wretched ‫ بائس‬bā’is miserable, wretched ‫( باستيل‬Fr.) bastē1 pastel ‫ باسل‬bāsīl bacilli ‫ باش‬bāš senior, chief (in compounds) ‫ باشجاويش‬bašcāwīš and ‫ باشجاويش‬approx.: master sergeant (formerly, Eg.) ‫ باشحكيم‬bāšḥakīm physician-in-chief ‫ باشريش‬bāšrayyis a naval rank, approx.: petty officer 3rd class (Eg.) ‫ باشكاتب‬bāškātib chief clerk ‫ باشمفتى‬bāšmuftī chief mufti (Tun.) ‫ باشمفتش‬bāamšmufattiš chief inspector ‫ باشمھندس‬bāšmuhandis chief engineer ‫ باشا‬bāšā pl. ‫ باشوات‬bāšawāt (‫ )باشاوات‬pasha ‫ باشق‬bāšaq, bāšiq pl. ‫ بواشق‬bawāšiq2 sparrow hawk ‫ الباشقرد‬al-bāšqird the Bashkirs ‫ باشكير‬see ‫بشكير‬ ‫( باص‬Engl.) bāṣ pl. -āt bus, autobus ‫ باطون‬bātūn concrete, béton 39 ‫ باغة‬bāgā celluloid; tortoise shell ‫ الباكستان‬al-bākistān Pakistan ‫ باكستانى‬bākistānī Pakistani (adj. and n.)

1

‫ بال‬bāl whale (zool.)

2

‫ بالة‬bala pl. -āt bundle, bale

‫ بالطو‬balṯō pl. ‫ بالطوات‬balṯowāt, ‫ بالطي‬balātī overcoat; paletot ‫( بالو‬It. ballo ball, dance ‫ بالون‬bālūn) balloon ‫ جزر الباليار‬juzur al-bāliyār the Balearic Islands ‫( باليه‬Fr.) bālēh ballet ‫ باميا‬and ‫ بامية‬bāmiya gumbo, okra (Hibiscus esculentus L., bot., a popular vegetable in Egypt) ‫ بان‬see ‫بون‬ ‫ شاشة بانورامية‬šāša bānōrāmīya (= Fr. écran panoramique) cinemascope screen ‫ بؤونة‬ba’ūna the tenth month of the Coptic calendar ‫ باى‬bāy, f. ‫ باية‬bāya pl. -āt formerly, in Tunisia, a title after the names of the members of the Bey's family ‫ دار الباى‬dār al-bāy (formerly) the Tunisian government ‫ ببر‬babr pl. ‫ ببور‬bubūr tiger ‫ ببغاء‬babgā2 (and babbayā’2) pl. ‫ببغاوات‬ babgāwāt parrot ‫ بت‬batta u i (batt) to cut off, sever (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to complete, finish, achieve, accomplish, carry out (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to fix, settle, determine (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), decide (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ فى‬on s.th.) II to adjudge, adjudicate, award (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VII to be cut off; to be finished, be done; to be decided│‫ قد انبت االمر بينه وبينھم‬it's all over between him and them, they are through with each other ‫ بت‬batt settlement, decision; ‫ بتا‬battan definitely, once and for all ‫ بتة‬batta pl. -āt adjudication, award; final decision; ‫ البتة‬al-battata and ‫بتة‬ battatan definitely, positively, decidedly, esp. with negations: absolutely not, definitely not ‫ بتى‬battī definite, definitive ‫ بتية‬battiya, bittīya pl. ‫ بتاتى‬batātīy barrel; tub

‫ بتاتا‬batātan decidedly, definitely, positively, categorically, unquestionably, absolutely

s.th., e.g., a spirit, an ideology, a doctrine); to sprinkle (‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th. on); to let s.o. (‫ه‬, also ‫ )ل‬in on s.th. (‫ھـ‬, esp. on a secret); to broadcast, transmit by radio │ ‫ بث العيون‬to peer around; ‫ بث األلغام‬to plant, or lay, mines IV to let (‫ ه‬s.o.) in on a secret (‫ )ھـ‬VII to be spread; to be scattered

‫ تبتيت‬tabtīt adjudication, award ‫ بات‬bātt definite, definitive│‫منع بات‬ (man‘) categorical interdiction 1

‫ بتر‬batara u (batr) to cut off, sever (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to amputate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to mutilate, render fragmentarily (‫ ھـ‬a text) VII to be cut off, be severed, be amputated

‫ بث‬batta spreading, dissemina.tion, propagation; grief, sorrow ‫ بثر‬batara i (batira a) and V to break out with pimples or pustules (skin)

‫ بتر‬batr cutting off, severance, separation; amputation

‫ بثر‬batr pl. ‫ بثور‬butūr (n. un. ‫ بثرة‬batra pl. batarāt) pimples, pustules

‫ ابتر‬abtar2 curtailed, docked, clipped, trimmed; imperfect, defective, incomplete; without offspring

‫ بثر‬batir, ‫ بثير‬batīr pustulate, pimpled ‫ بثق‬bataqa i u (with ‫ النھر‬an-nahra) to open flood gates so that the river will overflow its banks VII to break forth, burst out, well out, pour out, gush out; to emanate, proceed, spring (‫ من‬or ‫ عن‬from)

‫ بتار‬battār cutting, sharp ‫ باتر‬bātir cutting, sharp ‫ مبتور‬mabtūr broken, abrupt, unconnected; fragmentary, incomplete 2

2

‫ انبثاق‬outpouring, effusion, outpour, outburst; emanation

2

‫ بتراء‬bitrā’ , batrā’ Petra (ancient city of Edomites and Nabataeans; ruins now in SW Jordan)

‫ بجح‬bajiḥa a (bajaḥ) to rejoice (‫ ب‬at) V to vaunt, flaunt (‫ ب‬s.th.), boast, brag (‫ ب‬of)

‫ بترك‬batrak patriarch

‫ تبجح‬tabajjuj bragging, braggery

‫ بترول‬batrūl, bitrōl petroleum 2

‫ ابتع‬abta‘ an assonant intensifier of ‫ اجمع‬ajma‘ all, altogether, whole, entire

‫ متبجح‬mutabajjij braggart 2

‫ باتع‬bāti‘ strong; full, whole, entire 40 ‫ بتك‬II to cut off (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) 1

‫ بتل‬batala i u (batl) and II to cut off, sever (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to make final, close, settle, make conclusive, clinch (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to retire from the world and devote one's life to God (‫ ;)الى ﷲ‬to be pious, chaste and selfdenying; to live in chastity VII to be cut off, be curtailed, be docked ‫ بتول‬batūl virgin; ‫ البتول‬the Virgin Mary ‫ بتولي‬batūlī virginal ‫ بتولية‬batūlīya virginity ‫ متبتل‬mutabattil an ascetic, a. recluse; a pious, godly man

2

‫ بتوال‬batūlā birch tree

‫ بث‬batta (batt) to spread, unroll, unfold (‫ھـ‬ s.th., e.g., a rug); to scatter, disperse (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to disseminate, propagate, spread (‫ھـ‬

‫ بجدة‬bajda, bujda root, source. heart, essence, basis│‫ بجدة األمر‬the heart of the matter, the actual state of affairs, the true facts; ‫ھو ابن‬ ‫( بجدتھا‬ibn bujdatihā) he knows the job from the ground up, he is the right man for it ‫ ابجر‬abiar2 obese, corpulent ‫ بجس‬bajasa u i (bajs) and II to open a passage (for the water), cause (the water) to flow V and VII to flow freely, pour forth copiously, gush out ‫ بجس‬bajs, ‫ بجيس‬bajīs flowing freely, streaming ‫ بجع‬baja‘ (n. un. ‫ )ة‬pelican ‫ بجل‬II to honor, revere, venerate, treat with deference (‫ ه‬s.o.), show respect (‫ ھـ‬to s.o.); to give precedence (‫ على ھـ‬or ‫ ه‬to s.o. or s.th. over) V to be honored, be revered, be venerated ‫ بجل‬bajal syphilis (ir.)

‫ تبجيل‬tabjīl veneration, reverence; deference, respect

‫ بحاثة‬baḥḥāta eminent scholar ‫ مبحث‬mabḥāt pl. ‫ مباحث‬mabāḥit subject, theme, field of investigation or discussion, object of research; research, study, examination; investigation

‫ مبجل‬mubajjal revered, respected; venerable ‫ بجم‬bajama i (bajm, ‫ بجوم‬bujūm) to be speechless, dumfounded

‫ مباحثة‬mubāḥata pl. -āt negotiation, parley, conference, talk, discussion

‫ بجن‬II to clinch (‫ ھـ‬a nail) ‫ بح‬baḥḥa a (baḥḥ, ‫ بحح‬baḥaḥ, ‫ بحوح‬buḥūḥ, ‫بحاح‬ baḥāḥ, ‫ بحوحة‬buḥūḥa, ‫ بحاحة‬baḥāḥa) to be or become hoarse, be raucous, husky, harsh (voice) II and IV to make hoarse (‫ه‬ s.o.)

‫ باحث‬bāḥit pl. -ūn and ‫ بحاث‬buḥḥāt scholar, research worker; examiner, investigator

‫ بحة‬buḥḥa hoarseness

‫ بحثر‬baḥtara to disperse, scatter (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to waste, squander, dissipate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II tabaḥtara pass. of I

‫ ابح‬abaḥḥ2 hoarse

‫ بحثر‬baḥtara waste, dissipation

‫ مبحوح‬mabḥūḥ hoarse 41

‫ مبحثر‬mubaḥtir squanderer, wastrel, spendthrift

‫ بحبح‬II tabaḥbaḥa to be prosperous, live in easy circumstances; to enjoy o.s. have a good time ‫ بحبوح‬baḥbūḥ gay, merry ‫ بحبوحة‬buḥbūḥa middle; life of ease and comfort, prosperity, affluence│ ‫في بحبوحة‬ amidst ‫ مبحبح‬mubaḥbaḥ well-to-do, prosperous; enjoying an easy, comfortable life ‫ بحت‬baḥt pure, unmixed, sheer; exclusive, also ‫ بحت األمر; بحتا‬baḥan merely, solely, purely, exclusively, nothing but ... ‫ بحتر‬buḥtur stocky, pudgy, thickset ‫ بحتري‬buḥturī stocky, pudgy, thickset ‫ بحث‬baḥata a (baḥt) to look, search (‫ ھـ‬or ‫عن‬ for s.th.), seek (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ عن‬s.th.); to do research; to investigate, examine, study, explore (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ عن‬s.th., less frequently with ‫ في‬or ‫)على‬, look into (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ;)عن‬to discuss ( ‫ ھـ‬a subject, a question) III to discuss (‫ه‬ with s.o., ‫ في‬a question) VI to have a discussion, discuss together; to confer, have a talk (‫ مع‬with s.o., ‫ في‬about) ‫ بحث‬baḥt pl. ‫ بحوث‬buḥūt, ‫ ابحاث‬،‫ بحوثات‬abḥāt search (‫ عن‬for), quest (‫ عن‬of); examination, study; research; investigation, exploration; discussion; treatise; (pl. ‫ )ابحاث‬study, scientific report ( ‫ في‬on) ‫ بحاث‬baḥḥāt scholar, research worker

1

‫ بحر‬baḥira a to be startled, be bewildered (with fright)

1

‫ بحر‬II to travel by sea, make a voyage IV do.; to embark, go on board; to put to sea, set sail, sail, depart (ship); to go downstream, be sea-bound (ship on the Nile) V to penetrate deeply, delve (‫ في‬into); to study thoroughly (‫ في‬a subject) X = V

‫ بحر‬baḥr pl. ‫ بحار‬biḥār, ‫بحور‬, buḥūr, ‫ابحار‬ abḥār, ‫ ابحر‬abḥur sea; large river; a noble., or great, man (whose magnanimity or knowledge is comparable to the vastness of the sea); meter (poet.) │ ‫ في بحر‬in the course of, during, ‫( في بحر سنتين‬sanatain) in the course of two years, within two years; ‫( البحر األبيض المتوسط‬abyaḍ, mutawassiṯ) the Mediterranean (sometimes shortened to ‫ البحر األبيض(; بحر البلطيق‬b. al-balṯīq the Baltic Sea; ‫ بحر الجنوب‬b. al-janūb the South Seas; ‫ البحر األحمر‬the Red Sea (also ‫بحر القلزم‬ b. al-qulzum); ‫ بحر القزر‬b. al-ḳazar the Caspian Sea (also ‫البحر الكسبياتي(؛ بحر الروم‬ b. ar-rūm the Mediterranean; ‫البحر األسود‬ (aswad) the Black Sea; ‫ بحر الظلمات‬b. aẓẓulumāt the ‫ھـ‬tlantic; ‫ بحر لوط‬b. lūṯ and ‫البحر‬ ‫( الميت‬mayyit) the Dead Sea; ‫( بحر النيل‬eg.) the Nile ‫ البحرين‬al-baḥrain the Bahrein Islands ‫ بحراني‬baḥrānī of the Bahrein Islands; ‫ البحارنة‬al-baḥārina the inhabitants of the Bahrein Islands ‫ بحري‬baḥrī sea (adj.), marine; maritime; nautical; naval; navigational; (in Eg.)

northern, baḥrīya (with foll. genit.) north 42 of; (pl. -ūn, ‫ )ة‬sailor, seaman, mariner│ ‫ بحري ماھر‬approx.: seaman apprentice (Eg.); ‫( القوات البحرية‬qūwāt) the naval forces; ‫( نباتات بحرية‬nabātāt) marine flora, water plants

‫ ابخر‬abḳar2 suffering from halitosis ‫ مبخرة‬mabḳara pl. ‫ مباخر‬mabāḳir2 (also -āt) censer; thurible; fumigator

‫ بحرية‬baḥrīya navy

‫ تبخير‬tabḳīr fumigation

‫ بحرة‬baḥra pond, pool

‫ تبخر‬tabaḳḳur evaporation, vaporization

‫ بحار‬baḥḥār pl. -ūn, ‫ بحارة‬baḥḥāra seaman, mariner, sailor; pl. ‫ بحارة‬crew (of a ship, of an airplane) ‫ بحيرة‬buḥaira pl. -āt, ‫ بحائر‬baḥā’ir2 lake; (tun.)'vegetable garden, truck garden ‫ بحران‬buḥrān crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)

‫ باخرة‬balfira pl. ‫ بواخر‬bawāḳir2 steamer, steamship ‫ بويخرة‬buwaiḳira small steamboat ‫ بخس‬baḳasa a (baks) to decrease, diminish, reduce (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to lessen (e.g., ‫قيمته‬ qīmatahū the value of s.th.); to disregard, neglect, fail to heed (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)

‫ تبحر‬tabaḥḥur deep penetration, delving (‫ في‬into a subject), thorough study (‫ في‬of)

‫ بخس‬baḳs too little, too low; very low (price)

‫ متبحر‬mutabaḥḥir thoroughly familiar ( ‫ في‬with); profound, erudite, searching, penetrating

‫ باخس‬baḳis small, little, trifling, unimportant

‫ بحلق‬baḥlaqa: ‫‘( بحلق عينيه‬ainaihi) to stare, gaze (‫ في‬at) 1

‫ بخور‬baḳūr incense; frankincense│ ‫بخور‬ ‫ مريم‬b. maryam cyclamen (bot.)

‫ بخشيش‬baḳšīš pl. ‫ بخاشيش‬baḳāšīš 2 tip, gratuity ‫ بخع‬baḳa‘a a (baḳ‘) with ‫ نفسه‬: to kill o.s. (with grief, anger, rage)

‫ بخ بخ‬baḳ baḳ excellent! well done! Bravo!

‫ ابخق‬abḳaq2 f. ‫ بخقاء‬baḳqā’2 one-eyed

‫ بخ‬baḳḳa u (baḳḳ) to snore; to spout, spurt, squirt (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to sprinkle, splatter (‫ب ھـ‬ s.th. with)

‫ بخل‬baḳila a (baḳal), baḳula u (buḳl) to be niggardly, be stingy (‫ ب‬with s.th., ‫ عن‬or ‫ على‬with regard to s.o.), scrimp (‫ على‬,‫عن‬ s.o., ‫ ب‬for), stint (‫ ب‬in, ‫ عن‬or ‫ على‬s.o.), withhold (‫ على‬,‫ عن‬from s.o., ‫ ب‬s.th.) VI to give reluctantly, grudgingly (‫ على‬,‫ عن‬to s.o., y s.th.)

2

‫ بخاخة‬baḳḳāḳa nozzle ‫ بخيخة‬buḳḳēḳa squirt, syringe ‫ مبخة‬mibaḳḳa nozzle ‫ بخت‬baḳt luck; a kind of lottery│ ‫قليل البخت‬ unIucky; ‫ سوء البخت‬bad luck ‫ بخيت‬baḳīt lucky, fortunate ‫ مبخوت‬mabḳūt lucky, fortunate ‫ بختر‬II tabaḳtara to strut, prance ‫ بخر‬II to vaporize, evaporate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to fumigate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to disinfect (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to perfume with incense, expose to aromatic smoke (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to evaporate (water); to volatilize, tum into smoke or haze; to perfume 0.8., or be perfumed, with incense ‫ بخار‬buḳār pl. -āt, ‫ ابخرة‬abḳira vapor, fume; steam ‫ بخاري‬buḳārī steam (adj.), steam-driven

‫ بخل‬buḳl avarice, cupidity, greed 43 ‫ بخيل‬baḳīl pl. ‫ بخالء‬avaricious, greedy; miser, skinflint ‫ مبخلة‬mabḳala cause of avarice, that which arouses avarice or greed ‫ بخنق‬buḳnuq pl. ‫ بخانق‬baḳāniq2 kerchief, veil (to cover the head) ‫ ب‬badda u (budd) to distribute, spread, disperse II to divide, distribute, spread, scatter, disperse (‫• ھـ‬.th.); to remove, eliminate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to waste, squander, fritter away, dissipate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V pass. of II; X to be independent, proceed independently (‫ ب‬in, e.g., in one's opinion, i.e., to be opinionated, obstinate, headstrong); to possess alone monopolize (‫ھـ‬

s.th.); to take possession (‫ ھـ‬of s.o.), seize, grip, overwhelm, overcome (‫ ھـ‬s.o.; said of a feeling, of an impulse); to dispose arbitrarily, highhandedly (‫ ب‬of s.th.); to rule despotically, tyrannically, autocratically (‫ ب‬over)

wa-bad’an) ‫‘( عوده على بدئه‬audahū ‘alā bad’ihī) or ‫( عودا الى بدء‬ilā bad’in) he did it all over again, he began anew

‫ بد‬budd way out, escape│ ‫اذا لم يكن بد من‬ ‫( ان‬buddun) if it is inevitable that ... ; ‫ال بد‬ (budda) definitely, certainly, inevitably, without fail; by all means; ‫ ال بد من‬it is necessary, inescapable, unavoidable, inevitable, ‫ ال بد له منه‬he simply must do it, he can't get around it; ‫ من كل بد‬min kulli buddin in any case, at any rate

‫ بداءة‬badā’a beginning, start; first step, first instance│ ‫ بداءة بدء‬badā’ata bad’in right at the outset, at the very beginning

‫ بدأة‬bad’a, ‫ بديئة‬badī’a, ‫ بداية‬bidāya beginning, start│‫ في بداية األمر‬in the beginning, at first

‫ بدائي‬budā’ī primitive ‫ مبدأ‬mabda' pl. ‫ مبادئ‬mabādi’2 beginning, start, starting point; basis, foundation; principle; invention; pl. principles, convictions (of a person); ideology; rudiments. fundamental concepts, elements│ ‫كتب المبادئ‬kutub al-m. elementary books 44

‫ اباديد‬abādīd 2 (pl.) scattered ‫ تبديد‬tabdīd scattering, dispersal, dispersion; removal, elimination; waste, dissipation

‫ مبدئي‬mabda’ī original, initial; fundamental, basic; ‫ مبدئيا‬mabda’īyan originally; in principle

‫ استبداد‬istibdād arbitrariness, highhandedness; despotism; autocracy; absolutism

‫ ابتدائي‬ibtidā’ī beginning, start; novitiate (Chr.)│ ‫ ابتداء من‬ibtidā’an min from, beginning ... , as of (with foll. date)

‫ استبدادي‬istibdādī arbitrary, highhanded, autocratic, despotic; ‫ استبداديات‬istibdādīyāt arbitrary acts

‫ ابتدائي‬ibtidā’ī initial; preparatory, elementary, primary; of first instance (jur.); original, primitive│‫محكمة ابتدائية‬ (maḥkama) court of first instance; ‫التعليم‬ ‫ االبتدائى‬elementary education; ‫مدرسة ابتدائية‬ (madrasa) lower grades of a high school, approx.: junior high school (as distinguished from ‫ثانوية(؛ شھادة ابتدائية‬ (šahāda) approx.: junior high school graduation certificate

‫ مبدد‬mubaddid scatterer, disperser; squanderer, wastrel, spendthrift ‫ مستبد‬mustabidd arbitrary, highhanded, autocratic, tyrannical, despotic; autocrat, tyrant, despot│‫( مستبد برأيه‬bira’yihī) opinionated, obstinate, headstrong ‫ بدأ‬bada’a a (‫ بدأ‬bad’) to begin, start (‫ ب‬or ‫في‬ with s.th., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.; ‫ ه‬with s.o.; with foll. imperf.: to do s.th. or doing s.th. respectively); to set in, begin, start, arise, spring up, crop up II to put (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫على‬ before s.th. else), give precedence or priority (‫ ھـ‬to s.th., ‫ على‬over s.th. else) III to begin, start (‫ ب‬s.th., ‫ ه‬with regard to s.o.), make the first step, take the initiative or lead (‫ ب‬in s.th., ‫ ه‬toward s.o.) e.g., ‫بادأه‬ ‫( بالكالم‬kalām) to accost s.o., speak first to s.o. IV to do or produce first (‫ ھـ‬s.th.). bring out (‫ ھـ‬s.th. new)│ ‫ما يبدئ وما يعيد‬mā yubdi’u wa-mā yu‘īd he can't think of a blessed thing to say; ‫ يبدئ ويعيد‬he says or does everything conceivable VIII to begin, start (‫ ب‬with s.th.) ‫ بدء‬bad’ beginning, start│‫ منذ البدء‬from the (very) beginning; ‫‘( فعله عودا وبدءا‬audan

‫ بادئ‬bādi’ beginning, starting│ ‫بادئ األمر‬ badi'a l-amr and ‫ في بادئ األمر‬in the beginning, at first; ‫ في بادئ الرأي‬right away, without thinking twice, unhesitatingly; ‫ بادئ ذي بدء‬badi’a dī bad’in above all, first of all, in the first place, primarily; ‫البادئ‬ ‫ ذكره‬al-badi’u dikruhu (the person or thing) mentioned at the outset, the firstmentioned ‫ مبتدئ‬mubtadi’ beginning; beginner; novice (Chr.) ‫ مبتدأ‬mubtada' beginning, start; (gram.) subject of 8 nominal clause 1

‫ بدر‬badara u to come unexpectedly, by surprise; to escape (‫ من‬s.o.; e.g., words in excitement) III to come to s.o.’s (‫ )ه‬mind,

occur to s.o. (t) all of a sudden, strike s.o. (idea, notion); to embark, enter (‫ الى‬upon s.th.) or set out (‫ الى‬to do s.th.) without delay; to rush, hurry (‫ الى‬to s.o., to a place); to hurry up (", with s.th.), ‫بادر الى‬ with foll. verbal noun: to do s.th. promptly, without delay, hasten to do s.th.; to fall upon s.o (‫ )ه‬with (‫)ب‬, accost, assail, surprise (‫ ب ه‬s.o. with s.th.; e.g., ‫ بادره بكالم غليظ‬to snap rudely at s.o.); to react, respond (‫ الى‬to s.th.)│ ‫بادر الى انجاز‬ ‫( الوعد‬injāzi l-wa‘d) to set out to fulfill a promise VI ‫( تبادر الى الذھن‬dihn) to suggest itself strongly, be obvious; to appear at first glance as if (‫أن(؛ تبادر الى ذھني أن‬ (dihnī) it occurred to me all of a sudden that ... ; ‫( تبادر الى الفھم‬fahm) to be immediately understood VIII to hurry, rush, hasten (‫ ھـ‬to); to get ahead of s.o. (‫)ه‬, anticipate, forestall (‫ ه‬s.o.)│‫ابتدرھا قائال‬ before she could say a word he exclaimed ... ‫ بدر‬badr, pl. ‫ بدور‬budūr full moon ‫ بدرة‬badra pl. badarāt, ‫ بدار‬bidār huge amount of money (formerly = 10,000 dirhams)│‫ بدرات األموال‬enormous sums of money ‫ بدار‬badārī hurry! quick! ‫ مبادرة‬mubādara undertaking, enterprise ‫ بادرة‬bādira pl. ‫ بوادر‬bawadir2 herald, harbinger, precursor, forerunner, first indication, sign; unforeseen act; stirring, impulse, fit (e.g., of rage); blunder, mistake; ‫ بوادر‬stirrings, impulses│‫بادرة خير‬ b. ḳairin a good, or generous, impulse 2

‫ بيدر‬baidar pl. ‫ بيادر‬bayādir 2 threshing floor

‫ بدروم‬and ‫( بدرون‬Turk. bodrum) badrūm, badrūn pl. -āt basement ‫ بدع‬bada‘a a (bad‘) to introduce, originate, start, do for the first time (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), be the first to do s.th. (‫ ;)ھـ‬to devise, contrive, invent (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to accuse of heresy (‫ه‬ s.o.) IV = I; to create (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to achieve unique, excellent results (‫ في‬in); to be amazing, outstanding (‫ في‬in s.th.) VIII to invent, contrive, devise, think up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) X to regard as novel, as unprecedented (‫ھـ‬ s.th.)

‫ بدع‬bad‘ innovation, novelty; creation│ ‫ بدعا وعودا‬bad‘an wa-‘audan repeatedly 45 ‫ بدع‬bid‘ pl. ‫ ابداع‬abdā‘ innovator; new, original; unprecedented, novel│‫ ال بدع‬lā bid‘a no wonder! ‫ ال بدع ان‬lā bid‘a an no wonder that ... ; ‫ بدع من‬s.th. else than; unlike, different from ‫ بدعة‬bid‘a pl. ‫ بدع‬bida‘ innovation. novelty; heretical doctrine, heresy; pl. creations (of fashion, of art)│ ‫ اھل البدع‬ahl al-b. heretics ‫ بديع‬badi', ‫ بدع‬bud‘ unprecedented, marvelous, wonderful, amazing, admirable, singular, unique; creator│ ‫علم‬ ‫‘ البديع‬ilm al-b. the art or science of metaphors and (in general) of good style ‫ بديعة‬badī‘a pl. ‫ بدائع‬badā’i‘2 an astonishing, amazing thing, a marvel, a wonder; original creation ‫ بديعي‬badī‘ī rhetorical ‫ ابدع‬abda‘2 more amazing, more exceptional; of even greater originality ‫ ابداع‬ibdā‘ creation, fashioning, shaping; a marvelous, unique achievement; uniqueness, singularity, originality; creative ability O ‫ ابداعي‬ibdā‘ī romantic (lit.) O ‫ ابداعية‬ibdā‘īya romanticism (lit.) ‫ مبدع‬mubdi‘ producing, creating; creative; creator; exceptional, unique, outstanding (in an achievement, esp. of an artist) ‫ مبتدع‬mubtadi‘ innovator; creator; heretic ‫ بيدق‬look up alphabetically ‫ بدل‬badala u to replace (‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. by), exchange (‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. for) II to change, alter (‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th. to), convert (‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th. into); to substitute (‫ ھـ‬for s.th., ‫ ب‬or ‫ من‬s.th.), exchange, give in exchange (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ب‬or ‫ من‬for); to change (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to exchange (‫ ھـ ه‬with s.o. s.th.) IV to replace (‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. by), exchange (‫ ب ھـ‬for s.th. s.th. else); to compensate (‫ ھـ ب ه‬s.o. for s.th. with s.th. else), give s.o. (‫ )ه‬s. th. (‫ )ھـ‬in exchange for (‫ )ب‬V to change; to be exchanged VI to exchange (‫ ھـ‬s.th., also words, views, greetings) X to exchange, receive in exchange, trade, barter (‫ ب ھـ‬and ‫ ھـ ب‬s.th.

for); to replace (‫ ھـ ب‬and ‫ ھـ ب‬s.th. by), substitute (‫ ب ھـ‬and ‫ ھـ ب‬for s.th. s.th. else)

‫ استبدال‬istibdāl exchange, replacement, substitution

‫ بدم‬badal pl. ‫ ابدال‬abdāl substitute, alternate, replacement; equivalent. compensation, setoff; reimbursement, recompense, allowance; price. rate; (gram.) appositional substantive standing for another substantive│‫ بدل الجراية‬b. aljirāya allowance for food; ‫ بدل السفرية‬b. assafarīya travel allowance; ‫بدل االشتراك‬ subscription rate; ‫ بدل التمثيل‬expense account, expense allowance

‫ مبدل‬mubdil: ‫ مبدل االسطوانات‬m. alusṯuwānāt automatic record changer

‫ بدل‬badala (prep.) inetead of, in place of, in lieu of ‫ بدال من‬badalan min in place of, instead of, in lieu of ‫ بدلة‬badla pl. badalāt, ‫ بدل‬bidal suit (of clothes); costume│‫ بدلة الحمام‬b. alḥammām bathing suit; ‫( بدلة رسمية‬rasmīya) uniform; ‫( بدلة تشريفاتية‬tašrīfātīya) fulldreas uniform ‫ بدلية‬badalīya compensation, smart money ‫ بدال‬badāla (prep.) instead of, ‫بدال ما‬ (conj.) instead of (being, doing, etc.) ‫ بديل‬badīl pl. ‫ بدالء‬budalā’ 2 substitute, alternate (‫ عن‬or ‫ من‬for); stand-in, double (theat.); (f. ‫ )ة‬serving as a replacement or substitute│ ‫( مفرزة بديلة‬mafraza) reserve detachment (mil.) ‫ بدال‬baddāl grocer; money-changer ‫ بدالة‬baddāla culvert; pipeline; telephone exchange, central □ ‫ مبادل‬mabādil2 see ‫بدل‬ ‫ تبديل‬tabdīl change, alteration 46

‫ متبادل‬mutabādil mutual, reciprocal ‫ بدن‬baduna u and badana u to be fat, corpulent ‫ بدن‬badan pl. ‫ ابدان‬abdān, ‫ ابدن‬abdun body, trunk, torso ‫ بدني‬badani bodily, corporal, physical, somatic ‫ بدانة‬badāna corpulence, obesity ‫ بدين‬badīn pl. ‫ بدن‬budun stout, corpulent, fat, obese ‫ بدونة‬budūna corpulence, obesity ‫ بادن‬bādin pl. ‫ بدن‬budn stout, corpulent, fat, obese ‫ بده‬badaha a to come, descend suddenly (‫ ه‬upon s.o.), befall unexpectedly (‫ ه‬s.o.); to surprise (‫ ه‬s.o.) with s.th. (‫ )ب‬III to appear suddenly, unexpectedly (‫ ب ه‬before s.o. with s.th.) VIII to extemporize, improvise, do offhand, on the spur of the moment (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ بداھة‬badāha spontaneity, spontaneous occurrence, impulse; simple, natural way, naturalness, matter-of-factness; ‫بداھة‬ badāhatan and ‫ بالبداھة‬all by itself, spontaneously ‫ بديھة‬badīha s.th. sudden or unexpected; improvisation; impulse, inspiration, spontaneous intuition; intuitive understanding or insight, empathy, instinctive grasp, perceptive faculty│‫على‬ ‫ البداھية‬all by itself, spontaneously; offhand; ‫ حاضر البديھة‬quick-witted, quick at repartee; ‫ بديھة حاضرة‬presence of mind

‫ مبادلة‬mubādala pl. -āt exchange│ ‫مبادالت‬ ‫( تجارية‬tijārīya) commercial exchange, trade relations

‫ بديھي‬badīhī and ‫ بدھي‬badahī intuitive, self-evident, a priori (adj.)

‫ ابدال‬ibdāl exchange, interchange, replacement (‫ ب‬by), substitution (‫ ب‬of); change; phonetic change

‫ بديھية‬badīhīya pl. -āt an axiom, a fundamental or self-evident truth; truism, commonplace, platitude

‫ تبدل‬tabaddul change, shift, turn; transformation; transmutation, conversion

‫ بدائه‬badii'ih' fundamental or selfevident truths

‫ تبادل‬tabādul (mutual) exchange│ ‫تبادل‬ ‫ السالم‬t. as-salam exchange of greetings, ‫ تبادل الخواطر‬thought transference, telepathy

(‫ بدو( بدا‬badā u to appear, show, become evident, clear, plain or manifest, come to light; to be obvious; to seem good,

acceptable, proper (‫ ل‬to s.o.) III to shaw, display, evince, manifest, reveal, declare openly│‫‘( بادى بالعداوة‬adāwa) to show open hostility IV to disclose, reveal, manifest, show, display, evince (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), to demonstrate, bring out, bring to light, make visible (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to express, utter, voice (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)│ ‫( ابدى رأيه في‬ra'yahū) to express one's opinion about; ‫ابدى رغبة‬ (ragbatan) to expreas a wish or desire V = I, to live in the desert VI to pose as a Bedouin ‫ بدو‬badw desert; nomads, Bedouins ‫ بدوي‬badawī Bedouin, nomadic; rural (as distinguished from urban); a Bedouin ‫ بدوية‬badawīya pl. -āt Bedouin woman, Bedouin girl ‫ بداة‬badaJl pl. ‫ بدوات‬badawāt whim, caprice; ill-humor

‫ بذاء‬badā’ and ‫ بذاءة‬badā’a obscenity, ribaldry, foulness (of language); disgust, loathing, aversion, contempt ‫ بذخ‬badaḳa a to be haughty, proud ‫ بذخ‬badaḳ luxury, pomp, splendor; haughtiness, pride ‫ باذخ‬bādiḳ pl. ‫ بواذخ‬bawādiḳ2 high, lofty; proud, haughty ‫ بذر‬badara u (badr) to sow, disseminate (‫ھـ‬ s.th., seed, also fig. = to spread) II to waste, squander, dissipate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ بذر‬badr pl. ‫ بذور‬budūr, ‫ بذار‬bidār seeds, seed; seedling; pl. ‫ بذور‬pips, pits, stones (of fruit) ‫ بذرة‬badra (n. un.) a seed, a grain; pip, pit, stone (of fruit); germ; (fig.) germ cell (of a development, and the like) ‫ بذار‬bidār seedtime

‫ بداوة‬badāwa and bidāwa desert life, Bedouin life; Bedouinism, nomadism 47

‫ تبذير‬tabdīr waste, squandering, dissipation

‫ بيداء‬baidā’2 desert, steppe, wilderness, wild

‫ مبذر‬mubaddir squanderer, wastrel, spendthrift

‫ ابداء‬ibdā’ expression, manifestation, declaration ‫ باد‬bādin apparent, evident, obvious, plain, visible; inhabiting the desert; pl. ‫بداة‬ budāh Bedouins ‫ بادية‬bādiya desert, semidesert, steppe; peasantry; (pl. ‫ بواد‬bawādin) nomads, Bdouins ‫ بداية‬bidāya = ‫بداءة‬ ‫ بذ‬badda u (badd) to get the better of (‫)ه‬, beat, surpass (s.o.) ‫ بذ‬badd and bādd slovenly, untidy, shabby, filthy, squalid ‫ بذاذة‬badāda slovenliness, untidiness, shabbiness, dirtiness, filth ‫ بذأ‬bada’a a to revile, abuse (‫ على‬s.o.), rail ( ‫ على‬at s.o.); -- ‫ بذئ‬badi’a a, ‫ بذؤ‬badu’a u to be obscene, bawdy ‫ بذئ‬badī’ disgusting, loathsome, nauseous, foul, dirty, obscene, bawdy, ribald

‫ بيذق‬look up alphabetically ‫ بذل‬badala i u (badl) to give or spend freely, generously (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to sacrifice (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to expend (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to offer, grant (‫ھـ‬ s.th.)│ ‫( بذل جھده‬jahdahū) to take pains; ‫بذل‬ ‫ مجھودا‬do.; ‫( بذل كل مساعدة‬kulla musā‘adatin) to grant every assistance; ‫بذل‬ ‫ المساعى‬to make efforts; ‫ بذل الطاعة ل‬to obey s.o., defer to s.o.; ‫( بذل كل غال‬kulla gālin) and ‫ بذل الغالى والرخيص في سبيل‬to spare no effort, go to any length, give everything, pay any price for or in order to; ‫بذل ماء‬ ‫( وجھه‬mā’a wajhihī) to sacrifice one's honor; (‫ عن فالن‬or) ‫ بذل نفسه دون فالن‬to sacrifice o.s. for s.o.; ‫( بذل وسعه‬wus‘ahū) to do one’s utmost, do one’s best V to fritter away one’s fortune, be over-generous; to prostitute o.s. (woman); to display common, vulgar manners VIII to wear out in common service, make trite, vulgar, commonplace, to hackney (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to abuse (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to express o.s. in a vulgar manner, use vulgar language; ‫ ابتذل نفسه‬to degrade o.s. demean o.s., sacrifice one's dignity

‫ بذل‬badl giving, spending; sacrifice, surrender, abandonment; expenditure; offering, granting

‫ مبرر‬mubarrir pl. -āt justification; excuse│‫( ال مبرر له‬mubarrira) unjustifiable 2

‫ بذلة‬badla suit (of clothes) ‫ مبذل‬mibdal pl. ‫ مباذل‬mabādil2 slipper; pl. ‫ مباذل‬casual clothing worn around home│ ‫ فالن في مباذله‬so-and-so in his private life

‫ برى‬barrī terrestrial, land (adj.); wild (of plants and animals)│ ‫سيارة برية مائية‬ (sayyāra, mā’īya) amphibious vehicle

‫ ابتذال‬ibtidāl triteners, commonness, commonplaceness; banality; debasement, degradation

ā‫ برية‬barrīya pl. ‫ برارى‬barāarīy open country, steppe, desert; see also 1 ‫برأ‬

‫ باذل‬bādil spender 48

‫ برانى‬barrānī outside, outer, exterior, external; foreign, alien

‫ متبذل‬mutabaddil vulgar, common ‫ مبتذل‬mubtadal trite, hackneyed, banal, common, vulgar; everyday, commonplace (adj.) 2

‫ بر‬barra (1st pers. perf. barirtu, barartu) a I (birr) to be reverent, dutiful, devoted; to be kind (‫ ه‬or ‫ ب‬to s.o.); to be charitable, beneficent, do good (‫ ب‬to s.o.); to obey (‫ه‬ s.o., esp. God); to treat with reverence, to honor (‫ ب‬or ‫ ه‬the parents); to be honest, truthful; to be true, valid (sworn statement); to keep (‫ ب‬a promise, an oath) II to warrant, justify, vindicate; to acquit, absolve, exonerate, exculpate, clear (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ s.o., s.th.)│ ‫( برر وجھه‬wajhahū) to justify o.s. by IV to carry out, fulfill (‫ ھـ‬s.th., a promise, an oath) V to justify o.s.; to be justified ‫ بر‬birr reverence, piety; righteousness, probity; godliness, devoutness; kindness; charitable gift ‫ بر‬barr and ‫ بار‬bārr pl. ‫ ابرار‬abrār and ‫ بررة‬barara reverent, dutiful (‫ ب‬toward), devoted (‫ ب‬to); pious, godly, upright, righteous.; kind ‫ مبرة‬mabarra pl. -āt and ‫ مبار‬mabar2 good deed, act of charity, benefaction; philanthropic organization; charitable institution, home or hospital set up with private funds ‫ تبرير‬tabrīr justification, vindication ‫ بار‬bārr reverent, faithful and devoted; see also under ‫ بر‬barr above ‫ مبرور‬mabrūr (accepted into the grace of the Lord, i.e.) blessed (said of a deceased person)

‫ بر‬barr land (as opposed to sea), terra firma, mainland; open country; ‫ برا‬barran out, outside│ ‫ برا وبحرا‬barran wa-baḥran by land and sea

‫ بر‬burr wheat 1

‫ برأ‬bara’a a (‫ برء‬bar’) to create (‫ ھـ‬s.th., said of God) ‫ برء‬bar’ creation ‫ برية‬barīya pl. -āt, ‫ برايا‬barāyā creation (= that which is created); creature; see also 2 ‫بر‬. ‫~ البارى‬J~I aI-bari' the Creator (God)

2

‫ برئ‬bari’a a (‫ براءة‬barā’a) to be or become free, be cleared (‫ من‬from, esp. from guilt blame, etc., ‫ الى‬toward s.o.); to recover (‫من‬ from an illness) II to free, clear, acquit, absolve, exculpate (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ من‬from suspicion, blame, guilt)│ ‫برأ ساحة الرجل‬ (sāḥata r-rajul) he acquitted the man IV to acquit, absolve, discharge, exculpate (‫ه‬ s.o.); to cause to recover, cure, heal (‫ه‬ s.o.)│ ‫( ابرأ ذمته‬dimmatahū) to clear s.o. or o.s. from guilt, exonerate s.o. or o.s. V to clear o.s. (‫ من‬from suspicion, from a charge), free o.s. (‫ من‬from responsibility, etc.), rid o.s. (‫ من‬of); to declare o.s. innocent, wash one’s hands (‫ من‬of); to be acquitted X to restore to health, cure, heal (‫ ه‬s.o.); to free o.s. (‫ من‬from), rid o.s. (‫من‬ of) ‫ برء‬bur’ and burū’ convalescence, recovery ‫ برئ‬barī’ pl. ‫ ابرياء‬abriyā’2, ‫ براء‬burā’, birā’ free, exempt (‫ من‬from), devoid (‫من‬ of); guiltless, innocent; guileless, harmless; healthy, sound 49 ‫ براء‬barā’ free, exempt (‫ من‬from)│ ‫ذمته‬ ‫( براء من‬dimmatuM) he is innocent of ...

‫ براءة‬barā’a being free; disavowal, withdrawal; innocence, guiltlessness; naiveté, guilelessness, artlessness; (pl. -āt) license, diploma, patent│ ‫براءة اختراع‬ patent on an invention; ‫براءة التنفيذ‬ exequatur (a written authorization of a consular officer, issued by the government to which he is accredited); ‫ براءة الثقة‬b. attiqa (Tun.) credentials (dipl.); ‫على براءة‬ harmless; without guilt, innocent ‫ تبرئة‬tabri’a freeing, exemption; acquittal, absolution, discharge, exoneration ‫ مبارأة‬mubāra’a mubarat, divorce by mutual consent of husband and wife, either of them waiving all claims by way of compensation (Isl. Law) ‫ ابراء‬ibrā’ acquittal, absolution, release; release of a debtor from his liabilities, remission of debt (Isl. Law) ‫ استبراء‬istibrā’: ‫ استبراء الحمل‬ist. al-ḥamal the ceremony of selecting and purifying the Host before Mass (Copt.-Chr.)

‫ بربيس‬look up alphabetically ‫ بربيش‬barbīš (syr.) tube (of a narghile, of an enema, etc.) ‫ بربط‬barbata to splash, paddle, dabble (in water) ‫( بربونى‬It. barbone) barbūnī, also ‫ بربون‬red mullet (Mullus barbatus; zool.) ‫ بربى‬see ‫بربة‬ ‫ بربيس‬barbīs barbel (zool.) ‫ برتغال‬burtugāl Portugal ‫ برتغالى‬burtugālī Portuguese ‫ برتقال‬burtuqāl, ‫ برتقان‬burtuqān orange ‫ برتقالى‬burtuqālī, ‫ برتقانى‬burtuqānī orange, orange-colored ‫ برثن‬burtun, pl. ‫ براثن‬barātin claw, talon 1

‫ برج‬V to display, show, play up her charms (woman); to adorn herself, make herself pretty (woman)

2

‫ برج‬burj pl. ‫ بروج‬burūj, ‫ ابراج‬abrāj tower; castle; sign of the zodiac│ ‫ برج الحمام‬b. alḥamām pigeon house, dovecot; ‫ برج المياه‬b. al-miyāh water tower

2

‫ بارجة‬bārija pl. ‫ بوارج‬bawārij warship, battleship; barge

1

‫لعب البرجاس‬la‘b al-birjās a kind of equestrian contest, joust, tournament

2

‫ البرجيس‬al-birjīs Jupiter (astron.)

‫ براجواى‬baraguwāy Paraguay ‫ البرازيل‬al-bərāzīl Brazil ‫( براسيرى‬Fr. brasserie) brāseri beer parlor, taproom ‫ براغ‬Prague ‫( برافان‬Fr. paravent) baravān folding screen ‫ براھما‬bərahmā Brahma ‫ بربة‬birba and ‫ بربا‬birbā pl. ‫ برابى‬barābī ancient Egyptian temple, temple ruins doting back to ancient Egypt (eg.); labyrinth, maze ‫ بربخ‬barbaḳ pl. ‫ برابخ‬barābiḳ2 water pipe, drain, culvert, sewer pipe ‫ بربر‬barbara to babble noisily (e.g., a large crowd), jabber, mutter, prattle ‫ البربر‬al-barbar the Berbers ‫ بربرى‬barbarī Berber (adj.); barbaric, uncivilized; -- (pl. ‫ برابرة‬barābira) a Berber; a barbarian ‫ بربرية‬barbarīya barbar(ian)ism, barbarity, savagery, cruelty ‫ متبربر‬mutabarbir barbaric, uncivilized

‫ برجل‬barjal pl. ‫ براجل‬barāhil2 compass, (pair of) dividers 50 ‫ برجمة‬burjuma pl. ‫ براجم‬barājim2 knuckle, finger joint ‫ برح‬bariḥa a (‫ براح‬barāḥ) to leave (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ من‬a place, ‫ الى‬for), depart (‫ ھـ‬from, ‫ الى‬on one’s way to); with neg.: to continue to be (= ‫ زال(│ما برح في‬he is still in ... ; ‫ما برح غنيا‬ (ganīyan) he is still rich; ‫( برح الخفاء‬ḳafā’) the matter hall come out, has become generally known; ‫ غدا وبرح‬to come and go II to beset, harass, trouble, molest (‫ ب‬s.o.) III to leave (‫ ھـ‬a place, ‫ الى‬for), depart (‫ھـ‬ from, ‫ الى‬on one's way to) ‫ براح‬departure; cessation, stop; a wide, empty tract of land, vast expanse, vastness; ‫ براحا‬barāḥan openly and plainly, patently

‫ تباريح‬tabārīh2 agonies, torments (e.g., of longing, of passion)

war; ‫ غنيمة باردة‬an easy prey; ‫‘( عيش بارد‬aiš) an easy life; ‫( حجة باردة‬ḥujja) a weak argument; ‫( تبغ بارد‬tibg) light, mild tobacco

‫ مبارحة‬mubāraḥa departure ‫ بارح‬bāriḥ (showing the left side. i.e.) ill-boding, inauspicious, ominous (as opposed to ‫ سانح(؛ البارح‬al-bāriḥa yesterday ‫ البارحة‬al-bāriḥata yesterday│ ‫الليلة‬ ‫( البارحة‬lailata) last night; ‫اول البارحة‬ awwala l-b. the day before yesterday. two days ago

‫ مبرد‬mubarrid cooling, refreshing; pl. -āt refreshments (beverages, etc.) ‫ مبرد‬mubarrad cooled, chilled 2

‫ براد‬barrād fitter (of machinery) ‫ برادة‬birāda fitter's trade or work ‫ برادة‬burāda iron filings

‫ مبرح‬mubarriḥ, violent, intense, excruciating, agonizing (esp., of pains) ‫ مبرح به‬mubarraḥ bihi stricken. afflicted, tormented

‫ مبرد‬mibrad pl. ‫ مبارد‬mabcirid2 file, rasp 3

‫ برد‬bard coldness, chilliness, coolness; cooling; alleviation; cold, catarrh ‫ برد‬barad hail, ‫ بردة‬barada (n. un.) hailstone ‫ برود‬barūd collyrium ‫ برود‬burūd coldness, coolness, chilliness; emotional coldness, frigidity ‫ برودة‬burūda coldness, coolness, chilliness; emotional coldness, frigidity│ ‫ برودة الدم‬b. ad-dam cold-bloodedness ‫ بردية‬bardīya ague, feverish chill; see also below ‫ برداء‬buradā’ 2 ague, feverish chill ‫ برادة‬barrāda cold-storage plant; refrigerator, icebox ‫ تبريد‬tabrīd cooling, chilling; cold storage, refrigeration; alleviation, mitigation│‫ جھاد التبريد‬jahāz at-t. coldstorage plant, refrigerator; ‫غرفة التبريد‬ gurfat at-t. cold-storage room ‫ بارد‬bārid cold; cool, chilly; easy; weak; stupid, inane, silly, dull; dunce, blockhead│‫( الحرب الباردة‬ḥarb) the cold

‫ برد‬burd pl. ‫ ابراد‬abrād garment ‫ بردة‬burda Mohammed's outer garment

1

‫ برد‬barada u to be or become cold; to cool, cool off (also fig.); to feel cold; to cool, chill (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to soothe. alleviate (‫ھـ‬ pain); -- baruda to be or become cold II to make cold (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to refrigerate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to cool, chill (‫ ھـ‬s.th., also fig.); to soothe, alleviate (‫ ھـ‬pain) V to refresh o.s., cool o.s. off; to be soothed, be alleviated VIII to become cold, cool off

‫ برد‬barada u to file (‫ ھـ‬a piece of metal, etc.)

‫ برداية‬burdāya curtain, drape 51 4

‫ برد‬IV to send by mail, to mail (‫ ھـ‬a letter) ‫ بريد‬barīd post, mail│‫( البريد الجوى‬jawwī) air mail ‫ بريدى‬barīdī postal; messenger, courier; mailman

5

‫ بارود‬look up alphabetically

6

‫ بردى‬bardī, burdī papyrus (bot.) ‫ بردية‬bardīya pl. -āt papyrus│‫علم البرديات‬ ‘ilm al-b. papyrology

‫ برداق‬bardāq pl. ‫ براديق‬barādīq2 jug, pitcher ‫ لعب البردج‬la‘b al-b. bridge (game) ‫ بردخ‬bardaḳa to polish, burnish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) □ ‫بردعة = برذعة‬ ‫بردقان = برتقان‬ ‫ بردقوش‬bardaqūš (=‫ )مردقوش‬marjoram ‫( بردورة‬Fr. bordure) badūra curbstone, curb ‫ برذعة‬barda‘a pl. ‫ براذع‬barādi‘2 saddle, packsaddle (for donkeys and camels) ‫ براذعى‬barādi‘ī maker of donkey saddle, saddler ‫ برذون‬birdaun pl. ‫ براذين‬barādīn2 work horse jade, nag 1

‫ برز‬baraza u to come out, show, appear, come into view, emerge; to jut out, protrude, stand out, be prominent (also fig.); to surpass, excel (‫ على‬s.o.) II to cause to come out, bring out, expose, show, set off, accentuate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to excel, surpass (‫فى‬

‫ على‬s.o. in), stand out (‫ فى‬for), distinguish o.s. (‫ في‬by) III to meet in combat or duel (‫ه‬ s.o.); to compete in a contest (‫ ه‬with s.o.) IV to cause to come out, bring out, expose, make manifest (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to publish, bring out (‫ ھـ‬a book, etc.); to present, show (‫ ھـ‬e.g., an identity card) V to evacuate the bowels VI to vie, contend

‫ برشت‬birišt: ‫( بيض برشت‬baiḍ) soft-boiled eggs ‫ برشلونة‬baršīlōna Barcelona (seaport in NE Spain) ‫ برشم‬baršama to stare, gaze (‫ الى‬at s.th.); to rivet (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ برشمة‬baršama riveting ‫ برشام‬buršām and ‫( برشان‬n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. -āt wafer; Host (Chr.)

‫ بروز‬burūz prominence, projection, protrusion

‫ برشامة‬buršāma rivet

‫ براز‬birāz excrement, feces; competition, contest, match (in sports); duel

‫ برشامجى‬buršāmjī riveter ‫ برشمجية‬buršamjīya riveting

‫ بريزة‬buraiza (birēza; eg.) ten-piaster coin

1

‫ ابرز‬abraz2 more marked, more distinctive; more prominent

‫ برص‬burṣ wall gecko (Tarentola mauritanica, zool.)

‫ مبارزة‬mubāraza competition, contest, match, esp. in sports; duel; fencing ‫ ابراز‬ibrāz bringing out, displaying, setting off, accentuation; production; presentation ‫ بارز‬bāriz protruding, projecting, salient; raised, embossed, in relief; marked, distinct, conspicuous; prominent (personality) ‫ مبرز‬mubarriz surpassing (‫ على‬s.o.), superior (‫ على‬to s.o.); winner. victor (in contest) ‫ مبارز‬mubāriz competitor, contender; combatant, fighter; fencer 2

‫( بريز‬Fr. prise) brīz pl. -āt (plug) socket, wallplug, outlet (syr.); ‫ بريزة‬barīza pl. ‫برائز‬ barā’iz2 do. (eg.)

2

‫ ابريز‬look up alphabetically

2

‫ برزان‬barazān trumpet

‫ برزخ‬barzaḳ pl. ‫ برازخ‬barāziḳ interval, gap, break, partition, bar, obstruction; isthmus ‫ برزوق‬burzūq sidewalk 1

‫ برسام‬birsām pleurisy

2

‫ ابريسم‬look up alphabetically

3

‫ برسيم‬birsīm clover, specif., berseem, Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum bot.)

1

‫ برش‬burš pl. ‫ ابراش‬abrāš mat ‫ ابرش‬abraš2 spotted, speckled 52

1

‫ برش‬look up alphabetically

‫ برص‬bariṣa a (baraṣ) to be a leper

‫ برص‬baraṣ leprosy ‫ ابراص‬abraṣ2 leprous; leper│‫سام ابرص‬ sāmm a. wall gecko 2

‫ برصة‬burṣa stock exchange

‫ برض‬baraḍa u (‫ بروض‬burūḍ) to germinate, sprout (plant) ‫ برطوز‬barṯūz: ‫ برطوز البحرية‬b. a1-baḥrīya forecastle, crew quarters (on a merchant vessel) ‫ برطع‬barṯa‘a (‫ برطعة‬barṯa‘a) to gallop ‫ برطل‬barṯala (‫ برطلة‬barṯala) to bribe (‫ ه‬s.o.) II tabarṯala to take bribes, be venal ‫ برطيل‬birṯīl pl. ‫ براطيل‬barāṯīl2 bribe 1

‫ برطم‬barṯama to rave, talk irrationally ‫ برطوم‬burṯūm, barṯūm trunk of an elephant

2

‫ برطمان‬barṯamān pl. -āt (syr. eg.) tall earthen or glass vessel (for preserves, oil. etc.)

‫ برع‬bara‘a a to surpass excel (‫ ه‬s.o.); (also baru‘a u) to distinguish o.s., be skilful, proficient V to contribute. Give, donate (‫ب‬ s.th.); to undertake (voluntarily, ‫ ب‬s.th.). volunteer (‫ ب‬or), be prepared, willing (‫ب‬ to do s.th.); to be ready, be on hand (‫ب‬ with) ‫ براعة‬barā‘a skill, proficiency; efficiency, capability, capacity ‫ بروعة‬burū‘a superior skill, outstanding proficiency

‫ تبرع‬tabarru‘ pl. -āt gift, donation; contribution

‫ بارق‬bāriq: ‫ بارق‬b. al-amal glimpse of hope

‫ بارع‬bāri‘ skilled, skillful, proficient, capable. efficient; brilliant, outstanding (work of art)

‫ بارقة‬bāriqa pl. ‫ بوارق‬bawāriq2 gleam, twinkle

‫ برعم‬bar‘ama to bud, burgeon, sprout 2

‫ برعم‬bur‘um pl. ‫ براعم‬barā‘im and ‫برعوم‬ bur‘ūm pl. ‫ براعيم‬bard'im' bud, burgeon; blossom, flower ‫ برغوث‬burgūt pl. ‫ براغيث‬barāgīt2 f1ea; pl. ‫( براغيث‬syr.) small silver coins│ ‫برغوث‬ ‫ البحر‬b. a1-baḥr shrimp (zool.) ‫ برغش‬bargaš (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬gnat(s), midge(s)

‫ مبرق‬mubriq: ‫ مبرق كاتب‬teletype 2

‫ البرقة‬al-barqa Cyrenaica (region of E Libya)

3

‫ ابريق‬look up alphabetically

4

‫ استبرق‬look up alphabetically

‫ برقش‬barqaša (‫ برقش‬barqš) to variegate, paint or daub with many colors (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to embellish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; ‫ قوله‬one’s speech) II tabargaša reflex. and pass. of I ‫ برقش‬birqiš finch

‫ برغل‬burgul cooked, parched and crushed wheat, served together with other food (eg., syr.)

‫ برقش‬barqaša colorful medley, variety, variegation

‫( برغى‬Turk. ‫ بورغى‬burğų) burgī pl. ‫براغى‬ barāgī screw

‫ مبرقش‬mubarqaš colorful, variegated, many-colored

‫ برفير‬birfīr pl. ‫ برافير‬barāfīr2 purple ‫ بروفة‬look up alphabetically 1

‫ برق‬baraqa u to shine, glitter, sparkle, flash│ ‫( برقت السماء‬samā’u) there was lightning IV = I; to emit bolts of lightning (cloud); to flash up, light up; to brighten (face); to cable, wire, telegraph (‫ الى‬to)

‫ برقع‬barqa‘a to veil, drape (‫ھـ‬, s.o., s.th.) II tabarqa‘a to put on a veil, veil o.s. ‫ برقع‬burqu‘ pl. ‫ براقع‬barāqi‘2 veil (worn by women; long, leaving the eyes exposed) ‫ برقوق‬barqūq (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬plum 1

‫ برق‬barq pl. ‫ بروق‬burūq lightning; flash of lightning; telegraph│ ‫( برق خلب‬ḳullab) lightning without a downpour, used fig. e.g.. of s.o. given to making promises without ever living up to them 53 ‫ برقى‬barqī telegraphic, telegraph- (in compounds) ‫ برقية‬barqīya pl. -āt telegram, wire, cable

‫ برك‬baraka u to kneel down II and IV to make (‫ ھـ‬the camel) kneel down II to invoke a blessing (‫ على‬or ‫ فى‬on s.th., ‫ ل‬on s.th.) III to bless (‫ فى‬or ‫ ه‬s.th., also ‫ ل‬or ‫)على‬, invoke a blessing on; to give one's blessing (‫ ھـ‬to s.th.), sanction (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to be blessed (‫ب‬ by); to enjoy (‫ ب‬s.th.), find pleasure, delight (‫ ب‬in); to ask s.o.’s (‫ )ب‬blessing VI to be blessed, be praised; ... ‫ تبارك‬tabāraka ... God bless …! X to be blessed

‫ بريق‬barīq pl. ‫ برائق‬barā’iq2 glitter, shine, gloss, luster│‫( ذو بريق معدني‬ma‘dinī) lustered, coated with metallic luster

‫ بركة‬birka pl. ‫ برك‬birak pond, small lake; puddle, pool│ ‫ بركة السباحة‬b. as-sibāḥa swimming pool

‫ براق‬burāq Alborak, name of the creature on which Mohammed made his ascension to the seven heavens (‫)معراج‬

‫ بركة‬baraka pl. -āt blessing, benediction│ ‫قلة البركة‬qillat al-b. misfortune, bad luck ‫ ابرك‬abrak2 more blessed

‫ براق‬barrāq shining, lustrous, sparkling, flashing, glittering, twinkling ‫ مبرق‬mabraq glitter, flash│‫فى مبرق الصبح‬ fī m. iṣ-ṣbḥ with the first rays of the morning sun

‫ تبريك‬tabrīk pl. -āt good wish; blessing, benediction ‫ مبارك‬mubārak blessed, fortunate, lucky 2

‫ براريك‬barārīk2 (mor.) barracks

‫ بركار‬birkār compass, (pair of) divideers

‫ بركان‬burkān pl. ‫ براكين‬barākīn2 volcano

‫( قضاء مبرم‬qaḍā’) inescapable fate; ‫بصورة‬ ‫ مبرمة‬irrevocably

‫ بركانى‬burkānī volcanic ‫ برلمان‬barlamān parliament ‫ برلمانى‬barlamānī parliamentary ‫ برلمانية‬barlamānīya parliamentarianism

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‫ برمة‬burma pl. ‫ برم‬buram, ‫ برام‬birām earthenware pot

‫ برما‬burmā Burma

‫( برلنتى‬It. brillante) brillantī brilliant, diamond

‫ برمائى‬barmā’ī amphibious│‫دبابة برمائية‬ (dabbāba) amphibious tank (mil.)

‫ برلين‬barlīn Berlin

○ ‫ برمائية‬barmā’īya amphibian

1

‫ برم‬barima a (baram) to be or become weary, tired (‫ ب‬of), be fed up, be bored (‫ ب‬with), find annoying, wearisome (‫ ب‬s.th.) V to feel annoyed (‫ ب‬by), be displeased (‫ب‬ with); to be fed up (‫ ب‬with), be sick and tired (‫ب‬of, also ‫ ;)من‬to be impatient, discontented, dissatisfied; to grieve, be pained 54 ‫ برم‬barim weary, tired (‫ ب‬of), disgusted (‫ ب‬at, with); dissatisfied, discontented ‫ تبرم‬tabarrum weariness, boredom, disgust; discontent, dissatisfaction; uneasiness, discomfort, annoyance ‫ متبرم‬mutabarrim cross, peevish, vexed, annoyed

2

‫ برم‬barama u (barm) to twist, twine (‫ ھـ‬a rope); to shape (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) round and long; to roll up (‫ ھـ‬the sleeves); to settle, establish, confirm (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to twist, twine (‫ ھـ‬a rope); to settle, establish, confirm (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to conclude (‫ ھـ‬a pact); to confirm (‫ ھـ‬a judicial judgment); to ratify (‫ ھـ‬a treaty, a bill) VII to be settled, be established, be confirmed; to be twisted, be twined

‫( برماننت‬Engl.) barmanant permanent wave│ ‫برماننت على البارد‬cold wave (in hair) ‫ برمق‬barmaq pl. ‫ برامق‬barāmiq2 baluster; spike (of a wheel) ‫ برمھات‬baramhāt the seventh month of the Coptic calendar ‫ برمنكھام‬Birmingham ‫ برمودة‬barmūda the eighth month of the Coptic calendar ‫ برميل‬barmīl pl. ‫ براميل‬barāmīl2 barrel; keg, cask; tun ‫ برنية‬barnīya pl. ‫ برانى‬barānīy clay vessel ‫ برنامج‬barnāmaj pl. ‫ برامج‬barāmij2 program, plan, schedule; roster, list, index; curriculum ‫ برنجك‬burunjuk gauze, crepe 1

‫ برانسى‬barānisī pl. -īya maker of burnooses

‫ برامة‬barrāma pl. -āt drilling machine ‫ بريم‬barīm rope; string, cord, twine ‫ بريمة‬barrīma pl. –āt drill, borer, gimlet, auger, bit; ○ corkscrew ‫برم‬

○ ‫ بريمية‬barrīmīya spirochete ‫ ابرام‬ibrām settlement, establishment; confirmation; conclusion (of a pact, etc.); ratification│‫ محكمة النقض واالبرام‬maḥkamat an-naqḍ wa-l-i. Court of Cassation (Eg.) ‫ مبروم‬mabrūm:○‫( سلك مبروم‬silk) wire rope, cable ‫ مبرم‬mubram firm, strong; irrevocable, definitely established; confirmed, ratified│

‫ برنس‬burnus pl. ‫ برانس‬barānis2 (also ‫برنوس‬ barnūs, burnūs pl. ‫ برانيس‬baranīs2) burnoose, hooded cloak; casula, chasuble (of Coptic priests)│ ‫ برنس الحمام‬b. alḥammām bathrobe

2

‫ جبال البرانس‬jibāl al-barānis the Pyrenees

‫ برنس‬brins prince ‫ برنسيسة‬brinsēsa princess ‫ برنط‬II tabarnaṯa to wear a hat ‫ برنطية‬burnaiṯa pl. -āt, ‫ برانيط‬barānīt2 (European) hat (men’s and women’s); lamp shade ‫ برھة‬burha pl. burahāt, ‫ بره‬burah a while, a time; short time; instant, moment; ‫برھة‬ burllatan a little while│ ‫( برھتين‬after two moments =) in a short time □ ‫ برھم‬barham (syr.) = ‫ مرھم‬marham

‫ برھمن‬barahman pl. ‫ براھمة‬barāhima Brahman 55

‫ مبراة‬mibrāh pocketknife ‫ مباراة‬mubārāh pl. ‫ مباريات‬mubārayāt contest tournament, match (in games and sports); competition, rivalry

‫ برھمية‬barahmīya Brahmanism ‫ برھن‬barhana to prove, demonstrate (‫ على‬or ‫عن‬ s.th.) ‫ برھن‬burhān pl. ‫ براھين‬barāhīn2 proof ‫ برھنة‬barhana proving, demonstration ‫ بروة‬bawa waste, scrap ‫ بروتستانتي‬brotostantī Protestant; (pl. -ūn) a Protestant ‫ بروتستانتية‬brotostantīya Protestantism ‫( بروتستو‬It. protesto) brotostō protest (of a bill of exchange)

‫ اعط القوس باريھا‬:‫ بار‬a‘ṯi l-qausa bāriyahā give the bow to him who knows how to shape it, i.e. always ask an expert ‫ متبار‬mutabārin participant in a contest, contestant, contender; competitor, rival 2

‫ بريطانيا‬barīṯāniyā, biriṯāniyā Britain, ‫بريطانيا‬ ‫( الكبرى‬uẓmā) Great Britain ‫ بريطاني‬barīṯānī, biriṯānī British; Britannic

‫ بورتوكول‬brotokōl protocol ‫ بروتون‬proton

1

‫ بوجرام‬brogrām program ‫ بروجى‬burūjī pl. -īya trumpeter, bugler ‫ بروز‬barwaza to frame ‫ برواز‬barwāz, birwāz pl. ‫ براويز‬barāwīz2 frame ‫( بروسيا‬It. Prussia) burūsiyā Prussia ‫ بروسي‬burūsī Prussian ‫ بروفة‬and ‫( بروڤـة‬It. prova) brōva, brōfa pl. -āt test. experiment; proof sheet; rehearsal

2

‫ برى‬baran dust, earth ‫ براية‬barrāya, ‫ براية االفالم‬b. al-aqlām pencil sharpener

‫ بز‬bazza u to bud, burgeon ‫ بز‬buzz, bizz pl. ‫ بزاز‬bizāz, ‫ ابزاز‬abzāz nipple, mammilla (of the female breast); teat, female breast 56

‫ برونزى‬bronzi bronze, bronzy│ ‫العصر‬ ‫‘( البرونزى‬aṣr) the Bronze Age ‫ برى‬barā i (bary) to trim, shape (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), nib ( ‫ ھـ‬a pen), sharpen (‫ ھـ‬a pencil); to scratch off, scrape off (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to exhaust, tire out, wear out, emaciate, enervate (‫ ه‬s.o.), sap the strength of (‫ )ه‬III to vie, compete (‫ه‬ with s.o.). try to outstrip (‫ ه‬s.o.) VI to vie, compete, contend, be rivals; to meet in a contest, try each other’s strength (esp. in games and sports) VII to be trimmed, be nibbed, be sharpened; to defy, oppose (‫ل‬ s.o.); to undertake, take in hand (‫ ل‬s.th.), set out to do s.th. (‫)ل‬, enter, embark (‫ل‬ upon); to break forth (‫ من‬from); to get going; to break out, lot fly, explode (with words, esp. in anger or excitement)

‫ بز‬bazza u (bazz) to take away, steal, wrest, snatch (‫ ھـ ه‬from s.o. s.th.). rob, strip (‫ھـ ه‬ s.o. of s.th.); to defeat, beat, outstrip, excel (‫ ه‬s.o.), triumph, be victorious (‫ ه‬over) VIII to take away, steal, pilfer (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to take away, snatch (‫ ھـ‬money, ‫ من‬from s.o.); to rob, fleece (‫ ه‬s.o.)│‫ابتز اموال الناس‬ to lift money out of people’s pockets, relieve people of their money ‫ ابتزاز‬ibtizāz theft, robbery; fleecing, robbing (of s.o.)

‫( برونز‬Fr.) bronz bronze

1

‫ برية‬see 1‫ برأ‬and 2‫بر‬

3

‫ بز‬bazz pl. ‫ بزوز‬buzūz linen; cloth, dry goods ‫ بزة‬bizza clothing, clothes, attire; uniform│‫( بزة رسمية‬rasmīya) uniform ‫ بزاز‬bazzāz draper, cloth merchant ‫ بزازة‬bizāza cloth trade

‫ بزبوز‬bazbūz pl. ‫ بزابيز‬bazābīz2 nozzle, spout ‫ بزر‬bazara i (bazr) to sow ‫ بزر‬bizr pl. ‫ بزور‬buzūr seed(s); pl. ‫ابزار‬ abzār and ‫ ابازير‬abāzīr2 spice ‫ بزرة‬bizra (n. un.) seed; kernel, pip, pit, stone (of fruit); germ ‫ بزار‬bazzār seedsman ‫ بزيرة‬buzaira pl. -āt spore (bot.) ‫ بزغ‬bazaga u to break forth, come out; to dawn (day); to rise (sun)

‫ بزوغ‬buzūg appearance, emergence; rise (of the sun) ‫ بزق‬bazaqa u (bazq) to spit ‫ بزاق‬buzāq spit, spittle, saliva ‫ بزاقة‬bazzāqa snail; cobra ‫ مبزقة‬mibzaqa pl. ‫ مبازق‬mabāziq2 spittoon, cuspidor 1

‫بزل‬bazala u (bazl) to split (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to pierce (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), make a hole (‫ ھـ‬in); to tap,broach (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; a cask); to puncture, tap (‫ ه‬s.o.; med.); to clear, filter (‫ ھـ‬a liquid) ‫ بزل‬bazl puncture, tapping, paracentesis (med.) ‫ بزال‬buzāl bung (of a cask) ‫ مبزل‬mibzal pl. ‫ مبازل‬mabazil 2 spile, spigot, tap; cock, faucet

2

‫( بزلة‬It. piselli) bizilla and ‫ بزال‬green peas

‫ ابزيم‬ibzīm pl. ‫ ابازم‬abāzim2 buckle, clasp ‫ بزموت‬bizmūt bismuth ‫ بزنطى‬bizanṯī Byzantine ‫ باز‬bāzin pl. ‫ بزاة‬buzāh, ‫ بواز‬bawāzin, ‫بيزان‬ bīzān falcon ‫ بس‬bass and ‫ بسة‬bassa pl. ‫ بساس‬bassās cat ‫ بسأ‬basa’a a (‫ بسء‬bas’) to treat amicably (‫ب‬ s.o.); to be intimate, be on familiar terms ( ‫ ب‬with) ‫ بسارابيا‬besārābiyā Bessarabia ‫ بسباس‬basbās, ‫ بسباسة‬basbāsa (eg.) mace (bot.); (magr.) fennel ‫ بسبوسة‬basbāsa (eg.) pastry made of flour, melted butter, sugar and oil ‫( بستيلية‬Fr.) bastīliya pastilles, lozenges 1

‫ بستان‬bustān pl. ‫ بساتين‬basātīn2 garden ‫ بستانى‬bustānī gardener; garden (adj.); horticultural ‫ بستنة‬bastana gardening, horticulture

2

‫( بستون‬Fr. piston) bistōn, ‫( بستن‬Engl.) bistan pl. ‫ بساتن‬basātin2 piston

3

‫( بستون‬It. bastone) bastūnī spades (suit of playing cards)

‫ بسخة‬basḳa Easter; Passion Week (Chr.)

‫ بسر‬basara u (‫ بسور‬busūr) to scowl, frown; -basara u (basr) and VIII to begin too early (‫ ھـ‬with), take premature action, be rash (‫ ھـ‬in s.th.) ‫ بسر‬busr (n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. ‫ بسار‬bisār unripe dates ‫ باسور‬bāsūr pl. ‫ بواسير‬bawāsīr2 hemorrhoids ‫ بسط‬basaṯ u (basṯ) to spread, spread out (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to level, flatten (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to enlarge, expand (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to stretch out, extend (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to unfold, unroll (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to grant, offer, present (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to submit, state, set forth, expound, explain (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ل‬or ‫على‬ to s.o.); to flog (‫ ه‬s.o.; Nejd); to please delight (‫ ه‬s.o.)│ ‫( بسط ذراعيه‬dirā‘aihi) to spread one’s arms; 57 ‫بسط يد المساعدة ل‬ (yada l-musā‘ada) to extend helping hand to s.o.; ‫ بسط المائدة‬to lay the table; -- basuṯa u (‫ بساطة‬basāta) to be simple, openhearted, frank, candid II to spread, spread out, extend, expand (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to level, flatten (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to simplify, make simple (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to set forth, state, expound, explain; to be sincere (‫ ب ه‬with s.th. about or in s.th.), confess frankly (‫ب ه‬ to s.o. s.th.) V to be spread, be unrolled, be spread out, be extended; to speak at great length (‫ فى‬about), enlarge (‫ فى‬on), treat exhaustively, expound in detail (‫ فى‬a theme); to be friendly, communicative, sociable, behave unceremoniously, be completely at ease│ ‫ تبسط في الحديث‬to talk freely, without formality VII to spread, extend, expand (intr.); to be glad, be delighted, be or become happy ‫ بسط‬basṯ, extension, spreading, unrolling, unfolding; presentation, statement, explanation, exposition; cheering, delighting, delectation; amusement; (Eg.) numerator (of a fraction)│ ‫ بسط اليد‬b. al-yad avarice, greed, cupidity ‫ بسطة‬basṯa extension, extent, expanse; size, magnitude; skill, capability, abilities; excess, abundance; (pl. -āt) statement, exposition, presentation; -- (pl. ‫ بساط‬bisāṯ) landing (of staircase); estrade, dais, platform (eg.) ‫ بساط‬bisāṯ pl. -āt, ‫ ابسطة‬absiṯa, ‫ بسط‬busuṯ carpet, rug│ ‫ بساط الرحمة‬b. ar-raḥma

winding sheet, shroud; ‫ مسألة )وضع‬or) ‫طرح‬ ‫( على بساط البحث‬mas‘alata, baḥtan) to raise a question, bring a question on the carpet, also ‫( على بساط المناقشة‬b. il-munāqaša) for discussion; ‫ طوى البساط بما فيه‬to bring the matter to an end, settle it once and for all ‫ بسيط‬basīṯ pl. ‫ بسطاء‬busaṯā’2 simple; plain, uncomplicated; slight, little, modest, inconsiderable, trivial, trifling; ‫ البسيط‬name of a poetical meter; pl. ‫ بسطاء‬simple souls), ingenuous people│‫ بسيط اليدين‬b. al-yadain (pl. ‫ بسط‬busuṯ) generous, openhanded

2

‫ بسالة‬basāla courage, intrepidity ‫ استبسال‬istibsāl death defiance ‫ بسالة‬bāsil pl. ‫ بسالء‬busalā’2, ‫بواسل‬ bawāsil2 brave, fearless, intrepid ‫ مسبسل‬mustabsil death-defying, heroic 2

‫ بسم‬basma pl. basamāt smile

‫ بسائط‬basā’iṯ2 elements; simple remedies, medicinal plants; basic facts

‫ بسام‬bassām smiling ‫ مبسم‬mabsim, pl. ‫ مباسم‬mabāsim2 mouth; mouthpiece, holder (for cigars, cigarettes, etc.)

‫ بساطة‬basāṯa simplicity, plainness O ‫ ابسوطة‬ubsūṯa pl. ‫ اباسيط‬abāsīṯ2 rim, felly (of a wheel)

‫ ابتسام‬ibtisām and (n. vic.) ‫ ابتسامة‬pl. -āt smile

2

‫ تبسيط‬tabsīṯ simplification ‫ انبساط‬inbisāṯ (n. vic. ‫ )ة‬extensity, extensiveness, extension; expansion, expanse; joy. delight, happiness, gaiety, cheerfulness ‫‘ عضلة باسطة‬aḍla bāsiṯa extensor (anat.) ‫ مبسوط‬mabsūṯ extended, outstretched; spread out; extensive, large, sizeable; detailed, elaborate (book); cheerful, happy, gay; feeling well, in good health; (tun.) well-to-do

‫ بسمل‬basmala to utter the invocation ‫بسم ﷲ‬ ‫“ الرحمن الرحيم‬In the name of God, the Benificent, the Merciful” ‫ بسمل‬basmala utterance of the above invocation; the invocation itself ‫ بسينة‬busaina kitty ‫ بسيكولوجى‬psikolōjī psychological(aI) ‫ بش‬bašša a (bašš, ‫ بشاشة‬bašāša) to display a friendly, cheerful, happy mien; to smile; to be friendly (‫ ل‬to s.o.). give s.o. (‫ )ل‬a smile ‫ بشوش‬bašūš, baššāš smiling, friendly, cheerful

‫ منبسط‬munbasiṯ extending, spreading; gay, happy, cheerful; level surface

‫ بشاشة‬bašāša smile; happy mien

‫( بسطرمة‬Turk.) basṯurma a kind of jerked, salted meat (eg.) ‫ البوسفور‬al-busfūr the Bosporus ‫ بسق‬basaqa a (‫ بسوق‬busūq) to be high, tall, lofty, towering; to excel, surpass (‫ ه‬or ‫على‬ s.o.) ‫ باسق‬bāiq high, tall, lofty, towering ‫ منبسق‬munbasiq high, tall, lofty, towering ‫( بسكليت‬Fr. bicyclette) biskilēt, baskilēt bicycle ‫( بسكوت‬It. biscotto) baskūt biscuit ‫ بسكويت‬baskawīt biscuit

‫بسلة‬bisilla peace

‫ بسم‬basam i (basm), V and VIII to smile

‫ البسيطة‬al-basīṯa the earth, the world

‫ ابسط‬absaṯ simpler; wider, more extensive

‫ بسل‬basula u (‫ بسالة‬basāla) to be brave, fearless, intrepid V to scowl, glower X to be reckless, defy death 58

‫ باش‬bāšš smiling, happy; friendly, kind ‫ بشت‬bušt (Nejd, Baḥr., Ir.) a kind of cloak, = ‫‘ عباءة‬abā’a ‫ بشتة‬bišta (eg.) woolen cloak worn by Egyptian peasants 1

‫ بشر‬bašar i, bašira a to rejoice, be delighted, be happy (‫ ب‬at s.th.) II to announce (as good news; ‫ ب ه‬to s.o. s.th.); to bring news (‫ ب ه‬to s.o. of s.th.); to spread, propagate, preach (‫ ب‬s.th.; a religion, a doctrine)│ ‫(بشر نفسه ب‬nafsahū) to indulge in the happy hope that … IV to rejoice (at good news) X to rejoice, be delighted, be happy

(‫ ب‬at s.th., esp. at good news), welcome, ( ‫ ب‬s.th.); to take as good omen (‫ ب‬s.th.)│ ‫( استبشر به خيرا‬ḳairan) to regard s.th. as auspicious

‫ مباشرة‬mubāšara pursuit, practice; direct, physical cause (Isl. Law); mubāšaratan immediately, directly ‫ مبشور‬mabšūr: ‫( جبنة مبشورة‬jubna) shredded cheese

‫ بشر‬bišr joy ‫ بشر‬bušr glad tidings

‫ مباشر‬mubāšir pl. -ūn direct, immediate; practitioner, pursuer, operator; director; O manager (Eg.); court usher (Syr.); (mil.) approx.: staff sergeant (Eg. 1939)│‫غير‬ ‫( مباشر‬iṣābāt) directs

‫ بشرى‬bušrā glad tidings, good news ‫ بشارة‬bišāra pl. -āt, ‫ بشائر‬bašā’ir2 good news, glad tidings; annunciation, prophecy; gospel; ‫ بشائر‬good omens, propitious signs│ ‫‘ عيد البشارة‬īd al-b. the Annunciation, the Day of Our Lady (Chr.) ‫ بشير‬bašīr pl. ‫ بشراء‬bušarā’2 bring.r of glad tidings, messenger, herald, harbinger, forerunner, precursor; evangelist (Chr.) ‫ تبشير‬tabšīr announcement (of glad tidings); preaching of the Gospel; evangelization, missionary activity

‫ بشروش‬bašrūš flamingo ‫ بشع‬baši‘a a (‫ بشاعة‬bašā‘a) to be ugly, loathsome II to make ugly, disfigure, distort (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to disparage, run down (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) X to regard as ugly, find ugly or repugnant (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ بشع‬baši‘ ugly; offensive, disgusting, distasteful, repugnant; unpleasant ‫ بشاعة‬bašā‘a ugly; offensive, disgusting, distasteful, repugnant; unpleasant

‫ تبشيري‬tabšīrī missionary ‫ تباشير‬tabāšīr2 foretokens, prognostics, omens, first signs or indications, heralds (fig.); beginnings, dawn│ ‫ تباشير الفجر‬t. alfajr the first shimmer of aurora, the first glimpse of dawn ‫ مبشر‬mubaššir pl. -āt announcer, messenger (of glad tidings); evangelist (Chr.); preacher; missionary (Chr.)

‫ بشاعة‬bašā‘a ugliness ‫ ابشع‬abša2 uglier; more repulsive 1

‫ باشق‬look up alphabetically

2

‫( بشقه‬eg.; Turk. baška; invar.) different

‫ بشك‬VIII to lie, prevaricate ‫ بشاك‬baššāk liar

‫ مستبشر‬mustabšir happy, cheerful 2

‫ بشر‬bašara u to peel (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to scrape off, shave off, scratch off (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to grate, shred (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to touch (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), be in direct contact (‫ ھـ‬with s.th.); to have sexual intercourse (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to attend, apply o.s. (‫ ب‬or ‫ ب‬to s.th.), take up, take in hand, pursue, practice, carry out (‫ھـ‬ s.th., job, a task, etc.) 59 ‫ بشر‬bašar man, human being; men, mankind

‫ ابتشاك‬ibtišāk lie, deceit, trickery 1

‫ بشكور‬baškūr pl. ‫ بشاكير‬bašākīr2 poker, fire iron

2

‫ بشكير‬balkir pl. ‫ بشاكير‬bašākīr2 towel

‫( بشلة‬It.) bišilla pl. -āt bacillus ‫ بشم‬bašima a (bašam) to feel nauseated, be disgusted (‫ من‬by s.th.), be fed up (‫ من‬with) IV to nauseate, sicken, disgust (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ بشم‬bašam surfeit, satiety, loathing, disgust

‫ بشرى‬bašarī human; human being; epidermal, skin (adj.)│ ‫طبيب بشرى‬ dermatologist

‫ بشمار‬bašmār (tun.) lacework, trimmings

‫ بشرة‬bašara outer skin, epidermis, cuticle; skin; complexion

‫ بشمق‬bašmaq slipper (worn by fuqahā’ and women)

‫ بشرية‬bašarīya, mankind, human race ‫ مبشرة‬mibšara pl. ‫ مباشر‬mabāšir2 scraper, grater

‫ بشامرى‬bašāmirī (tun.) laceworker, lacemaker

‫ بشنة‬bašna (magr.) sorghum, millet ‫ بشنس‬bašan the ninth month of the Coptic calendar

‫ بشنوقة‬bašnūqa pl. ‫ بشانيق‬bašānīq2 kerchief tied under the chin (pal.)

having insight (‫ ب‬into); possessing knowledge or understanding (‫ ب‬of), discerning, discriminating, versed, knowledgeable, proficient (‫ ب‬in), acquainted (‫ ب‬with s.th.);

‫ بشنين‬bašnīn lotus ‫ بص‬baṣṣa i (baṣṣ, ‫ بصيص‬basīṣ) to glow, sparkle, glitter, shine; -- (eg.) u to look

‫ بصيرة‬baṣīra pl. ‫( بصائر‬keen) insight, penetration, discernment, understanding, (power of) mental perception, mental vision│‫ عن بصيرة‬deliberately, knowingly; ‫ كان على بصيرة من‬to have insight into s.th., be informed about s.th.; ‫نافذ البصيرة‬ discerning, clear-sighted, perspicacious, sharp-witted; ‫ نفاذ البصيرة‬nafād al.-b. sharp discernment, perspicacity

‫ بصة‬baṣṣ embers ‫ بصيص‬baṣīṣ glow, shine; glimpse, ray (e.g., of hope); lustrous, shining ‫ بصائص‬baṣā’iṣ lustrous, shining; (eg.) spy, detective ‫ بصبص‬baṣbaṣa (‫ بصبصة‬baṣbaṣa) to wag (‫بذنبه‬ bi-danabihi its tail); (eg.) to ogle, make sheep’s eyes, cast amorous glances

‫ ابصر‬abṣar2 more discerning

‫ بصخة‬baṣḳa see ‫بسخة‬ 2

‫ بصر‬baṣura a (baṣar) to look, see; to realize, understand, comprehend, grasp (‫ ب‬s.th.) II to make (‫ ه‬s.o.) understand or realize (‫ھـ‬ or ‫ ب‬s.th.), make (‫ ه‬s.o.) aware (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬of s.th.); to enlighten 60 (‫ ھـ ه‬or ‫ ب ه‬s.o. on or as to s.th.); to tell, inform (‫ ھـ ه‬or ‫ ب ه‬s.o. about) IV to see (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to make out, behold, perceive, discern, notice (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ s.o., s.th.), set eyes on (‫)ھـ ه‬, catch sight of (‫ ه‬.‫ ;)ھـ‬to recognize (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to reflect (‫ ب‬on). ponder (‫ ب‬s.th.) V to look ( ‫ ھـ‬at), regard (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to reflect (‫ فى‬on s.th.), ponder (‫ فى‬s.th.) X to have the faculty of visual perception, be able to see; to be endowed with reason, be rational, reasonable, intelligent; to reflect ( ‫ فى‬on s.th.), ponder (‫ فى‬s.th.)

‫ بصر‬baṣar pl. ‫ ابصار‬abṣār vision, eye-sight; glance, look; insight; sight, discernment, perception│‫ قصير البصر‬shortsighted, myopic; ‫ لمح البصر‬lamḥ al-b.glance of the eye; ‫ دون لمح البصر‬،‫ في لمح البصر‬،‫كلمح البصر‬ (dūna), ‫( في اقل لمح البصر‬aqalIa) in the twinkling of an eye, in a moment, in a flash. instantly; ‫( على مدى البصر‬madā) within sight; ‫ له بصر ب فى‬is knowledgeable, in, h. is familiar with

‫ تبصرة‬tabṣira enlightenment; instruction, information ‫ تبصر‬tabaṣṣur reflection, consideration; penetration, clear-sightedness, perspicacity ‫ باصرة‬bāṣira pl. ‫ بواصر‬bawāṣir2 eye 2

‫ البصرة‬al-baṣra Basra (port in S Iraq)

‫ بصق‬baṣaqa u to spit (‫ على‬on s.o.) ‫ بصقة‬baṣqa (n. vic.) expectoration; (expectorated) spit, spittle, saliva ‫ بصاق‬buṣaq spit, spittle, saliva ‫ مبصقة‬mibṣaqa spittoon, cuspidor ‫ بصل‬baṣal (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬onion(s); bulb(s)│ ‫ بصل الفار‬b. al-fa’r sea onion (Scilla verna) ‫ بصلى‬baṣālī bulbous ‫ بصيلة‬buṣaila pl. -āt, ‫ بصيلة الشعر‬b. ašša‘r bulb of the hair (anat.) ‫ بصم‬baṣama u (baṣm) to print, imprint (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to stamp (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make, or leave, an imprint (‫ ھـ‬on) ‫ بصمة‬baṣma pl. baṣamāt imprint, impression│ ‫بصمة الختم‬b. al-ḳatm stamp imprint, stamp; ‫ بصمة االصابع‬fingerprint

‫ بصرى‬baṣarī optic(al), visual, ocular

‫ بصوة‬baṣwa embers

‫ بصريات‬baṣarīyāt optics

‫ بض‬baḍḍ tender-skinned

‫ بصارة‬basāra perception, discernment; perspicacity, acuteness of the mind, sharpwittedness ‫ بصير‬baṣīr pl. ‫ بصراء‬buṣarā’2 endowed with eyesight; acutely aware (‫ ب‬of),

‫ بضع‬baḍa‘a a (baḍ‘) to cut, slash or slit open ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to cut up, carve up, dissect, anatomize ( s.th.); to amputate (surg.) II to cut up, carve up, dissect, anatomize III to sleep (‫ ھا‬with a woman) IV to invest

‫ بطئ‬baṯI’ pl. ‫ بطاء‬biṯā’ slow, unhurried; slowgoing, slow-footed, slow-paced; tardy, late; sluggish, lazy; slow, gradual, imperceptible│O ‫ بطىء التردد‬b. attaraddud of low frequency (el.)

capital (‫ )ھـ‬profitably in a commercial enterprise V pass. of n; to trade; to shop, make purchase X to trade 61 ‫ بضع‬baḍ‘ amputation ‫ بضع‬biḍ‘ (commonly, with genit. pl. of f. nouns, ‫ بضعة‬with genit. pl. of m. nouns; in classical Arabic ‫ بضع‬with both genders) some, a few, several

‫ ابطأ‬abṯa’2 slower│ ‫ابطأ من غراب نوح‬ (gurābi nūḥ) tardier than Noah’s raven, i.e., slower than a ten years’ itch (proverbially of s.o. who ia very tardy)

‫ بضعة‬biḍ‘a pl. ‫ بضائع‬baḍā’i‘ piece (of meat); meat; see also biḍ‘ above

‫ ابطاء‬ibṯā’ slowing down, retardation, deceleration, reduction of speed; tarrying, delay; slowness│ ‫ دون ابطاء‬without delay

‫ بضع‬buḍ‘ vulva ‫ بضاعة‬biḍā‘a pl. ‫ بضائع‬baḍā’i2 goods, merchandise, wares, commodities; that which s.o. has to offer, which he has to &how, with which he is endowed (also attributes, qualities)│ ‫ قطار البضاعة‬freight train; ‫ اخرج ما عنده من بضاعة‬he said what he had intended to say ‫ مبضع‬mibḍa‘ pl. ‫ مباضع‬mabāḍi‘2 dissecting knife, scalpel ‫ ابضاع‬ibḍā‘ mandate for the management of affairs (lsl. Law); partnership in a limited company, capital investment ‫ مبضع‬mubḍi‘ pl. -ūn limited partner (com.)

‫ تباطؤ‬tabātu’ slowness; slowing down, retardation ‫ بطارية‬baṯṯārīya pl. -āt battery (el. and mil.) ‫ بطاطا‬baṯāṯā, ‫ بطاطا‬baṯāṯā sweet potato, yam ‫ بطاطس‬baṯāṯis potatoes ‫ بطاقة‬see ‫بطق‬ ‫ بطبط‬baṯbaṯa (‫ بطبطة‬baṯbaṯa) to quack (duck) ‫ بطح‬baṯaḥa a (baṯḥ) to prostrate, lay low, fell, throw to the ground, throw down (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ s.o., s.th.) V and VII to he prostrated, be laid low; to lie prostrate, sprawl, stretch out; to extend, stretch; to lie ‫ ابطح‬abṯaḥ2 flat, level; (pl. ‫ اباطح‬abāṯiḥ2) basin-shaped valley, wide bed of a wadi

‫ مستبضع‬mustabḍi‘ manager, managing agent (Isl. Law)

‫ بطحاء‬baṯḥā’ pl. ‫ بطاح‬biṯāḥ, ‫بطحاوات‬ baṯḥawāt basin-shaped valley; plain, level land, flatland, open country; (tun.) public square

‫ بط‬baṯṯ (n. un. ‫ )ة‬duck; ‫ بطة‬baṯṯa leather flask│ ‫ بطة الساق‬calf (of the leg) ‫ بطؤ‬baṯu’a u (‫ بطء‬buṯ’, ‫ بطاء‬biṯā’, ‫ بطاءة‬baṯa’a) to he slow; to he slowgoing, slow-footed, slow-paced; to tarry, linger, wait, hesitate II to retard, slow down, delay, hold up (‫ب‬ ‫ على‬s.o. in s.th.) IV to slow down, decelerate, retard, delay, hold up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to he slow, go or drive slowly, slow down; to be late (‫ عن‬for s.th., in meeting s.o.), keep s.o. (‫ )عن‬waiting V to be slow, tardy (‫ فى‬in) VI to he slow, leisurely, unhurried; to go, drive, act or proceed slowly, leisurely; to he slowgoing, slow-footed, slow-paced; to slow down X to find slow ( ‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to have to wait a long time (‫ ه‬for s.o.), be kept waiting (‫ ه‬by s.o.) ‫ بطء‬buṯ’ slowness, tardiness│ ‫ببطء‬ slowly, leisurely, unhurriedly

‫ بطيحة‬baṯīḥa pl. ‫ بطائح‬baṯā’iḥ wide bed of a stream or wadi; a stagnant, shallow and broad body of water ‫ منبطح‬munbaṯiḥ prostrate; flat, level; level land, plain 62 ‫ بطيخ‬biṯṯīḳ, baṯṯīḳ (n. un. ‫ )ة‬melon, watermelon; baṯṯīḳ hub (of a wheel; syr.) ‫ مبطخة‬mabṯaḳa melon patch 1

‫ بطر‬baṯira a (baṯar) to be wild, wanton, reckless; to be proud, vain; to be discontented (‫ ھـ‬with s.th.); to disregard (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) IV to make reckless ‫ بطر‬baṯar wantonness, cockiness, arrogance, hubris, pride, vanity

‫ اباطرة‬abāṯira (pl.) bona vivants, playboys, epicures 2

‫ بطالة‬biṯāla and baṯāla idleness, inactivity; free time, time off, holidays, vacations; unemployment

‫ البطراء‬al-baṯrā’ Petra (ancient city of Edomites and Nabataeans; ruins now in SW Jordan)

‫ بطال‬baṯṯāl pl. –ūn idle, inactive; unemployed, out of work

‫ بطرخ‬baṯraḳ pl. ‫ بطارخ‬baṯāriḳ2 roe (of fish)

‫ بطالن‬buṯlān nullity; uselessness, futility, vanity; falsity, untruth; invalidity

‫ بطرس‬buṯrus Peter

‫ ابطال‬ibṯāl thwarting, frustration, invalidation; ruin, destruction; abolition, cancellation

‫ بطرشيل‬baṯrašīl and ‫ بطرشين‬baṯrašīn stole (Chr.) ‫ بطريق‬biṯrīq pl. ‫ بطارقة‬baṯāriqa, ‫ بطاريق‬baṯārīq2 patrician; Romaean general; penguin (zool.)

‫ باطل‬bāṯil nugatory, vain, futile; false, untrue; absurd, groundless, baseless; worthless; invalid, null, void; deception, lie, falsehood; ‫ بالباطل‬and ‫ باطال‬bāṯila falsely; futilely, in vain; pl. ‫ اباطيل‬abāṯīl2 vanities, trivialities, trifles, flimflam, idle talk, prattle

‫ بطرك‬baṯrak, ‫ بطريك‬baṯrīk, ‫ بطريرك‬baṯriyark pl. ‫ بطاركة‬baṯārika Patriarch (as. an ecclesiastic title, Chr.) ‫ بطركية‬baṯrakīya, ‫ بطريركية‬baṯriyarkīya patriarchate (Chr.) ‫ بطش‬baṯaša i u (baṯš) to attack with violence; to bear down on, fall upon s.o. (‫ ب‬or ‫;)فى‬ to knock out (‫ ه‬s.o.); to hit, strike (‫ ب‬s.th.). land with a thud (‫ ب‬on) ‫ بطش‬baṯš strength, power, force, violence; courage, valor, bravery; oppression, tyranny ‫ بطشة‬baṯša impact ‫ بطاقة‬biṯāqa pl. –āt, ‫ بطائق‬baṯā’iq2 slip (of paper), tag; card, calling card; ticket; label│ ‫بطاقة الزيارة‬calling card; ‫بطاقة شخصية‬ (šaḳṣīya) and ‫ بطاقة التعريف‬identity card; ‫ بطاقة المواد الغذائية‬b. al-mawādd al-gidā’īya, ‫ بطاقة التموين‬food ration card; ‫ بطاقة المعايدة‬b. al-mu‘āyada greeting card 1

‫ بطل‬baṯala u (buṯl, ‫ بطالن‬buṯlān) to be or become null, void, invalid, false, untenable, vain, futile, worthless; to be abolished, fall into disuse, become obsolete; to cease, stop, be discontinued; to be inactive. be oat of work II to thwart, foil, frustrate, make ineffective counteract, neutralize, nullify, invalidate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to abolish, cancel, annul, suppress (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV = II; to talk idly, prattle; to paralyze, immobilize, hold down, pin down (‫ ه‬the opponent) ‫ بطل‬buṯl nullity; uselessness, futility. vanity; falsity, falseness, untruth

‫ مبطل‬mubṯil prattler, windbag; liar ‫ مبطل‬mubṯal nugatory, futile, vain ‫ متبطل‬mutabaṯṯil unemployed 2

‫ بطل‬baṯula u (‫ بطالة‬baṯāla, ‫ بطولة‬buṯūla) to be brave, be heroic, be a hero

‫ بطل‬baṯal pl. ‫ ابطال‬abṯāl brave, heroic; hero; champion, pioneer; hero, protagonist (of a narrative, etc.), lead, star 63 (of a play); champion (athlet.)│ ‫ بطل العالم‬b. Al-‘alam world champion ‫ بطلة‬baṯala heroine (of a narrative), female lead, star (of a play); woman champion (athlet..) ‫ بطالة‬baṯāla bravery, valor, heroism ‫ بطولة‬buṯūla bravery, valor, heroism; leading role, starring role (theater, film); championship (athlet.)│ ‫البطولة العالمية‬ (‘ālamīya) and ‫ بطولة العالم‬b. al-‘ālam world championship (athlet.); ‫ دور البطولة‬the part or role of the hero, leading role ‫ بطالسة‬baṯālisa Ptolemies ‫ بطم‬buṯm, buṯūm terebinth (bot.) 1

‫ بطن‬baṯana u (baṯn, ‫ بطون‬bulan) to he hidden, concealed, to hide; -- baṯuna u (‫بطانة‬ baṯāna) to be paunchy II to line (‫ ھـ‬a garment, ‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. with); to cover the inside (‫ ب ھـ‬of s.th. with), hang, face, fill ( ‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. with) IV to hide, conceal, harbor (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to be lined, have a lining (garment); to penetrate, delve (‫ ھـ‬into),

become absorbed, engrossed (‫ ھـ‬in) X to penetrate, delve (‫ ھـ‬into), become absorbed, engrossed (‫ ھـ‬in); to try to fathom (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to fathom (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), get to the bottom of (‫ ;)ھـ‬to have profound knowledge (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), know thoroughly, know inside out (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ بطن‬baṯn pl. ‫ بطون‬buṯūn, ‫ ابطن‬abṯun belly, stomach, abdomen; womb; interior, inside, inner portion; depth│ ‫ بطن القدم‬b. al-qadam sole of the foot; ‫ بطن الكف‬b. alkaff palm of the hand; ‫ رقص البطن‬and ‫رقص‬ ‫ البطون‬raqṣ al-b. belly dance; ‫فى بطن‬ (baṯni) in, within, in the midst of; ‫فى بطون‬ inside, within, in; ‫( ولدت بطنا واحدا‬waladat) she gave birth only once; ‫( بطنا لظھر‬liẓahrin) upside down ‫ بطنى‬baṯnī ventral, abdominal ‫ بطن‬baṯin paunchy ‫ بطنة‬biṯna gluttony; overeating, indigestion ‫ بطان‬biṯān pl. ‫ ابطنة‬abṯina girth (of a camel) ‫ بطانة‬biṯāna pl. ‫ بطائن‬baṯā’in2 inside, inner side; lining (of a garment); retinue, suite, entourage│ ‫ فى بطانة‬among, amidst; within ‫ بطين‬baṯīn pl. ‫ بطان‬biṯān and ‫مبطان‬ mibṯān, paunchy, fat, corpulent, stout; gluttonous ‫ بطين‬buṯain ventricle (of the heart; anat.) ‫ بطانية‬baṯṯānīya pl. -āt, ‫ بطاطين‬baṯāṯīn2 cover; blanket; quilt ‫ باطن‬bāṯin pl. ‫ بواطن‬bawāṯin2 inner, interior, inward, inmost, intrinsic; hidden, secret; ‫ الباطنة‬coastal plain of E Oman; ‫باطنا‬ bāṯinan inwardly, secretly│ ‫ باطن الكف‬b. al-kaff palm of the hand; ‫ باطن القدم‬b. alqadam sole of the foot; ‫ فى باطن االمر‬at bottom, after all, really; ‫ بواطن االمر‬the factors, circumstances or reasons at the bottom of s.th.; ‫ بواطن االرض‬b. al-arḍ the secret depths of the earth ‫ باطني‬bāṯinī internal│ ‫مرض باطني‬ (maraḍ) internal disease; ‫( الطب الباطني‬ṯibb) internal medicine ‫ الباطنية‬al-bāṯinīya name of a school of thought in Islam, characterized by

divining a hidden, secret meaning in the revealed texts ‫ مبطون‬mabṯūn affected with a gastric or intestinal ailment ‫ مبطن‬mubaṯṯan lined; filled (‫ ب‬with) 2

‫ بطن‬II (tun.) to full (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫( باطان‬Span. batán) bāṯān fulling mill

‫ باطية‬bāṯiya pl. ‫ بواط‬bawāṯin pitcher, jug ‫ بظ‬baẓẓa u to spout, gush out, well out ‫ بظر‬baẓr pl. ‫ بظور‬buẓur clitoris (anat.) 64 ‫ بعبع‬bu‘bu‘ pl. ‫ بعابع‬ba‘ābi‘2 bugaboo, bogey ‫ بعث‬ba‘ata a (ba‘t) to send, send out, dispatah (‫ الى ب‬or ‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o. or s.th. to); to forward ( ‫ الى ب‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th. to); to delegate (‫ ب‬or ‫ه الى‬ s.o. to); to emit (‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ‬s. th.); to evoke, arouse, call forth, awaken (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to stir up, provoke, bring on (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to revive, resuscitate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to resurrect (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫من‬ ‫ الموت‬from death); to incite, induce (‫ على‬to s.th.), instigate, (‫ على‬s.th.); to cause (‫على‬ s.th.; e.g., astonishment)│‫بعث اليه ھزة الخوف‬ (hazzat al-ḳauf) to scare the wits out of s.o.; ‫( بعث روح الحياة في‬rūḥa l-ḥayāh) to breathe life into s.th. or s.o., revive s.th. VII to be Bent out, be emitted, be dispatched, be delegated; to be triggered, be caused, be provoked; to be resurrected (‫ من الموت‬from death); to originate (‫ من‬in), come (‫ من‬from), be caused (‫ من‬by); to emanate (fragrance); to arise, spring, proceed, develop (‫ من‬from), grow out of ( ‫ ;)من‬to set out to do s.th. (with foll. imperf.) VIII to send, dispatch (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ بعث‬ba‘t sending out, emission, dispatching, delegation, etc.; resurrection; pl. ‫ بعوث‬bu‘ūt delegations, deputations│ ‫ حزب البعث‬ḥizb al-b. approx.: Renaissance Party, a political party with strong socialist tendencies; ‫ يوم البعث‬Day of Resurrection (from the dead) ‫ بعثة‬ba‘ta pl. ba‘atāt delegation, deputation, mission; expedition; student exchange; group of exchange students; revival, rebirth, renaissance, rise│ ‫بعثة‬ ‫‘( عسكرية‬askarīya) military mission; ‫بعثة‬ ‫ دبلوماسية‬diplomatic mission; ‫بعثة اثرية‬ (atarīya) archaeological expedition; ‫رئيس‬ ‫ البعثة‬ra’īs al-b. chief of mission (dipl.)

‫ باعوث‬bā‘ūt Easter (Chr.) ‫ مبعث‬mab‘at sending, forwarding, dispatch; emission; awakening, arousal; -(pl. ‫ مباعث‬mabā‘it2) cause; factor ‫ باعث‬bā‘it pl. ‫ بواعث‬bawā‘it2 incentive, inducement, motive, spur, reason, cause, occasion ‫ مبعوث‬mab‘ūt dispatched, delegated; envoy, delegate; representative, deputy (in the Ottoman Empire) ‫ منبعث‬munba‘at source, point of origin ‫ بعثر‬ba‘tara (‫ بعثرة‬ba‘tara) to scatter, strew around, fling about (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to disarrange, throw into disorder (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to squander, waste, dissipate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II tabatara pass. ‫ مبعثر‬muba‘tar scattered, widespread ‫ بعج‬ba‘aja a (ba‘j) to slit open (‫ ھـ‬the belly); to groove, dent, notch (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VII to have indentations or notches; to be bruised, dented, bumpy; to get battered ‫ منبعج‬munba‘ij notched, indented ‫ بعد‬ba‘uda u (bu'd) to be distant, far away, far off; to keep away, keep one’s distance (‫عن‬ from); to go far beyond (‫)عن‬, exceed by far (‫ عن‬s.th.); to be remote, improbable, unlikely│‫ بعد به عن‬he kept him away from; ‫ ال يبعد ان‬it is not unlikely that ... II to remove (‫ ه‬s.o.); to banish, exile, expatriate (‫ ه‬s.o.) III to cause a separation (‫بين‬ between)│‫ باعد بين فالن وبين الشيء‬to prevent s.o. from attaining s.th.; ‫باعد بين اجفانه‬ (ajfānihī) to stare wide-eyed IV to remove (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to take away (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to eliminate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), do away with (‫ ;)ھـ‬to send away, dismiss (‫ ه‬s.o.); to expatriate, banish, exile (‫ ه‬s.o.); to exclude, make unlikely, improbable, impossible (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to go or move far away; to go very far (‫فى‬ in or with s.th.) VI to be separated, lie apart, lie at some distance from one another; to separate, part company, become estranged; to move away, go away, withdraw, depart (‫ عن‬from); to keep away, keep one’s distance (‫ عن‬from); to quit, leave, avoid (‫ عن‬s.th.); to follow in regular 65

intervals VIII to move or go away; to keep away, withdraw (‫ عن‬from); to quit, leave, avoid (‫ عن‬s.th.); to leave out of consideration, disregard (‫ عن‬s.th.) X to single out, set aside (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to think remote, farfetched (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to regard as unlikely (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to disqualify (‫ ه‬s.o.)

‫ بعد‬bu‘d remoteness, farness; (pl. ‫ابعاد‬ ab‘ād) distance; dimension; interval (mus.)│ ‫ على بعد‬and ‫ على البعد‬in the distance, far off; ‫ على بعد مئة متر‬at a distance of 100 meters; ‫ عن بعد‬and ‫ من بعد‬from a distance, from afar; ‫ ذو ثالثة ابعاد‬three-dimensional; ‫ قياس االبعاد‬qiyās al-a. linear measure; ‫بعد‬ ‫ الھمة‬b. al-himma high aspirations, loftiness of purpose; ‫ بعد الشقة‬b. aš-šiqqa wide interval, wide gap; ‫ بعد الصيت‬b. aṣ-ṣīt renown, fame, celebrity; ‫ بعد الصوت‬b. aṣṣaut do.; ‫ بعد النظر‬b. an-naẓar far sightedness, foresight; ‫ بعدا‬bu‘dan li away with ... !

‫ بعيد‬bu'aida (prep.) shortly after, soon after ‫ ابعد‬ab‘ad2 pl. ‫ اباعد‬abā‘d2 farther, remoter, more distant; more extensive; less likely, more improbable; pl. ‫اباعد‬ abā‘d2 very distant relative│‫الشرق االبعد‬ (šarq) the Far East; ‫ االبعد‬the absent one (used as a polite periphrasis for s.o. who is being criticized or blamed for s.th.; also when referring to the 1st and 2nd persons) ‫ ابعادية‬ab‘adīya pl. -āt country estate ‫ تبعيد‬tab‘īd banishment ‫ بعاد‬bi‘ād distance

‫ بعد‬ba‘du then, thereupon; afterwards, later, after that, in the following; still, yet│ ‫ فيما بعد‬afterwards, later; ‫ اما بعد‬see 1‫اما؛‬ ‫ ھو بعد صغير‬he is only a small boy, be is still young; ‫( لم يأت بعد‬ya’ti) he hasn’t come yet

‫ مباعدة‬mubā‘ada sowing of dissension, estrangement, alienation ‫ ابعاد‬ib‘ād removal, separation, isolation; elimination; expatriation, banishment, deportation

‫ بعد‬ba‘da (prep.) after; in addition to, beside; aside from│ ‫ بعد كونه‬... (kaunihī) aside from the fact that he is ... ; ‫بعد ذلك‬ afterwards, after that, later (on); besides, moreover; ‫ بعد ذاك‬besides, moreover; ‫بعد ان‬ ba‘da an (conj.) after; ‫( اذ‬id), ‫ بعد ما‬and ‫من‬ ‫( بعد ما‬ba‘di) do.; ‫( سفه ما بعده سفه‬safahun) the height of stupidity

‫ تباعد‬tabā‘ud interdistance; mutual estrangement

‫ بعدئذ‬ba‘da’idin then, thereafter, thereupon, after that, afterwards

‫ مستبعد‬mustab‘ad improbable, unlikely 66

‫ بعيد‬ba‘īd pl. ‫ بعداء‬bu‘adā’, ‫ بعد‬bu‘ud, ‫ بعدان‬ba‘dān, ‫ بعاد‬bi‘ād distant, far away, fur (or from); remote, outlying, out-of-theway; far-reaching, extensive; farfetched, improbable, unlikely; unusual, strange, odd, queer; incompatible, inconsistent (‫عن‬ with)│ ‫ من بعيد‬from afar, from a distance; ‫‘( منذ عھد بعيد‬ahd) along time ago; ‫بعيد االثر‬ b. al-atar of far-reaching consequence; ‫بعيد‬ ‫ التاريخ‬remote in time, going way back in history, ancient; ‫ بعيد الشأر‬b. aš-ša’w highminded, bold; ‫ بعيد الشقة‬b. aš-šiqqa far apart; ‫ بعيد الغور‬b. al-gaur deep; unfathomable; ‫ بعيد المدى‬b. al-madā longdistance, long-range; extensive, farreaching; ‫ بعيد النظر‬b. an-naẓar farsighted; farseeing; ‫ بعيد المنال‬b. al-manāl hardly attainable, hard to get at; ‫ ذھب بعيدا‬to go far away, go to distant land.; ‫ تطلع الى بعيد‬to look off into the distance

‫ مبعد‬mub‘ad deported; deportee ‫ متباعد‬mutabā‘id separate│ ‫في فترات‬ ‫( متباعدة‬fatarāt) in wide intervals; ‫في فترات‬ ‫( متباعدة من الزمن‬zaman) at infrequent intervals, from time to time

1

‫ بعر‬ba‘r, ba‘ar, droppings, dung (of animals)

2

‫ بعير‬ba‘īr pl. ‫ ابعرة‬ab‘ira, ‫ بعران‬bu‘ran, ‫اباعر‬ abā‘ir2, ‫ بعارين‬ba‘ārīn2 camel

‫ بعزق‬ba‘zaqa (‫ بعزقة‬ba‘zaqa) to scatter, dissipate, squander, waste (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ مبعزق‬muba'ziq squanderer, spendthrift, wastrel ‫ بعض‬II to divide into parts or portions (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to be divided, be divisible ‫ بعض‬ba‘ḍ part, portion; one; some, a few; a little of, some of│ ‫ بعض العلماء‬b. al-‘ulamā’ one (or Borne) of the scholars; ‫( رفعنا بعضھم فوق بعض‬rafa‘na) we have exalted some of them above the others; ‫ البعض—البعض اآلخر‬some—some, a few others; ‫ بعضھم بعضا‬one another, each other, mutually, reciprocally; ‫ بعضه فى بعض‬one in the other, within one another; ‫بعض الشيء‬ ba‘ḍa š-šai’ to some extent, somewhat, a

little, rather; ‫( ماثلة بعض المماثلة‬ba‘ḍa l-m.) he resembled him somewhat, to some extent; ‫( منذ قرن وبعض قرن‬qarn) for the last hundred years and more ‫ بعوض‬ba‘ūḍ (n. un. ‫ )ة‬gnats, mosquitoes ‫ تبعيض‬tab‘īḍ division, partition. portioning ‫ بعكوكة‬bu‘kūka club, society ‫ بعل‬ba‘l the god Baal; land or plants thriving on natural water supply; -- (pl. ‫ بعول‬bu‘ū, ‫ بعولة‬bu‘ūla) lord; husband ‫ بعلة‬ba'w wife ‫ بعلى‬ba‘l, unirrigated (land. plants) ‫ بعلبك‬ba‘lbakk2 Baalbek (ancient Heliopolis, village in E Lebanon) ‫ بغت‬bagata a (bagt, ‫ بغتة‬bagta) to come unexpectedly, descend unawares (‫ ه‬upon s.o.) III do.; to surprise (. s.o.) VII to be taken by surprise; to be taken aback, be aghast, he nonplused ‫ بغتة‬bagta surprising event, surprise; bagtatan, ‫ على بغتة‬bagtatin all of a sudden, suddenly, surprisingly ‫ مباغتة‬mubāgata sudden arrival, surprising incident or event, surprise; sudden attack, raid ‫ بغاث‬bugāt pl. ‫ بغثان‬bigtan small birds ‫ بغادة‬see ‫بوغادة‬ ‫ بغدد‬II tabagdada to swagger, throw one's weight around, be fresh (properly, to behave like one from Baghdad) 2

‫ بغداد‬bagdād Baghdad ‫ بغدادى‬bagdādī pl. -ūn, ‫ بغاددة‬bagādida a native of Baghdad 1

‫ بغش‬bagaša a: ‫( بغشت السماء‬samā’u) there was a light shower ‫ بغشة‬bagša light rain shower

2

‫ بغشة‬bugša = ‫بقشة‬

3

‫ بغاشة‬bagāša stuffed pastry made of flour, eggs and butter

‫ بغض‬bagiḍa a, baguḍa u (bugḍ, ‫ بغاضة‬bagāḍa) to be hated, hateful, odious II to make (‫ه‬ s.o.) hateful (‫ الى‬to s.o.) III to loathe, detest, hate (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to loathe, detest, hate (‫ ه‬s.o.) VI to hate each other

‫ بغض‬bugḍ, ‫ بغضة‬bigḍa and ‫بغضاء‬ bagḍā’2 hatred, hate ‫ بغيض‬bagīḍ, hateful, odious (‫ الى‬to s.o.), loathsome, abominable ‫ تباغض‬tabāguḍ mutual hatred ‫ مبغوض‬mabgūḍ detested, hateful, odious ‫ مبغض‬mubgiḍ pl. -ūn hater; -- mubgaḍ detested, hateful, odious ‫ بغل‬bagl pl. ‫ بغال‬bigāl, ‫ ابغال‬abgal mule; ‫بغلة‬ bagla pl. bagalāt female mule│ ‫بغال القنطرة‬ b. al-qanṯara the piers of the bridge ‫ بغال‬baggāl pl. -ūn mule driver, muleteer 67 ‫ بغى‬bagā i (‫ بغاء‬bugā’) to seek, desire, covet, seek to attain (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), wish for s.th. (‫;)ھـ‬ -- (bagy) to wrong, treat unjustly (‫ على‬s.o.) , to oppress (‫ على‬s.o.), commit outrage ( ‫ على‬upon); to whore, fornicate VII ‫ ينبغى‬it is desirable, necessary; it is proper, appropriate, seemly, it ought to be, should be; with ‫له‬: it behooves him, with ‫عليه‬: he must, he should, he ought to VIII to seek, desire (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), aspire (‫ ھـ‬to s.th.), strive ( ‫ ھـ‬for) ‫ بغى‬bagy infringement, outrage, injustice, wrong ‫ بغى‬bagīy pl. ‫ بغايا‬bagāyā whore, prostitute ‫ بغية‬bugya object of desire, wish, desire, bugyata (prep.) with the aim of, for the purpose of ‫ بغاء‬bigā’ prostitution ‫ بغاء‬bugā’ wish(ing), desire, endeavor, effort ‫ مبغى‬mabgan pl. ‫ مباغ‬mabāgin brothel ‫ مباغ‬mabāgin coveted things, desiderata, wishes, desires ‫ ابتغاء‬ibtigā’ desire, wish; ibtigā’a (prep.) for the purpose of ‫ باغ‬bāgin pl. ‫ بغاة‬bugāh desiring, coveting, striving; committing outrages, oppressive, unjust; oppressor, tyrant ‫ مبتغى‬mubtagan aspired goal, aspiration, desire, endeavor, effort ‫ بفتة‬bafta calico, Indian cotton cloth

‫ بفتيك‬biftēk beefsteak 1

2

‫ بق‬baqq (n. un. ‫ )ة‬bedbug, chinch│‫شجرة البق‬ elm (bol.) ‫ بق‬baqqa u (baqq) to give off in abundance ‫ بقاق‬baqqāq garrulous, loquacious, chatterbox, prattler

‫ بقبق‬baqbaqa (‫ بقبقة‬baqbaqa) to gurgle, bubble, splutter, purl (water); to chatter, prattle ‫ بقباق‬baqbāq garrulous, loquacious, chatterbox, prattler ‫ بقبوقة‬baqbūqa blister (of the skin) ‫ بقجة‬buqja pl. ‫ بقج‬buqaj bundle, pack, package ‫ بقدونس‬baqdūnis, baqdūnas parsley ‫ بقر‬baqara u to split open, rip open, cut open ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV do. ‫ بقر‬baqar (coll.) bovines, cattle; n. un. ‫ بقرة‬baqara pl. -āt cow ‫ بقرى‬baqarī bovine, cattle-, cow- (in compounds) ‫ بقار‬baqqār pl. ‫ ة‬cowhand, cowboy ‫ بقس‬baqs box, boxwood (bot.) ‫ بقسمات‬buqsumāt rusk, zwieback; biscuit ‫ بقشة‬buqša Yemenite copper coin ‫ بقشيش‬baqšīš pl. ‫ بقاشيش‬baqāšīš2 present of money; tip, gratuity, baksheesh ‫ بقع‬II to spot, stain, smudge; (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to become stained, get smudged; to be spotted, stained ‫ بقعة‬buq‘a pl. ‫ بقع‬buqa‘, ‫ بقاع‬biqā‘ spot, blot, smudge, stain; place, spot, site, plot. patch, lot ‫ ابقع‬abqa‘2 spotted, speckled ‫ باقعة‬bāqi‘a pl. ‫ بواقع‬bawāqi‘ sly dog, shrewd fellow ‫ بقل‬baqala u (baql) to sprout (plant) ‫ بقل‬baql (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. ‫ بقول‬buqūl, ‫ابقال‬ abqāl herbs, potherbs, greens, herbaceous plants, specif., legumes│ ‫ الفصيلة البقلية‬the Leguminosae; ‫ البقلة الباردة‬hyacinth bean (Dolichos lablab L.), ‫( البقلة الحمقاء‬ḥamqā’) purslane (bot.), ‫( البقلة الذھبية‬dahabīya) garden orach (bot.), ‫بقلة الخطاطيف‬ celandine (bot.), ‫ بقلة الملك‬b. al-malik common fumitory (bot.) 68

‫ بقال‬baqqāl pl. -ūn ‫ بقالة‬baqqāla greengrocer; grocer ‫ بقالة‬biqāla the grocery business ‫ بقالوة‬baqlāwa, ‫ بقالوا‬a kind of Turkish delight, pastry made of puff paste with honey and almonds or pistachios ‫ بقام‬baqqām brazilwood ‫ بقي‬baqiya a (‫ بقاء‬baqā’) to remain, stay, continue to be (‫ على‬in a state or condition); to keep up, maintain (‫ على‬a state or condition); to be left behind, be left over; to last, continue, go on; (with foll. imperf. or part.) to continue to do s.th., keep doing s.th.; to become│‫( لم يبق طفال‬yabqa ṯiflan) he is no longer a child II to leave, leave over, leave behind (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to make (‫ه‬ s.o.) stay; to retain, leave unchanged, leave as it is, preserve, maintain, keep up ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to leave, leave over, leave behind (‫ ھـ‬s.th. ‫ ه‬s.o.); to leave untouched, save, spare (‫ على‬s.o., s.th., e.g., s.o.’s life) V to remain, stay, continue to be (‫ على‬in a state or condition); to be left, be left over X to make stay, ask to stay, hold back, detain (‫ه‬ s.o.); to spare, save, protect (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to preserve (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to retain, keep (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to store, put away (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ بقية‬baqīya pl. ‫ بقايا‬baqāyā remainder, rest; remnant, residue│ ‫ بقية الدول‬b. adduwal the remaining countries, the rest of the countries; ‫( البقية الباقية‬bāqiya) the last remnant ‫ بقاء‬baqā’ remaining, staying, lingering, abiding; continuation, continuance, duration; survival, continuation of existence after life; immortality, eternal life; existence; permanence│‫ دار البقاء‬the hereafter ‫ ابقى‬abqā more lasting. more durable. more permanent; better preserving; conducive to longer wear. better protecting ‫ ابقاء‬ibqā’ continuation, retention; maintenance, conservation, preservation│ ‫ ابقاء الحالة على ما كانت عليه‬maintenance of the status quo ‫ استبقاء‬istibqā’ continuation, retention; maintenance, conservation, preservation

‫ باق‬bāqin staying; remaining; left; remainder (arith.); lasting, continuing, permanent, unending; surviving; living on; everlasting, eternal (God)│ ‫الباقيات‬ ‫ الصالحات‬the good works

‫ بكرة‬bakra: ‫‘ على بكرة ابيھم‬alā bakrati abīhim, ‫ عن بكرة ابيھم‬and ‫ عن بكرتھم‬all without exception, all of them, all together; ‫ خرجت الجماھير عن بكرتھا‬the crowd went forth as one man

‫ متبق‬mutabaqqin residue, remnant, remainder, rest

‫ بكرة‬bukra pl. ‫ بكر‬bukar early morning; ‫ بكرة‬bukratan early in the morning; tomorrow; on the following day, next day

‫ بك‬bē (Eg. pronunciation) pl. ‫ بكوات‬bakawāt, ‫ بھوات‬bahawāt bey (title of courtesy; cf. ‫)بيك‬ ‫ بكوية‬bekawīya rank of a bey ‫ بكيء‬bakī’ pl. ‫ بكاء‬bikā’ having or giving little, sparing (e.g., of words) ‫ بكاسين‬bikāsīn bécassine, snipe (zool.) ‫( بكالوريا‬Fr. baccalauréat) bakālōriyā baccalaureate, bachelor’s degree ‫ بكالوريوس‬bakālōriyūs bachelor (academic degree) ‫( بكباشى‬Turk. binbaşı) bimbāšī, bikbāšī major (mil; formerly, Eg.) ‫ بكت‬to censure, blame (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ تبكيت‬tabkīt blame, reproach│ ‫تبكيت‬ ‫ الضمير‬remorse ‫ بكتيرى‬baktērī bacterial, caused by bacteria ‫ بكتيريا‬baktēriyā bacteria ‫ بكر‬bakara u to set out early in the morning, get up early; to come early (‫ الى‬to), be early (‫ الى‬at) II do.; ‫ بكر فى‬and ‫ بكر ب‬with foll. verbal noun: to do s.th. early, prematurely, ahead of its time III to be ahead of s.o. (‫)ه‬, anticipate, forestall (‫ه‬ s.o.) IV = I; VIII to be the first to take (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), be the first to embark (٦٩ ‫ ھـ‬on s.th.); to deflower (‫ ھا‬a girl): to invent (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to create, originate, start (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ بكر‬bakr pl. ‫ ابكر‬abkur, ‫ بكران‬bukrān young camel ‫ بكر‬bikr pl. ‫ ابكار‬abkār first-born, eldest; firstling: unprecedented, novel, new; virgin; virginal ‫ بكرى‬bikrī first-born, first ‫ بكرية‬bikrīya primogeniture ‫ بكرة‬bakra and bakara pl. ‫ بكر‬bakar, -āt reel; pulley (mech.); spool, coil; winch, windlass│ ‫ خيط بكرة‬ḳaiṯ b. thread

‫ بكير‬bakīr coming early; early, premature; precocious ‫ بكور‬bakūr and ‫ باكور‬bākūr coming early; early, premature; precocious ‫ بكور‬bukūr earliness, prematureness, premature arrival│ ‫‘( بكورى فى العود‬aud) my early return ‫ بكارة‬bakāara virginity ‫ بكارة‬bakkāra pulley (mech.)│ ‫بكارة مركبة‬ (murakkaba) set of pulleys, block and tackle ‫ بكورة‬bukūra and ‫ بكورية‬bukūrīya primogeniture ‫ باكورة‬bakūra pl. ‫ بواكير‬bawākīr2 firstlings; first results, first fruits; beginning, rise, dawn; (with foll. genit.) initial, early, first; pl. ‫ بواكير‬first signs or indications; initial symptoms; heralds, harbingers (fig.)│ ‫ باكورة الفواكه‬early fruit; ‫ كان باكورة اعماله‬the first thing he did was... ‫ ابكر‬abkar2 rising earlier ‫ مبكر‬mibkār precocious ‫ ابتكار‬ibtikār pl. -āt novelty, innovation; creation; invention; origination, first production; initiative; creativity, originality; pl. ‫ ابتكارات‬specif., creations of fashion, fashion designs ‫ باكر‬bākir early; premature; ‫ باكرا‬bākiran in the morning; early (adv.)│‫فى الصباح‬ ‫( الباكر‬ṣabāḥ) early in the morning; ‫الى الباكر‬ till tomorrow ‫ باكرة‬bākira pl. ‫ بواكر‬bawākir2 firstlings, first produce, early fruits, early vegetables; pl. first indications or symptoms, heralds, harbingers ‫ مبكر‬mubakkir doing early; early;│ ‫مبكرا‬ mubakkiran early in the morning, early ‫ مبتكر‬mubtakir creator; creative; inventor; -- mubtakar newly created,

novel, new, original; (pl. -āt) creation, specif., fashion creation, invention│‫ثوب‬ ‫( مبتكر‬taub) original design, model. dress creation

‫ بل‬bill recovery, convalescence, recuperation ‫ بلة‬billa moisture, humidity│ ‫ما زاد الطين‬ ‫ بلة‬mā zālda ṯ-ṯīna billatan what made things even worse ...

‫ بكرج‬bakraj pl. ‫ بكارج‬bakārij2 kettle, coffee pot ‫ بكسماط‬،‫بكسماد‬, see ‫بقسمات‬

‫ بل‬balal moisture, humidity; moistness, dampness, wetness

‫ بكل‬II to buckle, buckle up, button up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to fold, cross (‫ ھـ‬the arms)

‫ بليل‬balīl a moist, cool wind ‫ بليلة‬balīla (eg.) dish made of stewed maize and sugar

‫ بكلة‬bukla pl. ‫ بكل‬bukal, -āt buckle ‫( بكاله‬It. baccalá) bakalāh codfish

‫ ابالل‬iblāl recovery, convalescence, recuperation

‫ بكلوريوس‬bakalōriyūs bachelor (academic degree)

‫ بل‬taballul moistness, dampness, humidity

‫ بكم‬bakima a to be dumb: -- bakuma u to be silent, hold one’s tongue IV to silence (‫ه‬ s.o.) V to become silent; to become dumb

‫ مبلول‬mablūl, ‫ مبلل‬muballal, ‫ مبتل‬mubtall moist, damp, wet

‫ بكم‬bakam dumbness ‫ ابكم‬abkam2, f. ‫ بكماء‬bakmā’, pl. ‫ بكم‬bukm dumb 70 ‫ بكوات‬and ‫ بكوية‬see ‫بك‬ ‫ بكى‬bakā i (‫ بكاء‬bukā’, ‫ بكى‬bukan) to cry, weep (‫ على‬over); to bemoan, lament, bewail (‫ه‬ s.o.), mourn (‫ ه‬for) II and IV to make (‫ه‬ s.o.) cry X to move (‫ ه‬s.o.) to tears, make ( ‫ ه‬s.o.) cry

3

‫ بلى‬billī (from Fr. bille): ‫( كرسي بلى‬kursī) ball bearing

‫ بال‬see 2‫ب‬ ‫ پالتين‬،‫ بالتين‬blātī., plātīn platinum ‫( بالج‬Fr. plage) blāž beach ‫ بالجرا‬balagrā pellagra ‫ بالرج‬balāraj stork

‫ بكاء‬bakkā’ given to weeping frequently, tearful, lachrymose

‫( بالستيك‬Fr. p1astique) blāstīk plastik

‫ حائط المبكى‬ḥā’iṯ al-mabkā the Wailing Wall (in Jerusalem)

‫( بالك‬Engl. plug) spark plug (ir.)

‫ باكية‬bākiya pl. ‫ بواك‬bawākin wailingwoman, hired mourner; (eg.) arch, arcade ‫ باك‬bākin pl. ‫ بكاة‬bukāh weeping, crying; weeper, wailer, mourner

‫ بالط‬see ‫بلط‬ ‫ بالنة‬,‫ بالن‬see ‫بلن‬ ‫ بلبط‬balbaṯa to gurgle 1

‫ مبك‬mubkin, mubakkin, causing tears, tearful; sad, lamentable, deplorable ‫ بكين‬bikīn Peking 1

‫ بل‬bal (also with foll. ‫ و‬wa-) nay, --rather... ; (and) even; but, however, yet

2

‫ بل‬balla u (ball) to moisten, wet, make wet (‫ھـ‬ s.th., ‫ ه‬s.o.);--balla i to recover (‫من مرض‬ from an illness) II to moisten, wet, make wet (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to recover (‫من مرض‬ from an illness) V and VIII to be moistened, be wetted; to become wet ‫ بل‬ball moistening, wetting; moisture

‫ بلبل‬balbala to disquiet, make uneasy or restive, stir up, rouse, disturb, trouble, confuse (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II tabalbala to feel uneasy, be anxious; to be or become confused, get all mixed up ‫ بلبلة‬balbala pl. ‫ بالبل‬balābil2 anxiety, uneasiness, concern; confusion, muddle, jumble, chaos ‫ بلبال‬balbāl anxiety, uneasiness, concern ‫ بالبل‬balabil2 anxieties, apprehensions ‫ تبلبل‬tabalbul muddle, confusion│‫بلبل‬ ‫ االلسنة‬t. al-alsina confusion of tongues (at the tower of Babel)

2

‫ بلبل‬bulbul pl. ‫ بالبل‬balabil2 nightingale

‫ بلج‬balaja u (‫ بلوج‬bulūj) to shine; to dawn (morning, aurora); -- balija a (balaj) to be happy, be glad (‫ ب‬about), be delighted (‫ب‬ at) IV to shine (sun) V and VII = balaja

‫ بلشف‬balšafa to Bolshevize II tabalšafa to be Bolshevized ‫ بلشفة‬balšafa Bolshevization ‫ بلشفى‬bulšifī pl. ‫ بالشفة‬balāšifa Bolshevist(ic); Bolshevik, Bolshevist

‫ ابلج‬ablaj2 gay, serene, bright, clear, fair, nice, beautiful ‫ انبالج الفجر‬inbilāj al-fajr daybreak ‫ بلجيكا‬beljīka Belgium

‫ بلشفية‬bulšifīya Bolshevism ‫ بلشون‬balašūn heron (zool.) 1

‫ بلجيكى‬beljīkī Belgian (adj. and n.) ‫ بلح‬balaḥ (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬dates (bot.) ‫ بلد‬baluda u (‫ بالدة‬balada) to be stupid, idiotic, dull-witted II to acclimatize, habituate (‫ھـ‬ s.th., to a country or region) V pass. of II; to become .tupid, be.otted, lapse into a state of idiocy; to show o.s. from the stupid side VI to feign stupidity

‫ بلص‬balṣ extortion, blackmail; forcible imposition of taxes 2

‫ بالص‬ballāṣ pl. ‫ بالليص‬balālīṣ2 (eg.) earthenware jar

1

‫ بلط‬II to pave (‫ ھـ‬s.th., with flagstones or tiles) ‫ بالط‬balāṯ pavement, tiled floor; floor tiles; palace; pl. ‫ ابلطة‬abliṯa floor tiles│ ‫( البالط الملكى‬malakī) the royal court; ‫حداد‬ ‫ البالط‬ḥidād al-b. court mourning

‫ بلد‬balad m. and f., pl. ‫ بالد‬bilād country; town, city; place, community, village; ‫بالد‬ country; ‫ بلدان‬buldān countries│ ‫بالد الحبش‬ b. al-ḥabaš Ethiopia; ‫ بالد الصين‬b. aṣ-ṣīn China; ‫ بالد الھند‬b. al-hind India

‫ بالطة‬balāṯa floor tile; flagstone, slabstone; paving stone

‫ بلدة‬balda town, city; place, community, village; rural community; township ‫ بلدى‬baladī native, indigenous, home (as opposed to foreign, alien); (fellow) citizen, compatriot, countryman; a native; communal, municipal│ ‫( مجلس بلدى‬majlis) city council, local council ‫ بلدية‬baladīya pl. -āt township, community, rural community; ward, district (of a city); municipality, municipal council, local authority

‫ تبليط‬tablīṯ paving, tile-laying ‫ مبلط‬muballaṯ paved, tiled 2

‫ بلوط‬ballūṯ oak; acorn

3

‫ بلطة‬balta pl. -āt, ‫ بلط‬bulaṯ ax ‫ بلطجى‬balṯajī pl. -īya engineer, sapper, pioneer (mil.); gangster; procurer, panderer, pimp; sponger, hanger-on, parasite

4

‫ بلطة‬balaṯa balata gum

5

‫( بلطو‬Fr. paletot) balṯō pl. –āt, ‫ بالطى‬balāṯī paletot, overcoat

6

‫ بلطى‬bulṯī bolti (Tilapia nilotica), a food fish of the Nile

2

‫ بليد‬balīd and ‫ ابلد‬ablad stupid, doltish, dull-witted, idiotic ‫ بالدة‬balāda stupidity, silliness ‫ تبلد‬taballud idiocy, dullness, obtuseness, apathy ‫ متبلد‬mutaballid besotted, dull, stupid ‫ ابليز‬look up alphabetically ‫ ابليس‬pl. ‫ ابالسة‬look up alphabetically ‫ بلسان‬ba1asān balsam, balm; balsam tree; black older (bot.) ‫ بلسم‬balsam pl. ‫ بالسم‬balāsim2 balsam, balm ‫ بلسم‬balsamī balsamic, balmy

‫ بلص‬balaṣa u (balš) and II to extort wring forcibly (‫ من ه‬from s.o. s.th.); to blackmail (‫ ه‬s.o.)

‫ بلطيق‬al-.balṯīq the Baltic countries│ ‫بحر البلطيق‬ baḥr al-b. the Baltic Sea ‫ بلوظة‬bālūẓa hand pres.; (eg.) a kind of cream made of cornstarch, lemon juice and honey, or the like ‫ بلع‬bala‘a and bali‘a a (bal‘) to swallow, swallow up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to gulp down (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to put up (‫ ھـ‬with s.th.), swallow, stomach, brook (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)│ ‫( بلع ريقه‬rīqahū) lit.: to swallow one’s saliva, i.e., to catch

one’s breath, take a little rest, have a break; to restrain o.s., hold back (said of one in a rage) II and IV to make (‫ ه‬s.o.) swallow (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)│ ‫( بلعه ريقه‬rīqahū) to grant s.o. a short rest VIII = I ‫ بلعة‬bal‘a large bite, big gulp ‫ بالعة‬ballā‘a, ‫ بلوعة‬ballū‘a pl. –āt, ‫بالليع‬ ba1ālī‘2 sink, drain ‫ بالوعة‬bālū‘a pl. –āt, ‫ بواليع‬bawālī‘2 sewer, sink, drain ‫ بلعم‬bul‘um pl. ‫ بالعم‬balā‘im2 and ‫ بلعوم‬bul‘ūm pl. ‫ بالعيم‬balā‘īm2 pharynx (anat.); ‫بلعوم‬ gullet, esophagus (anat.) 1

‫ بلغ‬balaga u (‫ بلوغ‬bulūg) to reach (‫ ه‬s.o. ‫ھـ‬ s.th.), get (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬to), arrive (‫ ھـ‬at); to come, amount (‫ ھـ‬to), be worth (‫ ھـ‬so and so much); to come to s.o.’s (‫ )ه‬ears; to attain puberty (boy); to ripen, mature (fruit, or the like); to come of age; to exhaust, wear out (‫ من‬s.o.); to act (‫ من‬upon s.o.), have its effect (‫ من‬on), affect (‫ من‬s.o.); to go far ( ‫ من‬،‫ فى‬in s.th.), attain a high degree (‫ من‬،‫فى‬ of s.th.)│ ‫بلغ به الى‬to make s.o. or s.th. get to or arrive at, lead or take s.o. or s.th. to, get s.o. or s.th. to the point where, ‫بلغ به‬ ‫( الترنح ان‬tarannuḥ) he began to reel so violently that ... ; ‫( بلغ االمر مبلغ الجد‬mablaga l-jidd) the matter became serious; ‫بلغ السيل‬ ‫ الزبى‬b. s-sailu z-zubā the matter reached a climax, things came to a head; ‫بلغ مبلغ‬ ‫( الرجال‬mablaga r-rijāl) to be sexually mature, attain manhood, come of age; ‫بلغ‬ ‫( اشده‬ašuddahū) to attain full maturity, come of age; to reach its climax; ‫بلغ فى‬ ‫( الشيء مبلغا‬mablagan) to attain a high degree of s.th.; ‫حين بلغت بذكرياتي ھذا المبلغ‬ (ḥīna, dikrayātī, mablaga) when I had come to this point in my reminiscences; ‫بلغ‬ ‫( منه كل مبلغ‬kulla mablagin) to work havoc on s.o.; ‫( بلغ منتھاه‬muntahāhū) to reach its climax, come to a head II to make (‫ ه‬s.o.) reach or attain (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to take bring (‫الى‬ ‫ ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.) see that s.th. (‫ )ھـ‬gets (‫الى‬ to); to convey, transmit, impart, communicate, report (‫ ھـ ه‬to s.o. s.th.); to inform, notify (‫ ھـ ه‬s.o. of s.th.), tell, let know (‫ ھـ ه‬s.o. about); to report (‫ عن‬about), give an account of (‫ ;)عن‬to inform (‫عن‬ against s.o.), report, denounce (‫ عن‬s.o.)│ ‫ بلغ رسالة‬to fulfill a mission, ‫بلغه سالمى‬ ballighu salāmī give him my best regards!

III to exaggerate (‫ فى‬in s.th.); to overdo. do too long (‫ فى‬s.th.); to go to greatest lengths, do one’s utmost (‫ فى‬in) IV to make (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) reach or attain (‫الى‬ s.th.); to make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) amount (‫ الى‬to), raise (‫ ھـ‬an amount, a salary, ‫ الى‬to); to inform, notify (‫ ب‬or ‫ عن‬s.o. of s.th.), tell, let know (‫ ب‬or ‫ عن ه‬s.o. about); to announce, state, disclose (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to inform (‫ عن‬against s.o.), report, denounce (‫ عن‬s.o.)│‫ ابلغ البوليس ب‬to report s.th. to the police V to content o.s., be content (‫ب‬ with); to eke out an existence; to still one’s hunger (‫ ب‬with), eat (‫ ب‬s.th.): to b. delivered, be transmitted ‫ سمعا ال بالغا‬sam‘an lā balāgan! may it be heard but not fulfilled, i.e. God forbid! (used at the mention of s.th. unpleasant) ‫ بلغة‬bulga and ‫ بالغ‬balāg sufficiency, competency, adequacy (see also 2 ‫بلغة‬ below) ‫ بالغ‬balāg pl. -āt communication, information, message, report; announcement, proclamation; communiqué; statement; notification (of the police)│‫ بالغ اخير‬ultimatum ‫ بليغ‬balīg pl. ‫ بلغاء‬bulagā’ eloquent; intense, lasting, deep, profound (e.g., an impression); serious, grave (e.g., an injury) ‫ بلوغ‬bulūg reaching, attainment, arrival (at); maturity, legal majority ‫ بالغة‬balāga eloquence; art, of good style, art of composition; literature│ ‫علم‬ ‫‘ البالغة‬ilm al-b. rhetoric ‫ ابلغ‬ablag2 intenser, deeper, more lasting; more serious, graver ‫ مبلغ‬mablag pl. ‫ مبالغ‬mabālig2 amount, sum of money; extent, scope, range; (see also examples under ‫ بلغ‬I)│ ‫( مبلغ اسمى‬ismī) nominal par; ‫( المبالغ المودعة‬mūda‘a) the deposits (at a bank); ‫ليتبين مبلغ قولى من الجد‬ (li-yatabayyana, qaulī, jidd) in order to find, out to what extent my words were meant seriously ‫ تبليغ‬tablīg pl. -āt conveyance, transmission, delivery (‫ الى‬to s.o.); information (‫ عن‬about); report, notification (‫ عن‬of); communication,

announcement, notice│ ‫كتاب التبليغ‬ credentials ‫ مبالغة‬mubalaga pl. -āt exaggeration

‫ بله‬baliha a to be stupid, simple-minded VI to feign foolishness, pretend to be stupid X to deem (‫ ھـ‬s.o.) stupid or simple-minded ‫ بله‬balah and ‫ بالھة‬balāha stupidity, foolishness, simple-mindedness; idiocy, imbecility│‫( بالھة مبكرة‬mubakkira) dementia praecox

‫ ابالغ‬iblāg conveyance, transmission ‫ بالغ‬bālig extensive, far-reaching; considerable; serious (wound), deep, profound, violent, vehement (feelings), strong, intense; mature; of age, legally major

‫ بله‬balha let alone, not to speak of, not to mention ‫ ابله‬ablah2 stupid, doltish, dull-witted; idiotic

‫ مبلغ‬muballig bearer (of news), messenger; informer, denouncer; detective ‫ بلغة‬bulga, balga pl. -āt, bulag slipper of yellow leather

‫ بلھارسيا‬bilkarsiyā bilharziasis, schistosomiasis (med.)

‫ بلغاريا‬bulgāriyā Bulgaria

‫ بلھنية‬bulahniya abundance, wealth, variety (of earthly possessions)

2

‫ بلغارى‬bugārī Bulgarian (adj. and n.)

1

‫ بلھوان‬see ‫بھلوان‬

2

‫ بلغم‬balgam phlegm; (pl. ‫ بالغم‬balagim ) expectoration, sputum ‫ بلغمى‬balgamī phlegmatic; phlegmy, mucous ‫ بلف‬balafa i (balf) to bluff II do. ‫ بلف‬balf, ‫ بلفة‬balfa bluff ‫ ابلق‬ablaq2 piebald ‫ بلقيس‬bilqīs2 Muslim name of the Queen of Sheba ‫ البلقان‬al-balqān the Balkans ‫ بلقانى‬balqānī Balkan ‫ بلقع‬balqa‘ and ‫ بلقعة‬balqa‘a pl. ‫ بالقع‬balāqi‘2 wasteland ‫ بلك‬see ‫بلوك‬ ‫ بلكون‬balkōn balcony 1

‫ بلم‬balam anchovy

2

‫ بلم‬balam pl. ‫ ابالم‬ablām sailing barge (ir.)

3

‫ بلم‬IV to be silent, hold one's tongue

‫ بالن‬ballān bathhouse attendant; name of a plant growing near stagnant waters ‫ بالنة‬ballāna female bathhouse attendant; lady's maid ‫ بلنسية‬balansiya2 Valencia (region and city in E Spain) ‫ بلين‬pl. ‫ باللين‬look up alphabetically

□ ‫ بلھون‬bulhōn pl. ‫ بالھين‬balāhīn2 (= ‫ابو الھول‬

2

eg.) sphinx (‫ بلو‬and ‫ بلى( بال‬balā u (balw, ‫ بالء‬balā’) to test, try, put to the test (‫ ھـ‬s.o., • s.tb.); to know from long experience (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to afltict ( ‫ ھـ‬s.o.); -- ‫ بلى‬baliya a (‫ بلى‬bilan, ‫ بالء‬balā’) to be or become old, worn, shabby (clothes); to dwindle away, vanish; to deteriorate, decline, become decrepit; to disintegrate (a corpse), decay, rot, spoil III to care, be concerned (‫ ب‬or ‫ ه‬,‫ ھـ‬about), be mindful (‫ ب‬or ‫ ه‬,‫ ھـ‬of s.o., of s.th.); to pay attention (‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ‬to), mind, heed, take into consideration, take into account (‫ ب‬or ‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to take notice (‫ ب‬of)│‫ ما ابالى‬mā ubālī, ‫ ال ابالى‬I don’t care! I don’t mind! it's all right with me! ‫( ال يبالى‬as a relat. clause) unconcerned, heedless, careless, reckless IV to try, test, put to the test (‫ ھـ‬s.o.); to make experienced, harden, inure (‫ ه‬s.o.; said of trials, experiences); to work havoc (‫ ھـ‬on s.th.); to wear out (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │‫ابلى بالء‬ ‫( حسنا‬balā’an ḥasanan) to stand the test; to prove o.s. brave (in war) VIII to try, tempt, put to the test (‫ ھـ‬s.o.); to afflict (‫ب‬ ‫ ه‬s.o. with), visit (‫ ب ه‬on s.o. s.th.); pass. ubtuliya to become or be afflicted (‫ ب‬with, by), suffer (‫ ب‬from) ‫ بلى‬bilan decline, deterioration; decay, putrefaction, decomposition; worn condition; wear; shabbiness

‫ بلي‬balīy worn, old, shabby, threadbare; decrepit, dilapidated, decaying, decomposed, rotten

‫( بلوك‬Turk. bölük) bulūk pl. -āt company (mil.; Eg.)│ ‫بلوك امين‬b. amīn (mil.) approx.: quartermaster sergeant (formerly, Eg.)

‫ بلية‬balīya pl. ‫ باليا‬balāyā trial, tribulation, visitation, affliction, distress, misfortune, calamity

‫ بلون‬ballūn balloon

‫ بالء‬balā’ trial. tribulation, visitation, affliction, distress, misfortune; scourge, plague; creditable performance, bravery, gallantry, heroic action│‫( بالء حسن‬ḥasan) favor, blessing, grace (of God); good performance ‫ بلوى‬balwā trial; tribulation, visitation, affliction, distress, misfortune, calamity; necessity, need│‫‘( عمت البلوى‬ammat) it has become a general necessity

1

‫ بلى‬balā yes, yes indeed, certainly, surely

2

‫ بلى‬baliya etc., see ‫بلو‬

‫( بلياتشو‬It. paglaccio) palyatšō clown, buffoon ‫( بلياردو‬It. bigliardo) bilyardō billiards ‫ بليسيه‬bilīsēh plissé, pleating 1

‫ بلين‬ballīn pl. ‫ باللين‬balālīn2 pallium, liturgical vestment of a bishop worn over the chasuble (Chr.); monk's robe (Copt.·Chr.)

2

‫ بليون‬balyūn pl. ‫ باليين‬balayīn (U.S.) billion, (G.B.) milliard; (U.S.) trillion, (G.B.) billion

‫ مباالة‬mubālāh consideration, regard, heed, attention│ ‫ال مباالة‬lā-mubālāh indifference, unconcern, carelessness

‫ بم‬bamm lowest string of a musical instrument

‫ ابتالء‬ibtilā’ trial, tribulation, affliction, visitation

‫ بمباى‬bombāy Bombay

‫ بال‬bālin old, worn, worn out; shabby, threadbare, ragged, tattered; decrepit, dilapidated; decayed, rotten; obsolete, antiquated ‫ مبال‬mubālin observant, heedful, mindful (‫ ب‬of)│ ‫غير مبال ب‬heedless of ‫ مبتلى‬mubtalan (less correctly ‫مبتل‬ mubtalin) afflicted (‫ ب‬with, by), suffering (‫ ب‬from) ‫ بلور‬II tabalwara to crystalize; to be crystalized; to be covered with crystals ‫ بلور‬ballūr, billaur pl. -āt crystal; crystal glass, flint glass, glass│O ‫بلور صخرى‬ (ṣaḳrī) rock crystal, transparent quartz ‫ بلورة‬billaura (n. un.) pl. -āt crystal; crystal glass, flint glass, glass; tube (radio); crystal, quartz plate (of a detector; radio); (syr., pronounced ballōra) negative (phot.) ‫ بلورى‬ballūrī, billaurī crystalline; crystal (adj.) ‫ بلورية‬ballūrīya, billaurīya pl. -āt lense (opt.) ‫ مبلور‬mubalwar: ‫ فواكه مبلورة‬candied fruits 75 ‫( بلوز‬Fr. blouse) bəlūz, bəlūza pl. –āt blouse

‫ بمباغ‬bumbāg, ‫ بمباغة‬bumbāga bow tie ‫ بامية‬look up alphabetically 1

‫ بن‬V ‫ تبنى‬to adopt as son (‫ ه‬s.o.); to adopt. embrace (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ ابن‬ibn pl. ‫ ابناء‬abnā’, ‫ بنون‬banūn son; descendant. scion; offspring, son (of a nation or people)│ ‫ ابن آدم‬pl. ‫( بنو آدم‬son of Adam) man, human being; ‫ ابن آوى‬ibn āwā jackal; ‫ ابن البلد‬ibn a1-balad local inhabitant, native; ‫ ابناء البلد‬natives, native population; ‫ ابن الحرب‬ibn al-ḥarb warrior; soldier; warlike, bellicose; ‫ابن السبيل‬ wayfarer, wanderer; ٥٠ ‫ ابن خمسين سنة‬years old; ‫ ابن ساعته‬ibn sā‘atihī temporal, transient, passing; ‫ ابن صلبه‬ibn ṣulbihī his own son; ‫ ابن عرس‬ibn ‘irs weasel; ‫بنو ماء‬ ‫ السماء‬banū mā’ as-samā’ the Arsbs; ‫بنو‬ ‫ سويف‬Beni Suef (city in Egypt, S of Cairo) ‫ ابنة‬ibna and ‫ بنت‬bint pl. ‫ بنات‬banāt daughter; ‫ بنت‬girl│ ‫ ابنة العم‬i. al-‘amm (female) cousin; periphrastically for wife: ‫ ابنة عمك‬your wife; ‫ بنت الفك‬b. a1-fikr pl. ‫ بنات االفكار‬thought, idea; ‫ بنات االرض‬b. a1arḍ insects and worms; ‫ بنات بئس‬b. bi’s calamities, afflictions; ‫ بنات الدھر‬b. ad-dahr do.; ‫ بنت الشفه‬b. aš-šafa word; ‫ بنات الصدر‬b. aṣ-ṣadr worries, fears, anxieties; ‫بنات وردان‬ b. wardāna earth worms, rainworms ‫ بني‬bunaiya my little son

‫ بندوق‬bundūq pl. ‫ بناديق‬banādīq2 bastard

‫ بنوة‬bunuwwa sonship, filiation ‫ بنوى‬banawi filial ‫ تبن‬tabannin adoption (also fig., e.g. of ideas, principles, etc.) 2

‫ بن‬bunn coffee beans, coffee ‫ بنى‬bunnī coffee-colored, brown

‫ بنان‬banān finger tips│ ‫( يشار عليه ببنان‬yušāru lit.: he is pointed at with fingers, i.e., he is famous man; ‫ انا طوع بنانك‬anā tau‘a banānika I am at your disposal, I am at your service ‫ بنادورة‬banādōra (syr.; from It. pomodoro) tomato(es) 2

‫ بنارس‬banāris Banaras or Benares (the Holy City of the Hindus, in N India)

‫ بندورة‬banadōra (syr.; from It. pomodoro) tomatoes ‫ احمر بندورى‬aḥmar2 banadōrī tomato-red ‫( بندول‬Fr. pendule) bandūl pendulum ‫( بنديرة‬Span. bandera) bandēra pl. ‫بنادر‬ banadir2 pennon, flag, banner ‫ بنور‬bannūr (= ‫ بلور‬ballūr) glass ‫ بنزھير‬banzahīr bezoar, bezoar stone ‫ بنزين‬banzīn, benzīn gasoline, benzine ‫( بنس‬Engl.) pence ‫ بنسلين‬benisilīn penicillin ‫( بنسيه‬Fr. pensée) banēh pansy (bot.)

‫ بنباشى‬see ‫بكباشى‬

‫ بنسيون‬bansiyōn pl. -āt boardinghouse; boarding school

‫ بنت‬see 1 ‫بن‬

‫ بنصر‬binṣir f., pl. ‫ بناصر‬banāsir2 ring finger

‫ بنتو‬bintū napoleon, louis d'or (gold coin of 20 francs)

‫ بنط‬bunṯ pl. ‫ بنوط‬bunūṯ point (stock market)

‫ بنج‬II to dope, narcoticize (with banj; ‫ ه‬s.o.); to anesthetize (. s.o.) ‫ بنج‬banj henbane (Hyoscyamus niger; bot); an anesthetic, a narcotic ‫ البنجاب‬al-banjāb the Punjab (region, NW Indian subcontinent) ‫ بنجر‬banjar red beet (eg.) ‫ بند‬band pl. ‫ بنود‬bunūd article, clause, paragraph (of a. la.w, contract, etc.); banner; large body of troops ‫ بندر‬bandar pl. ‫ بنادر‬banādir2 seaport; commercial center; district capital (Eg.); ‫ بنادر‬see also under ‫ بنديرة‬below│ ‫بندر عباس‬ ‘abbās Bandar Abbas (seaport in S Iran)

‫ بنطلون‬banṯalūn (from It. pantaloni) pl. –āt trousers, pants ‫ بنغازى‬bangāzī Bengasi (city in NE Libya, capital of Cyrenaica) ‫ البنغال‬al-bangāl Bengal (region, NE Indian subcontinent) ‫ بنفسج‬banafsaj (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬violet (bot.) ‫ بنفسجى‬banafsajī violetlike, violetish; violet (adj.)│ ‫ فوق البنفسجى‬or ‫وراء البنفسجى‬ ultraviolet ‫ بنفش‬banfaš, banafš amethyst (min.) ‫ بنقة‬binaqa and ‫ بنيقة‬banīqa gore, gusset (of a shirt or garment) 1

‫ بنك‬bunk root, core, heart, best part│ ‫بنك العمر‬ b. al-‘umr the prime of life, the best years

2

‫ بنك‬bank pl. ‫ بنوك‬bunūk bank, banking house│ ‫ بنك التسليف‬credit bank; ‫ بنك التوفير‬deposit bank; ‫ بنك الدم‬b. ad-dam blood bank; ‫البنك‬ ‫( الدولى‬daulī) the World Bank

3

‫ مبنك‬mubannak stranded

4

‫ محنك مبنك‬muḥannak mubannak shrewd, sly, astute

‫ بندورة‬look up alphabetically ‫ بندق‬bunduq (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. ‫ بنادق‬banādiq2 hazelnut(s), filberts; hazel, hazel tree; ‫بندقة‬ hazelnut, filbert; bullet ‫ بندقى‬bunduqī Venetian sequin ‫ بندقية‬bunduqīya pl. ‫ بنادق‬banādiq2 rifle, gun│ ‫ بندقية رش‬b. rašš shotgun ‫ البندقية‬al.bunduqīya Venice ‫ بندقانى‬bunduqani pl. -ūn, ‫ بنادقة‬banādiqa a Venitian

‫( بنكنوت‬Engl.) banknōt banknote ‫ بنوة‬and ‫ بنوى‬see 1‫بن‬

‫( بنوار‬Fr. baignoire) banwār baignoire, theater box of the lowest tier 1

‫ بنى‬bana i (‫ بناء‬binā’, ‫ بنيان‬bunyān) and VIII to build, erect, construct, set up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to build, establish, rest (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. on); to consummate the marriage (‫ بھا‬and ‫عليھا‬ with a woman); pass. buniya, ubtuniya to be based, be built, rest (‫ على‬on)│‫بنى كلمة‬ ‫( على‬kalimalan) to give a word an indeclinable ending in (a certain vowel or a vowelless consonant; gram.) V see 1 ‫بن‬ ‫ بناء‬binā’ building, construction, erection, setting up; structure (also, e.g., of an organism), setup, make-up; (pl. ‫ابنية‬ abniya) building, structure, edifice│‫اعادة‬ ‫ البناء‬i‘ādat al-b. reconstruction; ‫البناء الحر‬ (ḥurr) Freemaaonry; ‫ بناء على‬binā’an ‘alā according to, in accordance with, on the basis of, by virtue of, on the strength of; ‫ بناء على ھذا‬accordingly, thus ‫ بنائى‬binā’ī constructional, building (used attributively); architectural; structural ‫ بنية‬binya, bunya pl. ‫ بنى‬binan, bunan structure, setup, make-up; binya build, frame, physique, physical constitution│ ‫ ضعيف البنية‬of delicate constitution; ‫صحيح‬ ‫ البنية‬and ‫ سليم البنية‬of sound constitution, healthy; ‫ قوي البنية‬qawīy al-b. husky, sturdy ‫ بناء‬bannā’ pl. -ūn builder; mason; constructive│ ‫(بناء حر‬ḥurr) Freemason ‫ بناية‬bināya pl. -āt building, structure, edifice ‫ بنيان‬bunyān building, construction, erection, setting up; building, structure, edifice; physique, stature ‫ مبنى‬mabnan pl. ‫ مبان‬mabānin building, construction, erection, setting up; building, structure. edifice; form; foundation, fundament, basis │ ‫الرأى‬ ‫( والمبنى‬ra’y) content and form ‫ تبن‬tabannin see 1 ‫بن‬ ‫ بان‬bānin pl. ‫ بناة‬bunāh builder ‫ مبنى‬mabnīy built, set up. erected; founded, based, resting (‫ على‬on); fixed, established; indeclinable; ending indeclinably (‫ على‬in; gram.)

2

‫( پنى‬Engl.) penny

‫( بنيو‬It. bagno) banyō batb, bathtub ‫ بھت‬bahita a, bahuta u and pass. buhita (baht) to be astonished, amazed, bewildered, startled, perplexed, flabbergasted, speechless; -- bahita to be or become pale, fade (color); -- bahata a to astonish, amaze, bewilder, startle, stagger, flabbergast (‫ ه‬s.o.); (‫ بھتان‬buhtān) to slander, defame (‫ ه‬s.o.) III to come or descend unexpectedly (‫ ه‬upon s.o.); to startle, stagger, flabbergast (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to surprise, astonish, amaze (‫ ھـ‬s.o.) VII = I ‫ بھت‬buht and ‫ بھتان‬buhtān slander, false accusation; lie, untruth ‫ بھتة‬bahta perplexity, amazement, bewilderment, stupefaction ‫ باھت‬bāhit pale, pallid, faded (color); perplexed, aghast ‫ مبھوت‬mabhūt perplexed, astonished, amazed, startled, flabbergasted, aghast ‫ بھج‬bahija a to be glad, he bappy (‫ ب‬about), he delighted (‫ ب‬at); -- bahuja u to be beautiful, look wonderful IV to gladden, delight, make happy (‫ ب‬s.o.) VIII to be glad, be happy (‫ ب‬about), be delighted (‫ب‬ at) ‫ بھجة‬bahja splendor, magnificence, beauty, resplendence; joy, delight│‫بھجة‬ ‫ االنظار‬delight of the eyes, welcome sight ‫ بھج‬bahij, ‫ بھيج‬bahīj magnificent, splendid, beautiful; happy, joyous; delightful ‫ مبھجة‬mabhaja a moment of happiness and joy ‫ مباھج‬mabāhij joys, delights; pleasures, amusements, diversions; splendid things; splendor, pomp, magnificence ‫ ابتھاج‬ibtihāj joy, rejoicing, delight (‫ ب‬at) ‫ مبھج‬mubhij pleasant, charming, delightful ‫ مبتھج‬mubtahij happy, glad, delighted ‫ بھدل‬bahdala to insult (‫ ه‬s.o.); to treat contemptuously, meanly (‫ ه‬s.o.); to expose (‫ ه‬s.o.) to ridicule, make a laughingstock (‫ه‬ of s.o.) II tabahdala pass. of I ‫ بھدلة‬bahdala insult, affront, abuse, outrage; meanness; triteness, insipidity

‫ مبھدل‬mubahdal maltreated, oppressed, miserable ‫ بھر‬bahara a (bahr) and IV to glitter, shine; to dazzle, overwhelm (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.o.’s eyes)│ ‫شيء يبھر االبصار‬a dazzling, overwhelming thing; -- pass. buhira to be out of breath, to pant VII to be dazzled, blinded; to be smitten with blindness; to. be out of breath VIII to flaunt, parade, show off, present in a dazzling light (‫ ب‬s.th.)

‫ باھظ‬bāhiẓ heavy, oppressive, trying; excessive, exorbitant, enormous; expensive, costly ‫ بھق‬bahaq a kind of lichen (bot.); herpetic eruption, tetter; vitiligo alba, a mild form of leprosy (med.) ‫ بھل‬bahala a (bahl) to curse (‫ ه‬s.o.) V and VI to curse one another VIII to supplicate, pray humbly (to God) ‫ ابھل‬abhal savin (Juniperus sabina; bot.)

‫ بھر‬bahr deception, dazzlement (‫ ب‬by)

‫ ابتھال‬ibtihāl supplication, prayer

‫ بھر‬buhr difficult respiration, labored breathing ‫ بھر‬bahra (n. vic.) being dazzled, dazzlement ‫ بھرة‬buhra middle, center│ ‫ فى بھرة‬... amidst ‫ ابھر‬abhar2 more brilliant, more magnificent

‫ باھل‬bāhil pl. ‫ بھل‬buhl, buhhal free, independent ‫ بھلول‬buhlūl, bahlūl pl. ‫ بھاليل‬bahālīl2 buffoon, jester, clown, fool ‫ بھلوان‬bahlawān pl. -āt, -īya acrobat, tumbler, equilibrist, ropedancer, tightrope walker ‫ بھلوانى‬bahlawānī acrobatic│‫حركات‬ ‫( بھلوانية‬ḥarakāt) acrobatics; antics, capers of a tumbler; ‫( طيران بھلوانى‬ṯayarān) aerial acrobatics, stunt flying

‫ ابھر‬abhar2 aorta (anat.) ‫ بھار‬bahār pl. -āt spice ‫ ابتھار‬ibtihār dazzling display, show (‫ب‬ of s.th.) ‫ باھر‬bāhir dazzling, brilliant, splendid

‫ بھم‬IV to make obscure, dubious, unintelligible (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V and X to be obscure, ambiguous, unintelligible (‫ على‬to s.o.) ‫ بھمة‬bahma lamb, sheep

‫ مبھور‬mabhūr breathless, out of breath, panting

‫ بھيم‬bahīm pl. ‫ بھم‬buhum jet-black ‫ بھيمة‬bahīma pl. ‫ بھائم‬bahā’im beast, animal, quadruped; pl. livestock, cattle, (large) domestic animals

‫ بھرج‬bahraja (‫ بھرج‬bahraja) to adorn, deck out, dress up showily; to give a deceptive brightness (‫ ھـ‬to); to glamorize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to reject as false (‫ ه‬a witness); to fake, counterfeit (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II tabahraja to adorn o.s., spruce o.s. up, dress up; to be fake

‫ بھيمى‬bahīmī animal, bestial, brutish ‫ بھيمية‬bahīmīya brutishness, bestiality, brutality

‫ بھرج‬bahraj false, spurious, fake, sham, worthless, bad; counterfeit money; tinsel, frippery, cheap finery; trash, cheap stuff

‫ ابھام‬ibhām obscurity; vagueness, ambiguity ‫ ابھام‬ibhām pl. ‫ اباھيم‬abāhīm2 thumb; big toe

‫ بھرجة‬bahraja empty show, hollow pomp

‫ باھم‬bāhim big toe

‫ بھرجان‬bahrajan tinsel, frippery

‫ مبھم‬mubham obscure, dark, cryptic, doubtful, vague, ambiguous│ ‫عدد مبھم‬ (‘adad) abstract number (math.); O ‫العصب‬ ‫‘( المبھم‬aṣab) the vagus (anat.); ‫االسم المبھم‬ (ism) the demonstrative pronoun (gram.)

‫ مبھرج‬mubahraj showy, tawdry, gaudy, ornate, ostentatious; trashy, rubbishy, cheap, inartistic ‫ بھريز‬bahrīz (eg.) a soup ‫ بھظ‬bahaza a (bahz) to oppress weigh down (‫ه‬ s.o.; a load, work), weigh heavily (‫ ھـ‬on s.o.) IV do.

1

(‫ بھو( بھا‬bahā u, bahuwa u and ‫ بھى‬bahiya a ( ‫ بھاء‬bahā’) to be beautiful III to vie, compete (‫ ب ه‬with s.o. in s.th.); to pride

o.s. (‫ ب‬on)‫ و‬be proud (‫ ب‬of), boast (‫ ب‬of, ‫ ب ه‬to s.o. of s.th.) VI to compete with one another; to be proud (‫ ب‬of), pride o.s. (‫ب‬ on) ‫ بھو‬bahw pl. ‫ ابھاء‬abhā’ hall; parlor, drawing room, reception hall ‫ بھى‬bahīy beautiful, magnificent, splendid; brilliant, radiant, shining ‫ بھاء‬bahā’ beauty, magnificence, splendor; brilliancy ‫ بھائى‬bahā’ī Bahai (adj.); (pl. -ūn) an adherent of the Bahai sect, a Bahai ‫ ابھى‬abhā more splendid, more brilliant ‫ مباھاة‬mubāhāh and ‫ تباه‬tabāhin pride, vainglory, boastfulness 2

‫ بھوات‬see ‫بك‬

(‫ بوء( باء‬bā’a u to come again, return; to come back (‫ ب‬with s.th.), bring back, yield, bring in (‫ ب‬s.th.)│‫ باء بالخيبة‬or ‫بالفشل‬ (ḳaiba, fašal) to fail II to provide accommodations (‫ ل‬and ‫ ه‬for s.o., ‫ ھـ‬at a place), put up (‫ ل‬or ‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬at)│‫بوأ مكانا‬ (makānan) to take a place, settle down, live or stay at a place IV to provide accommodations (‫ ه‬for s.o., ‫ ھـ‬at a place); to settle down, reside, live (‫ ب‬at a place) V to settle down (‫ ھـ‬at a place), occupy ( ‫ مركزا‬markazan a place), hold (‫مقاما‬ maqāman a position)│‫( تبوأ مكانا‬makānan) to gain ground, become generally accepted; ‫‘( تبوأ العرش‬arš) to ascend the throne; ‫( تبوأ الحكم‬ḥukm) to come to power, take over power ‫ بيئة‬bī’a pl. -āt (usually pronounced bai’a) pl. -āt residence, domicile, seat; situation; surroundings, environment, milieu; home, habitat ‫ مباءة‬mabā’a place to which s.th. comes; abode, dwelling, habitation ‫ تبوء‬tabawwu’: ‫ تبوء العرش‬t. al-‘arš accession to the throne ‫ بوب‬II to divide into chapters or sections (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to arrange in groups, arrange systematically, class, classify (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ باب‬bāb pl. ‫ ابواب‬abwāb, ‫ بيبان‬bībān door;; gate; opening, gateway; entrance; chapter, section, column, rubric; group, class, category; field, domain (fig.)│‫الباب‬

‫ العالى‬the Sublime Porte; ‫ باب المندب‬b. almandab Bab el Mandeb (strait between SW Arabia and Africa; geogr.); ‫على االبواب‬ near, imminent; ‫ فتح بابا جديدا‬to open up a new way, a new possibility; ‫ فتح باب‬futiḥa bāb ... was (were) begun, ... got under way; ‫( قفل باب الشيء‬qafala) to put an end to s.th., terminate, close s.th.; ‫( من باب الفضل‬b. il-faḍl) as a favor; ‫(من باب اولى‬aulā) with all the more reason, the more so; ‫فى ھذا‬ ‫ الباب‬about this matter, about this; ‫من باب‬ ‫( الضرورة ان‬b. iḍ-ḍarūra) it is necessary that ... ; ‫( ھذا ليس من باب الصدفة‬b. iṣ-ṣudfa) that’s no coincidence; ‫ كان من باب‬or ‫دخل في‬ ‫( باب‬with foll. genit.) to belong to, fall under; ‫ فريد في بابه‬unique of its kind; ‫طلع‬ ‫ على باب ﷲ‬to pursue one's livelihood, earn one’s bread 80 ‫ بابة‬bāba pl. -āt kind, sort, class, category ‫ بواب‬bawwāb pl. -ūn doorman, gatekeeper ‫ بوابة‬biwāba office of gatekeeper ‫ بوابة‬bawwāba pl. -āt (large) gate, portal│‫ بوابة القنطرة‬b. al-qanṯara lock gate ‫ تبويب‬tabwīb division into chapters, sectioning, classification, systematic arrangement, grouping ‫ مبوب‬mubawwab arranged in groups, classed, classified ‫ بوبلين‬boblīn poplin ‫( بوبينة‬Fr. bobine) bobīna spool, reel ‫ بويت‬see ‫بيت‬ ‫ بوتاس‬،‫( بوتاسا‬It. potasa) būtāsā, būtās potash ‫ بوتقة‬būtaqa (usually pronounced bautaqa) crucible, melting pot│‫في بوتقة الزمان‬ (zamān) in the melting pot of time ‫( بوجية‬Fr. bougie) bužīh pl. -āt spark plug (eg.) (‫ بوح( باح‬bāḥa u (bauḥ) to become known, be revealed, be divulged, leak out (secret); to reveal, disclose, divulge (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬s.th., a secret; ‫ الى‬and ‫ ل‬to s.o.) IV to disclose, reveal (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬s.th., ‫ ل‬to s.o.); to release, abandon, make public property, declare ownerless (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to permit, allow, leave (s.th., ‫ ل‬to s.o.); to justify, warrant (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) X to reveal (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to regard as public property, as ownerless, as fair

game; to deem permissible, lawful (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to hurt (‫ حرمته‬ḥurmatahū s.o.’s honor); to take possession (‫ ھـ‬of), appropriate, take as booty (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to seize, confiscate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)│‫استباح دمه‬ (damahū) to proscribe, outlaw s.o. ‫ بوح‬bauḥ divulgence, disclosure (of a secret); confession ‫ بوح‬būḥ wide, open space; courtyard; hall

‫ بوذية‬būdīya Buddhism (‫ بور( بار‬bāra u (baur, ‫ بوار‬bawār) to perish; to lie fallow, be uncultivated (land); to be futile, unsuccessful, unprofitable, lead to nothing (work); to be unsalable, be dead stock (merchandise)│‫( بارت البنات‬bint) the girl could not get a husband II to let lie fallow (‫ ھـ‬land); to make unprofitable, useless (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to destroy ‫ بور‬būr uncultivated, fallow│ ‫ارض بور‬ (arḍ), pl. ‫( اراض بور‬arāḍin) fallow land, wasteland

‫ باحة‬bāḥa pl. -āt wide, open space; open place, square, plaza; courtyard; hall ‫ اباحة‬ibāḥa divulgence, disclosure (of a secret); permission, authorization; licentiousness ‫ اباحى‬ibāḥī licentious, unrestrained, uninhibited; anarchist; freethinker ‫ اباحية‬ibāḥīya freethinking, libertinism; anarchism ‫ استباحة‬istibāḥa appropriation, capture, seizure; spoliation, confiscation ‫ مباح‬mubāḥ permitted, allowed, permissible; legal, lawful, licit, legitimate; open to everyone, permitted for all, free; ownerless (1.1. Law); indifferent (said of actions for which neither reward nor punishment is to be expected, but which are permissible, pl. ‫ مباحات‬indifferent, permissible actions, Isl. Law) (‫ بوخ( باخ‬bāḳa u to abate, subside, let up, decrease; to die, go out (fire); to fade, bleach; to spoil, rot (e.g., meat) II to spoil (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ بواخ‬buwāḳ evaporation, exhalation, vapor, steam

‫ بوار‬bawār perdition, ruin│ ‫ دار البوار‬hell ‫ بائر‬bā’ir uncultivated, fallow (land) ‫ بورانى‬baurānī (eg.) a vegetable stew ‫ بور سعيد‬būr sa‘īd Port Said (seaport in NE Egypt) ‫ بور سودان‬būr sūdān Port Sudan (seaport in NE Sudan) ‫ بورتوريكو‬burturīkū Puerto Rico ‫ بورتغال‬burtugāl Portugal ‫ بورصة‬būrṣa pl. -āt stock exhange ‫ بور فؤاد‬Port Fuad (seaport in NE Egypt, opposite Port Said) ‫ بورق‬bauraq borax ‫ بورما‬burma Burma 1

‫( بورى‬Turk. boru) būrī trumpet, bugle

‫ بوروجى‬biūjī pl. -īya trumpeter, bugler 2

‫ بورى‬būrī (pl. ‫ بوارى‬bawārī) striped mullet (Mugil cephalus; zool.)

3

‫( بوريه‬Fr.) būrēh purée

1

‫ بوز‬II to pout, sulk, look glum, sullen

‫ تبويخ‬tabwīḳ: ‫ تبويخ النكتة‬an-nukta the spoiling of the point of a story

‫ بوز‬būz pl. ‫ ابواز‬abwāz muzzle, snout ‫ تبويزة‬tabwīza sullen mien

□ ‫ بايخ‬bāyiḳ spoiled, bad; vapid, insipid, stale (also, e.g., of a joke)

‫ مبوز‬mubawwaz sullen, glum

‫ بوخارست‬būḳārest Bucharest

2

‫ بوز‬būz, ‫ بوزة‬bum ice cream

‫( بودرة‬Fr. poudre) būdra powder

3

‫بوزة‬būza a beerlike beverage

‫ بودقة‬būdaqa pl. ‫ بوادق‬bawādiq2 crucible, melting pot

4

‫باز‬bāz pl. ‫ ابواز‬abwāz, ‫ بيزان‬bīzān falcon

‫ بوذا‬būdā Buddha ‫ بوذى‬būdī Buddhistic; Buddhist

1

‫ بوس‬būs bus

2

‫ بوس(( باس‬bāsa u (baus) to kiss (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ بوسة‬bausa, būsa kiss

‫ بائقة‬bā’iqa pl. ‫ بوائق‬bawā’iq2 misfortune, calamity

‫( بوستو‬It. busto) bustū corset ‫ بوستة‬،‫( بوسطة‬It. posta) busṯa, busta post, mail ‫ البوسفور‬al-busfūr the Bosporus ‫ )باش )بوش‬bāša u (bauš) to be boisterous, shout, roar (crowd) II do. ‫ بوش‬bauš pl. ‫ اوباش‬aubāš (for ‫ )ابواش‬mob. rabble 1

‫ بوص‬būṣ (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬reed

‫ بوقال‬būqāl, ‫ بوقالة‬būqala pl. ‫ بواقيل‬bawāqīl2 vessel without handles, mug ‫ بوكسفورد‬boksəford patrol wagon, paddy wagon, Black Maria ‫( بوكسكاف‬Engl.) bokəkāf box calf 1

(‫ بول( بال‬bāl u (baul) and V to make water, urinate IV to be diuretic X to cause to urinate

‫ بوصة‬būṣa pl. -āt inch 2

‫ بوص‬būṣ pl. ‫ ابواص‬abwāṣ, linen or silk fabric

‫ بول‬baul pl. ‫ ابوال‬abwāl urine│ ‫مرض البول‬ ‫ السكرى‬maraḍ al-b. as-sukarī diabetes

‫( بوصلة‬It. bussola) bōṣla compass

‫ بولى‬baulī uric, urinary, urinous│ ‫المسالك‬ ‫ البولية‬the urinary passages; ‫االمراض البولية‬ diseases of the kidney and urinary bladder; ‫( تسمم بولى‬tasammum) uremia (med.)

‫ بوطة‬būṯa crucible, melting pot ‫ بوظة‬būẓa a beerlike beverage 1

‫ بوع‬bū‘ metatarsal bone (anat.)│‫ال يعرف الكوع‬ ‫ من البوع‬h‫ ث‬wouldn’t know his knee from his elbow (proverbially, of a stupid person)

2

‫ باع‬bā‘ pl. ‫ ابواع‬abwā‘ the span of the outspread arms, fathom; in Eg. today = 4 ḍirā‘ mi‘mārīya = 3 m│ ‫ طويل الباع‬mighty, powerful; capable, able; knowledgeable; generous, liberal; ‫ قصير الباع‬powerless, helpless, impotent, weak, incapable; niggardly, stingy; ‫ قصير الباع‬impotence, weakness; incapability (‫ عن‬of); ‫بالباع والذراع‬ with might and main

‫ بيلة‬bīla: O ‫( بيلة آحانية‬āḥīnīya) albuminuria; O ‫( بيلة دموية‬damawīya) hematuria (med.) ‫ بوالة‬bawwāla public lavatory ‫ مبولة‬mabwala pl. ‫ مباول‬mabāwil2 urinal; a diuretic; -- mibwala chamber pot; toilet, water closet ‫ استبوال‬istibwāl: O ‫ استبوال‬ist. ad-dam uremia (med.) 2

1

‫ بوغ‬II to surprise

1

‫ باغة‬bāga celluloid; tortoise shell

‫ بوغادة‬būgāda and ‫ بوغاضة‬būgāḍa potash, lye ‫ بوغاز‬būgāz pl. ‫ بواغيز‬bawāgīiz2 strait(s); harbor│ ‫بوغاز الدردنيل‬the Dardanelles ‫( بوفيه‬Fr. buffet) būfēh buffet; bar; sideboard ‫ بوق‬II to blow the trumpet ‫ بوق‬būq pl. -āt, ‫ ابواق‬abwāq trumpet, bugle; fanfare; horn (of an automobile, of a gramophone); acoustic signaling device; megaphone; mouthpiece, spokesman; duplicity, treachery, betrayal│ ‫بوق الصوت‬ b. aṣ-ṣaut or ‫ بوق الراديو‬loudspeaker (radio); O ‫( بوق رحمى‬raḥimi) oviduct, Fallopian tube (anat.) ‫ بواق‬bawwāq trumpeter, bugler ‫ باقة‬bāqa bundle; bunch of flowers, nosegay, bouquet

‫ بال‬bāl state, condition; heart, mind; notice, regard, attention│‫ ذو بال‬significant, notable, considerable, important, serious, grave; ‫ فراغ البال‬farāg al-b. leisure; ‫مشغول‬ ‫ البال‬anxious, uneasy, concerned, worried.; ‫ طويل البال‬long-suffering, patient; ‫ ما باله‬... (with verb) why is it that he (it) ... ? why ... ? ‫ ما بالك‬how about you? what do you think? ‫ خال باله‬ḳalā bāluhū his mind is at rest, he has no worries; ‫ خطر بباله‬it occurred to him, it came to his mind; ‫اعطى‬ ‫ جعل( باله الى )ل‬،‫( ))القى‬a‘ṯā, alqā, ja‘ala) to turn one’s mind to, give one’s attention to, pay attention to, take into account, be mindful of, bear in mind, heed s.th.; ‫لم يلق‬ ‫ لقولى باال‬lam yulqi li-qaulī bālan he didn't pay any attention to what I said; ‫ال يقل عنه‬ ‫( باال‬yaqillu) no less significant than this

3

‫ بول‬būl postage stamp

4

‫ بال‬bāl whale (zool.)

5

‫ بالة‬look up alphabetically

□ ‫ بوالد‬būlād (= ‫ )فوالذ‬steel

‫ بيئة‬see ‫بوء‬

‫ بولصة‬see ‫بوليسة‬

‫ بيادة‬biyāda infantry (Eg.)

‫ بوالق‬būlāq2 a district of Cairo ‫ بولندة‬bōlanda Poland ‫ بولندى‬bōlandī Polish; (pl. -ūn) Pole ‫ بولو‬bōlō polo ‫( بولونيا‬It. Polonia) būlūniya Poland ‫ بولوني‬būlūnī Polish; Pole 1

‫( بوليس‬Fr. police) būlīs police│‫ بوليس اآلداب‬vice squad; ‫( البوليس الجنا‬jinā’ī) criminal police; ‫( البوليس الحربى‬ḥarbī) military police; ‫( البوليس السرى‬sirrī) secret police; ‫ بوليس المرور‬traffic police ‫ رواية بوليسية‬riwāya būlīsīya detective story

2

‫ بوليسة‬and ‫( بوليصة‬Fr. police) būlīsā, būlīṣa pl. ‫ بوالص‬bawāliṣ2, ‫ بوالس‬bawālis2 certificate of insurance, policy│‫ بوليسة الشحن‬b. aššaḥn bill of lading

‫ بوليفيا‬būlīfiyā Bolivia ‫ بوليفى‬būlīfī Bolivian O ‫ داء البولينا‬dā’ al-baulīnā uremia ‫ بوم‬būm (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. ‫ ابوام‬abwām owl 1

‫ بون‬baun, būn interval, distance; difference

2

‫ بان‬coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬ben tree (Moringa; bot.; horse-radish tree (Moringa oleifera; bot.); Egyptian willow (Salix aegyptiaca L.; bot.)

‫ بونسايرس‬Buenos Aires ‫( بونى‬Engl.) bōnī pl. ‫ بوانى‬bawānī pony ‫ باه‬bāh coitus; sexual potency; sexuality ‫( بوھيميا‬Engl.) bōhīmiyā Bohemia ‫ بوھيمي‬bōhēmī Bohemian (adj. and n.) ‫ بوھيمية‬bōhēmīya Bohemianism, Bohemian life ‫ بؤونة‬ba’ūna the tenth month of the Coptic year ‫( بوية‬Turk. boya) bōya paint; shoe polish ‫ بوياجى‬،‫( بويجى‬eg.) boyagī house painter, painter; shoeshine, bootblack ‫ بية‬bayya = ‫ باية‬look up alphabetically

‫ بيادى‬biyādī infantryman, foot soldier ‫ بيانو‬،‫ بيانة‬،‫ بيان‬biyān, biyāna, biyānō pl. ‫بيانات‬ biyānāt piano 1

‫ بيب‬bīb pipe, tube; feed pipe, spout (of a reservoir or tank)

2

‫ بيبة‬bība (Western) smoking pipe

(‫ بيت( بات‬bāta i (‫ مبيت‬mabīt) to pass or spend the night; to stay overnight; to become; to be (‫ فى‬in a situation); with foll. imperf.: to get into a situation. Get to the point where; to continue to do s.th., go on or keep doing s.th., stick to s.th. II to brood (by night; ‫ ھـ‬about s.th.); to contrive, hatch (‫ ھـ‬an evil plan, ‫ ل‬against s.o.), plot (‫ل‬ against s.o.); to put up for the night (‫ه‬ s.o.)│‫( بيت فى الصف‬ṣaff; eg.) to flunk, fail promotion (pupil) IV to put up for the night (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ بيت‬bait pl. ‫ بيوت‬buyūt, ‫ بيوتات‬buyūtāt house, building; tent (of nomads); room; apartment, flat; (garden) bed; family; case, box, covering, sheath; pl. ‫ بيوتات‬large, respectable houses; respectable families; (pl. ‫ ابيات‬abyāt) verse│ ‫ بيت االبرة‬b. al-ibra (navigator’s) compass; ‫ اھل البيت‬ahl al-b. family, specif., the family of the Prophet; ‫ اھل البيوتات‬people from good, respectable families; ‫( بيوتات تجارية‬tijārīya) commercial houses; ‫( البيت الحرام‬ḥaram) the Kaaba; ‫بيت‬ ‫ الخالء‬b. al-ḳalā’ and ‫ بيت االدب‬b. al-adab toilet, water closet; ‫ بيت الداء‬origin or seat of the disease; ‫( بيت ريفى‬rīfī) country house; ‫ بيت القصيدة‬and ‫( بيت القصيد‬the essential, principal verse of the kasidah, i.e.) the quintessence; the gist, the essential, the hit of s.th.; s.th. that stands out from the rest, the right thing; ‫بيت لحم‬ baitalaḥm2 Bethlehem; ‫ البيت الملك‬the ruling house; ‫ بيت المال‬treasure house; fisc, treasury, exchequer (Isl. Law); (Tun.) administration of vacant Muslim states ‫ بيتى‬baitī domestic, private, home, of the house, house- (in compounds); domesticated (animals); home made ‫ بويت‬buwait pl. -āt small house; small tent

‫ بيات‬bayyāt pl. -ūn and ‫ بياتة‬bayyāta boarder (student); (pl. -ūn) pupil of a boarding school (tun.) ‫ بيوت‬bayyūt stale, old

‫ بيروقراطية‬bīrūqrāṯīya bureaucracy; red tape ‫ بيزنطيا‬bīzanṯiyā Byzantium

‫ بائت‬bā’it stale, old; (eg.) not promoted, ‫( فى الصف‬ṣaff) in school

‫ بيسون‬bīsōn bison

‫ بيجاما‬bījāmā and ‫ بيجامة‬bījāma pajama 1

(‫ بيد( باد‬bāda i to perish, die, pass away, become extinct IV to destroy, exterminate, extirpate (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) ‫ بيد ان‬baida anna although, whereas; (esp., introducing a sentence:) yet, however, but, ... though ‫ بيداء‬baidā’2 pl. ‫ بيد‬bīd, ‫ بيداوات‬baidawāt desert, steppe, wilderness ‫ ابادة‬ibāda annihilation, extermination, eradication, extirpation ‫ بائد‬bā’id passing, transitory, temporal; past, bygone ‫ مبيد‬mubīd destructive, annihilative; (pl. -āt) means of extermination│ ‫مبيدات حشرية‬ (ḥašarīya) insecticides ‫ بيادة‬look up alphabetically

‫ بيدر‬baidar pl. ‫ بيادر‬bayādir2 threshing floor ‫ بيدق‬baidaq (and ‫ )بيذق‬pl. ‫ بيادق‬bayādiq2 pawn (in chess) ‫ بيذنجان‬see ‫ باذنجان‬alphabetically 1

□ ‫ بيارة‬bayyāra pl. -āt (pal.) irrigation wheel; plantation

2

‫ بيروقراطى‬bīruqrāṯī bureaucratic

‫ مبيت‬mabīt overnight stop, overnight stay; shelter for the night

‫ مبيت‬mubayyit plotter, schemer, intrigant

2

‫ بيروتى‬bairūtī pl. ‫ بوارتة‬bawārita, ‫بيارتة‬ bayārita a native or inhabitant of Beirut

‫ بيرة‬،‫( بيرا‬It. birra) bīrā, bīra beer│‫مصنع البيرا‬ maṣna‘ al-b. brewery

‫ بيرق‬bairaq pl. ‫ بايرق‬bayāriq2 flag, banner, standard ‫ بيرقدار‬bairaqdār color-bearer, standardbearer ‫( جبال البيرنيه‬Fr. Pyrénées) jibāl al-bīrinēh the Pyrenees 1

‫ بيرو‬bērū Peru

2

‫( بيرو‬Fr. bureau) bīrō pl. -āt office, bureau

‫ بيروت‬bairūt2 Beirut (capital of Lebanon)

‫ بيزنطي‬bīzanṯī Byzantine (‫ بيض( باض‬bāḍa i to lay eggs (also ‫ ;)ھـ‬to stay, settle down, be or become resident (‫ ب‬at a place)│ ‫( باض بالمكان وفرخ‬wa-farraḳa) to be born and grow up in a place; to establish itself and spread (plague) II to make white, paint white, whitewash, whiten (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to bleach, blanch (‫ ھـ‬s.th., textiles, laundry, rice, etc.); to tin, tinplate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to make a fair copy (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.)│ ‫(بيض الوجه‬wajhahū) to make s.o. appear blameless, in a favorable light, to whitewash, exculpate, vindicate, justify s.o., play s.o. up, make much of s.o.; to honor s.o., show honor to s.o.; ‫بيض ﷲ وجھه‬ may God make him happy! ‫ال يبيض من‬ ‫ صحيفته‬this doesn't show him in a favorable light V pass. of II; IX to be or become white ‫ بيض‬baiḍ pl. ‫ بيوض‬buyūḍ eggs ‫ بيضة‬baiḍa (n. un.) pl. -āt egg; testicle; helmet; main part, substance, essence│ ‫بيضة الديك‬ b. ad-dīik (the egg of a rooster i.e.) an impossible or extraordinary thing; ‫بيضة البلد‬ b. al-balad a man held in high esteem in his community; ‫( فى بيضة النھار‬b. in-nahār) in broad daylight; ‫ بيضة الصيف‬b. aṣ-ṣaif the hottest part of the summer; ‫بيضة االسالم‬ the territory or pale of Islam; ‫الدفاع عن بيضة‬ ‫ عن بيضة الوطن‬٨٥ ،‫( الدين‬b. id-dīn, b. ilwaṯan) defense of the faith, of the country; ‫ بيضة الخدر‬b. al-ḳidr a woman seluded from the outside world, a chaste, respectable woman ‫ بيضى‬baiḍī, ‫ بيضوى‬baiḍawī and ‫بيضاوى‬ baiḍāwī egg-shaped, oviform, oval, ovate ‫ بييضة‬buyaiḍa and ‫ بويضة‬buwaiḍa pl. -āt small egg, ovule; ovum ‫ بياض‬bayāḍ white, whiteness: whitewash; -- (pl. -āt) barren, desolate, uncultivated land, wasteland: gap, blank space (in a manuscript); blank; leucoma (med.); linen, pl. ‫ بياضات‬linen goods,

linens; (syr.) milk, butter, and eggs│ ‫بياض‬ ‫ البيت‬b. al-bait white of egg, albumen: ‫بياض‬ ‫ العين‬b. al-‘ain the white of the eye: ‫بياض‬ ‫ النھار‬b. an-nahār daylight, (acc.) by day, during the daytime; ‫بياض يومه وسواد ليله‬ bayāḍa yaumihi wa-sawāda lailihi by day and by night: ‫ بياض الوجه‬b. al-wajh tine character, good reputation; ‫سمك بياض‬ samak b. a Nile fish (eg.); ‫ على بياض‬blank, free from writing, printing or marks, uninscribed; (‫ ارتدى‬or) ‫( لبس البياض‬labisa, irtada) to dress in white

‫ بيطرة‬baiṯara veterinary science; farriery 1

(‫ بيع( باع‬bā‘a i (bai‘,‫ مبيع‬mabī‘) to sell (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ه‬or ‫ ل‬to s.o., ‫ ب‬for a price) III to make a contract (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to pay homage (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to acknowledge as sovereign or leader (‫ ه‬s.o.), pledge allegiance (‫ ه‬to) IV to offer for sale (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VI to agree on the terms of a sale, conclude a bargain VII to be sold, be for sale VIII to buy, purchase (‫ من ھـ‬s.th. from s.o. and ‫ ھـ ه‬from s.o. s.th.)│ ‫( ال ابتاع منه وال ابيعه‬abtā‘u, abī‘uhū) I don't trust him

‫ بيوض‬bayūḍ pl. ‫ بيض‬buyūḍ, bīḍ (egg-) laying

‫ بيع‬bai‘ pl. ‫ بيوع‬buyū‘,‫ بيوعات‬buyū‘āt sale│‫ للبيع‬for sale; ‫ جبرية )بيوعات‬or) ‫بيوع‬ (jabrīya) forced sales, compulsory sale by auction: ‫( بيع بالجملة‬jumla) wholesale sale; ‫( بيع بالخيار‬ḳiyār) optional sale (Isl. Law); ‫( بيع آلخر راغب‬li-āḳir rāgibīn) sale to the highest bidder; ‫ بيع العينة‬b. al-‘īna credit operation (Isl. Law)

‫ ابيض‬abyaḍ2, f. ‫ بيضاء‬baiḍā’2, pl. ‫ بيض‬bīḍ white; bright; clean, shiny, polished; blameless, noble, sincere (character); empty, blank (sheet of paper); pl. ‫البيضان‬ al-bīḍān the white race; ‫ االبيض‬white of egg, albumen│ ‫( ارض بيضاء‬arḍ) barren, uncultivated land, wasteland; ‫ثورة بيضاء‬ (ṯaura) peaceful, bloodless revolution; ‫( الخيط االبيض‬ḳaiṯ) first light of dawn; ‫الذھب‬ ‫( االبيض‬dahab) platinum; ‫ بالسالح االبيض‬with cold steel; ‫( صحيفته بيضاء‬ṣaḥīfatuhū) his reputation is good: he has noble de.ds to his credit, he has a noble character; ‫صحف‬ ‫( بيضاء‬ṣuḥuf) noble, glorious deeds: ‫اكذوبة‬ ‫( بيضاء‬ukdūba) white lie, fih: ‫ليلة بيضاء‬ (laila) a sleepless night, a night spent awake: ‫( الموت االبيض‬maut) natural death; ‫يد‬ ‫( بيضاء‬yad) beneficent hand, benefaction

‫ بيعة‬bai‘a agreement, arrangement; business deal, commercial transaction, bargain; sale; purchase; homage│‫على البيعة‬ into the bargain ‫ بياع‬bayyā‘ salesman, merchant, dealer, commission agent, middleman ‫ مبيع‬mabī‘ sale, pl. -āt sales (esp. on the stock market) ‫ مبايعة‬mubāya‘a pl. -āt conclusion of contract; homage; pledge of allegiance; transaction

‫ مبيض‬mabīḍ, mibyaḍ ovary (anat.)

‫ ابتياع‬ibtiyā‘ purchase

‫ تبييضة‬tabyīḍa fair copy

‫ بائع‬bā’i‘2 pl. ‫ باعة‬bā‘a seller, vendor; dealer, merchant; salesman

O ‫ ابيضاض‬ibyiḍāḍ leukemia (med.) ‫ بائض‬bā’iḍ pl. ‫ بوائض‬bawā’iḍ2 (egg-) laying

‫ بائعة‬bā’i‘a saleswoman

‫ مبيض‬mubayyiḍ pl. -ūn whitewasher; bleacher; tinner; copyist, transcriber (of fair copy)

‫ مبتاع‬mubtā‘ buyer, purchaser

‫ مبيضة‬mubayyaḍa fair copy ‫ بيطر‬baiṯara to practice veterinary science; to shoe (‫ ھـ‬a horse) ‫ بيطار‬baiṯar pl. ‫ بياطرة‬bayātira veterinarian; farrier ‫ بيطرى‬baiṯarī veterinary│‫الطب البيطرى‬ (ṯibb) veterinary medicine; ‫طبيب بيطرى‬ veterinarian

‫ مبيع‬mabī‘ and ‫ مباع‬mubā‘ sold 2

‫ بيعة‬bai‘a pl. -āt, ‫ بيع‬biya‘ (Chr.) church; synagogue

‫ بيك‬bē (eg.), bēg, bēk pl. ‫ بيكوات‬bēgawāt (syr.) bey (title of courtesy); cf. ‫بك‬ ‫ بيكوية‬bīkawīya rank of bey ‫ بيكار‬bīkār compass, (pair of) dividers ‫ بيكباشى‬see ‫بكباشى‬ ‫( بيكه‬Fr.) bīkeh plqué (fabric)

1

‫( بيل‬Fr. bille) bīl ball│‫ كرسى بيل‬kursī b. ball bearing

2

‫ بيلة‬bīla see ‫بول‬

‫ بيلسان‬bailasān black elder (bot.) ‫ بيلھارسيا‬bilharsiyā bilharziasis, schistosomiasis (med.) ‫( بيليه‬Fr. bille) bīlya pl. -āt little ball, marble ‫ بيمارستان‬bīmāristān hospltal; lunatic asylum 1

(‫ بين( بان‬bāna i (‫ بيان‬bayān) to be or become plain, evident, come out, come to light; to be clear (‫ ل‬to s.o.); (‫ بين‬bain, ‫بينونة‬ bainūna) to part, be separated (‫ من‬from) II to make clear, plain, visible, evident (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to announce (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to state (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to show, demonstrate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to explain, expound, elucidate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), throw light (‫ ھـ‬on) III to part, go away (‫ه‬ from), leave (‫ ه‬s.o.); to differ, be different (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬from), be unlike s.th. (‫ ;)ھـ‬to contradict (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), be contrary (‫ ھـ‬to); to conflict, be at variance, be inconsistent (‫ھـ‬ with s.th.) IV to explain, expound, elucidate (‫ ل ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.); to separate, sift, distinguish (‫ من ھـ‬s.th. from); to be clear, plain, evident V to be or become clear, intelligible (‫ ل‬to s.o.); to turn out, prove in the end, appear, become evident; to follow (‫ من‬from), be explained (‫ من‬by); to be clearly distinguished (‫ من‬from); to seek to ascertain (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), try to get at the mct8 (‫ ھـ‬of); to eye or examine critically, scrutinize (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to look, peer (‫ھـ‬ at); to see through s.th. (‫)ھـ‬, see clearly, perceive, notice, discover, find out (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to distinguish (‫ من ھـ‬s.th. from) VI to differ, be different, be opposed, be contrary; to vary greatly, differ widely; to vary, differ, fluctuate (‫ بين‬between two amounts or limits) X to be or become clear, plain, evident; to Bee, know, perceive, notice (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); pass. ustubīna to follow clearly, be clearly seen (‫ من‬from) ‫ بين‬bain separation, division; interval; difference│‫ ذات البين‬enmity, disunion, discord; ‫ فى البين‬meantime, meanwhile ‫ بين‬baina (prep.) or ‫ فيما بين‬fī-ma b. between; among, amidst│‫ – بين – و‬either -or, partly -- partly, e.g., ‫كان القوم بين صامت‬ ‫( ومتكلم‬ṣāmitin wa-mutakallimin) the crowd was divided among those who were silent

and those who talked; ‫( بين يديه‬yadaihi) in front of him, before him, in his presence; with him. on him, in his possession, e.g., ‫ال‬ ‫( سالح بين يديه‬silāḥa) he hasn’t got a weapon on him, he is unarmed; ‫فيما بين ذلك‬ meanwhile, in the meantime; ‫فيما بينى وبين‬ ‫ نفسى‬in my heart, at heart, inwardly; ‫بين‬ ‫ ذراعيه‬in his arms; ‫ من بينھم‬min bainihim from among them, from their midst; ‫بين بين‬ something between, a cross, a mixture, a combination; neither good nor bad, medium, tolerable; ‫ شيء بين بين‬something between, a cross, a mixture, a combination; ‫( بين وقت وآخر‬waqt, āḳar), ‫بين‬ ‫( فترة وأخرى‬fatra, uḳrā) at times, from time to time ‫ ما بين‬mā-baina look up alphabetically ‫ بينا‬bainā, ‫ بينما‬bainamā (conj.) while; whereas ‫ بين‬bayyin clear, plain, evident, obvious, patent; (pl. ‫ ابنياء‬abyinā’2) eloquent ‫ بيان‬bayān pl. -āt clearness, plainness, patency, obviousness; statement, declaration, announcement; manifestation; explanation, elucidation, illustration; information, news; (official) report. (official) statement; enumeration, index, list; eloquence; ‫ البيان‬the Koran; see also alphabetically│‫ بيان الحقيقة‬correction (journ.); ‫( غني عن البيان‬ganīy) selfexplanatory, self-evident; ‫‘ علم البيان‬ilm alb. rhetoric; ‫‘ عطف البيان‬aṯf al-b. explicative apposition (gram.) ‫ بيانى‬bayānī explanatory, illustrative; rhetorical ‫ بينة‬bayyina pl. -āt clear proof, indisputable evidence; evidence (Isl. Law); a document serving &8 evidence│ ‫( بينة ظرفية‬ẓarfīya) circumstantial evidence; ‫ على بينة‬as has been proved; ‫كان على بينة من‬ to be fully aware of; to he well-informed, well-posted, up-to-date about ‫ ابين‬abyan2 clearer, more distinct, more obvious ‫ تبيان‬tibyān exposition, demonstration, explanation, illustration ‫ تبيين‬tabyīn and ‫ ابانة‬ibāna exposition, demonstration, explanation, illustration

‫ تباين‬tabayun difference, unlikeness, dissimilarity, disparity ‫ تباينى‬tabāyunī different, differing, conflicting ‫ بائن‬bā’in clear, plain, evident, obvious, patent; final, irrevocable (divorce; Isl. Law); of great length│‫ بائن الطول‬b. aṯ-ṯūl towering, of unusual height (person) ‫ بائنة‬bā’ina bride’s dowry ‫ مبيونة‬mabyūna distance ‫ مبين‬mubīn clear, plain, evident, obvious, patent│‫ الكتاب المبين‬the Koran ‫ متباين‬mutabāyin dissimilar, unlike, differential, differing, varying 2

‫ بيانة‬،‫ بيان‬look up alphabetically

‫ بينباشى‬see ‫بكباشى‬

‫ تاك‬taka fem. of the demonstrative pronoun ‫ذاك‬ dāka (dual nom. ‫ تانك‬tānika, genit., acc. ‫ تينك‬tainika) ‫ توءم‬،‫ توأم‬tau’am, f. ‫ة‬, pl. ‫ توائم‬tawā’im2 twin ‫ التاميز‬at-tāmīz the Thames ‫ تاى‬tay (tun., alg.) tea│‫ تاى احمر‬black tea ‫ تايور‬tāyōr and ‫ تايير‬tāyēr (Fr. tailleur) pl. -āt ladies’ tailored suit, tailleur ‫ تب‬tabba i (tabb, ‫ تبب‬tabab, ‫ تباب‬tabāb) to perish, be destroyed X to stabilize, be stabilized, be or become stable; to be settled, established, well-ordered, regular, normal; to progress well│‫استتب له االمر‬ everything went well with him ‫ تبا له‬tabban lahū may evil befall him! may he perish! ‫ استتباب‬istitbāb normalcy, regularity, orderliness, order; stability; favorable course or development

‫ بينتو‬see ‫بنتو‬ ‫ بيه‬bēh = ‫بك‬ 1

‫( بيوريه‬Engl.) biyūrē purée

‫ التبت‬at-tibt Tibet

2

‫( بيوريه‬Fr. pyorrhée) biyōrēh pyorrhea (med.)

‫ تبر‬tabara i (tabr) to destroy, annihilate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.)

‫ت‬

‫ تبر‬tibr raw metal; gold dust, gold nuggets; ore

1

‫ ت‬abbreviation of ‫ تلفون‬telephone

‫ تبار‬tabār ruin, destruction

2

‫ ت‬ta (particle introducing oaths) by, ‫ تا‬tallāhi by God!

‫ تبرية‬tibrīya dandruff

‫ تاء‬tā’ name of the letter‫ت‬ ‫ تابوت‬tābūt pl. ‫ توابيت‬tawābīt2 box, case, chest, coffer; casket, coffin, sarcophagus│‫تابوت‬ ‫ العھد‬t. al-‘ahd ark of the covenant; ‫تابوت‬ ‫ رفع المياه‬t. raf‘ al-miyāh Archimedean screw; ‫ تابوت الساقية‬t. as-āqiya scoop wheel, Persian wheel ‫ تابيوكا‬tābiyōkā tapioca ‫ تأتأ‬ta’ta’a to stammer (with fright) ‫ تاج‬see ‫توج‬ ‫ تؤدة‬see ‫وأد‬ 1

‫ تأر‬IV ‫( اتأر البصر‬baṣara) to stare (‫ ه‬or ‫ الى‬at s.o.)

2

‫ تارة‬see ‫تور‬

‫ تازة‬tāza (= ‫ )طازة‬fresh, tender, new

‫ تبريز‬tabrīz2 Tabriz (city in NW Iran, capital of Azerbaijan province) ‫ تبع‬tabi‘a a (taba‘,‫ تباعة‬tabā‘a) to follow, succeed (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), come after s.o. or s.th. (‫ ه‬،‫ ;)ھـ‬to trail, track (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th) go after s.o. or s.th. (‫ ه‬،‫ ;)ھـ‬to walk behind s.o. (‫ ;)ه‬to pursue (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to keep, adhere, stick (‫ ھـ‬to s.th.), observe (‫ ھـ‬s.th; to follow, take (‫ ھـ‬a road), enter upon (‫ ھـ‬a road or course); to comply (‫ ھـ‬with s.th.); to belong, pertain (‫ ھـ‬to); to be subordinate, be attached (‫ ه‬to s.o.), be under s.o.’s (‫ )ه‬authority or command, be under s.o. (‫( ه(│تبع الدروس‬durūsa) to attend classes regularly III to follow (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o. s.th.; also = to keep one's mind or eyes on, e.g., on a development); to agree, concur ( ‫ ه‬with s.o., ‫ على‬in s.th.), be in agreement or conformity (‫ على‬،‫ ھـ‬with); to pursue, chase, follow up (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to continue (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; ‫ سيره‬sairahū on one’s

way), go on (‫ ھـ‬with or in) IV to cause to succeed or follow (in time, rank, etc.); to place (‫ ه‬s.o.) under s.o.’s (‫ )ه‬authority or command, subordinate (‫ ه ه‬to s.o. s.o., ‫ھـ ھـ‬ to s.th. s.th.) V to follow (‫ ھـ‬s.th., esp. fig.: a topic, a development, the news, etc., = to watch, study); to pursue, trail, track (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ s.o., s.th.); to trace (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to be subordinate (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬to), be attached (‫ ه‬to s.o.) VI to follow in succession, be successive or consecutive, come or happen successively; to form an uninterrupted sequence VIII to follow, succeed (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), come after (‫ ه‬،‫;)ھـ‬ to make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) be succeeded or followed (‫ ب‬by s.th. else); to prosecute (‫ ه‬s.o.), take legal action (‫ ه‬against); to follow, obey, heed, observe, bear in mind (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to pursue (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to examine, investigate, study (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); pass. uttubi‘a to have or find followers, adherents (‫ على‬for s.th., e.g., for an idea)│‫( اتبع سياسة‬siyāsatan) to pursue a policy; ‫( اتبع يمينه‬yamīnahū) to keep (to the) right X to make (‫ ه‬s.o.) follow, ask (‫ ه‬s.o.) to follow; to seduce (‫ه‬ s.o.); to have as its consequence, engender, entail (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to subordinate to o.s., make subservient to o.s. (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ تبع‬taba‘ succession; subordinateness, dependency: following. Followers; subordinate, subservient (‫ ل‬to s.th.): ‫بالتبع‬ successively, consecutively; ‫ تبعا ل‬taba‘an li according to, in accordance with, pursuant to, in observance of; due to, in consequence of, as the result of; (pl. ‫اتباع‬ atbā‘) follower, companion, adherent, partisan; subject, national, citizen; appertaining, appurtenant, pertinent, incident ‫ تبعى‬taba‘ī: ‫‘( عقوبة تبعية‬uqūba) incidental punishment (jur.) ‫ تبعة‬tabi‘a pl. -āt consequence; responsibility, irresponsibleness│‫القى التبعة‬ ‫( على‬alqā) to make s.o. or s.th. responsible ‫ تبيع‬tabī‘ pl. ‫ تباع‬tibā‘ following attached, attending, adjunct; -- (pl. ‫ تبائع‬tabā’i‘2) follower, adherent, partisan; aide, help, assistant, attendant, servant ‫ تبعية‬taba‘īya pl. -āt subordination, subjection; subordinateness, dependency; citizenship, nationality; ‫بالتبعية‬

subsequently, afterwards; consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly ‫ تباعا‬tibā‘an in succession, successively, consecutively, one after the other, one by one ‫ متابعة‬mutāba‘a following, pursuing, pursuit, prosecution; continuation ‫ اتباع‬itbā‘ (gram.) intensification by repeating a word with its initial consonant changed, such as katīr batīr ‫ تتبع‬tatabu‘ following (esp. fig., of an argument, of a development, see V above); pursuit; prosecution; succession, course│‫ التتبع التاريخى‬the course of history; ‫‘( تتبعات عدلية‬adlīya) legal action, prosecution ‫ تتابع‬tatābu‘ sucession; relay (athlet.); ‫ بالتتابع‬consecutively, successively, in succession; serially, in serialized form ‫ اتباع‬ittibā‘ following; pursuit (e.g., of a policy); adherence (to), compliance (with), observance (of); ‫ اتباعا ل‬ittibā‘an li according to, in accordance or conformity with, pursuant to, in observance of O ‫ اتباعى‬ittibā‘ī classical O ‫ اتباعية‬ittibā‘īya classicism ‫ تابع‬tābi‘ pl. ‫ تبعة‬taba‘a, ‫ تباع‬tubbā‘ following, succeeding, subsequent; subsidiary, dependent; minor, secondary; subordinate (‫ ل‬to s.o.), under s.o. (‫;)ل‬ belonging (‫ ل‬to); subject to s.o.’s (‫)ل‬ authority or competence; adherent (‫ ل‬to) following (‫ ل‬s.o. or s.th.); -- (pl. ‫اتباع‬ atbā‘) adherent, follower, partisan; subject, citizen, national; subordinate, servant; factotum; (pl. ‫ )توابع‬appositive (gram.); appendix, addendum, supplement; O function (math.)│ ‫الدول‬ ‫( التابعة‬duwal) the satellite countries ‫ تابعة‬tābi‘a pl. ‫ توابع‬tawābi‘2 female attendant, woman servant; a female demon who accompanies women; appurtenance, dependency; consequence, effect, result; responsibility; pl. ‫توابع‬ dependencies, dependent territories; O satellites (pol.), = ‫( الدول التوابع‬duwal) the satellite countries ‫ تابعية‬tābi‘īya nationality, citizenship

‫ متبوع‬matbū‘ followed, succeeded (‫ب‬ by); one to whom service or obedience is rendered, a leader, a principal (as distinguished from ‫ تابع‬subordinate) 90 ‫ متتابع‬mutatābi‘ successive, consecutive ‫ متبع‬muttaba‘ observed, adhered to, complied with (e.g. regulation, custom); followed, traveled (road, course) ‫ تبغ‬tibg pl. ‫ تبوغ‬tubūg tobaooo ‫ تبل‬tabala i to consume, waste, make sick (‫ه‬ s.o.; said of love) II, III and ‫ توبل‬taubala to spice, season (‫ ھـ‬s.th) ‫ تابل‬tābal, tābil pl. ‫ توابل‬tawābil2 coriander (bot.); spice, condiment, seasoning ‫ تبولة‬tabbūla (syr., leb.) a kind of salad made of bulgur, parsley, mint, onion, lemon juice, spices, and oil ‫ متبول‬matbūl (Iove-)sick, weak, ravaged, consumed ‫ متبل‬mutabbal spiced, seasoned, flavored; (syr., leb.) stuffed with a mixture of rice, chopped meat and various spices, e.g., ‫ بذنجان متبل‬stuffed eggplant ‫( تبلوه‬Fr. tableau) tablōh pl. -āt a painting ‫ تبن‬tibn straw ‫ تبنى‬tibnī straw-colored, flaxen ‫ تبان‬tabbān straw vendor ‫ درب التابنة‬darb at-tabbāna the Milky Way ‫ متبن‬matban pl. ‫ متابن‬matābin2 strawstack ‫ تبيوكا‬tabiyōkā tapioca 1

‫ التتر‬at-tatar and ‫ التتار‬at-tatar the Tatars ‫ تترى‬tatarī Tatarian; Tatar

‫ تترى‬tatra (from ‫ )وتر‬one after the other, successively, in succession ‫ تتك‬titik trigger ‫ تتن‬tutun tobacco ‫ تتنوس‬tetanūs tetanus (med.) ‫ تجر‬tajara u and VIII to trade, do business; to deal (‫ فى‬or ‫ ب‬in s.th.) III do. (‫ ه‬with s.o.)

‫ تجارة‬tijāra commerce; traffic, trade; merchandise ‫ تجارى‬tijārī commercial, mercantile, trade, trading, business, (used attributively); commercialized│‫بيت تجارى‬ (bait) commercial house, business house; ‫( الحركة التجارية‬ḥaraka) trade, traffic; ‫شركة‬ ‫( تجارية‬širka) trading company; ‫اتفاق تجارى‬ (ittifāq) trade agreement ‫ متجر‬matjar pl. ‫ متاجر‬matājir2 bussiness, transaction, dealing; merchandise; store, shop ‫ متجرى‬matjar commercial, trade, trading, business (used attributively) ‫ اتجار‬ittijār trade, business (‫ ب‬in s.th) ‫ تاجر‬tājir pl. ‫ تجار‬tujjār, tijār merchant, trader, businessman, dealer, tradesman│ ‫تاجر الجملة‬t. al-jumla wholesale dealer; ‫تاجر‬ ‫ التجزئة‬t. at-tajzi’a and ‫ تاجر القطاعى‬t. alqiṯā‘ī retailer ‫ بضاعة تاجرة‬biḍā‘a tājira salable, marketable merchandise ‫ تجاه‬tujāha (prep.) in front of, opposite, face to face with, facing ‫ تحت‬taḥta (prep.) under; below, beneath, underneath│ ‫( تحت‬tajriba) on probation; in an experimental state; ‫ تحت التحضير‬in preparation; ‫( تحت الحفظ‬ḥifẓ) in custody, under guard; ‫( تحت السداد‬sadād), ‫تحت التسديد‬ due, outstanding, unsettled, unpaid (com.); ‫ تحت السالح‬under arms; ‫تحت سمعھم‬ (sam‘ihim) in their hearing, for them to hear; ‫( تحت التسوية‬taswiya) outstanding, unpaid, unsettled (com.); ‫تحت اشراف‬ (išrāfi) under the patronage or superintendence of; ‫تحت الشعور‬ subconscious; ‫( تحت تصرفه‬taṣarrufihī) at his disposal; ‫( تحت الطبع‬ṯab‘) in press; ‫تحت‬ ‫‘( عنوان‬unwāni) under the title of; ‫تحت اعيننا‬ (a‘yuninā) before our eyes; ‫ تحت التمرين‬in training; ‫( تحت اليد‬yad) in hand, at hand, available, handy; ‫ تحت يده‬in his power; ‫من‬ ‫ تحت‬min taḥt from under, from beneath; under ‫ تحت‬taḥtu (adv.) below, beneath, underneath ‫ تحتانى‬taḥtānī lower, under- (in compounds)│ ‫مالبس تحتانية‬underwear ‫ تحف‬IV to present (‫ ب ه‬or ‫ ھـ ه‬s.o. with s.th)

‫ تحفة‬tuḥfa pl. ‫ تحف‬tuḥaf gift, present; gem (fig.), curiosity, rarity, article of virtu, objet d'art; work of art│‫تحفة فنية‬ (fannīya) unique work of art ‫ متحف‬matḥaf pl. ‫ متاحف‬matāḥif2 museum│ ‫ متحف الشمع‬m. aš-šam‘ waxworks ‫ تخ‬taḳḳa u to become sour, ferment (dough) 1

‫تخت‬pl. tuḳūt bed, couch; bench; seat; sofa; chest, case, box, coffer, cabinet; wardrobe; platform, dais; band, orchestra│ ‫تخت الملك‬t. al-mulk throne; royal residence, capital; ‫ تخت المملكة‬t. almamlaka capital (of a country) ‫ تختروان‬،‫ تخت روان‬taḳtaruwān, taḳtarawān mule-borne litter

2

‫ تختة‬taḳta board; desk; blackboard

‫ تختخ‬taḳtaḳa to rot, decay 1

‫ تخم‬taḳima a to suffer from indigestion, feel sick from overeating IV to surfeit, satiate ( ‫ ه‬s.o.) to give (‫ ه‬s.o.) indigestion, make sick (‫ ه‬s.o.); to overstuff, cloy (‫ ه‬the stomach) VIII = I ‫ تخمة‬tuḳama, tuḳma pl. ‫تخم‬, -āt indigestion, dyspeptic ‫ متخوم‬matḳūm suffering from indigestion, dyspeptic

2

‫تخم‬taḳama i to fix the limits of (‫)ھـ‬, delimit, limit, confine, bound (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to border (‫ ھـ‬on), be adjacent (‫ ھـ‬to s.th.) ‫ تخم‬taḳm pl. ‫ تخوم‬tuḳūm boundary, border, borderline, limit ‫ متاخم‬mutāḳm neighboring, adjacent

‫ تدمر‬tadmur2, usually pronounced tudmur2 Palmyra (ancient city of Syria, now a small village) ‫ تدمرى‬tadmurī, usually pronounced tudmurī anyone│ ‫ال تدمرى‬nobody, not a living soul ‫( ترابيزة‬eg.; tarābēza) pl. -āt table ‫ تراخوما‬trāḳōmā trachoma (med.) ‫( تراس‬Fr. terrasse) terās terrace ‫ ترامواى‬،‫ ترام‬trām, tramwāy tramway ‫ ترب‬tariba a to be or become dusty, covered with dust II and IV to cover with dust or earth (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to be s.o.’s (‫)ه‬

mate or comrade, be of the same age (‫ ه‬as s.o.) V to be dusty, be covered with dust ‫ ترب‬tirb pl. ‫ اتراب‬atrāb person of the same age, contemporary, mate, companion, comrade ‫ ترب‬tarib dusty, dust-covered ‫ تربة‬turba pl. ‫ ترب‬turab dust; earth, dirt; ground (also fig.); soil; grave, tomb; graveyard, cemetery, burial ground ‫ تربى‬turabī pl. -īya (eg.) gravedigger ‫ تراب‬turāb pl. ‫ اتربة‬atriba, ‫ تربان‬tirbān dust, earth, dirt; ground, soil ‫ ترابى‬turābī dusty; dustlike, powdery; earthlike, earthy; dust-colored, gray

O ‫ ترابة‬turāba cement ‫ تريبة‬tarība pl. ‫ ترائب‬tarā’ib2 chest, thorax ‫ متربة‬matraba poverty, misery, destitution; (pl. ‫ متارب‬matārib2) dirt quarry ‫ مترب‬mutrib dusty, dust-covered ‫ تربس‬tarbasa (= ‫ )دربس‬to bolt (‫ ھـ‬a door) ‫ ترباس‬tirbās pl. ‫ ترابيس‬tarābis2, ‫ترابس‬ tarābis2 bolt, l&tch (of a door or window) ‫ تربنتين‬tarbantīn turpentine ‫( تربيزة‬eg.) tarabēza table ‫ تربين‬trbīn pl. -āt turbine ‫ تراث‬see ‫وترث‬ ‫ ترتر‬tirtir gold and silver spangles (eg.) ‫ ترجم‬tarjama to translate (‫ ھـ‬s.th. ‫ عن‬from one language ‫ الى‬to another); to interpret (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to treat (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.) by way of explanation, expound (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to write a biography (‫ ل‬of s.o., also ‫)ه‬ ‫ ترجم‬tarjama pl. ‫ تراجم‬tarājim2 translation; interpretation; biography (also ‫ ;)ترجمة الحياة‬introduction, preface, foreword (of a book)│ ‫الترجمة السبعينية‬ (sab‘īnīya) the Septuagint ‫ ترجمان‬turjumān pl. ‫ تراجمة‬tarājima, ‫ تراجيم‬tarājim2 transla.tor, interpreter ,-:;" mutarjim translator, interpreter; biographer ‫ مترجم‬mutarjam translated│‫مترجم على الفلم‬ (film) synchronized (film)

‫ ترح‬tariḥa a (taraḥ) and V to grieve, be sad II and IV to grieve, distress (‫ ه‬s.o.)

1

‫ ترح‬taraḥ pl. ‫ اتراح‬atrāḥ grief, distress, sadness ‫ ترزى‬tarzī pl. ‫ ترزية‬tarzīya (eg.) tailor ‫ ترزية‬tarziya tailoring 1

‫ تراس‬look up alphabetically

2

‫ ترس‬II to provide with a shield or armor ‫ ترس‬turs pl. ‫ اترس‬atrās, ‫ تروس‬turūs shield; disk of the sun; -- tirs pl. turūs cogwheel, gear│ ‫ صندوق التروس‬ṣundūq alt. gearbox, transmission; ‫ سمك الترس‬samak at-turs turbot (zool.)

‫ مترس‬matras, mitras pl. ‫ متارس‬matāris2 and ‫ متراس‬mitrās, pl. ‫ متاريس‬matārīs2 bolt, door latch; rampart, bulwark, barricade; esp. pl. ‫ متاريس‬barricades

‫ ترك‬taraka u (tark) to let be, leave, relinquish, renounce, give up, forswear (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to desist, refrain, abstain (‫ ھـ‬from s.th.); to leave, quit (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬a place); to leave out, omit, drop, neglect, pass over, skip (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to leave (‫ ل‬or ‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. to); to leave behind, leave, bequeath, make over (‫ھـ‬ s.th., ‫ ل‬to s.o.; as a legacy)│ 93 ‫ تركه يفعل‬to let s.o. do s.th.; ‫ ترك مكانا الى‬to leave one place for (another); ‫( تركه في ذمته‬fī dimmatihī) to leave s.th. in s.o.’s care, leave s.th. to s.o.; ‫ تركه على حاله‬to leave s.th. or s.o. unchanged, leave s.th. or s.o. alone; ‫( تركه وشأنه‬wa-ša’nahū) to leave s.o. alone, leave s.o. to his own devices III to leave (‫ ه‬s.o.); to leave alone (‫ ه‬s.o.); to leave off hostilities (‫ ه‬against s.o.) ‫ ترك‬tark omission, neglect; relinquishment, abandonment; leaving, leaving behind

‫ ترسانة‬tarsāna, ‫ ترسحانة‬tarsḳāna arsenal; shipyard, dockyard

‫ تركة‬tarika pl. -āt (also tirka) heritage, legacy, bequest

‫( ترسكل‬Fr. tricycle) tricycle

‫ تريكة‬tarīka pl. ‫ ترائك‬tarā’ik2 old maid, spinster

‫( ترسينة‬It. terrazzino) tarasīna balcony

‫ متارك‬mutāraka truce

‫ ترع‬tari‘a a to be or become full (vessel) IV to fill (‫ ھـ‬s.th., esp. a vessel) ‫ ترعة‬tur‘a pl. ‫ ترع‬tura‘, -āt canal; artificial waterway│ ‫ ترعة االيراد‬t. al-īrād feeder, irrigation canal; ‫ترعة التصريف‬ drainage canal (Eg.); ‫ الترعة الشريفة‬the Residence of the Sultan of Morocco ‫ ترغلة‬،‫ ترغل‬turgul, turgulla turtledove ‫ ترف‬tarija a to live in opulence, in luxury IV to effeminate (‫ ه‬s.o.); to provide with opulent means, surround with luxury (‫ه‬ s.o.) V = I ‫ ترف‬taraf and ‫ ترفة‬turfa luxury, opulence, affluence; effemination ‫ ترف‬tarif opulent, sumptuous, luxurious ‫ مترف‬mutraf living in ease and luxury; sumptuous, luxurious; luxuriously adorned, ornate, overdecorated (‫ ب‬with)

‫ متروك‬matrūk pl. -āt heritage, legacy 2

‫ ترك‬II to Turkify, Turkicize (‫ ه‬s.o.) X to become a Turk, become Turkified, adopt Turkish manners and customs ‫ الترك‬at-turk and ‫ االتراك‬al-atrāk the Turks ‫ تركى‬turkī Turkish; Turk; ‫ التركية‬atturkīya theTurkish language ‫ تركيا‬turkiya Turkey ‫ تتريك‬tatrīk Turkification

‫ تركستان‬turkistān2 Turkstan ‫ التركمان‬at-turkumān the Turkmen ‫ ترمبيط‬turumbēt (syr.) pl. -āt (Western) drum; ‫ ترمبيطة‬turumbīṯa (eg.) pl. -āt do.; specif., bass drum

‫ ترفاس‬tirfās (magr.) truffle (bot.)

‫ ترمبطجى‬turumbaṯgi (eg.) drummer; bandsman (mil.)

‫ ترفل‬tarfala to strut

‫ ترمس‬turmus, ‫ ترموس‬turmūs lupine (bot.)

‫ ترقوة‬tarquwa pl. ‫ تراق‬tarāqin collarbone, clavicle (anat.)

‫ ترمومتر‬termūmitr thermometer ‫ ترنج‬turunj see ‫ اترنج‬،‫اترج‬

‫ تره‬tariha a to concern o.s. with trifles ‫ ترھة‬turraha pl. -āt sham, mockery, farce; lie, humbug, hoax ‫( ترواده‬Fr. Troade) tirwāda Troy ‫( تروب‬Engl. troop) squad, platoon; squadron│ ‫( تروب سوارى‬sawārī) cavalry squadron (Eg.) ‫ ترمبيتجى = ترمبطجى‬see under ‫ ترمبيط‬above ‫ ترياق‬tiryāq theriaca; antidote ‫( تريكو‬Fr.) tricot ‫ تسعة‬tis‘a (f. ‫ تسع‬tis‘) nine ‫ تسعة عشر‬tis‘ata ‘ašara, f. ‫ تسع عشرة‬tis‘a ‘ašrata nineteen ‫ تسع‬tus‘ pl. ‫ اتساع‬atsā‘ one ninth, the ninth part ‫ تسعون‬tis‘ūn ninety ‫ التاسع‬at-tāsi‘ the ninth

‫ تعتع‬ta‘ta‘a to stammer; to shake (‫ ه‬s.o.); ‫اتعتع‬ itta‘ta‘a to move, stir ‫ تعز‬ta‘izz2 Taizz (city in S Yemen, seat of government) ‫ تعس‬ta‘asa a, ta‘isa a to fall, perish; to become wretched, miserable; ta‘asa and IV to make unhappy or miserable, ruin (s.o.) ‫ تعس‬ta‘s and ‫ تعاسة‬ta‘āsa wretchedness, misery ‫ تعس‬ta‘is and ‫ تعيس‬ta‘īs pl. ‫ تعساء‬tu‘asā’ wretched, miserable, unfortunate, unhappy ‫ متعوس‬mat‘ūs pl. ‫ متاعيس‬matā‘is wretched, miserable, unfortunate, unhappy ‫ تف‬taffa to spit II to say "phew" ‫ تف‬tuff dirt under the fingernails; ‫تفا لك‬ tuffan laka phew! fie on you! O ‫ تفافة‬taffāfa spittoon, cuspidor

‫ تشرين االول‬tišrīn2 al-wwal October, ‫تشرين الثانى‬ t. at-tānī November (Syr., Ir., Leb., Jord.)

‫ تفتا‬tafettā, ‫ تفتاه‬taffeta

‫ تشيكوسلوفاكيا‬tšekoslovākiyā Czechoslovakia

‫ تفكة‬tufka pl. ‫ تفك‬tufak (ir.) gun, rifle

‫ تشيلى‬tšīlī Chile

‫ تفل‬tafala u i (tafl) to spit

2

‫ تفاح‬tuffaḥ (call.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬apple(s)

‫ تطوان‬tiṯwān Tetuēn (city in N Morocco)

‫ تفل‬tufl and ‫ تفال‬tufāl spit, spittle, saliva

‫ تع‬abbreviation of ‫تعالى‬, see ‫علو‬

‫ تافل‬tāfil ill-smelling, malodorous

‫ تعب‬ta‘iba a (ta‘ab) to work hard, toil, slave, drudge, wear o.s. out; to be or become tired, weary (‫ من‬of s.th.) IV to trouble, inconvenience (‫ ه‬s.o.); to irk, bother, weary, tire, fatigue (‫ ه‬s.o.)

‫ متفلة‬mitfala spittoon, cuspidor

‫ تعب‬ta‘ab pl. ‫ اتعاب‬at‘āb trouble, exertion, labor, toil, drudgery; burden, nuisance, inconvenience, discomfort, difficulty, hardship; tiredness, weariness, fatigue; pl. ‫ اتعاب‬fees, honorarium ‫ تعب‬ta‘ib and ‫ تعبان‬ta‘bān tired, weary, exhausted 94 ‫ متاعب‬matā‘ib2 troubles, pains, efforts; discomforts, inconveniences, difficulties, troubles; complaints, ailments, ills (attending disease); hardships, strains ‫ متعب‬mut‘ib troublesome, inconvenient, toilsome, laborious; burdensome, irksome, annoying; wearisome, tiresome, tiring; tedious, dull, boring ‫ متعب‬mut‘ab tired, weary

‫ تفه‬tafiha a (tafah, ‫ تفاھة‬tafāha, ‫ تفوه‬tufūh) to be little, paltry, insignificant; to be flat, tasteless, vapid, insipid ‫ تفه‬tafah and ‫ تفه‬tufūh paltriness, triviality, insignificance ‫ تفاھة‬tafāha paltrineBB, triviality, insignificance flatness, vapidity, insipidity, tastelessness; inanity, stupidity, silliness ‫ تفه‬tafih and ‫ تافه‬tāfih little, paltry, trivial, trifling, insignificant; worthless; commonplace, common, mediocre; flat, tasteless, vapid, insipid; trite, banal ‫ تافھة‬tāfiha pl. ‫ توافه‬tawāfih2 worthless thing; triviality, trifle ‫ تقاوى‬see ‫قوى‬ ‫ تقلية‬see ‫قلى‬

‫ تقن‬IV to perfect, bring to perfection (‫ ھـ‬s.th; to master, know well (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., a language), be proficient, skillful, wellversed (‫ ھـ‬in s.th.) ‫ تقن‬tiqn skillful, adroit ‫ تقانة‬taqāna firmness, solidity; perfection ‫ اتقن‬atqan2 more perfect, more thorough ‫ اتقان‬itqān perfection; thoroughness, exactitude, precision; thorough skill, proficiency; mastery, command (e.g., of a special field, of a language)│ ‫فى غاية االتقان‬ to greatest perfection; of excellent workmanship ‫ متقن‬mutqan perfect; exact, precise ‫ تقى‬taqā i to fear (esp. God) VIII see ‫وقى‬ ‫ تقى‬taqīy pl. ‫ اتقياء‬atqiyā’2 God-fearing, godly, devout, pious ‫ اتقى‬atqā more pious ‫ تقى‬tuqan and ‫ تقوى‬taqwā godliness, devoutness, piety 1

2

3

‫تك‬takka u to trample down, trample underfoot, crush (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to intoxicate (‫ه‬ s.o.; wine) ‫تك‬tikka pl. ‫ تكك‬tikak waistband (in the upper seam of the trousers) 95 ‫ تك‬takka to tick (clock) ‫ تكة‬tikka pl. -āt ticking, ticktock (of a clock), ticking noise

3

‫ تكية‬look up alphabetically

‫ تكوت‬tukūt pl. of Engl. ticket 1

‫ تكتك‬taktaka to trample down, trample underfoot (‫ ھـ‬s.th)

2

‫ تكتك‬taktaka to bubble, simmer (boiling mass)

3

‫ تكتك‬taktaka to tick (clock) ‫ تكتكة‬taktaka ticking, ticktock (of a clock), ticking noise

4

‫ تكتيك‬taktīk tactics

‫تكية‬takīya pl. ‫ تكايا‬takāyā monastery (of a Muslim order); hospice; home, asylum (for the invalided or needy) 1

‫ تل‬tall pl. ‫ تالل‬tilāl, ‫ اتالل‬atlāl, ‫ تلول‬tulūl hill, elevation│ ‫تل ابيب‬t. abīb Tel Aviv (city in W Israel)

2

‫ تل‬tull tulle

‫ تالتل‬talātil2 hardships, troubles, adversities ‫ تليد‬talīd, ‫ تالد‬tālid, ‫ تالد‬tilād inherited, timehonored, old (possession, property) ‫ تلسكوب‬tiliskūb telescope ‫ تلع‬IV to stretch one's neck; to crane (‫ ھـ‬the neck) ‫ تلعة‬tal‘a pl. ‫ تالع‬tilā‘ hill, hillside, mountainside; (torrential) stream ‫ تليع‬talī‘ long, outstretched, extended; high, tall ‫ تلغراف‬tiligrāf, taligrāf pl. -āt telegraph; telegram, wire, cable│‫ ارسل تلغرافا الى‬to send a wire to ‫ تلغرافى‬tiligrāfī, taligrāfī telegraphic ‫ تلف‬talafa a (talaf) to be annihilated, be destroyed; to be or become damaged or spoiled, be ruined, break, get broken, go to pieces II to ruin (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to wear out, “finish” (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to destroy, annihilate ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to ruin, damage, spoil, break (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to waste (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ تلف‬talaf ruin, destruction; ruination, damage, injury, harm.; loss; waste ‫ تلفان‬talfān spoiled; useless, worthless, good-for-nothing ‫ متلف‬matlaf, ‫ متلفة‬matlafa pl. ‫متالف‬ matālif2 desert ‫ متالف‬mitlāl wastrel; ruinous, harmful, injurious ‫ اتالف‬itlāf pl. -āt annihilation, destruction; damage, injury, harm ‫ تالف‬tālif ruined, damaged, broken; spoiled, bad ‫ متلوف‬matlūf and ‫ متلف‬mutlaf ruined, damaged, broken; spoiled, bad ‫ متلف‬mutlif annihilator, destroyer; injurer; damaging, ruinous, harmful, injurious, noxious ‫ تلفز‬talfaza to televise, transmit by television ‫ تلفزة‬talfaza television ‫ اذاعة تلفازية‬iḍāfa talfāẓīya television broadcast, telecast O ‫ تلفاز‬tilfāz television set

‫( تلفزيون‬Fr. télévision) tilivisyōn television

‫ تلى‬tallī (tun.) tulle

‫ تلفن‬talfana to telephone

‫ تليباثى‬tilībātī telepathy; telepathic

‫ تلفون‬tilifūn and ‫ تليفون‬talīfūn pl. –āt telephone

‫ تليس‬tallīs, tillis pl. ‫ تالليس‬talālīs2 sack

‫ تلقاء‬see ‫لقى‬

‫( تليفزيون‬Fr. télévision) tilīvisyōn television

‫ تلك‬tilka fem. of the demonstrative pronoun ‫ذلك‬

‫ تليفون‬pl. –āt talīfūn telephone

‫ تلم‬talam pl. ‫ اتالم‬atlām (plow) furrow ‫ تلمذ‬talmada to take on as, or have for, a pupil or apprentice (‫ ه‬s.o.); to be or become a pupil or apprentice (‫ ل‬of s.o., 96 also ‫)على‬, receive one’s schooling or training (‫على‬ from) II tatalmada to be or become a pupil or apprentice (‫ ل‬or ‫ على يده‬of s.o.), work as an apprentice (‫ ل‬or ‫ على يده‬under s.o.) ‫ تلمذة‬talmada school days, college years; apprenticeship; (time of) probation ‫ تلماذ‬tilmād learning, erudition ‫ تلميذ‬tilmīd pl. ‫ تالميذ‬talāmīd2, ‫تالمذة‬ talamida pupil, student, apprentice; probationer; trainee; disciple│ ‫تلميذ بحرى‬ (baḥrī) approx.: chief warrant W-3 (naval rank; Eg.); ‫( تلميذ سفرى‬safarī) approx.: chief warrant W-4 (naval rank; Eg.) ‫ تلميذة‬tilmīda pl. –āt girl student ‫ تلمسان‬tilimsān2 Tlemcen (city in NW Algeria) ‫ تلمود‬talmūd Talmud ‫ تله‬taliha a (talah) to be astonished, amazed, perplexed, at a loss ‫ تاله‬tālih and ‫ متله‬mutallah at a loss, bewildered, perplexed│‫ تاله العقل‬t. al-‘aql absent-minded, distracted (‫ )تال )تلو‬talā u (‫ تلو‬tulūw) to follow, succeed; to ensue; -- (‫ تالوة‬tilāwa) to read, read out loud (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ على‬to s.o..); to recite (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) VI to follow one another, be successive ‫ تلو‬tilwa (prep.) after, upon│‫ارسل كتابا تلو‬ ‫ كتاب‬to send letter after letter ‫ تالوة‬tilāwa reading; public reading; recital, recitation ‫ تال‬tālin following, succeeding, subsequent, next; ‫ بالتالى‬bi-t-tālī then, later, subsequently; consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly ‫ متتال‬mutatālin successive, consecutive

‫ تليفونى‬talifūnī telephonic, telephone- in compounds) ‫ تم‬tamma i to be or beoome complete, completed, finished, done; to be performed, be accomplished (‫ ل‬by s.o..); to come to an end, be or become terminated; to come about, be brought about, be effected, be achieved, come to pass, come off, happen, take place, be or become a fact; to be on hand, be there, present itself; to persist (‫ على‬in); to continue (‫ على‬s.th. or to do s.th.) II and IV to complete, finish, wind up, conclude, terminate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make complete, supplement, round out, fill up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to carry out, execute, perform, accomplish, achieve (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) X to be complete, completed, finished ‫ تمام‬tamām completeness, wholeness, entirety, perfection; full, whole, entire, complete, perfect; separate, independent; ‫ تماما‬tamāman completely, entirely, wholly, perfectly, fully, quite; precisely, exactly│ ‫(بدر تمام‬badr) and ‫( قمر تمام‬qamar) full moon; ‫ فى تمام الساعة السادسة‬at 6 o'clock sharp; ‫( بتمام معنى الكلمة‬ma‘nā l-kalima) in the full sense of the word; ‫ بالتمام‬entirely, completely ‫ تميمة‬tamīma pl. ‫ تمائم‬tamā’im2 amulet ‫ اتم‬atamm2 more complete, more perfect ‫ تتمة‬tatimma completion; supplementation; supplement ‫ تتميم‬tatmīm completion; perfection; consummation, execution, fulfillment, realization, effectuation, accomplishment ‫ اتمام‬itmām completion; perfection; termination, conclusion; consummation, execution, fulfillment, realization, effectuation, accomplishment 97 ‫ استتمام‬istitmām termination, conclusion

‫ تام‬tāmm complete, perfect, entire, consummate; of full value, sterling, genuine ‫ تمباك‬tumbāk Persian tobacco (esp. for the narghile) ‫ تمتم‬tamtama to stammer, mumble, mutter; to recite under one's breath (‫ ب‬s.th) ‫ تمر‬tamr (coll.; n. un. ‫ة‬, pl. tamarat, ‫تمور‬ tumūr) dates, esp. dried ones│ ‫تمر ھندى‬ (hindī) tamarind (bot.) ‫( تمرجى‬eg. tamargī), ‫ تومرجى‬،‫ تمورجى‬pl. -ya male nurse, hospital attendant; ‫ تمرجية‬pl. -āt female nurse

‫ تنكة‬tanaka pl. -āt tin container, can, pot, jerry can 2

‫ تانك‬tānika see ‫ تاك‬alphabetically

‫ تنيس‬tennis ‫ تنين‬tannīn tannin, tannic acid ‫ تھته‬tahtaha to stammer, stutter 1

‫تھمة‬tuhma pl. ‫ تھم‬tuham accusation, charge; suspicion; insinuation

2

‫ تھامة‬tihāma2 Tihama, coastal plain along the southwestern and southern shores of the Arabian Peninsula

‫ تمغة‬tamga stamp; stamp mark│‫ورق تمغة‬ waraq t. stamped paper

‫ توا‬tawwan right away, at once, immediately; just (now), this very minute│ ‫للتو‬li-t-tawwi at once, right away, also with pers. suffix.: ‫ لتوى‬li-tawwī, ‫ لتوھا‬li-tawwihā (I have, she has) just ... ; at once, presently, immediately

‫ تمن‬tumman rice

‫( تواليت‬Fr. toilette) tuwālēt toilette

‫ تموز‬tammūz2 July (Syr., Ir., Leb., Jord.)

‫ توأم‬see ‫تأم‬

1

‫ تن‬tunn tuna (zool.)

2

‫ تينن‬tinnīn pl. ‫ تنانين‬tanānīn2 sea monster; Draco (astro.); waterspout (meteor.), see also alphabetically

(‫ توب( تاب‬tāba u (‫ توب‬taub, ‫ توبة‬tauba, ‫متاب‬ matāb) to repent, be penitent, do penance, with ‫عن‬: to turn from (sin), be converted from, renounce, forswear s.th.; (said of God) to restore to His grace, forgive (‫على‬ s.o.)│‫ تاب الى ﷲ‬to turn to God in repentance II to induce to repentance or penitence, make repent (‫ ه‬s.o.) X to call on s.o. (‫ )ه‬to repent

‫ تموز‬look up alphabetically ‫ تمساح‬timsāḥ pl. ‫ تماسيح‬tamāsīḥ2 crocodile

‫ تانئ‬tāni’ pl. ‫ تناء‬tunnā’ resident ‫ تنباك‬tunbāk (pronounced tumbāk) and ‫تنبك‬ tumbak Persian tobacco (esp. for the narghile) ‫ تنبال‬tinbāl pl. ‫ تنابيل‬tanābīl2 short, of small Stature

‫ توبة‬tauba repentance, penitence, contrition; penance 98

‫( تنبر‬Fr. timbre) tambar pl. ‫ تنابر‬tanābir2 stamp (magr.)

‫ تواب‬tawwāb doing penance; repentant, penitent, contrite; forgiving, merciful (God)

‫ متنبر‬mutambar stamped (magr.)

‫ تائب‬tā’ib repentant, penitent, contrite

‫( تنبل‬Turk. tembel) tambal pl. ‫ تنابلة‬tanābila lazy

‫ توبل‬see ‫تبل‬

‫( تنجستين‬Fr. tungstène) tongəstēn tungsten

‫ توبوغرافيا‬tobogrāfiyā topography

‫( تندة‬It. tenda) tanda awning, roofing, sun roof ‫ تنور‬tannūr pl. ‫ تنانير‬tanānīr2 a kind of baking oven, a pit, usually clay-lined, for baking bread ‫ تنورة‬tannūra (syr., leb.) (lady's) skirt ‫ تنس‬tennis 1

‫ تنك‬tanak tin plate ‫ تنكجى‬tanakjī tinsmith, whitesmith

1

‫ توت‬tūt mulberry tree; mulberry│‫توت ارضى‬ (ardī) and ‫( توت افرنجى‬ifranjī) strawberry; ‫( توت شوكى‬šaukī) and ‫ توت العليق‬t. al-‘ullaiq raspberry

2

‫ توت‬tūt the first month of the Coptic calendar

‫ توتيا‬tūtiyā, ‫ توتياء‬tūtiyā’, ‫ توتية‬zinc ‫ توج‬II to crown (‫ ه‬s.o.; also fig. ‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. with) V to be crowned

‫ تاج‬pl. ‫ تيجان‬tījān crown; miter (of a bishop)│‫ تاج العمود‬t. al-‘amūd capital of a column or pilaster); ‫ تاج الكرة‬t. al-kura calotte ‫ تويج‬tuwaij little crown, coronet ‫ تتويج‬tatwīj crowning, coronation ‫ توجو‬tōgo and ‫ توجولند‬tōgōland (Eg. spelling) Togo (region in W Africa) (‫ توح( تاح‬see ‫تيح‬ ‫ تارة‬tāratan once; sometimes, at times│– ‫تارة‬ ‫ تارة – طورا‬،‫( تارة‬ṯauran), ‫( تارة – اخرى‬uḳrā) sometimes – sometimes, at times – at other times ‫ توراة‬taurāh Torah, Pentateuch; Old Testament ‫ توربيد‬،‫ تورپيد‬turpīd, turbīd torpedo (sub-marine missile) ‫ توربين‬turbīn pl. -āt turbine ‫ تورتة‬torta pl. -āt pie, tart (‫ توق( تاق‬tāqa u (tauq, ‫ توقان‬tawaqān) to long., yearn, wish (‫ الى‬for), hanker (‫ الى‬after), desire, crave, covet (‫ الى‬s.th.), strive (‫الى‬ for), aspire (‫ الى‬to) ‫ توق‬tauq, ‫ توقان‬tawaqān longing, yearning, craving, desire ‫ تواق‬tawwāq longing, yearning, eager ( ‫ الى‬for), craving (‫ الى‬s.th) ‫ تائق‬tā’iq longing, yearning, eager (‫الى‬ for), craving (‫ الى‬s.th) ‫( توكة امامية‬tōka amāmīya; eg.) belt buckle (mil.) ‫ تول‬tūl tulle

□ ‫ تيتل‬taital pl. ‫ تياتل‬see ‫ثيتل‬ ‫ تيتنوس‬tītānūs tetanus (med.) (‫ تيح( تاح‬tāḥa i to be destined, be foreordained (by fate, by God; ‫ ل‬to s.o.); to be granted, be given (‫ ل‬to s.o.) IV to destine, foreordain (‫ ھـ ل‬to s.o. s.th.); to grant, afford, offer (‫ ھـ ل‬s.o. s.th.); pass. utīḥa to be destined, be foreordained, be granted, be given (‫ ل‬to s.o.)│‫( اتيح له التوفيق‬utīḥa) he met with success, he was successful; ‫اتيح له‬ ‫( الفرصة‬furṣa) he was given the opportunity, he had the chance . ‫ تيار‬tayyār pl. -āt flow, stream, course, current, flood; fall (of a stream); movement, tendency, trend; draft (of air); (el.) current│O ‫( تيار مباشر‬mubāšir) and ‫تيار‬ ‫ مستمر‬mustamirr) direct current; O ‫تيار‬ ‫( متناوب‬mutanāwib) and O ‫تيار متغير‬ (mutagayyir) alternating current; O ‫تيار‬ ‫ متذبذب‬mutadabdib) oscillating current (el.); O ‫( يار نابض‬nābiḍ) pulaoting current; 99 O ‫( يار سريع التردد‬sarī‘ at-taraddud) high-frequency current; O ‫تياربطيء التردد‬ (baṯī’ at-taraddud) low-frequency current; O ‫‘( تيار عالى الجھد‬ālī l-jahd) heigh-tension current; O ‫( تيار واطئ الجھد‬wāṯI’ al-jahd) low-tension current; O ‫( تيار ذاتى‬dātī) selfinduced current

O ‫ متار‬matār (Byr.) dynamo, generator ‫( تيزة‬Turk. teyze) tēza maternal aunt ‫ تيس‬tais pl. ‫ اتياس‬atyās, ‫ تيوس‬tuyūs billy goat ‫ اتيس‬atyās2 foolish, crazy

‫ تومرجى‬see ‫تمرجى‬

‫ الحمى التيفودية‬al-hummā t-tīfūdīya typhoid fever

‫ تون‬tūn and ‫ تونة‬tūna (zool.)

‫ تيفوس‬tīfūs typhus

‫( تونج‬Turk. tunç) tunj bronze

‫ تيك‬tīka fem. of the demonstrative pronoun ‫ذاك‬ dāka

‫تونس‬tūnus2 Tunis ‫ تونسى‬tūnisīy pl. ‫ توانسة‬tawānisa Tunisian (adj. and n.) ‫ تونية‬tūniya pl. ‫ توانى‬alb of priests and deacons (Chr.) (‫ توه( تاه‬tāha u and II = (‫ تيه( تاه‬tāha i and II ‫ توھة‬tūha daughter ‫( تياترو‬It. teatro) tiyātrō theater

1

‫ تيل‬II (from Turk. tel) to cable, wire, telegraph (syr.)

2

‫ تيل‬tīl hemp; linen

3

‫ تيلة‬tīla fiber, staple

1

(‫ تيم( تام‬tāma I (taim) to become enslaved, enthralled by love; to enslave, make blindly subservient (‫ ه‬s.o.; through love) II to enslave, enthrall (love; ‫ ه‬s.o.); to make

2

blindly subservient, drive out of his mind, infatuate (‫ ه‬s.o.; love)

‫ اثأر‬itta’ara to get one’s revenge, be avenged

‫ متيم‬mutayyam enslaved, enthralled (by love), infatuated

‫ ثأر‬ta’r pl. -āt ‫ أثآر‬at’ār, ‫ آثار‬ātār revenge, vengeance, blood revenge; retaliation, reprisal│‫ أخذ ثأره‬or ‫ أخذ بالثأر‬to take revenge, avenge o.s.; ‫ مباراة الثأر‬mubārāt at-t. return match (sports)

‫ تيماء‬taimā’ Taima (oasis in NW Arabia)

‫ تيمارجى‬see ‫تمرجى‬ ‫ تين‬tīn (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬fig │‫( تين شوكي‬šaukī) fruit of the Indian fig (Opuntia ficusindica Haw.) ‫ تينك‬tainika see ‫ تاك‬alphabetically (‫ تيه( تاه‬tāha i to get lost, wander about, 1ose one's way, go astray; to stray, wander (thoughts); to escape (‫ من‬s.o.), slip (‫من‬ s.o.’s memory); to perish, be destroyed, be lost; to be perplexed, startled, astonished; to be haughty; to swagger, boast, brag (‫على‬ to s.o.)│‫ تتيه على وجھه ابتسامة‬asmile flits over his face II to mislead, lead astray (‫ه‬ s.o.); to distract, divert (‫ ه‬s.o.); to confuse, confound, bewilder (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV = II ‫ تيه‬tīh desert, trackless wilderness; maze, labyrinth; haughtiness, pride ‫ تياه‬tayyāh straying, stray, wandering; haughty ‫ تيھان‬taihān2 straying, stray, wandering; perplexed, at a loss, bewildered; proud, hughty ‫ تيھاء‬taihā’2 and matāha a trackless, desolate region; ‫ متاھة‬maze, labyrinth ‫ تائه‬tā’ih straying, stray, wandering, roving, errant; lost in thought, distracted, absent-minded; lost, forlorn; infinite; haughty ‫( تيوليب‬Engl.) tulip

‫ث‬ ‫ ث‬abbreviation of ‫ ثانية‬second (time unit) ‫ ثاء‬tā’ name of the letter ‫ث‬ ‫ ثئب‬ta’iba a (‫ ثأب‬ta’b) and VI to yawn ‫ ثؤباء‬tu’abā’ yawning, yawn; fatigue, weariness ‫ ثأر‬ta’ara a (ta’r) to avenge the blood of (‫ ه‬or ‫)ب‬, take blood revenge (‫ ه‬for 100 s.o. killed), take vengeance, avenge o.s. (‫ب ه‬ on s.o. for, also ‫ من‬or ‫ ل‬for) IV and VIII

‫ ثائر‬tā’ir avenger ‫ ثؤلول‬tu’lūl and ‫ ثؤلولة‬tu’lūla pl. ‫ ثآليل‬ta’ālīl2 wart ‫ ثأى‬ta’ā scars ‫ ثبت‬tabata u (‫ ثبات‬tabāt, ‫ ثبوت‬tubūt) to stand firm, be fixed, stationary, immovable, unshakable, firm, strong, stable; to hold out, hold one's ground (‫ ل‬against s.o. or s.th.), be firm, remain firm (‫ ل‬toward s.o. or s.th.), withstand, resist, defy (‫ ل‬s.o. or s.th.); to be established, be proven (fact); to remain, stay (‫ ب‬at a place); to maintain (‫ على‬s.th.), keep, stick, adhere (‫ على‬to s.th.), abide or stand by s.th. (‫ ;على‬e.g., by an agreement); to insist (‫ على‬on)│ ‫ثبت فى‬ ‫( وجھه‬fī wajhihī) to hold one’s own against s.o., assert o.s. against s.o. II to fasten, make fast, fix (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to consolidate, strengthen (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to stabilize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to confirm, corroborate, substantiate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to appoint permanently (. s.o.; to an office); to prove, establish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), demonstrate, show (‫ بان‬that); to prove guilty, convict (‫ على‬a defendant); to confirm (Chr.)│ ‫(ثبت بصره به‬baṣarahu) to fix one’s eyes on, gaze at; ‫ثبت قدميه‬ (qadamaihi) to gain a foothold IV to establish, determine (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to assert as valid or authentic, affirm (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to confirm, corroborate, substantiate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to prove (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.; ‫ ل‬to s.o., ‫ ان‬that); to demonstrate, show (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to furnish competent evidence (‫ھـ‬ for); to bear witness, attest (‫ ھـ‬to); to acknowledge (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., a qualification, a quality, ‫ ل‬in s.o.), concede (‫ ل ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.); to prove guilty, convict (‫ على‬a defendant); to enter, record, register, list ( ‫ فى ھـ‬s.th. in a book, in a rooter, etc.)│ ‫اثبته‬ ‫( فى الورق‬waraq) to put s.th. down in writing, get s.th. on paper; ‫اثبت الشخص‬ (šaḳṣa) to determine s.o.’s identity, identify s.o.; ‫( اثبت شخصيته‬šaḳṣīyatahū) to identify o.s., prove one’s identity V to

ascertain, verify (‫ فى‬s.th., ‫ ھل‬if), make sure (‫ فى‬of s.th., ‫ ھل‬if); to consider carefully (‫فى‬ s.th.), proceed with caution (‫ فى‬in) X to show o.s. stead-fast, persevering; to seek to verify (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), try to make sure (‫ ھـ‬of), seek confirmation of or reassurance with regard to (‫ ;)ھـ‬to ascertain, verify (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), make sure (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to find right, proven or true, see confirmed (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to regard as authentic (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ ثبت‬tabt firm, fixed, established; steadfast, unflinching; brave ‫ ثبت‬tabat reliable, trustworthy, credible ‫ ثبت‬tabat pl. ‫ اثبات‬atbāt list, index, roster ‫ ثبات‬tabāt firmness; steadiness, constancy, permanence, stability; certainty, sureness; perseverance, persistence, endurance; continuance, maintenance, retention (‫ على‬of s.th.), adherence (‫ على‬to) ‫ ثبوت‬tubūt constancy, immutability, steadiness; permanence, durability; certainty, sureness│ ‫ثبوت الشھر‬t. aš-šahr the official determination of the beginning of a lunar month ‫ اثبت‬atbat more reliable, firmer, steadier, etc. ‫ تثبيت‬tatbīt consolidation, strengthening; stabilization; confirmation; corroboration, substantiation│ ‫ سر التثبيت‬sirr at-t. the Sacrament of Confirmation (Chr.) ‫ اثبات‬itbāt establishment; assertion; confirmation; affirmation, attestation; demonstration; proof, evidence; 101 registration, entering, listing, recording; documentation, authentication, verification│ ‫ شاھد اثبات‬witness for the prosecution; ‫‘ عبء االثبات‬ib’ al-i. burden of proof (jur.) ‫ اثباتى‬itbātī affirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, positive ‫ تثبت‬tatabbut ascertainment; verification, examination, check; careful, cautious procedure, circumspection; interment (of the remains of a saint; Chr.) ‫ ثابت‬tābit firm, fixed, established; stationary, immovable; steady, invariable, constant, stable; permanent, lasting, durable, enduring; confirmed, proven; a

constant│ ‫ ثابت الجأش‬t. al-ja’š undismayed, fearless, staunch, steadfast; ‫ ثابت العزم‬t. al-‘azm firmly resolved, determined; ‫امالك‬ ‫ ثابتة‬and ‫ أموال ثابتة‬immovable property, real estate, realty; O ‫ ثابت االتجاه‬t. al-ittijāh unidirectional, rectified (el.) ‫ ثابتة‬tābita pl. ‫ ثوابت‬tawābit2 fixed star ‫ مثبوت‬matbūt established, confirmed; certain, sure, positive, assured; proven ‫ ثبر‬tabara u to destroy, ruin (‫ ه‬s.o.); (‫ثبور‬ tubūr) to perish III to apply o.s. with zeal and perseverance (‫ على‬to s.th.), persevere, persist (‫ على‬in) ‫ ثبور‬tubūr ruin, destruction│‫نادى بالويل‬ ‫ والثبور )دعا‬or) nādā (da‘ā) bi-l-wail wa-t-t. to wail, burst into loud laments ‫ مثابرة‬mutābara persistence, perseverance, endurance; diligence, assiduity ‫ ثبط‬tabaṯa u and II to hold back, keep, prevent (‫ عن ه‬s.o. from doing s.th.); to hinder, handicap, impede, slow down, set back ( ‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to bring about the failure ( ‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), frustrate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ ثبنة‬tubna pl. ‫ ثبن‬tuban lap, fold of a garment (used as a receptacle) ‫ ثبان‬tibān = ‫ ثبنة‬tubna ‫ ثيتل‬look up alphabetically ‫ ثج‬tajja u to flow coplously ‫ ثجاج‬tajjāj coplously flowing, streaming ‫ ثخن‬taḳuna u to be or become thick, thicken; to be firm, solid, compact IV to wear out, exhaust, weaken (‫ ه‬s.o.)│‫اثخنه ضربا‬ (ḍarban) to wallop s.o., give s.o. a sound thrashing; ‫‘( اثخن فى العدو‬aduw) to massacre the enemy; ‫ اثخنه بالجراح‬to weaken s.o. by inflicting wounds ‫ ثخن‬tiḳan, ‫ ثخانة‬taḳāna, ‫ ثخونة‬tuḳūna thickness, density; consistency; compactness ‫ ثخين‬taḳīn pl. ‫ ثخناء‬tuḳanā’2 thick; dense ‫ ثدى‬tady and tadyan m. and f., pl. ‫ اثداء‬atdā’ female breast; udder ‫ ثر‬tarr abounding in water│ ‫( ثرة من الدمع‬dam‘) tear-wet, tear-blurred (eye)

‫ ثرب‬taraba i (tarb) and II to blame, censure (‫ه‬ and ‫ على‬s.o.) ‫ تثريب‬tatrīb blame, censure, reproof ‫ ثرثر‬tartara (‫ ثرثرة‬tartara) to chatter, prattle ‫ ثرثار‬tartār prattler, chatterbox; ‫ثرثارة‬ tartāra do. (fem.) ‫ ثرثرة‬tartara chatter, prattle ‫ ثرد‬tarada u to crumble and sop (‫ ھـ‬bread) ‫ ثريد‬jarid a dish of sopped bread, meat and broth ‫ مثرد‬mitrad bowl

‫ ثعلبى‬ta‘labī foxy, foxlike ‫ ثعلبة‬ta‘laba vixen; O tetter (med) ‫ ثغر‬tagir pl. ‫ ثغور‬tugūr front tooth; mouth; port, harbor, inlet, bay; seaport ‫ ثغرة‬tagra pl. ‫ ثغر‬tugar breach, crevasse, crack, rift, crevice; opening, gap; cavity, hollow; narrow mountain trail ‫ ثغم‬tagam white, whiteness ‫ ثاغم‬tāgim white (adj.) ‫ )ثغا )ثغو‬tagā u (‫ ثغاء‬tugā’) to bleat (sheep) ‫ ثغاء‬tugā’ bleating, bleat

‫ ثرم‬tarama i (tarm) to knock s.o.’o (‫ )ه‬tooth out; -- tarima a (taram) to have a gap between two teeth (‫ ثرو‬and ‫ ثرى( ثرى‬tariya a to become wealthy IV to become or be rich, wealthy (‫ ب‬or ‫من‬ through s.th.); to make rich, enrich (‫ ه‬s.o.) 102 ‫ ثرى‬taran moist earth; ground, soil│‫اين‬ ‫ الثرى من الثريا‬aina t-t. min t-turayyā (proverbially of things of disproportionate value) what has the ground to do with the Pleiades? ‫( طيب ﷲ ثراه‬ṯayyaba) approx.: may God rest him in peace! 2

‫ ثرى‬tarīy pl. ‫ اثرياء‬atriyā’ wealthy, rich│‫ ثرى الحرب‬t. al-ilarb war profiteer, nouveau riche ‫ثري‬tarīyāt plantations ‫ ثروة‬tarwa and ‫ ثروة‬tarā’ fortune, wealth, riches│‫ اھل الثروة‬ahl at-t. the rich, the wealthy; ‫( ثروة قومية‬qaumīya) national wealth; ‫( ثروة مائية‬mā’īya) abundance of water, abundant supply of water (of a region) ‫ ثريا‬turayyā Pleiades; (also ‫ )ثرية‬pl. ‫ثريات‬ turayyāt chandelier ‫ مثر‬mutr wealthy, rich ‫ ثعبان‬tu‘bān pl. ‫ ثعابين‬ta‘ābīn snake│ ‫ ثعبان الماء‬t. al-mā’ eel ‫ ثعبانى‬tu‘bānī snaky, snakelike, serpentine; eely ‫ مثعب‬mat‘ab pl. ‫ مثاعب‬matā‘ib2 drain ‫ ثعالة‬tu‘āla fox 2

‫ ثعلب‬ta‘lab pl. ‫ ثعالب‬ta‘ālib fox│ ‫داء الثعلب‬ alopecia (med.), loss of hair

‫ ثاغ‬tāgin bleating│ ‫ما له ثاغية وال راغية‬ (tagiya) he has absolutely nothing, he is deprived of all resources, prop.: he has neither a bleating (sheep) nor a braying (camel) ‫ ثفر‬tafar pl. ‫ اثفار‬atfār crupper (of the saddle) ‫ ثفل‬tufl dregs, lees, sediment; residues ‫ ثفن‬III to associate (‫ ه‬with s.o.), frequent s.o.’s (‫ )ھـ‬company; to pursue, practice (‫ ه‬s.th.) ‫ ثفنة‬taftna pl. -āt, ‫ ثفن‬tifan callus, callosity ‫ اثفية‬look up alphabetically ‫ ثقة‬see ‫وثق‬ ‫ ثقب‬taqaba u (taqb) to bore, or drill, a hole (‫ھـ‬ in s.th.), pierce, puncture, perforate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) II do. II and IV to light, kindle (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) V and VII to be pierced, be punctured, be perforated ‫ ثقب‬taqb piercing, boring, puncture, perforation; (also tuqb pl. ‫ ثقوب‬tuqūb, ‫اثقاب‬ atqāb) hole, puncture, borehole, drill hole ‫ ثقبة‬tuqba pl. ‫ ثقب‬tuqab hole ‫ ثقاب‬and ‫‘ عود الثقاب‬ūd al-tiqāb matchstick; matches ‫ ثقوب‬tuqūb keenness, acuteness (of the mind) ‫ مثقب‬mitqab pl. ‫ مثاقب‬matāqib2 borer, drill, gimlet, auger, brace and bit, wimble, perforator; drilling machine ‫ اثقاب‬itqāb kindling, lighting ‫ ثاقب‬dqib penetrating, plercing, sharp (mind, eyes)│ ‫ ثاقب النظر‬t. an-naẓar perspicacity; sharp-eyed; ‫ ثاقب الفكر‬t. al-

fikr sagacity, acumen, mental acuteness; shrewd, sagacious, sharp-witted ‫ ثاقبات‬tāqibāt borers (zool.) 103 ‫ ثقف‬taqifa a (taqf) to find, meet (‫ ه‬s.o.); -taqifa a and taqufa u to be skillful, smart, clever II to make straight, straighten (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to correct, set right, straighten out ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to train, form, teach, educate (‫ھـ‬ s.o.); to arrest (‫ ھـ‬s.o.); to seize, confiscate (‫ ه‬s.th.) III to fence (‫ ه‬with s.o.) V to be trained, be educated ‫ ثقافة‬taqāfa culture, refinement; education; (pl. -āt) culture, civilization

s.th.); not to bother (‫ عن‬about); to be too dull, too sluggish (‫ عن‬for s.th., to do s.th.) X to find heavy, hard. burdensome, troublesome (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), find annoying (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ s.o.. s.th.)│‫( استثقل ظله‬ẓillahū) to find s.o. unbearable, dislike s.o. ‫ ثقل‬tiql pl. ‫ اثقال‬atqāl weight; burden load; gravity; heaviness│ ‫ رفع االثقال‬raf‘ ala. weight lifting (athlet.); ‫الثقل النوعى‬ (nau‘ī) specific gravity ‫ ثقل‬tiqal heaviness; sluggishness, dullness ‫ ثقل‬taqal pl. ‫ اثقال‬atqāl load, baggage ‫ الثقالن‬at-taqalān the humans and the jinn

‫ ثقافى‬taqāfī educational; intellectual; cultural│ ‫( ملحق ثقافى‬mulḥaq) cultural attaché

‫ ثقل‬taqla trouble, inconvenience, discomfort

‫ ثقيف‬tatqīf cultivation of the mind; training, education; instruction

‫ ثقل‬taqala heaviness; sluggishness, doltishness; dullness

‫ مثاقفة‬mutāqafa fencing, art or sport of fencing, swordplay, swordsmanship

‫ ثقيل‬taqīl pl. ‫ ثقالء‬tuqalā’2, ‫ ثقال‬tiqāl heavy; weighty, momentous, grave, serious, important; burdensome, troublesome, cumbersome, oppressive; unpleasant, disagreeable, distasteful (person)│ ‫ ثقيل الدم‬t. ad-dam insufferable, unpleasant, disagreeable (person); ‫ثقيل‬ ‫ الروح‬t. ar-rūḥ doltish, dull (person); a bore; ‫ ثقيل الظل‬t. aẓ-ẓill disagreeable, insufferable (person); ‫ ثقيل الفھم‬t. al-fahm slow of understanding, slow-witted; ‫ثقيل‬ ‫ السمع‬t. as-sam‘ hard of hearing; ‫صناعة ثقيلة‬ (ṣinā‘a) heavy industry; ‫ ماء ثقيل‬heavy water (phys.)

‫ تثقف‬tataqquf culturedness, culture, refinement, education ‫ مثقف‬mutaqqaf educated; trained; cultured ‫ ثقل‬taqula u (tiql, ‫ ثقالة‬taqāla) to be heavy; with ‫ ب‬to load or burden s.th., make s.th. heavy; to be hard to bear (‫ على‬for s.o.), weigh heavily (‫ على‬on), be burdensome, cumbersome, oppressive (‫ على‬to s.o.); to be heavy-handed. sluggish, doltish, dullwitted; to be too dull, too sluggish (‫ عن‬for s.th. to do s.th.), not to bother (or about) II to make heavy, weight (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to burden, encumber (‫ على‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬with s.th.), overburden (‫ على‬s.o.), overtax s.o.’s (‫)على‬ strength, ask too much (‫ على‬of s.o.); to trouble, inconvenience, bother (‫ على‬s.o. ‫ب‬ with s.th.), pester, molest (‫ على‬s.o.)│ ‫ثقل‬ ‫كاھله‬and ‫( اثقل كاھله‬kāhilahū) to burden s.o. or s.th; ‫ اثقل كاھل الميزان‬to burden the budget IV to burden (‫ ه‬,‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to oppress, distress (‫ ه‬s.o.). weigh heavily (‫ ه‬on); to be hard to bear (‫ ه‬for s.o.)│ ‫اثقل كاھله‬ (kāhilahū) see II; VI to become or be heavy; to be troublesome, burdensome ( ‫ على‬to s.o.), trouble. oppress (‫ على‬s.o.); to be sluggish. doltish. slow; to be in a bad mood, be sullen, grumpy; to find burdensome and turn away (‫ عن‬from

‫ اثقل‬atqal2 heavier; more oppressive ‫ مثقال‬mitqāl pl. ‫ مثاقيل‬matāqīl2 weight (also s.th. placed as an equipoise on the scales of a balance); miskal, a weight (in Egypt = 24 ٤.٦٨ = ‫ قراط‬g)│ ‫ مثقال ذرة‬m. 104 darra the weight of a dust speck, i.e., a tiny amount; a little bit; ‫ مثقال من‬a little of, a little bit of ‫ تثقيل‬tatqīl weighting, burdening; molestation ‫ تثاقل‬tatāqul sluggishness, dullness ‫ مثقل‬mutaqqal and mutqal burdened, encumbered; overloaded; weighted (‫ب‬ with s.th.); oppressed (‫ ب‬by); heavy ‫ متثاقل‬mutatāqil sluggish, dull; sullen, grumpy

‫ ثكل‬takila a (takal) to lose a child (‫)ه‬, also: to be bereaved of a loved one (‫ )ه‬by death IV ‫ اثكل األم ولدھا‬atkala l-umma waladuhā to bereave a mother of her son ‫ ثكل‬takal state of one who has lost a friend or relative; mourning over the loss of a loved one ‫ ثكالن‬taklān (2) bereaved of a child ‫ ثكلى‬taklā bereaved of a child (mother) ‫ ثاكلة‬tākila pl. ‫ ثواكل‬tawākil2 bereaved of a child (mother) ‫ ثكنة‬tuknā pl. ‫ ثكن‬tukan, -āt barracks (mil.) ‫ ثل‬talla u (‫ ثلل‬talal) to tear down, destroy, overthrow, subvert (‫ ھـ‬s.th., esp. ‫عرشا‬ ‘aršan to topple a throne) VII to be subverted, overthrown (throne) ‫ ثلة‬tulla pl. ‫ ثلل‬tulal troop, band, party, group (of people); military detachment ‫ ثلب‬talaba i (talb) to criticize, run down (‫ه‬ s.o.); to slander, defame (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ ثلب‬talb slander, defamation ‫ مثلبة‬matlaba pl. ‫ مثالب‬matālib2 shortcoming, defect, blemish, stain, disgrace ‫ ثالب‬tālib slanderous, defamatory; slanderer ‫ ثلث‬II to triple, make threefold (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to do three times (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ ثلث‬tult pl. ‫ اثالث‬atlāt one third; tulut a sprawling, decorative calligraphic style ‫ ثالثة‬talāta (f. ‫ ثالث‬talāt) three; ‫ثلثا‬ talātan three times, thrice ‫ ثالثى‬talātī tertiary; Tertiary (geol.)│‫ما‬ ‫ قبل الثالثى‬pre-Tertiary ‫ ثالثة عشر‬talātata ‘ašara, f. ‫ثالث عشرة‬ talāta ‘ašrata thirteen ‫ الثالث‬at-tālit the third; ‫ ثالثا‬tālitan thirdly; ١/٦٠ ‫ ثالثة‬of a second ‫ ثالثون‬talātūn thirty ‫ الثلثاء‬at-talatā’ and ‫ يوم الثلثاء‬yaum at-t. Tuesday ‫ ثالث‬tulāt2 and ‫ مثلث‬mutallat three at a time

‫ ثالثى‬tulātī tripartite, consisting of three, (gram.) triliteral, consisting of three radicals; tri-; trio (mus. )│‫ ثالثى الزوايا‬t. zzawāyā triangular; ‫ ثالثى الورقات‬t. lwaraqāt trifoliate ‫ ثالوث‬tālūt Trinity (CM.); trinity, triad; triplet│ ‫ زھرة الثالوث‬zahrat at-t. pansy (bot.) ‫ تثليث‬tatlīt doctrine of the Trinity; Trinity (Chr.) ‫ تثليثى‬tatlītī trigonometric(al) ‫ مثلث‬mutallat tripled, triple, threefold; having three diacritical dots (letter); triangular; (pl. -āt) triangle (geom.)│ ‫الراية‬ ‫( المثلثة األلوان‬rāya), ‫‘( العلم المثلث‬alam) and ‫ المثلث‬the tricolor; ‫( المثلث الحاد‬ḥadd) acuteangled triangle; ‫ مثلث الزوايا‬m. az-zawāyā triangular; ‫( المثلث المتساوى الساقين‬mutasāwā s-sāqain) isosceles triangle; ‫المثلث المتساوى‬ ‫ األضالع‬equilateral triangle; ‫المثلث القائم‬ right-angled triangle ‫ المثلثات‬al-mutallatāt and ‫حساب المثلثات‬ ḥisāb al-m. trigonometry ‫ ثلج‬talaja u: ‫( ثلجت السماء‬samā’u) it snowed, was snowing; -- talija a to be delighted, 105 be gladdened (soul, heart; ‫ ب‬by) II to cool with ice (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to freeze, turn into ice (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV ‫ اثلجت السماء‬it snowed, was snowing; to cool, moisten (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)│‫اثلج‬ ‫( صدره‬ṣadrahū) to delight, please, gratify s.o. V to become icy, turn into ice, congeal; to freeze ‫ ثلج‬talj pl. ‫ ثلوج‬tulūj snow; ice; artificial ice│‫ ندفة الثلج‬nadfat at-t. snowflake ‫ ثلجى‬taljī snowy, snow- (in compounds); icy, glacial, ice- (in compounds) ‫ ثليج‬talīj icy ‫ ثالج‬tallāj pl. -ūn ice vendor ‫ ثالجة‬tallāja pl. -āt iceberg, ice floe; refrigerator, icebox ‫ مثلجة‬matlaja pl. ‫ مثالج‬matālij2 icebox, refrigerator; cold-storage plant ‫ مثلوج‬matlūj snow-covered; iced, icy; ‫ مثلوجات‬frozen food; iced beverages ‫ مثلج‬mutallaj iced; icy, ice-cold ‫ ثلم‬talama i (talm) to blunt, make jagged (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), break the edge of (‫ ;)ھـ‬to make a

breach, gap or opening (‫ ھـ‬in a wall); to defile, sully (‫ ھـ‬reputation, honor); --talima a to be or become jagged, dull, blunt II to blunt (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to become blunt VII to be defiled, be discredited (reputation) ‫ ثلم‬talm nick, notch; breach, opening, gap; crock, fissure, rift│‫ ثلم الصيت‬t. aṣ-ṣīt defamation

‫ مثمر‬mutmir fruitful, productive, profitable, lucrative ‫ مستثمر‬mustatmir pl. -ūn exploiter (pol.econ.); beneficiary ‫ ثمل‬tamila a (tamal) to become drunk IV to make drunk, intoxicate (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ ثمل‬tamal intoxication, drunkenness ‫ ثملة‬tamala drunken fit, drunkenness

‫ ثلمة‬tulma pl. ‫ ثلم‬tulam = talm│ ‫سد ثلمة‬ sadda talmatan to fill a gap; ‫ثلمة ال تسد‬ (tusaddu) a gap that cannot be closed, an irreparable loss ‫ ثالم‬talim dull, blunt

‫ ثمل‬tamil intoxicated, drunk(en) ‫ ثمالة‬tumāla residue, remnant, dregs (of a liquid), heeltap (of wine); .cum, foam, froth 106 1

‫ مثلوم‬matlūm defiled, sullied (reputation, honor) ‫ مثلم‬mutatallim blunted, blunt; cracking (voice)

‫ثمن‬II to appraise, asses, estimate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), determine the price or value (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to price (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)│ ‫ ال ثمل‬lā yutammanu invaluable, inestimable, priceless ‫ ثمن‬pl. ‫ اثمن‬atmān, ‫ اثمنة‬atmina price, cost; value│‫( الثمن األصلى‬aṣlī) cost price; ‫( الثمن األساسى‬asāsī) par, nominal value

‫ منثلم الصيت‬muntalim aṣ-ṣīt of ill repute, of dubious reputation

‫ ثمين‬tamīn costly, precious, valuable

‫ ثم‬tamma there ‫ ثم‬min tamma hence, therefore, for that reason

‫ اثمن‬atman2 costlier, more precious, more valuable

‫ ثم‬tumma then, thereupon; furthermore, moreover; and again, and once more (emphatically in repetition)│‫كال ثم كال‬ (kallā) no and a hundred times no! ‫من ثم‬ min tamma then, thereupon

‫ تثمين‬tatmīn estimated, appraisal, assessment, valuation, rating ‫ مثمون‬matmūn object of value

‫ ثمة‬tammata (‫ )ثمت‬there; there is│‫ليس ثمة‬ there isn't

‫ مثمن‬mutammin estimator, appraiser│ ‫ خبير مثمن‬assessor

‫ ثمام‬tumām a grass│‫( على طرف الثمام‬ṯarafi t-t.) within easy reach, handy; ‫جعله على‬ ‫ طرف الثمام‬he made it readily understandable, he presented it plsusibly for all

‫ مثمن‬mutamman prized, valued, valuable, precious

‫ اثمد‬look up alphabetically ‫ ثمر‬tamara u to bear fruit IV do. X to profit, benefit (‫ ھـ‬from); to exploit, utilize (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to invest profitably (‫ ھـ‬money) ‫ ثمر‬tamar pl. ‫ ثمار‬timār, ‫ اثمار‬atmār fruits, fruit (coll.); result, effect, fruit, fruitage; yield, profit, benefit, gain ‫ ثمرة‬tamara (n. un. of tamar) pl. -āt fruit; result, effect; yield, profit, benefit, gain ‫ استثمار‬istitmār exploitation (also pol.econ.), utilization, profitable use

‫ مثمن‬mutmin costly, precious, valuable ‫ مثمن‬mutman object of value 2

‫ ثمانية‬tamāniya (f. ‫ ثمان‬tamānin) eight ‫ ثمانية عشر‬tamāniyata ‘ašara, f. ‫ثماني عشرة‬ tamāniya ‘ašrata eighteen ‫ ثمن‬pl. ‫ اثمان‬atmān one-eighth ‫ ثمنة‬tumna pl. -āt a dry measure (Eg. = 1/3 ٢٥٨. = ‫ قدح‬l; Pal. = ca. 2.25 l) ‫ ثمانون‬tamānūn eighty ‫ الثامن‬at-tāmin the eighth ‫ مثمن‬mutamman eightfold; octagonal

‫ ثنة‬tunna pl. ‫ ثنن‬tunan fetlock

‫ ثندوة‬tunduwa pl. ‫ ثناد‬tanādin breast (of the male) ‫ ثنى‬tanā i (tany) to double, double up, fold, fold up, fold under (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to bond, flex (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to turn away, dissuade, keep, prevent, divert (‫ عن ه‬s.o. from)│ ‫ثنى عنان‬ ‫‘( فرسه‬ināna farasihī) he galloped off II to double, make double (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to do twice, repeat (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to pleat, plait (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to form the dual (‫ ھـ‬of a word); to provide with two diacritical dots (‫ ھـ‬a letter) IV to commend, praise, laud, extol (‫ على‬s.th., s.o.), speak appreciatively (‫ على‬of)│ ‫اثنى‬ ‫‘( عليه عاطر الثناء‬āṯira tanā’) to speak in the most laudatory terms of s.o. V to double, become double; to be doubled; to be repeated; to bond, fold; to be bent, be folded. be folded up or under; to walk with a swinging gait VII to bend, bend up, down or over, lean, incline, bow; to fold, be foldable, be folded back; to turn away ( ‫ عن‬from), give up, renounce (‫ عن‬s.th.); to turn, face (‫ل‬I toward); to apply o.s., turn ( ‫ الى‬to s.th.); (with foll. imperf.) to set out, prepare (to do s.th.) X to except, exclude ( ‫ من ه‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th. or s.o. from), make an exception (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.) ‫ ثنى‬tany bonding; folding; turning away, dissuasion, keeping, prevention ‫ ثنى‬tiny pl. ‫ اثناء‬atnā’ fold, pleat, plait, crease (in cloth); bond, twist│ ‫ثنيا بعد ثنى‬ tinyan ba‘da tinyin from time to time ‫ اثناء‬atnā’ (prep.) during; in the course of│‫ فى اثناء‬fī atnā’i do.; ‫ فى تلك‬,‫فى اثناء ذلك‬ ‫ اثناء ذلك‬،‫ االثناء‬in the meantime, during all this time, meanwhile ‫ ثنية‬tanya pl. tanyāt fold, pleat, plait, crease (in cloth)

‫ ثنوى‬tanawī dualist ‫ ثنوية‬tanawīya dualism ‫ ثنائى‬tanā’ī laudatory, eulogistic ‫ ثنائى‬tunā’ī twofold, double, dual, binary, bi-; biradical (gram.); duet, duo (mus.)│ ‫( محرك ثنائى المشوار‬muḥarrik t. lmišwār) two-cycle engine O ‫ ثنائية‬tunā’īya dualism; duet, duo (mus.) ‫ اثنان‬itnāni, f. ‫ اثنتان‬itnatāni two ‫ اثنا عشر‬itnā ‘ašara, f. ‫ اثنتا عشرة‬itnatā ‘ašrata twelve ‫ يوم االثنين‬yaum al-itnaini and ‫االثنين‬ Monday ‫ الثانى‬at-tānī the second; the next; ‫ثانيا‬ tāniyan and ‫ ثانية‬tāniyatan secondly; for the second time, once more, again│ ‫ثانى‬ ‫ اثنين‬t. itnain the second of a pair, pendant, companion piece, match ‫ ثانية‬tāniya pl. ‫ ثوان‬tawānin second (time unit) ‫ ثانوى‬tānawī secondary; minor│‫امور ثانوية‬ matters of secondary importance, minor matters; ‫ مدرسة ثانوية‬secondary school; ‫ تسويغ ثانوي‬subletting ‫ تثنية‬tatniya repetition; plaiting, pleating; doubling, gemination; (gram.) dual; second sequel (e.g., of a collection of short stories); commendation, praise, eulogy│ ‫ تثنية االشتراع‬Deuteronomy ‫ انثناء‬intinā’ bending, flection; flexibility, foldability│ ‫ قابل لالانثناء‬foldable, folding ‫ انثناءة‬intinā’a pl. -āt (n. vic.) bend, flexure, curve ‫ استثناء‬istitnā’ exception, exclusion│ ‫ باستثناء‬with the exception of, except; ‫بدون‬ ‫ استثناء‬without exception

‫ ثنية‬tanya pl. ‫ ثنايا‬tanāyā middle incisor; narrow pass; mountain trail│ ‫ فى ثنايا‬in, inside, among, between, frequently only a fuller, rhetorically more elegant expression for "in". e.g., ‫ فى ثنايا نفسه‬in his heart, inwardly, ‫ فى ثنايا الكتاب‬in the book; ‫ بين ثنايا‬in, inside, among, between; ‫طالع‬ ‫ الثنايا‬ṯallā‘ at-t. one with high-flung aspirations 107

‫ استثنائى‬istitnā’ī exoeptional; ‫استثنائيا‬ istitnā’īyan as an exception│ ‫احوال استثنائية‬ emergencies; ‫( جلسة استثنائية‬jalsa) emergency session

‫ ثناء‬tanā’ commendation, praise, eulogy; appreciation

‫ مثنى‬mutannan ouble, twofold; in the dual (gram.)

‫ ثناء‬tunā’2 and ‫ مثنى‬matnā two at a time

‫ مثنى‬matnīy folded; plaited, pleated; doubled

‫ مستثنى‬mustatnan excepted, excluded (‫من‬ from) ‫ ثوة‬see ‫ثوى‬ 1

‫ )ثاب )ثوب‬tāba u to return, come back (also, e.g., a state or condition, ‫ الى‬or ‫ ل‬to s.o.); with ‫ب‬: to return s.th. (‫ الى‬to s.o.)│ ‫ثاب الى‬ ‫ نفسه‬to regain consciousness, come to; ‫ثاب‬ ‫( اليه رشده‬rušduhū) to recover one’s senses II to reward (‫ ه‬s.o.; said of God) IV to repay, requite (‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th. with); to reward ( ‫ على ه‬s.o. for) X to seek reward ‫ ثوب‬taub pl. ‫ ثياب‬tiyāb, ‫ اثواب‬atwāb garment, dress; cloth, material; (fig.) garb, outward appearance, guise, cloak, mask; pl. ‫ ثياب‬clothes, clothing, apparel│ ‫ثياب‬ ‫ السھرة‬t. as-suhra formal dress, evening clothes; ‫ فى ثوب بسيط‬in plain, homely form; ‫ طاھر الثياب‬of flawless character, irreproachable ‫ ثواب‬tawāb requital, recompense, reward (for good deeds); (Isl. Law) merit, credit (arising from a pious deed) ‫ مثوبة‬matūba requital, recompense, reward (bestowed by God for good deeds) ‫ مثاب‬matāb and ‫ مثابة‬matāba place to which one returns; meeting place; rendezvous; resort, refuge ‫ مثابة‬matāba (with foll. genit.) place or time at which s.th. appears or recurs; 108 manner, mode, fashion; see also preceding entry│ ‫( بمثابة‬with foll. genit.) like, as; tantamount to, equivalent to, having the same function as

2

‫ تثاوب = تثاءب )ثئب‬VI) to yawn

‫ )ثار )ثور‬tāra u to stir, be stirred up, be aroused, be excited; to swirl up, rise (dust); to arise (question, problem; a difficulty, ‫ فى وجھه‬fī wajhihī before s.o.); to be triggered, be unleashed, break out; to revolt, rebel, rise (‫ على‬against); to rage, storm│ ‫( ثار ثائره‬tā’irohū) to fly into a rage, become furious, flare up IV to agitate, excite (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to stimulate (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to irritate (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to arouse, stir up, kindle, excite (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., feelings), cause, provoke, awaken (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to raise, pose, bring up (‫مسألة‬ mas’alatan a question, a problem)│ ‫اثار‬ ‫( ثائرته‬tā’iratahū) to infuriate s.o., excite

s.o. X to excite, stir up, kindle (‫ ھـ‬s.th., esp. passions); to rouse (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to arouse, awaken (‫ ھـ‬s.th., esp. feelings); to elicit, evoke (‫ ھـ‬wails, outcries, ‫ من‬from s.o.); to incite, set (‫ على ه‬s.o. against)│ ‫( استثار غضبه‬gaḍabahū) to infuriate s.o., make s.o. angry ‫ ثور‬taur pl. ‫ ثيران‬tīrān bull, steer; ox; Taurus (astron.)│ ‫ شوربة ذيل الثور‬šōrabat dail at-t. oxtail soup ‫ ثورة‬taura excitement, agitation; outbreak, outburst, fit (of fury, of despair, etc.); eruption (of a volcano); (pl. -āt) upheaval, uprising, insurrection, riot, rebellion, revolt, revolution│‫ثورة اھلية‬ (ahlīya) internal strife, civil war ‫ ثورى‬taurī revolutionary (adj. and n.) ‫ ثوروى‬taurawī revolutionary (adj. and n.) ‫ ثوران‬tawarān agitation, excitation, flare-up, emption, outbreak, outburst, dust whirl ‫ مثار‬matār incentive, stimulus, motive, spur, occasion, cause│ ‫ مثار الجدل‬m. aljadal and ‫ مثار النزاع‬object of controversy, point of contention ‫ اثارة‬itāra excitation, stirring up, kindling; agitation, incitement; provocation, (a)rousing, awakening; irritation, stimulation ‫ ثائر‬tā’ir excited, agitated, raving, furious, mad; rebellious; fury, rage (in the idiomatic phrase ‫ ثار ثائرة‬see above); (pl. ‫ ثوار‬tuwwār) insurgent, rebel, revolutionary ‫ ثائرة‬tā’ira pl. ‫ ثوائر‬tawā’ir2 tumult; excitement, agitation; fury, rage ‫ مثير‬mutīr exciting; provocative; stimulative, irritative; excitant, irritant, stimulant; instigator; germ, agent; pl. ‫ مثيرات‬stimulants ‫ ثوريوم‬tōriyūm thorium (chem.) ‫ ثول‬VII to swarm, crowd, throng (‫ على‬around s.o.); to come over s.o. (‫)على‬ ‫ ثول‬law and ‫ ثول النحل‬t. an-nḥl swarm of bees ‫ ثوم‬tūm (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬garlic

‫ ثوى‬tawā i (‫ ثواء‬tawā’, ‫ ثوى‬tuwīy, ‫ مثوى‬matwan) to stay, live (‫ ب‬at a place); to settle down ( ‫ ب‬at a place); pass. tuwiya to be buried IV to stay, live; to lodge, put up as a guest (‫ه‬ s.o.) ‫ ثوى‬tawīy guestroom ‫ ثوة‬tūwa pl. ‫ ثوى‬tuwan signpost, roadsign ‫ مثوى‬matwan pl. ‫ مثاو‬matāwin abode, habitation, dwelling; place of rest ‫ ثيب‬tayyib pl. -āt a deflowered but unmarried woman, widow, divorcée ‫ ثيتل‬taital pl. ‫ ثياتل‬tayātil2 a variety of wild goat (Capra jaela) 109

‫ج‬ ‫ جاثليق‬jātalīq = ‫جثليق‬ ‫ جؤجؤ‬ju’ju’ pl. ‫ جآجئ‬ja’āji2 breast; prow, bow (of a ship) ‫ جأر‬ja’ara a (ja’r, ‫ جؤار‬ju’ār) to low, moo; to supplicate, pray fervently (‫ الى‬to God) ‫ جأر‬ja’r, and ‫ جؤار‬ju’ār, lowing, mooing (of cattle) 1

‫ جاز‬giiz pl. -āt (Eg. spelling) gas

2

‫ جاز‬jāz jazz

‫( جازون‬Fr. gazon, Eg. spelling) gāzōn lawn ‫ جأش‬ja’aša a (ja’š) to be agitated, be convulsed (with pain or fright) ‫ جأش‬ja’š emotional agitation; heart, soul│ ‫ ربط جأشه‬rabaṯa ja’šahū to remain calm, composed, self-possesed; ‫رابط الجأش‬ or ‫ ثابت الجأش‬calm, composed, cool, selfpossessed, undismayed; ‫ بجأش رابط‬with unswerving courage, unflinchingly ‫ جاكتة‬،‫ جاكته‬and ‫ جاكيته‬žakēta jacket, coat ‫ جالون‬galōn gallon ‫( جاليرى‬Eg. spelling) galērī gallery (theat.) ‫ جام‬jām pl. –āt cup; drinking vessel; bowl ‫ جامكية‬jāmakīya pl. -āt, ‫ جوامك‬jawāmik2 pay ‫ جاموس‬jāmūs pl. ‫ جواميس‬jawāmīs2 buffalo ‫ جاموسة‬jāmūsa buffalo cow

‫( جانرك‬pronounced žānəreg, from Turk. caneriği; coll.; n. un. žānərgēye) a variety of small green plum with several stones (syr.) ‫ جاه‬jāh rank, standing, dignity, honor, glory, fame ‫ جاوه‬jāwa Java ‫ جاوى‬jāwī Javanese; benzoin; (pl. -ūn) a Javanese ‫ جاودار‬jāwadār rye ‫ جاويش‬čāwīš sergeant = ‫ شاويش‬،‫شاوش‬ 1

‫ جب‬jubb pl. ‫ اجباب‬ajbāb, ‫ جباب‬jibāb well, cistern; pit

2

‫ جبة‬jubba pl. ‫ جبب‬jubab, ‫جباب‬, jibāb, ‫جبائب‬ jabā’ib2 jubbah, a long outer garment, open in front, with wide sleeves

‫ جبح‬jabḥ pl. ‫ اجبح‬ajbuḥ, ‫ جباح‬jibāḥ, ‫ اجباح‬ajbāḥ beehive ‫ جبخانة‬jabḳāna, jabaḳāna powder magazine; ammunition; artillery depot ‫ جبر‬jabara u (jabr, ‫ جبور‬jubūr) to set (‫ھـ‬ broken bones); to restore, bring back to normal (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to help back on his feet, help up (‫ ه‬s.o.; e.g., on. fallen into poverty); to force, compel (‫ على ه‬s.o. to do s.th.)│ ‫( جبر خاطره‬ḳāoṯirahū) to console, comfort, gratify, oblige s.o.; to treat (s.o.) in a conciliatory or kindly manner II to set (‫ ھـ‬broken bones) III to treat with kindness with friendliness (‫ ه‬s.o.), be nice (‫ ه‬to s.o.) IV to force, compel (‫ على ه‬s.o. to do s.th.); to hold sway (‫ على‬over) V to show o.s. proud, haughty; to act strong, throw one’s weight around; to show o.s. strong or powerful, demonstrate one’s strength or power; to be set (broken bones)│ ‫تجبر ﷲ‬ ‫( بابنك‬bi-bnika) God has demonstrated His power on your son, i.e., He has taken him unto Himself VII to be mended. repaired, restored ‫ جبر‬jabr setting (of broken bones); force, compulsion; coercion, duress; power, 110 might; (predestined, inescapable) decree of fate; ‫ جبرا‬jab,an forcibly, by force│ ‫علم‬ ‫‘ الجبر‬ilm al-j. algebra; ‫ يوم جبر البحر‬yaum j. al-baḥr a local holiday of Cairo (the day on which, in former times, the water of the Nile was channeled into the nowabandoned ḳalīg, or City Canal, thus mar

‫فى‬ng the beginning of the irrigation season) ‫ جبرى‬jabrī algebraic; compulsory, forced; -- jabarī an adherent of the doctrine of predestination and the inescapability of fate; fatalist

‫ جبلة‬jibla, jibilla pl. -āt natural disposition, nature, temper 2

‫ جبرية‬jabarīya an Islamic school of thought teaching the inescapability of fate; fatalism ‫ جبار‬jabbār, pl. -ūn, ‫ جبابر‬jabābir2, ‫جبابرة‬ jabābira giant; colossus; tyrant, oppressor; almighty, omnipotent (God); gigantic, giant, colossal, huge; Orion (astron.)│ ‫ جبار الخطوة‬j. al-ḳuṯ.wa striding powerfully, ta‫فى‬ng buge strides ‫ جبارة‬jibāra (art of) bonesetting ‫ جبيرة‬jabīra and ‫ جبارة‬jībāra pl. ‫جبائر‬ jabā’ir2 splint (surg.) ‫ جبروت‬jabarūt omnipotence; power, might; tyranny ‫ جبرياء‬jibriyā’2 pride, haughtiness

‫ جبلى‬jabalī mountainous, hilly; mountain (adj.); montane; (pl. -ūn) highlander, mountaineer ‫ جبالوى‬gabalāwī (eg.) highlander, mountaineer ‫ جبالية‬gabalāya pl. -āt (eg.) grotto, cave ‫ جبن‬jabuna u (jubn, ‫ جبانة‬jabāna) to be a coward, be fearful; to be too much of a coward (‫ عن‬to do s.th.), shrink (‫ عن‬from s.th.) II to cause to curdle (‫ ھـ‬milk); to make into cheese (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to curdle; to accuse of cowardice, call a coward (‫ ه‬s.o.) V to curdle (milk), turn into cheese ‫ جبن‬jubn and ‫ جبانة‬jabāna cowardice

O ‫ تجبير‬tajbīr, ‫ تجبير العظام‬orthopedics

‫ جبن‬jubn and ‫ جبنة‬jubna cheese

‫ اجبار‬ijbār compulsion, coercion

‫ جبان‬jabān pl. ‫ جبناء‬jubanā’2 coward; cowardly

‫ اجبارى‬ijbārī forced, forcible, compulsory, obligatory│‫التجنيد االجبارى‬ compulsory recruitment; military conscription

‫ جبان‬jabbān cheese merchant ‫ جبين‬jabīn pl. ‫ جبن‬jubun, ‫ اجبنة‬ajbina, ‫اجبن‬ ajbun forehead, brow; façade, front; face ‫ من جبينى‬min jabīnī I alone; ‫على جبين السماء‬ in the sky 111

‫ جابر‬jābir and ‫ مجبر‬mujabbir, bonesetter ‫ مجبور‬majbūr and ‫ مجبر‬mujbar forced, compelled

‫ جبينى‬jabīnī frontal

‫ جبرئيل‬jabra’īl2 ‫ جبريل‬jibrīl2 Gabriel 2

‫ اجبن‬ajban2 more cowardly

‫جبس‬II to plaster, coat, patch, or fix with plaster (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to put in a cast, set in plaster (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)

‫ جبانة‬jabbāna pl. -āt cemetery ‫ تجبين‬tajbīn cheese making, processing into cheese

‫ جبس‬jibs gypsum; plaster of Paris ‫ جباسة‬jabbāsa gypsum quarry; plaster kiln

1

2

‫ جبس‬jabas (coll.; n. un. ‫ ;ة‬syr.) watermelon(s)

1

‫ جبل‬jabal pl. ‫ جبل‬jibāl, ‫ اجبال‬ajbāl mountain; mountains, mountain range│ ‫ جبال االلب‬j. al-alb the Alpes; ‫ جبال االوراس‬the Aurès Mountains (in E Algeria); ‫ جبل جليد‬iceberg; ‫ جبل سينا‬j. sīnā Mount Sinai; ‫جبل طارق‬ Gibraltar; ‫ جبل نار‬volcano

‫ جبل‬jabala u i (jabl) to mold, form, shape, fashion (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to knead (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to create (‫ على ه‬s.o. with a natural disposition or propensity for); pass. ‫( جبل على‬jubila) to be born for, be naturally diaposed to, bave a propensity for

‫ جبه‬jabaha a to moot, face, confront (‫ ه‬s.o.) III to face, confront, oppose, defy (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ھـ‬ s.th.), show a hold front (‫ ه‬to); to face (‫ ھـ‬a problem, a difficulty) ‫ جبھة‬jabha pl. ‫ جباه‬jibāh, ‫ جبھات‬jabahāt forehead, brow; front, face, façade; frontline, battle front ‫ مجابھة‬mujābaha facing, confrontation, opposition

2

‫ جبه خانة‬see ‫جبخانة‬

‫ جبى‬jabā i (‫ جباية‬jibāya) to collect, raise, levy ( ‫ ھـ‬taxes, duties) II to prostrate o.s. (in prayer) VIII to pick, choose, elect (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ جباية‬jibāya raising, levying (of taxes); (pl. oat) tax, duty, impost ‫ جبائي‬jibā’ī tax- (in compounds); fiscal ‫ مجبى‬majban pl. ‫ مجاب‬majābin tax, impost ‫ جاب‬jābin pl. ‫ جباة‬jubāh tax collector, revenue officer, collector; (bus, etc.) conductor (ir.) ‫ جابية‬jābiya pl. ‫ جواب‬jawābin pool, basin ‫ جتا‬jatā (abbreviation of ‫ )جيب التمام‬cosine (math.) ‫ جث‬jatta (jatt) and VIII to tear out, uproot (‫ ھـ‬a tree, also fig.) ‫ جثة‬jutta pl. ‫ جثث‬jutat, ‫ اجثاث‬ajtāt body; corpse, cadaver; carcass ‫ مجتث‬muitat uprooted (also fig.) ‫ جثل‬jatl thick, dense (esp. hair)

‫ جاث‬jātin kneeling; ‫ الجاثى‬Hercules (astron.) ‫ جحد‬jaḥda a (jaiḥd, ‫ جحود‬juḥūd) to negate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to disclaim, disavow, disown, deny (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to refuse, reject, repudiate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to renounce, forswear, adjure (‫ ھـ‬a belief); to deny (‫ ھـ ه‬s.o. his right)│ ‫جحد‬ ‫( جميله‬jamīlahū) to he ungrateful to s.o. ‫ جحد‬jaḥd denial; repudiation, disavowal, rejection, disclaimer; unbelief (rel.) ‫ جحود‬juḥūd denial; evasion, dodging, shirking (of a moral obligation); ingratitude; repudiation, disavowal, rejection, disclaimer; unbelief (rel.) ‫ جاحد‬jāḥid denier; infidel, unbeliever ‫ جحر‬VII to hide in ito hole or den (animal) ‫ جحر‬juḥr pl. ‫ اجحار‬ajḥār, ‫ جحور‬juḥūr hole, den, lair, burrow (of animals) 112 ‫ جحش‬jaḥš pl. ‫ جحاش‬jiḥāš, ‫ جحشان‬jiḥšān, ‫اجحاش‬ ajḥāš young donkey; (pl. ‫ جحوش‬juḥūš) trestle, horse ‫ جحشة‬jaša young female donkey

‫ جثليق‬jitlīq pl. ‫ جثالقة‬jatāliqa catholicos, primate of the Armenian Church

‫ جحظ‬jaḥaẓa a (‫ جحوظ‬juḥūẓ) to bulge, protrude (eyeball)

‫ جثم‬jatama u i (jatm, ‫ جثوم‬jutūm) to alight, sit, perch (bird); to crouch, cower; to fall or lie prone, lie face down; to beset, oppress (‫ على‬s.th.)

‫ جحوظ العين‬juḥūz al-‘ain exophthalmic goiter, abnormal protrusion of the eyeball

‫ جثمة‬jatma (n. vic.) motionless sitting or lying ‫ جثام‬jutām and ‫ جاثوم‬jātūm nightmare, incubus ‫ جثمان‬jutmān pl. -āt hody, mortal frame ‫ جثمانى‬jutmānī hodily, physical, corporeal ‫ جاثم‬jātim pl. ‫ جثم‬juttam squatting, crouching; perching; prostrate, prone (‫ جثو( جثا‬jatā u (jutuw) to kneel, root on the knees; to bend the knee, genullect; to fall on one’s knees ‫ جثو‬jutūw kneeling pooition ‫ جثوة‬jutwa rock pile, mound; sepulchral mound, tumulus ‫ مجثى‬majtan hassock

‫ جحف‬jaḥafa a (jaḥf) to peel off, scrape off (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to sweep away (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to have a bias (‫ مع‬for), side (‫ مع‬with s.o.) IV to harm, hurt, injure, prejudice (‫ ب‬s.o., s.th.); to ruin. destroy (‫ ب‬s.o., s.th.); to wrong (‫ب‬ s.o.) ‫ اجحاف‬ijḥāf injustice, wrong; bias, prejudice ‫ مجحف‬mujḥif unjust, unfair; biased, prejudiced ‫ جحفل‬jaḥfala pl. ‫ جحافل‬jaḥāfil2 multitude, legion, host, large army; army corps (Syr.); eminent man ‫ جحيم‬jaḥīm f. (also m.) fire, hellfire, hell ‫ جحيمى‬jaḥīmī hellish, infernal ‫ جخ‬jaḳḳa (eg.) to lord it, give o.s. airs; to boast, brag; (syr.) to dress up (slightly ironical) ‫ جخاخ‬jaḳḳāḳ boaster, braggart

1

‫ جد‬jadd pl. ‫ جدود‬judūd, ‫ اجاد‬ajdād grand-father; ancestor, forefather│ ‫( الجد االعلى‬a‘lā) ancestor ‫ جدة‬jadda pl. -āt grandmother

2

‫ جد‬jadda i to be new; to be a recent development, have happened lately, have recently become a fact; to be added, crop up or enter as a new factor (circumstances, costs); to appear for the first time (also, e.g., on the stage); to be or become serious, grave; to be weighty, significant, important; to take ‫ فى‬s.th.) seriously; to strive earnestly ‫ فى‬for), go out of one’s way (‫ فى‬to do s.th.), make every effort (‫فى‬ in); to be serious, be in earnest (‫ فى‬about), mean business; to hurry (‫ فى‬one’s step) II to renew (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make anew, remake ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to modernize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to restore, renovate, remodel, refit, recondition, refurbish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to be an innovator, a reformer; to feature s.th. new or novel, produce s.th. new; to rejuvenate, regenerate, revive, freshen up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to renew, extend (‫ ھـ‬a permit); to begin anew, repeat (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), make a new start (‫ ھـ‬in s.th.); to try again (‫ حظه‬ḥaẓẓahū one’s luck) IV to strive, endeavor, take pains; to apply o.s. earnestly and assiduously (‫فى‬ to), be bent, be intent (‫ فى‬on s.th.); to hurry (‫ فى‬one's step); to renew, make new (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to become new, be renewed; to revive X to be new, be added or enter as a new factor, come newly into existence; to make new, renew (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ جد‬iadd pl. ‫ جدود‬judūd good luck, good fortune ‫ جد‬jidd seriousness, earnestness; diligence, assiduity, eagerness; ‫ جدا‬jiddan very, much│ ‫ بجد‬and ‫ من جد‬earnestly, seriously; ‫ جد باھظ‬jiddu bāhiẓin very high (price); ‫ جد عظيم‬j. ‘aẓīmin very great; ‫( يختلفون جد االختالف‬jidda l-iḳtilāf) they differ widely; ‫( وقف على ساق الجد ل‬sāqi l-j.) to apply o.s. with diligence to, take pains in, make every effort to ‫ جدى‬jiddī serious; earnest; ‫ جديا‬jiddīyan in earnest, earnestly, seriously ‫ جدية‬jiddīya earnestness; seriousness, gravity (of a situation)

‫ جدة‬jidda newness, recency, novelty; modernness, modernity; O rebirth, renaissance ‫ جدة‬judda2 Jidda (eeaport in W Saudi Arabia, on Red Sea) 113 ‫ جديد‬jadīd pl. ‫ جدد‬judud, judad new, recent; renewed; modem; novel, unprecedented│‫ الجديدان‬al-jadīdān day and night; ‫ من جديد‬anew, again; (eg.) ‫جديد لنج‬ gadīd lang brand-new. ‫ اجد‬ajadd2 more serious, more intent; newer, more recent ‫ تجديد‬tajdīd renewal (also. e.g., of a permit); creation of s.th. new origination; new presentation, new production (theat.); innovation; reorganization, reform; modernization; renovation, restoration, remodeling. refitting. reconditioning, refurbishing; rejuvenation, regeneration; pl. -āt innovations; new achievements ‫ تجدد‬tajaddud renewal, regeneration, revival ‫ جاد‬jādd in earnest, earnest; serious (as opposed to comic, funny) ‫ جادة‬jādda pl. –āt, jawādd2 main street; street ‫ مجدود‬majdūd fortunate. lucky ‫ مجدد‬mujaddid renewer; innovator; reformer ‫ مجدد‬mujaddad renewed, extended; remodeled, reconditioned, renovated, restored; rejuvenated, regenerated, new, recent, young ‫ مجد‬mujidd painstaking, diligent, assiduous ‫ مستجد‬mustajidd new, recent; incipient ‫ جدب‬jaduba u ‫ جدوبة‬judūba) to be or become dry, arid (soil) IV to suffer from drought, poverty or dearth; to be barren, sterile; to come to nothing, go up in smoke, fall flat, fizzle out; (syr.) to explode in the barrel (shell; mil.) ‫ جدب‬jadb drought, barrenness, sterility; sterile, barren ‫ جديب‬jadīb and ‫ اجدب‬ajdab2, f. ‫جدباء‬ jadbā’2 barren, sterile

‫ مجدب‬mujdib barren, sterile; desolate, arid; unproductive, unprofitable

‫ مجداف‬mijdāf pl. ‫ مجادف‬majādif2 oar 1

‫ جدث‬jadat pl. ‫ اجداث‬ajdāt grave, tomb ‫ جدجد‬judjud pl. ‫ جداجد‬jadājid2 cricket (zool.) 1

‫ جدر‬jadura u (‫ جدارة‬jadāra) to be fit, suitable, proper. appropriate (‫ ب‬for s.o., for s.th.); to befit, behoove (‫ ب‬s.o., s.th.); to be worthy (‫ ب‬of), deserve (‫ ب‬s.th.)│ ‫يجدر ذكره‬ (dikruhū) and ‫ يجدر بالذكر‬it is worth mentioning

‫ جدل‬jadal quarrel, argument; debate, dispute, discussion, controversy│ ‫فرض‬ ‫ جدال‬faraḍa jadalan to assume for the sake of argument, propose as a basis for discussion

‫ جدر‬jadr wall ‫ جدير‬jadīr pl. -ūn ‫ جدراء‬judarā’2 worthy, deserving (‫ ب‬of s.th.); becoming, befitting (‫ ب‬s.th.); proper, suited, suitable fit (‫ب‬ for), appropriate (‫ ب‬to)│ ‫( جدير بالذكر‬dikr) worth mentioning

‫ جدلى‬jadalī controversial; disputatious; a disputant ‫ جدال‬jaddāl and ‫ مجدال‬mijdāl disputatious, argumentative; mijdāl see also below

‫ اجدر‬ajdar worthier; more appropriate; better suited, more suitable

‫ جديلة‬jadīla pl. ‫ جدائل‬jadā’il2 braid, plait; tress

‫ جدارة‬jadāra worthiness; fitness, suitability, aptitude, qualification; appropriateness

‫ مجدال‬mijdāl pl. ‫ مجادل‬majādil2 flagstone, ashlar; see also above under jaddāl

‫ جدار‬jidār pl. ‫ جدر‬judur, ‫ جدران‬judrān wall

‫ جدال‬jidāl and ‫ مجادلة‬mujādala pl. –āt quarrel, argument; dispute, discussion, debate│ ‫( ال يقبل الجدال‬yaqbalu) incontestable, indisputable; ‫ ال جدال‬lā jidāla and ‫ بال جدال‬bi-lā j. incontestably, indisputably

‫ جدارى‬jidārī mural, wall (adj.) 2

‫ جدر‬judira (pass.) and II to have smallpox ‫ جدرى‬judarī, jadarī smallpox ‫ مجدور‬majdūr and ‫ مجدر‬mujaddar infected with smallpox; pock-marked

‫ مجدول‬majdūl tightly twisted; braided, plaited; interwoven, intertwined (tress of hair); slender and trim, shapely (e.g., leg)

‫ مجدرة‬mujaddara dish made of rice or (in Syr.) of bulgur with lentils, onions and oil (eg., syr.) ‫ جدع‬jada‘a a (jad‘) to cut off, amputate (‫ھـ‬ s.th., esp. some part of the body) ‫ بجدع االنف‬bi-jad‘i l-anf (prop., at the cost of having the nose cut off) at any price, regardless of the sacrifice involved ‫ اجدع‬ajda‘ mutilated (by having the nose, or the like cut off) 114 2

□ ‫ جدع‬gada‘ (= ‫ جذع‬jada‘) pl. ‫ جدعان‬gid‘ān (eg.) young man, young fellow; heman

1

‫ جدف‬II to curse, blaspheme (‫ على‬s.o., esp. God) ‫ تجديف‬tajdīf imprecation, blasphemy

2

‫ جدف‬jadafa i and II to row (o a boat)

‫ جدل‬jadala u i (jadl) to twist tight, tighten, stretch (‫ ھـ‬a rope); to braid, plait (‫ ھـ‬s.th., the hair, etc.) II to braid, plait, (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to quarrel, wrangle, bicker (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to argue, debate (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to dispute, contest (‫ فى‬s.th.) VI to quarrel, have an argument; to carry on a dispute

‫ مجادل‬mujādil disputant, opponent in dispute 2

‫ جدول‬jadwal pl. ‫ جداول‬jadāwil2 creek, brook, little stream; column; list, roster; index; chart, table, schedule│‫( جدول دراسى‬dirāsī) curriculum; ‫ جدول البورصة‬stock list, ‫خارج‬ ‫( جدول البورصة‬ḳārija) not quoted (stock exchange); ‫ جدول االعمال‬agenda; working plan

‫ )جدا )جدو‬jadā u to give a present (‫ على‬to s.o.) IV to give as a present (‫ ب على‬s.o. s.th.), present (‫ ب على‬s.o. with); to be of use, be useful, profitable│‫( اجدى نفعا‬naf‘an) to be useful; ‫ ھذا ال يجديك‬that won’t help you, that will be of no use (to you); ‫ما يجدى عنك ھذا‬ do.; ‫( ال يجدى فتيال‬fatīlan) = ‫الال يغن ى فتيال‬see ‫ فتيل‬X to beg for alms; to implore, beg (‫ھـ ه‬ s.o. for s.th.), plead (‫ ھـ‬for s.th.)

‫ جداء‬jadā’ advantage, gain (.r for s.o.) ‫ جدوى‬jadwā gift, present; advantage, benefit, gain│ ‫( بال جدوى‬bi-lā) and ‫على غير‬ ‫( جدوى‬gairi) of no avail, useless, futile, in vain ‫ اجدى‬ajdā more useful, more advantageous ‫ جدى‬jady pl. ‫ جداء‬jidā’, ‫ جديان‬jidyān kid, young billy goat; Capricorn (astron.); ‫ الجدى‬the North Star ‫ جذ‬jadda u (jadd) to cut off, clip (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ جذاذة‬jadāda pl. -āt slip of paper; pl. ‫ جذاذات‬small pieces, shreds, scraps, clippings ‫ جذب‬jadaba i (jadb) to pull, draw (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to attract (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to pull out, draw out, whip out (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), draw (‫ ھـ‬a weapon, or the like); to appeal, prove attractive (‫ ه‬to s.o.), attract, captivate, charm, allure (‫ه‬ s.o.), win (‫ ه‬s.o.) over (‫ اليه‬to one’s side) III to contend (‫ ه‬with s.o.) at pulling, tugging, etc. (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)│١١٥ ‫( جاذبه الحبل‬ḥabla) to vie with s.o.; (to be able) to compete with s.o., measure up to s.o., be a match for s.o.; ‫ جاذبه الكالم‬or ‫ جاذبه حديثا‬or ‫جاذبه اطراف الحديث‬ (aṯrāfa l-ḥ.) he engaged him in conversation, involved him in a discussion; ‫( جاذبه اطراف الحضارة‬aṯrāfa lḥaḍāra) to vie with s.o. in culture VI to pull back and forth (‫ ه‬s.o.); to contend (،‫ه‬ ‫ ھـ‬for); to attract each other│ ‫تجاذبوا اطراف‬ ‫( الحديث‬aṯrāfa l-ḥ.) they were deep in conversstion, they were talking together VII to be attracted; to be drawn, gravitate (JI toward, to) VIII to attract (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ھـ‬ s.th., ‫ اليه‬to o.s.; also magn.); to allure, entice (‫ ه‬s.o.); to win (‫ ه‬s.o.) over (‫ اليه‬to one's side); to draw, inhale (‫ ھـ‬puffs from a cigarette, etc.) ‫ جذب‬jadb attraction; gravitation; appeal, lure, enticement, captivation│ ‫ اخذ جذبا‬to wrest away, take away by force; ‫الجذب‬ ‫( الجنسى‬jinsī) sex appeal ‫ جذاب‬jaddāb attractive; magnetic (fig.); suction, suctorial; winning, fetching, engaging; charming, enticing, captivating, gripping ‫ اجذب‬ajdab2 more attractive, more captivating

‫ انجذاب‬injidāb attraction, inclination, pronenesa, tendency ‫ اجتذاب‬ijtidāb attraction; enticement, lure ‫ جاذب‬jādib attractive; magnetic (fig.); winning, fetubing, engaging; charming, enticing, captivating, gripping ‫ جاذبية‬jādibīya gravitation; attraction; attractiveness; charm, fascination; magnetism (fig.); lure, enticement│O ‫ جاذبية الثقل‬j. ataql gravitational force; ‫جاذبية‬ ‫( مغنطيسية‬magnaṯisūya) magnetism; ‫جاذبية‬ ‫ الجنس‬j. al-jins sex appeal ‫ مجذوب‬majdūb attracted; possessed, maniacal, insane; (pl. ‫ مجاذب‬majādib2) maniac, lunatic, madman, idiot│‫مستشفى‬ ‫ المجاذيب‬mustašfā l-m. mental hospital ‫ متجاذب‬mutajādib mutually attractive; belonging together, inseparable ‫ منجذب‬munjadib attracted; inclined, tending (‫ الى‬to) ‫ جذر‬jadara u (jadr) to uproot, tear out by the roots (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II do.; to extract the root (‫ھـ‬ of a number; math.); to take root ‫ جذر‬jidr, jadr pl. ‫ جذور‬judūr root (also math.); stem, base, lower end; (pl. ‫اجذار‬ ajdār) stub (of a receipt book, or the like)│ ‫( جذر تربيعى‬tarbī‘ī) square root (math.) ‫ جذرى‬jidrī, radical, roct (adj.) ‫ تجذير‬tajdīr evolution, root extraction (math.) ‫ جذع‬jada‘ pl. ‫ جذع‬jud‘ān young man, young fellow (cf. □ ‫ جدع‬gada‘); new, incipient│ ‫( عادت الحرب جذعة‬ḥarbu, jada‘atan) the war broke out again, started all over again; ‫( اعاد االمر جذعا‬l-amra) he reopened the whole affair, he reverted to the earlier status ‫ جذع‬jid‘ pl. ‫ اجذاع‬ajdā‘, ‫ جذوع‬judū‘ stem, trunk.; stump, tree stump; torso ‫ جذعى‬jid‘ī truncal ‫ جذف‬II to row (‫ ھـ‬a boat) ‫ مجذاف‬mijdāf pl. ‫ مجاذف‬majādif2 oar ‫ جذل‬jadala a (jadal) to be happy, gay, exuberant, rejoice IV to make happy, gladden, cheer (‫ ه‬s.o.)

‫ جذل‬jidl pl. ‫ اجذال‬ajdāl, ‫ جذول‬judūl stump (of a tree) ‫ جذيل‬jadīl wooden post on which camels rub themselves ‫ جذل‬jada1 gaiety, hilarity, exuberance, happiness 116 ‫ جذل‬jadil pl. ‫ جذالن‬judlān gay, hilarious, cheerful, in high spirits, exuberant, happy ‫ جذالن‬jadlān2 gay, hilarious, cheerful, in high spirits, exuberaut, happy ‫ جذم‬ijdama i (jadm) to out off, chop off (‫ھـ‬ s.th., esp. a part of the body); to remove, ta.ke out, excise (‫ ھـ‬e.g., the tonsils, the appendix; surg.); pass. judima to be afllicted with leprosy ‫ جذم‬jidm pl. ‫ جذوم‬judūm, ‫ اجذام‬ajdām root ‫ جذام‬judām leprosy ‫ جذامة‬judāma stubble ‫ اجذام‬ajdām2 pl. ‫ جذامى‬jadmā mutilated (from having an arm, a hand, etc., cut off); leprous; leper ‫ مجذوم‬majdūm leprous; leper ‫ جذمور‬judmur stump ‫ جذوة‬jadwa, jidwa, judwa pl. ‫ جذى‬jidan, judan, ‫ جذاء‬jidā’ firebrand; burning log ‫ جر‬jarra u (jarr) to draw, pull (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to drag, tug, haul (‫ ھـ‬s.th.): to tow (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to trail (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to drag along (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to draw (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. on s.o.), bring (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) down (‫ على‬upon s.o.); to lead (‫ الى‬to), bring on, cause (‫ الى‬s.th.); to entail (‫ ھـ‬e.g., some evil, ‫ على‬for s.o.); (gram.) to pronounce the final consonant with i, put (a word) into tho genitive│‫جر جريرة‬ (jarīratan) to commit an outrage, a crime ( ‫ على‬against s.o.); ‫( جر قيودا‬quyūdan) to be in shackles, go shackled; ‫جر النار الى قرصه‬ (qurṣihī) to secure advantages for o.s., feather one’s nest; ‫ال يجر لسانه بكلمة‬ (lisānahū bi-kalima) he won’t let a word escape his lips IV to ruminate VII passive of I; to be driven; to be swept along, drift, float│ ‫( انجر الى الوراء‬warā’i) to withdraw, fall back, give way VIII to ruminate│ ‫اجتر‬ ‫( آالمه‬ālāmahū) to mull over one’s grief ‫ جر‬jarr pull(ing), drawing, draft.; traction, drag(ging), tugging, towage,

hauling; bringing on, causing; genitive│ ‫ حرف الجر‬ḥarf al-j. (gram.) preposition; ‫ وھلم جرا‬wa-halumma jarran and so forth ‫ جرة‬jarra pl. ‫ جرار‬jirār (earthenware) jar ‫ جرة‬jarra, jurra trail, track; rut (left by a wagon)│ ‫ بجرة قلم‬bi-j. qalam with one stroke of the pen ‫ جرة‬jirra cud (of a ruminant) ‫ من جرى‬min jarrā because of│ ‫من جراك‬ because of you, on your account, for your sake ‫ من جراء‬min jarā’i because of, due to│‫من‬ ‫ جراء أن‬because ‫ جرار‬jarrār huge, tremendous (army); potter; (pl. -āt) tractor; tugboat, steam tug, towing launch ‫ جارور‬jārūr pl. ‫ جوارير‬jawārīr2 (syr.) drawer (of a desk, etc.) ‫ جارورة‬jārūra (leb.) rake (tool) ‫ جريرة‬jarīr pl. ‫ جرائر‬jarā’ir2 guilt; offense, outrage, crime│ ‫ من جريرة‬min jarīrati because of, on account of ‫ جرارة‬jarrāra pl. -āt a variety of scorpion; tractor ‫ مجر‬mijarr trace, tug (of a harness) ‫ مجرة‬majarra galaxy ‫ انجرارية‬injirārīya (eg.) towage charges for watercraft ‫ مجرور‬majrūr drawn, dragged, towed, etc.; word governed by a preposition, word in the genitive form; (pl. ‫مجارير‬ magārir2) drain, sewer (eg.); ‫مجارير‬ sewers, sewage system (eg.) ‫ مجتر‬mujtarr ruminant (adj. and n.) ‫ جرؤ‬jaru’a u (‫ جرأة‬jur’a, ‫ جراءة‬jarā’a) to dare, venture, risk, hazard (‫ على‬s.th.), take the risk (‫ على‬of, ‫ ان‬of doing s.th.), have the 117 courage (‫ على‬for s.th.) II to encourage (‫ على ه‬s.o. to s.th.) V to dare, venture, risk. hazard (‫ على‬s.th.) VIII to be venturesome, be daring; to become bold, make bold (‫على‬ with s.o.); to venture (‫ على‬s.th. or upon s.th.), have the audacity (‫ على‬to do s.th.) ‫ جرئ‬jarī’ pl. ‫ اجرياء‬ajriyā’2 bold, courageous (‫ على‬،‫ ب‬in s.th.); forward,

immodest, insolent; daring, reckless, foolbardy ‫ جرأة‬jur’a and ‫ جراءة‬jarā’a courage, boldness, daring; forwardness, insolence ‫ مجترئ‬mujtari’ bold, forward ‫( جراج‬Fr.) garāž pl. -āt garage (eg.) ‫ جرام‬grām gram (eg.) ‫ جرانيت‬granīt granite (eg.) ‫ جرانيتى‬granītī granitic (eg.) 2

‫ جرب‬jariba a (jarab) to be mangy; (eg.) to fade (color) II to test (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to try, try out, essay (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to sample (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to rehearse, practice (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to attempt (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to put to the test, try, tempt (‫ھـ‬ s.o.)│ ‫ جرب نفسه فى‬to try one’s hand at; ‫( جرب االيام‬ayyāma) to gather experience ‫ جرب‬jarab mange; itch, scabies ‫ جرب‬jarib mangy; scabby ‫ اجرب‬ajrab2, f. ‫ جرباء‬jarbā’2, pl. ‫جرب‬ jurb and ‫ جربان‬jarbān2 mangy; scabby ‫ جراب‬jirāb pl. ‫ اجربة‬ajriba, ‫جرب‬jurub sack, bag, traveling bag; knapsack; scrotum; covering, case; sheath, scabbard (for the sword) ‫ جراب‬jurāb pl. -āt stocking, sock ‫ جريب‬jarīb a patch of arable land ‫ تجربة‬tajriba pl. ‫ تجارب‬tajārib2 trial, test; tryout; attempt; practice, rehearsal; scientific test, experiment; probation; trial, tribulation; temptation; experience, practice; proof sheet, galley proof, also ‫( تجربة مطبعية‬maṯba‘īya) ‫ تجريب‬tajrīb trial, test(ing); trial, tribulation; temptation ‫ تجريبى‬tajrībī trial, test (adj.); experimental; based on experience, empirical│‫‘( علم النفس التجريبى‬ilm an-nafs) experimental psychology O ‫ تجريبية‬tajrībīya empiricism (philos.) ‫ مجرب‬mujarrib experimental; tester; examiner; tempter ‫ مجرب‬mujarrab tried, tested; proven or establisbed by experience, time-tested,

time-tried; experienced, practiced, seasoned; man of experience 2

‫ جورب‬look up alphabeticaUy

‫ جربذة‬jarbada = ‫جربزة‬ ‫ جربز‬jurbuz pl. ‫ جرابزة‬jarābiza impostor, confidence man, swindler ‫ جربزة‬jarbaza (also ‫ )جربذة‬deception, swindle ‫ جربوع‬jarbū‘ (= ‫ )يربوع‬pl. ‫ جرابيع‬jarābī‘2 jerboa (zool.) ‫ جربندية‬jarabandīya (and ‫ )جرابندية‬knapsack, rucksack ‫ جرثوم‬jurtūm, ‫ جرثومة‬jurtūma pl. ‫ جراثيم‬jarātīm2 root; origin; germ; microbe, bacillus, bacterium│ ‫ تحت الجرثوم‬taḥt al-j. inframicrobe ‫ جراج‬look up alphabetically ‫ جرجر‬jarjara (‫ جرجرة‬jarjara) to gargle; to jerk or pull back and forth; to trail, drag (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to tow away (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)│ ‫جرجر خطاه‬ (ḳuṯāhū) to drag one’s feet, shuffle along II tajarjara pass. and refl. of I ‫ جرجرة‬jarara gargling; rombling noise; rumble, clatter (of a wagon) ‫ جرجر‬jirjir (large, thick) beans ‫ جرجير‬jirjīr watercress (eg., syr.) 118 ‫ جرح‬jaraḥa a (jarḥ to wound (‫ ه‬s.o.); to injure, hurt (‫ ه‬s.o.; also fig., the feelings) II to invalidate (‫ ھـ‬teatimony), challenge, declare unreliahle (‫ ه‬a witness), take formal exception (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬to) VIII to commit (‫ ھـ‬an outrage, a crime)│ ‫اجترح السيآت‬ (sayyi’āt) to do evil things ‫ جرح‬jurḥ pl. ‫ جراح‬jirāḥ, ‫ جروح‬jurūḥ, ‫ جروحات‬jurūḥāt, ‫ اجراح‬ajrāḥ wound, injury, lesion ‫ جراح‬jarrāḥ pl. -ūn surgeon│‫جراح االسنان‬ dental surgeon ‫ جراحة‬jirāḥa surgery ‫ جراحى‬jirāḥī surgical│ ‫عملية جراحية‬ (‘amalīya) surgical operation ‫ جريح‬jarīḥ pl. ‫ جرحى‬jarḥā wounded, injured, hurt ‫ تجريح‬tajrīḥ surgery; defamation, disparagement

‫ جارح‬jarīḥ injuring; wounding, stinging, painful, hurting; rapacious (beast), predatory

‫ جريد‬jarīd palm branches stripped of their leaves; jeered, a blunt javelin used in equestrian games

‫ جارحة‬jāriḥa pl. ‫ جوارح‬jawāriḥ2 predatory animal or bird│ ‫ جوارح الطير‬j. aṯ-ṯair predatory birds

‫ جريدة‬jarīda pl. ‫ جرائد‬jarā’id2 (n. un. of ‫ )جريد‬palm-leaf stalk; list, register, roster, index; newspaper│‫( جريدة يومية‬yaumīya) daily newspaper; ‫ جرائد المساء‬j. al-masā’ the evening papers; ‫ الجريدة الناطقة‬and ‫الجريدة‬ ‫ السينمائية‬tho newsreel

‫ جوارح‬jawāriḥ2 limbes, extremities (of the hody)│ ‫ بكل جوارحه‬with might and main, with all his strength

‫ اجرودى‬ajrūdī (syr.) beardless, hairless

‫ مجروح‬majrūḥ pl. ‫ مجاريح‬majārīḥ2 wounded, injured, hurt ‫ جرد‬jarada u (jard) to peel, pare (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to remove the shell, peel, rind or husk (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to denude, diveet, strip, bare (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); (com.) to take stock; to make an inventory (‫ البضائع‬of goods on hand) II to peel, pare (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to remove the shell, peel, rind or husk (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to denude, divest, strip, dispossess, deprive (‫ من ھـ‬or ‫ه‬ s.o. or s.th. of); to withhold (‫ من ه‬from s.o. s.th.); to draw, unsheathe (‫ السيف‬the sword); to unleash (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. against s.o.); to send, dispatch (‫ ھـ‬a military detachment, troops, ‫ ضد‬or ‫ على‬against s.o.); to free (‫ من ھـ‬or ‫ ه‬s.o. or s.th. from); to isolate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to abstract (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to divest (‫ من‬ss.o. of his citizenship, of a rank, of a vested right, etc.)│ ‫جرده من السالح‬ to disarm s.o.; ‫ جرد نفسه من‬to free o.s. from, rid o.s. of, give up s.th. V pass. of II; to strip o.s., rid o.s., get rid (‫ من‬or ‫ عن‬of), free o.s. (‫ من‬or ‫ عن‬from); to be free (‫ من‬or ‫عن‬ from, ‫ ل‬for a task); to devote o.s. exclusively (‫ ل‬to s.th.); to give up, renounce (‫ من‬or ‫ عن‬s.th.); to isolate o.s. ; to be absolute ‫ جرد‬jard bare, threadbare, shabby, worn; (com.) inventory; stocktaking ‫ جريد‬jarīd without vegetation, barren, bleak, stark (landscape) 2

2

‫ اجراد‬ajrād , f. ‫ جرداء‬jardā’ , pl. ‫ جرد‬jurd desolate, bleak, without vegetation; hairless, bald; threadbare shabby, worn (garment); open, unprotected (border) ‫ جراد‬jarād (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬locust(s)│ ‫جراد‬ ‫( الرحال‬raḥḥāl) migratory locust(s); ‫جراد‬ ‫ البحر‬j. al-baḥr langouste, sea cray-fish; ‫ بجرادھا‬bi-jarādihā in its entirety

‫ مجرد‬mijrad pl. ‫ مجارد‬majārid2 scraper ‫ تجريد‬tajrīd peeling. paring; disrobement, stripping; denudation; deprivation; divestment; disarmament; dispatching (of troops); freeing; isolation; abstraction│‫ تجريد من السالح‬disarmament 119 ‫ تجريدة‬tajrīda pl. -āt ‫ تجاريد‬tajārīd2 military detachment, expeditionary force ‫ تجرد‬tajarrud freedom (‫ من‬or ‫ عن‬from); isolatedness, isolation; independence, impartiality; absoluteness; abstractness, abstraction ‫ مجرد‬mujarrad denuded, bare, naked; freed, free (‫ من‬or ‫ عن‬from); pure, mere, nothing more than; sole; very, absolute; abstract; selfless, disinterested; 1st stem of tbe verb (gram.)│with foll. noun in genitive = mere, sheer, nothing but:) ‫مجرد‬ ‫ لھو‬mujarradu lahwin mere play, just fun; ‫ بالعين المجردة‬with the naked eye; ‫بمجرد ما‬ bi-mujarradi mā as soon as, at the very moment when ‫ جردل‬jardal pl. ‫ جرادل‬jaradil2 bucket, pail ‫ جرذ‬jurad pl. ‫ جرذان‬jirdān, jurdān large rat ‫ جرذون‬jirdaun pl. ‫ جراذين‬jarādīn2 large rat 1

‫ جرس‬jarasa i (jars) to ring, toll, knell, (re)sound II to make experienced, inure by severe trials, sorely try (‫ ه‬s.o.; time, events); to compromise, disgrace, discredit, expose, bring into dierepute (‫ب‬ s.o.) ‫ جرس‬jars, jirs sound, tone ‫ جرس‬jaras pl. ‫ اجراس‬ajrās bell ‫ جرسة‬jursa defamation, public exposure; scandal, disgrac

2

‫ جرساية‬jirsāya, ‫ جرسية‬jirsīya pl. -āt jersey, woolen sweater; ‫ جرسى‬jersey cloth

‫ جرش‬jaraša u (jarš) to crush (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to grate, bruise, grind (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ جرش‬jarš a grating, scraping noise ‫ جريش‬jarīš crushed, bruised, coarsely ground; crushed grain; grits 2

‫ جاروشة‬jārūša pl. ‫ جوارش‬jawarīš quern, hand mill (for grinding grain) ‫ جرض‬jaraḍa a (jaraḍ): ‫( جرض بريقه‬bi-rīqihī) he choked on his saliva, could not swallow his saliva (because of excitement, alarm, or grief), he was very upset, in a atate of great agitation, deeply moved; -jaraḍa u (jarḍ) to choke, sulfocate (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV ‫( اجرضه بريقه‬cf. I) to alarm s.o., fill s.o. with apprehension ‫ جريض‬jarīḍ: ‫ حال الجريض دون القريض‬ḥāla l.j. dūna l-qarīḍ (proverb; lit.: choking prevented poetry, i.e.) in the face of death one does not think of rhyming (among other interpretations) ‫ جرع‬jara‘a a (jar‘) and jari‘a a (jara‘) to swallow, gulp, devour (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to pour down, toss down (‫ ھـ‬a drink) II to make (‫ه‬ s.o.) swallow (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to gulp down V to drink (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VIII to swallow, gulp down (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ جرعة‬jur‘a, jar‘a pl. ‫ جرع‬jura‘, -āt gulp, mouthful, draught; potion, dose (med.) ‫ جرف‬jarafa u (jarf) and VIII to sweep away (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to wash away (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to shovel away (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to remove (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to tear away, carry off (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to carry along (‫ھـ‬ or ‫ ه‬s.o. or s.th.) VII to be swept away, be carried away ‫ جرف‬jurf, juruf pl. ‫ جروف‬jurūf, ‫اجراف‬ ajrāf undercut bank or shore; clilf, steep slope, precipice; bluff (along a river or coast)│ ‫( جرف جليدي‬jalīdī) avalanche ‫ جرافة‬jarrāfa pl. -āt, ‫ جراريف‬jarārīf rake; harrow ‫ مجرف‬majraf pl. ‫ مجارف‬majārif2 torrent, .trong current ‫ مجرفة‬mijrafa shovel, scoop; (syr.) mattock; trowel

2

‫ مجراف‬mijrāf pl. ‫ مجارف‬majārīf2 shovel, scoop ‫ جارف‬jārif torrential (stream, mountain creek); stormy, violent (emotions, passions) 120 ‫ الجركس‬al-jarkas the Circassians ‫ جركسى‬jarkasī pl. ‫ جراكسة‬jarākisa circassian (adj. and n.) ‫ جرم‬jarama i (jarm) to sone (‫ الحم‬al-laḥma the meat); -- to commit an offense, a crime, an outrage (‫ على‬or ‫ الى‬against s.o.), sin (‫ على‬or ‫ الى‬against s.o.), injure, harm, wrong (‫على‬ or ‫ الى‬s.o.) II to incriminate, charge with a crime (‫ ه‬s.o.; syr.) IV to commit a crime, to sin (‫ على‬or ‫ الى‬against s.o.), do wrong ( ‫ على‬or ‫ الى‬to s.o.), harm, wrong (‫ على‬or ‫الى‬ s.o.) VIII = IV ‫ جرم‬garm pl. ‫ جروم‬gurūm (eg.) long, flatbottomed sarge, lighter (naut.) ‫ جرم‬jirm pl. ‫ اجرام‬ajrām, ‫ جرم‬jurum body; mass, sulk, volume (of a body)│ ‫االجرام‬ ‫( الفلكية‬falakīya) the celestial bodies ‫ جرم‬iunn pl. ‫ اجرام‬ajrām, ‫ جروم‬jurūm offense, crime, sin ‫ ال جرم‬lā jarama surely, certainly, of course ‫ جريم‬jarīm hulking, bulky, huge, voluminous, of great size ‫ جريمة‬jarīma pl. ‫ جرائم‬jarā’im2 crime; offense; sin│( ‫عظمى‬or) ‫جريمة كبرى‬ (kubrā, uẓma) capital offense; ‫قانون الجرائم‬ penal code ‫ اجرام‬ijrām crime; culpability, delinquency ‫ اجرامى‬ijrāmī criminal ‫ لحم مجروم‬laḥm majrūm fillet (meat) ‫ سنة مجرمة‬sana mujarrama an entire year ‫ مجرم‬mujrim criminal; (pl. -ūn) a criminal; evildoer, culprit, delinquent│ ‫ مجرم عائد‬recidivous criminal ‫ جرامز‬jarāmiz2 and ‫ جراميز‬jarāmīz2 limbs, legs│ ‫( ضم جراميزه‬ḍamma) he beat it, he made off ‫ الجرمان‬al-jarmān the Germanic tribes, the Teutons

‫ جرمانى‬jarmānī Germanic, Teutonic 1

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‫ جرن‬jurn pl. ‫ اجران‬ajrān (stone) basin; mortar; (eg.) threshing floor, barn│ ‫ جرن المعمودية‬j. al-ma‘mūdīya baptismal font ‫ جران‬jirān the front part of a camel’s neck│ ‫ ضرب بجرانه‬to become established, take root; ‫( القى عليه جرانه‬alqā, jirānahū) to apply o.s. to s.th. and adjust to it, accustom o.s. to s.th.

‫ جرنال‬jurnāl (eg. also gurnāl) pl. ‫ جرانيل‬žarānīl2 (eg., garānīl2) journal, newspaper, periodical ‫ جرانيت‬granīt granite ‫ جرانيتى‬grānītī granitic ‫ جرو‬jarw (jirw, jurw) pl. ‫ اجر‬ajrin, ‫ جراء‬jirā’, ‫ اجراء‬ajrā’, ‫ اجرية‬ajriya puppy, whelp, cub (of a dog or beast of prey) ‫ جروسة‬grōsa gross (= 12 dozen) ‫ جرى‬jarā i (jary) to flow, stream (water); to run; to hurry, rush; to slow (wind); to take place, come to pass, happen, occur; to be under way, be in progress, be going on (work); to befall (‫ ل‬s.o.), happen (‫ ل‬to); to be in circulation, circulate, be current; to wend one’s way (‫ الى‬to), head (‫ على‬for); to proceed (‫ على‬in accordance with); to follow (‫ مع‬s.th.), yield, give way (‫ مع‬to, e.g., to a desire); to entail (‫ ب‬s.th.); (with ‫ )وراء‬to run or be after s.th., seek to get s.th.│ ‫جرى له حديث مع‬he had a talk with; ‫( جرى مجراه‬majrāhū) to take the same course as, be analogous to, follow the same way as, proceed or act in the same manner as; ‫( جرى منه الشيء مجرى الدم‬minhu š-šai’u majrā d-dam) it had become second nature to him; ‫جرى على االلسن‬ (alsun) to circulate, make the rounds (rumor); 121 ‫ جرى على كل لسان‬to be on everyone’s lip; ‫( جرى على قلمه‬qalamihī) to come to s.o.’s pen (e.g, a poem); ‫جرى على‬ ‫( خطة‬ḳiṯṯa) to follow a plan; ‫ما يجرى عليه‬ ‫‘( العمل‬amalu) the way things are handled, what is customary practice; ‫ جرى به العمل‬to be in force, be valid, be commonly observed (law, custom); ‫ جرت العادة ب‬to be customary, be common practice, be a common phenomenon, have gained vogue; ‫ جرى بالعادة على‬to do s.th. customarily, se in the habit of doing s.th.; ‫ جرت بذلك عادتھم‬that was their habit II to

cause to run│‫( جرى ريقه‬rīqahū) to make s.o.’s mouth water III to concur, agree, be in agreement (‫ ه‬with s.o., ‫ فى‬in s.th.); to keep pace, keep up (‫ ه‬with s.o.; also intellectually); to be able to follow (‫ ه‬s.o.); to go (along) (‫ ھـ‬with); to adapt o.s. adjust, conform (‫ ھـ‬to), be guided (‫ ھـ‬by) IV to cause to flow, make flow (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to cause to run, set running (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) take place or happen, bring about (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to carry out, execute, enforce, put into effect, apply (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., rules, regulations); to carry out, perform (‫ ھـ‬an action); to Set going, set in motion (‫ ھـ‬a project), launch (‫ ھـ‬an undertaking); to channel (‫ على‬or ‫ ل ھـ‬s.th. to), bestow, settle (‫ على‬or ‫ ل ھـ‬s.th. upon s.o.); to impose, inflict (‫ على ھـ‬s.th., a penalty, on s.o.)│ ‫( اجرى تجربة‬tajribatan) to carry out an experiment; ‫ اجرى تحقيقا‬to conduct an investigation; ‫اجرى له اعانة‬ (i‘ānatan) to grant s.o. a subsidy; ‫اجراه‬ ‫( مجرى‬majrā, with foll. genitive) to treat s.th. in the same manner as, put s.th. on equal footing with ‫ جرى‬jary course│‫ جريا على‬jaryan ‘alā in accordance with, according to ‫ جراك‬min jarāka and min jarā’ika because of you, on your account, for your sake ‫ جراء‬jarrā’ runner, racer ‫ جراية‬jirāya pl. -āt daily (food) rations; pay, salary│‫‘ عيش جراية‬ēš girāya (eg.) coarse bread ‫ جريان‬jarayāan flow, flux; course; stream ‫ مجرى‬majra.. pl. ‫ مجار‬majārin watercourse, stream, rivulet, gully; torrent or flood of water; pipeline; canal, channel; drain, sewer, pl. sewers, sewage system; power line (el.); current (el.); current (of a stream); guide rail (tech.); course (of events), progress, passage│‫ مجرى البول‬m. l-baul urethra (anat.); ‫ مجارى التنفس‬m. ttanaffus respiratory tract (anat.); ‫مجرى‬ ‫ الھواء‬m. l-hawā’ air stream, current of air, draft; ‫ اخذ مجراه‬to take its course; See also ‫ جرى‬I and IV ‫ ماجريات‬mājarayāt, mājariyāt (pl. of ‫ما‬ ‫( )جرى‬course of) events, happenings

‫ مجاراة‬mujārāh keeping up (with foll. genitive: with); conformity (with foll. genitive: with)│ ‫ مجاراة ل‬mujārātan li in conformity with, in accordance with, according to

‫ جزيء‬juzai’ pl. -āt molecule ‫ اجزائى‬ajzā’ī pl. -ūn pharmacist, druggist ‫ اجزاجى‬ajzājī pl. -īya pharmacist, druggist ‫ اجزائية‬ajzā’īya and ‫ اجزاخانة‬ajzāḳāna pl. -āt pharmacy, drugstore

‫ اجراء‬ijrā’ pl. -āt performance (of an action); execution; enforcement; pl. measures, steps, proceedings│ ‫اتخذ اجراءات‬ (ittaḳada) to take measures; ‫اجراءات قانونية‬ (qānūnīya) legal step, proceedings at law ‫ جار‬jārin flowing, streaming, running; circulating; current, present│ ‫الشھر الجارى‬ (šahr) the current month ‫ جارية‬jāriya pl. –āt, ‫ جوار‬jawārin girl; slave girl; maid, servant; ship, vessel ‫ جز‬jazza u (jazz) to cut off, clip (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to shear, shear off (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; esp. the wool of sheep)

‫ تجزئة‬tajzi’a division; partition; separation; dissociation; breakdown (into classes, categories, etc.); fragmentation│ ‫ قابل للتجزئة‬divisisle; ‫ قابلية التجزئة‬divisibility; ‫ تاجر التجزئة‬retailer, retail merchant ‫ جزدان‬juzdān, jidān pl. -āt wallet; change purse ‫ جزر‬jazara u (jazr) to slaughter; to kill, butcher (‫ ھـ‬an animal); -- i u (jazr) to sink, fall, drop, ebb (water) ‫ جزر‬jazr slaughter; butchering; ebb (of the sea)

‫ جزة‬jizza pl. ‫ جزز‬jizaz, ‫ جزائز‬jazā’iz2 shorn wool, fleece, slip

‫ جزرة‬jazra blood sacrifice

‫ جزازة‬juzāza pl. -āt slip of paper; label, tag

‫ جزار‬jazzār pl. ‫ة‬, -ūn butcher

‫ جزور‬jazūr pl. ‫ جزر‬juzur slaughter camel ‫ جزيرة‬jazīra pl. ‫ جزائر‬jazā’ir2, ‫ جزر‬juzur island│ ‫ شبه جزيرة‬šibhu j. peninsula; ‫الجزيرة‬ Al Jazira, (Northwest) Mesopotemia; ‫ الجزائر‬Algeria; Algiers; ‫ جزيرة العرب‬j. al-‘arab Arabia, the Arabian Peninsula; ‫( الجزائر الخالدات‬ḳālidāt) the Canary Islands; ‫( الجزيرة الخضراء‬ḳaḍrā’) Algeciras (seaport in SW Spain)

‫ جزاز‬jazzāz pl. –ūn shearer, woolshearer ‫ مجز‬mijazz woolshears 122 ‫ جزأ‬jaza’a a and VIII to be content, content o.s. (‫ ب‬with) II to divide, part, separate, break up, cut up, partition (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to divide, break up, be or become divided; to be separated, be detached, be partitioned off; to be divisible, separable (‫ عن‬from)

‫ جزرى‬jazarī insular; (pl. -ūn) islander

‫ جزء‬juz’ pl. ‫ اجزاء‬ajzā’ part, portion; constituent, component; fraction; division; section; the 30th part of the Koran (= 2 ḥizb) ‫ جزئى‬juz’ī partial; minor, trivial, insignificant, unimportant; (jur.) minor, petty; ‫ جزئيا‬juz’īyan partly; ‫ جزئيات‬juz’īyāt details, particulars; trivialities; subordinate partly; divisions, sections (e.g., of a court of justice)│ ‫( مواد جزئية‬mawādd) petty cases (jur.); ‫( جنح جزئية‬junaḥ) summary delicts (jur.); ‫ محاكم جزئية‬courts of summary justice; ‫( نيابة جزئية‬niyāba) parquet of a summary court; ‫حادثة جزئية‬ minor incident; ‫( تسوية جزئية‬taswiya) part payment; ‫( الجزئيات والكليات‬kullīyāt) the particular and general aspects, the minor and the major issues

‫ جزائرى‬jazā’rī pl. -ūn Algerian (adj. and n.); islander ‫ مجزر‬majzar pl. ‫ مجازر‬majāzir2 slaughterhouse, abattoir; butchery ‫ مجزرة‬majzara pl. ‫ مجازر‬majāzir2 butchery; massacre, carnage 2

‫جزر‬jazar (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬carrot(s)

‫ جزع‬jazi‘a a (jaza‘, ‫ جزع‬juzū‘) to be or become anxious, worried, concerned; to be sad, unhappy (‫ من‬about); to feel regret (‫ على‬for s.o.), pity (‫ على‬s.o.); to mourn (j. for s.o.) V to break apart, break, snap ‫ جزع‬jaz‘ onyx ‫ جزع‬juz’ axle; shaft (techn.)

s.o.); (gram.) to pronounce the final consonant (of a word) without a vowel; to put (‫ ھـ‬a verb) into the apocopate form or the imperative

‫ جزع‬jaza‘ anxiety, uneasiness, apprehension, concern; anguish, fear; sadness ‫ جزع‬jazi‘ restless, impatient; anxious, worried, uneasy, apprehensive

‫ جزم‬jazm cutting off, clipping; decision; resolution, resolve; apodictic judgment; (gram.) apocopate form│ ‫عالمة الجزم‬ ‘alāmat al-j. = jazma

‫ جزع‬jazū‘ and ‫ جازع‬jāzi‘ restless; impatient; anxious, worried, uneasy, apprehensive

‫ جزمة‬jazma diacritical mark (o) indicating vowellessness of a final consonant

‫ مجزع‬mujazza‘ marbled, veined; variegated, dappled 123 ‫ جزف‬III to act at random, blindly, Indiscriminately, take a chance; to speculate (fin.); to speak vaguely, in general terms; to risk, stake (‫ ب‬s.th.)│ ‫ جازف بنفسه‬to risk one’s life; ‫ جازف به فى‬to plunge s.o. into (some adventure) ‫ جزاف‬juzāf purchase of a certain amount of things (Isl. Law); ‫ جزافا‬juzāfan at random, haphazardly

‫ مجزوم‬majzūm cut off. cut short, clipped; decided. settled; (gram.) vowelless (final consonant); in the apocopate form

‫ مجازفة‬mujāzafa rashness, recklessness, foolhardiness; risk, hazard; adventure, venture

‫ منجزم‬munjazim (gram.) in the apocopate form

‫ مجازف‬mujāzif rash, reckless, foolhardy; adventurous; venturesome 2

‫ جازم‬jāzim decisive; peremptory, definite, definitive, final; firmly convinced, absolutely certain (‫ ب‬of s.th.); (pl. ‫ جوازم‬jawāzim2) governing the apocopate form (gram.)

‫ جزل‬jazūla u to be considerable, abundant, plentiful IV ‫‘( اجزل له العطاء‬aṯā’) to give generously, openhandedly, liberally to s.o. VIII to write shorthand ‫ جزل‬jazl and ‫ جزيل‬jazīl pl. ‫ جزال‬jizāl abundant, plentiful, ample, much; pure, lucid, eloquent (style)│ ‫ جزل الرأي‬of sound, unerring judgment; ‫شكره شكرا جزيال‬ šakarahū šukran jazīlan he thanked him profusely; ‫ شكرا جزيال‬many thanks! ‫ جزل‬jizla piece, slice ‫ جزالة‬jazāla profusion, abundance; (rhet.) purity (of style) ‫ مجتزل‬mujtazil stenographer

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‫ جوزل‬look up alphabetically

2

‫جزالن‬juzlān = ‫جزدان‬

1

‫ جزم‬jawma i (jazm) to cut off, cut short, clip ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to judge; to decide. Settle (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to be positive (‫ ب‬about), be absolutely certain (‫ ب‬of s.th.); to assert authoritatively (‫ ب‬s.th.); to make up one's mind, decide, resolve (‫ على‬to do s.th.); to impose, make incumbent (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. on

2

‫ جزمة‬jazma pl. –āt, ‫ جزم‬jizam (pair of) shoes (pair of) boots│ ‫( جزمة برباط‬bi-ribāṯ) laced soots; ‫( جزمة لماعة‬lammā‘a) patent-leather shoes ‫ جزمجى‬gazmagī (eg.) and ‫جزماتى‬ gizamātī (eg.), jazmātī (syr.) pl. -īya shoemaker

‫ جزى‬jazā i (‫ جزاء‬iazii') to requite, recompense ( ‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ب‬or ‫ على‬for), repay (‫ ه‬to s.o., ‫ ب‬or ‫ على‬s.th.); to reward (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ب‬or ‫ على‬for); to punish (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ب‬or ‫ على‬for); to satisfy (‫ه‬ s.o.), give satisfaction (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to compensate, make up (‫ ب ھـ‬for s.th. with or by); to compensate, offset (‫ عن‬s.th.)│ ‫( جزاك ﷲ خيرا‬ḳairan) may God bless you for it!; ‫( جزاه جزاء سنمار‬jazā’a sinimmāra) he returned to him good for evil III to repay, requite (‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. with, ‫ ب ه‬s.o. for), recompense (‫ ب ه‬s.o. for); to reward (‫على‬ or ‫ ب ه‬s.o. for); to punish (‫ على‬or ‫ ب ه‬s.o. for)│ ‫( جزاھم خيرا‬ḳairan) he invoked God’s reward upon them IV to suffice (‫ ه‬s.o.), do for s.o. (‫ ;)ه‬to take the place, serve instead (‫ عن‬of), replace (‫ عن‬s.th.) ‫ جزاء‬jazā’ requital, repayment; recompense, return; compensation, setoff; 124 amends, reparation; punishment, penalty│ ‫( جزاء نقدي‬naqdī) fine

‫ جزائى‬jazā’ī penal ‫ جزية‬jizya pl. ‫ جزى‬jizan, ‫ جزاء‬jizā’ tax; tribute; head tax on free non-Muslims under Muslim rule ‫ تجزية‬tajziya reward

‫ جسد‬jasad pl. ‫ اجساد‬ajsād body│ ‫عيد الجسد‬ ‘īd al-j. and ‫ خميس الجسد‬Corpus Christi Day (Chr.) ‫ جسدى‬jasadī bodily, fleshly, carnal ‫ جسدانى‬jusdānī bodily

‫ مجازاة‬mujāzāh requital, repayment; punishment

‫ تجسد‬taia.snul materialization; incar·

‫ جس‬jassa u (jass, ‫ مجسة‬majassa) to touch, feel, handle (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to palpate, examine by touch (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to test, sound, probe (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to try to gain information (‫ ھـ‬about), try to find out (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to spy out (‫ھـ‬ s.th.)│ ‫( جس نبضه‬nabḍahū) to feel s.o.’s pulse, (fig.) ‫ جس نبض الشيء‬to probe, sound out, try to find out s.th. V to try to gain information (‫ ھـ‬about), try to find out (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to reconnoiter, scout, explore (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to be a spy, engage in espionage; to spy, pry, snoop (‫ على‬on s.o.)│ ‫تجسس له‬ ‫( اخبارا‬aḳbāran) to gather information for s.o., spy for s.o. VIII to touch, feel, handle (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to spy out (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)

‫ مجسد‬mujassad embodied, corporified

‫ جس‬jass: ‫ طرى الجس‬ṯarīy al-j. delicate to the touch, having a tender surface, fresh ‫ جاسوس‬jāsūs pl. ‫ جواسيس‬jawāsīs2 spy ‫ جاسوسة‬jāsūsa woman spy ‫ جاسوسى‬jāsūsī of espionage, spy- (in compounds) ‫ جاسوسية‬jāsūsīya spying, espionage ‫ جوسسة‬jausasa spying, espionage ‫ مجس‬majass spot which one touches or feels; sense of touch│ ‫ خشن المجس‬ḳašin alm. coarse to the touch, having a rough surface ‫ مجس‬mijass probe (med.) ‫ تجسس‬tajassus spying, espionage ‫ جاسئ‬jāsi’ hard, rough, rugged ‫ جسد‬II to make corporeal, invest with a body, embody, incarnate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), give concrete form (‫ ھـ‬to s.th.); to render or represent in corporeal form (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to become corporeal, assume concrete form, materialize; to become incarnate (Chr.); to become three-dimensional

nation (OM.) ‫ متجسد‬mutajassid corporeal; incarnate (Chr) ‫ جسر‬jasara u to span, cross, traverse (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); (‫ جسارة‬jasāra, ‫ جسور‬jusūr) to venture, risk (‫ على‬s.th.), have the courage (‫ على‬to do s.th.) II to build a dam or dike; to embolden, encourage (‫ ھـ‬s.o., ‫ على‬to do s.th.) VI to dare, venture, risk (‫ على‬s.th.), have the audacity (‫ على‬to do s.th.); to be sold, forward, insolent, impudent (‫على‬ with s.o.) VIII to span, cross, traverse (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) ‫ جسر‬jisr pl. ‫ اجسر‬ajsur, ‫ جسور‬jusūr bridge; dam, dike, embankment, levee; -(pl. ‫ جسورة‬jusūra) beam, girder; axle, axletree│ ‫( جسر متحرك‬muḥarrik) movable bridge; ‫( جسر معلق‬mu‘allaq) suspension bridge; ‫ جسر عائم‬pontoon bridge, floating bridge ‫ جسور‬jasār sold, daring; forward, insolent, impudent ‫ جسارة‬jasāra boldness, recklessness, intrepidity; forwardness, insolence ‫ تجاسر‬tajāsur boldness, recklessness, intrepidity; forwardness, insolence ‫ متجاسر‬mutajāsir bold, daring; forward, insolent, impudent 125 ‫ جسطن‬see ‫جصطن‬ ‫ جسم‬jasuma u (‫ جسامة‬jasāma) to be great. Big, large. bulky. huge. immense II to make corporeal. invest with a body (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), give (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) shape or form; to materialize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to cause to stand out. bring out ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to enlarge, magnify (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; e.g., microscope); to make big, bulky, huge (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to play up, exaggerate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to become corporeal, become embodied; to materialize; to assume a form, take shape, become tangible or concrete; to be

materialized; to become big, large, huge, increase in volume, grow in size ‫ جسم‬pl. ‫ اجسام‬ajsām, ‫ جسوم‬jusūm body (also O of an automobile); substance, matter; mass; form, shape ‫ جسمى‬iiaa1 bodily, physical; substantial, material

‫ جشع‬jaši‘a a (jaša‘) and V to be covetous, greedy ‫ جشع‬jaša‘ greed, avidity, inordinate desire ‫ جشع‬jaši‘ greedy, covetous

‫ جسيم‬jasīm pl. ‫ جسام‬great, big, large; voluminous, bulky, huge; vast, immense; stout, corpulent; weighty, most significant, momentous, prodigious

‫ جشم‬jašāma a (jašm, ‫ جشامة‬jašāma) to take upon o.s. (‫ ھـ‬some hardship) II to make (‫ه‬ s.o.) suffer or undergo (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to impose (‫ ھـ ه‬on s.o. s.th. difficult), burden (‫ ھـ ه‬s.o. with s.th.) V to take upon o.s., suffer, undergo (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., hardships)

‫ جسيم‬jusaim pl. -āt particle (phys.); corpuscle (biol.)

‫( جشنى‬eg., cf. ‫ ششنى‬šišnī) sample, specimen; sampling

‫ اجسم‬ajsam2 more voluminous, larger; stouter, more corpulent

‫ جص‬II to plaster, whitewash (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)

‫ جسم‬jasāma size, volume; stoutness, corpulence

‫ جصطن‬II tajaṣṯana to lounge, stretch lazily, loll

‫ جسمان‬jusmān body, mass ‫ جسمانى‬jusmānī bodily, physical. Corporal│‫ التأديب الجسمانى‬corporal punishment ‫ تجسيم‬tajsīm embodiment; relief; enlargement, magnification, magnifying power ‫ جسم‬mujassam bodily, corporeal; (math.) body; three-dimensional; tangible, material, concrete; raised, relieflike, standing out in relief (e.g., ‫خريطة مجسمة‬ relief map); relief; enlarged. Magnified│ ‫( فلم مجسم‬film) three-dimensional (stereoscopic) film, 3-D motion picture ‫ جسمانية‬jasmānīya2 Gethseman ‫ )جسا )جسو‬jasā u to become hard, solid ‫ جش‬jašša u (jašš) to grind, crush, bruise, grate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ جش‬jušša hoarseness, huskiness, raucity (of the voice) ‫ جشيش‬jašīš ground, grated, crushed ‫ اجش‬ajašš2, f. ‫ جشاء‬jaššā’2 hoarse, husky, raucous (voice) ‫ جشأ‬II and V to belch, burp ‫ جشاء‬jušā’ and ‫ جشأة‬jaš’a belch(ing), burp(ing) ‫ جشار‬jušār livestock

‫ جص‬jiṣṣ gypsum; plaster of Paris

‫ جعة‬ji‘a beer ‫ جعب‬II to corrugate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ جعبة‬ja‘ba pl. ‫ جعاب‬ji‘āb quiver; tube, pipe; gun barrel; o cartridge pouch (Syr.)│ ‫جعبة اخبار‬ j. aḳbār town gossip (person) 126 ‫ جعجع‬ja‘ja‘a (‫ جعجع‬ja‘ja‘a) to clamor, roar, shout; to clatter, clap; to bluster, explode in anger ‫ جعجعة‬ja‘ja‘a hubbub, rumpus, clamor, roar; creak, clapping noise (of a mill wheel); bluster ‫ جعجاع‬ja‘jā‘ clamorous, boisterous, noisy; bawler, loud-mouthed person ‫ جعد‬ja‘uda a (‫ جعودة‬ju‘ūda, ‫ جعادة‬ja‘āda) and V to become curly, frizzed, kinky, curl (hair); to be wavy; to be creased; to be wrinkled II to curl, frizz (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; the hair); to wave (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; the hair); to crease, pleat, plait (‫ ھـ‬cloth); to wrinkle (‫ ھـ‬the skin) ‫ جعد‬ja‘d (or ‫ جعد اليد‬j. al-yad, ‫ جعد الكف‬j. al-kaff) stingy, niggardly, tightfisted ‫ جعدة‬ja‘da curl, lock, ringlet ‫ جعدى‬ja‘dī and ‫ اجعد‬aj‘ad2 curly ‫ جعيدى‬gə‘īdī (eg.) bum, loafer, good-fornothing ‫ تجاعيد‬tajā‘īd2 wrinkles, lines (of the face) ‫ تجعدات‬taja‘‘udāt wrinkles

‫ مجعد‬muja‘‘ad curled, frizzed; wavy; furrowed, creased; wrinkled ‫ متجعد‬mutaja‘‘id curled, frizzed; wavy; furrowed, creased; wrinkled ‫ جعدنة‬ja‘dana idle talk, gossip (leb.) ‫ جعر‬ja‘ara a (ja‘r) to drop its manure (animal) ‫ ابو جعران‬abū ji‘rān2 scarabaeus; dung beetle ‫ جعفر‬ja‘far little river, creek ‫ جعل‬ja‘ala a (ja‘l) to make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to put, place, lay (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to create (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to effect, bring about (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make (‫ھـ ھـ‬ s.th. a rule, a principle, or the like, ‫ ه ه‬s.o., e.g., leader, king, etc.), appoint (‫ ه ه‬s.o. to an office, rank, or the like); to fix, set (‫ھـ ھـ‬ a sum, a price, at); to think, deem, believe (‫ ب ه‬or ‫ ه ه‬s.o. to be …, ‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th. to be ...), take (‫ ب ه‬or ‫ ه ه‬s.o. for, ‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th. for); to represent (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ فى صورة‬as, or in the form of, s.th. else); to appoint, settle (‫ل ھـ‬ s.th. for s.o., in s.o.’s favor); to give, grant, concede (‫ ل ھـ‬s.th., an advantage, to s.o.), put s.o. (‫ )ل‬in the way of s.th. (‫ ;)ھـ‬to attribute (‫ ھـ ل‬to s.o. s.th.), maintain that s.th. (‫ )ھـ‬belong. to s.o. (‫ ;)ل‬to entrust (‫الى‬ ‫ ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.); to put, get (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th., into a specific state or condition); (with foll. imperf.) to begin to, set out to│‫جعله‬ ‫ يفعل‬to induce s.o. to do; to make s.o. do s.th. (in a narrative); ‫( جعله بمننزلة‬bimanzilati) to place s.o. on equal footing with; ‫( جعله فى متناول يده‬fī mutanāwali yadihī) to bring or put s.th. within s.o.’s reach III to seek to bribe, try to win (‫ب ه‬ s.o. with s.th.) ‫ جعل‬ju‘l pl. ‫ اجعال‬aj‘āl pay, wages; piece wages; reward, prize ‫ جعلى‬ju‘līi: ‫( اتفاق جعلى‬ittifāq) piece-work contract ‫ جعل‬ju‘al pl. ‫ جعالن‬ji‘lān dung beetle; scarabaeus ‫ جعالة‬ji‘āla, ja‘āla, ju‘āla pl. ‫ جعائل‬ja‘āil2 pay, wages; allowance; reward, prize: bribe ‫ جغرافيا‬jugrāfiyā and ‫ جغرافية‬jugrāfīya geography│‫( جغرافية طبيعية‬ṯabī‘īya) physical geography ‫ جغرافي‬jugrāfī geographical; geographer

‫ جف‬jaffa (1st pers. perf. jafaftu) i (‫ جفاف‬jafāf, ‫ جفوف‬jufūf) to dry, become dry; to dry out II to dry, make dry (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ جفاف‬jafāf dryness; desiccation; drying up; dullness ‫تجفاف‬tajfāf pl. ‫ تجافيف‬tajāfīf2 protective armor ‫ تجفيف‬tajfīf drying; desiccation; dehydration; drainage 127 ‫ جاف‬jāff dry│ ‫( قلم حبر جاف‬qalam ḥibr) ball-point pen ‫ مجفف‬mujaffaf dried, desiccated, dehydrated; ‫ مجففات‬dehydrated foods ‫ جفاء‬jufā’ useless, vain, futile│ ‫ذھب جفاء‬ dahaba jufā’an to be in vain, be of no avail, pass uselessly ‫ جفت‬jift, ‫ چفت‬čift (pronounced šift; eg.) pincers, tweezers; metal clamp│ ‫ جفت شريان‬j. šaryān arterial clamps ‫( چفتشى‬pronounced šiftišī; eg.) filigree ‫ جفتلك‬jiftlik farm, country estate; government land (Pal.) ‫ جفر‬jafr, ‫‘ علم الجفر‬ilm al-j. divination, fortunetelling ‫ جفرة‬jufra pl. ‫ جفر‬jufar pit, hole ‫ جفل‬jafala i u (jafl, ‫ جفول‬jufūl) and IV to start, jump with fright; to shy (horse) II to start, rouse (‫ ھـ‬s.th., .s.o.); to scare away (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ جفل‬jafl and ‫ جفول‬jufūl fright, alarm; shying ‫( چفلك‬pronounced šiflik; eg.) = ‫جفتلك‬ ‫ جفن‬pl. ‫ جفون‬jufūn, ‫ اجفان‬ajfān eyelid ‫ جفنة‬jafna pl. ‫ جفان‬jifān, ‫ جفنات‬jafanāt bowl; grapsvine (‫ جفو( جفا‬jafā u (jafw, ‫ جفاء‬jafā’) to be rough, coarse; to treat (‫ ه‬s.o.) roughly, harshly; to turn away (. from), shun, avoid, flee (‫ه‬ s.o.) III to treat (‫ ه‬s.o.) roughly, rudely, harshly; to be cruel (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to be cross ( ‫ ه‬with s.o.); to elude, flee (‫ ه‬s.o.; slumber); to offend (‫ ھـ‬against good taste, one’s sense of honor, or the like) VI to withdraw (‫ عن‬from), shun, avoid (‫ ه‬s.o.); to loathe ( ‫ عن‬s.o., s.th.), have an aversion (‫ عن‬to); to display rude manners, act the ruffian

sublime; revered, honorable, venerable; glorious, splendid

‫ جفو‬jafw roughness, harshness ‫ جفوة‬jafwa roughness; estrangement, alienation; disagreement, dissension, quarrel

‫ جالل‬jalāl loftiness, sublimity, augustness; splendor, glory ‫ جاللة‬jalāla loftiness, sublimity, augustness; majeoty│ ‫صاحب )صاحبة( الجاللة‬ His (Her) Majesty, ‫ جاللة الملك‬j. al-malik His Majesty, the King

‫ جفاء‬jafā’ roughness; harshness; sternness; antipathy, aversion, distaste, loathing; estrangement, alienation ‫ اجفى‬ajfā refraining even more (‫ ل‬from), more averse (‫ ل‬to s.th.)

‫ اجل‬ajall2 greater; more sublime; more splendid

‫ جاف‬jāfin pl. ‫ جفاة‬jufāh harsh, rough, coarse; brutish, uncouth, rude

‫ مجلة‬majalla pl. -āt periodical; review, magazine│ ‫( مجلة اسبوعية‬usbū‘īya) weekly magazine; ‫( مجلة شھرية‬šahrīya) monthly publication; ‫( مجلة خاصة ب‬ḳāṣṣa) professional journal for a. ; ‫مجلة االحكام‬ lawbook, code; ‫ مجلة القوانين‬do.

‫ جاكتة‬look up alphabetically ‫ جكر‬III (syr.) to tease (‫ ه‬s.o.) 1

‫ جل‬jalla i (‫ جالل‬jalāl) to be great, lofty, exalted, illustrious, sublime; to be too great (‫ عن‬for), be beyond s.th. (‫)عن‬, be far above s.th. (‫‘(عن(│ جل عن الحصر‬an il-ḥaṣr) to be innumerable II to honor, dignify, exalt (‫ ه‬s.o.); to cover (‫ ھـ‬s.th., esp. the ground, as snow, plants, etc.); to envelop, wrap, drape, clothe; to border, edge (‫ھـ‬ s.th., ‫ ب‬with) IV to honor, dignify, revere, venerate, esteem highly, exalt (‫ ه‬s.o.); to deem too high, too exalted (‫ عن‬for s.th.), consider far beyond s.th. (‫ )عن‬VI to deem o.s. far above s.th. (‫ )عن‬X to be great, exalted, sublime ‫ جل‬great, outstanding; bulky ‫ جل‬jull major portion, bulk, majority, main part│‫ جله‬julluhū most of it; ‫ جل االمة‬j. al-umma the majority of the people; ‫جل ما‬ ‫ فيه‬its main contents; ‫( وجل ما يقال انه‬jullu) that much, at least, can be said that ... ‫ جلل‬jalal important, significant, momentous, weighty ‫ جلى‬jullā pl. ‫ جلل‬julal matter of great importance, momentous undertaking, great feat, exploit ‫ جلة‬julla, jilla droppings, dung (of animals); julla pl. ‫ جلل‬julal (cannon) ban; bomb 128 ‫ جلة‬julla attire, clothing│ ‫الجلة الجبروتية‬ ‫( ))الكھنوتية‬ḥabrawīya, kahnūtīya) Episcopal (sacerdotal) vestments (Chr.) ‫ جليل‬jalīl pl. ‫ اجالء‬ajillā’2, ‫ اجلة‬ajilla, ‫جالئل‬ jalā’il2 great, important, significant, weighty, momentous; lofty, exalted,

‫ تجلة‬tajilla and ‫ اجالل‬ijlāl honor, distinction; esteem, deference, respect; reverence 2

‫ جل‬jull rose

‫ جالب‬julāb, jullāb rose water; julep ‫( جالتين‬Fr. gélatine) želātīn jelly ‫( جالسية‬Fr. glacé) glasēh (eg.) kid leather 1

‫ جلب‬jalaba i u (jalb) to attract (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to fetch, get, bring (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ل‬to s.o.); to import (‫ ھـ‬goods); to bring about (‫ ھـ‬a state, condition); to bring (‫ ھـ‬harm, shame, etc., ‫ على‬upon s.o.); to gain, win, obtain (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to earn (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); (‫ جلوب‬julūb) to scar over, heal (wound) II to shout, clamor; to be noisy, boisterous IV to earn, gain, acquire (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); = II; VII pass. of I VIII to procure, bring, fetch, get (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to draw (‫ ھـ‬on s.th.); to import (‫ ھـ‬goods) X to import (‫ ھـ‬goods); to fetch, summon, call in (‫ ه‬s.o.); to attract, draw (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to seek to attract or win (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to get, procure (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ جلب‬jalb bringing, fetching; procurement; acquisition; importation, import; causation, bringing on, bringing about ‫ جلب‬jalab imported; foreign ‫ جلب‬jalab and ‫ جلبة‬jalaba clamor; uproar, tumult, turmoil ‫ جلبة‬julba scar

‫ جليب‬jalīb imported, foreign; (pl. ‫جلبى‬ jalbā, ‫ جلباء‬julabā’2) foreign slave ‫ جالب‬jallāb attractive, captivating; importer, trader; see also alphabetically│ ‫ جالب العبيد‬slave trader ‫ جالبية‬gallābīya (eg.) pl. -at, ‫جالليب‬ galālīb2 galabia, a loose, shirtlike garment, the common dreao of the male population in Egypt ‫ جلباب‬below under ‫جلبب‬ ‫ جلب‬ajlab2 more attractive, more captivating ‫ مجلبة‬majlaba pl. ‫ مجالب‬majālib2 causative factor, motive, reason, cause, occasion ‫ استجالب‬istijlāb procurement, acquisition; importation, import; supply; attraction│ ‫ استجالب السائحين‬promotion of tourist traffic ‫ جالب‬jālib causative factor, motive, reason, cause, occasion 2

‫ جالب‬julāb, jullāb rose water; julep

3

‫ جلبا‬jalabā jalap (bot.)

‫ جلبب‬II tajalbaba to clothe o.s. (‫ ب‬with), be clothed, be clad (‫ ب‬in a garment, also fig.) ‫ جلباب‬jilbāb pl. ‫ جالبيب‬jalābīb2 garment, dress, gown; woman's dress ‫ جلبان‬julubbān chickling vetch, grass pea (Lathyrus sativua) 1

‫ جلجل‬jaljala to reverberate; to resound, ring out; to rattle; to shake (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) 2

‫ جلجل‬juljul pl. ‫ جالجل‬jalājil (little) bell, sleigh bell; cowbell; jingle ‫ جلجلة‬jaljala sound of a bell; loud, shrill sound ‫ مجلجل‬mujaljil shrill, piercing; ringing, resounding, reverberant 2

‫ جلجلة‬juljula, ‫ جبل الجلجلة‬jabal al-j. Golgotha

3

‫جلجالن‬juljulān, jiljilān sesame

‫ جلح‬jaliḥa a (jalaḥ) to be or become bald ‫ اجلح‬ajlaḥ2, f. ‫ جلحاء‬jalḥā’2, pl. ‫ جلح‬julḥ bald-headed, bald

‫ جلخ‬jalaḳa a and II to sharpen (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to whet, hone (‫ ھـ‬a knife), strop (‫ ھـ‬a razor); to stretch, extend, roll out (‫ ھـ‬metal) ‫ جلخ‬jalḳ grindstone, whetetone, hone ‫ جلد‬jalada i (jald) to whip, flog, lash (‫ ه‬s.o.); -jalida a to be frozen, freeze; -- jaluda u to be tough, hardy, undismayed, steadfast, patient II to bind (‫ ھـ‬a book); (to cause) to freeze (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to fight (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to freeze; to be frozen, be covered with ice V to take heart; to show o.s. tough, hardy, robust; to resign o.s. to patience; to bear, suffer VI to engage in a sword fight ‫ جلد‬jald flogging; -- (pl. ‫ اجالد‬ajlād) staunch, steadfast; strong, sturdy ‫ جلد‬jild pl. ‫ جلود‬julūd, ‫ اجالد‬ajlād skin, hide; leather│ ‫( جلد سختيان‬suḳtiyān) morocco; ‫( جلد لماع‬lammā‘) patent leather ‫ جلدة‬jilda skin, hide; piece of leather; race│ ‫ ابن جلدتنا‬ibn jildatinā our countryman, our fellow tribesman, pl. ‫بنو‬ ‫ جلدتنا‬banū j. ‫ جلدى‬jildī dermal, cutaneous, skin (adj.)│ ‫ امراض جلدية‬skin diseases ‫ جليدة‬julaida pl. -āt membrane, pellicle; O film (phot.) ‫ جلد‬jalad enduranos; suffering; patience; firmament ‫ جلدة‬jalda lash, stroke with a whip ‫ جليد‬jalīd pl. ‫ جلداء‬juladā’2 staunch, steadfast; strong, sturdy ‫ جليد‬jalīd ice│ ‫ جبل جليد‬jabal j. iceberg; ‫( قطعة من الجليد‬qiṯ‘a) ice floe ‫ جليدى‬jalīdī icy, ice-covered, glacial, ice (adj.); snow-covered│ ‫‘( العصر الجليدى‬aṣr) the Ice Age ‫ جلود‬jalūd long-suffering, patient ‫ جالد‬jallād pl. -ūn leather merchant; executioner, hangman ‫ جالدة‬jalāda and ‫ جلودة‬julūda endurance, patience ‫ مجلدة‬mijlada whip, lash, scourge ‫ تجليد‬tajlīd freezing; bookbinding ‫ جالد‬jilād fight, battle (against) ‫ تجلد‬tajallud endurance, patience

‫ مجلد‬mujallid: ‫ مجلد الكتب‬m. al-kutub bookbinder ‫ مجلد‬mujallad frozen, icy, ice-covered; bound (book); (pl. -āt) volume (book) ‫ مجالد‬mujālid pl. -ūn gladiator ‫ متجلد‬mutajallid patient ‫ جلمز‬jillauz (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬hazelnut; hazel ‫ جلس‬jalasa i (‫ جلوس‬julūs) to sit down (‫ الى‬with s.o., at a tabl., etc., ‫ على‬on a chair); to sit ( ‫ الى‬with s.o., at a table, ‫ على‬on a chair)│ ‫( جلس الى الرسام‬rassām) to sit for a painter III to sit (‫ ه‬with s.o., next to s.o., in s.o.’s company); to keep s.o. (‫ )ه‬company IV to ask to sit down, make sit down, eeat (‫ه‬ s.o.) ‫ جلسة‬jalsa pl. -āt seat (in an auditorium); session (of parliament, of a committee, 130 of a court, etc.); party, gathering, meeting│‫‘ عقد جلسة‬aqada jasatan to convene a session; ‫‘( جلسة عامة‬āmma) plenary session ‫ جلسة‬jilsa manner of sitting ‫ جليس‬pl. ‫ جلساء‬julasā’2 participant in a social gathering; table companion: one with whom one sits together; ‫ جليسه‬the man who was at the party with him ‫ جليسة‬jalīsa lady companion; fem. of ‫جليس‬ ‫ جلوس‬julūs sitting: sitting down; accession to the throne; pl. of ‫ جالس‬sitting ‫ مجلس‬majlis pl. ‫ مجالس‬majālis2 seat; session room, conference room; party, gathering, meeting; social gathering: session, sitting; council meeting; council; concilium; collegium, college: board, committee, commission; administrative board; court, tribunal│‫ فى مجلسه‬in s.o.’s presence, in s.o.’s company; ‫مجلس التأديب‬ and ‫ مجلس تأديبى‬disciplinary board; ‫مجلس‬ ‫ تأسيسى‬constituent assembly; ‫مجلس آفاقى‬ regional court (tribunal régional; Tun.); ‫ مجلس األمة‬m. al-umma parliament (Ir.); ‫ مجلس األمن‬m. al-amn the Security Council; ‫ مجلس البلدية‬m. al-baladīya and ‫مجلس بلدى‬ (baladī) local council, municipal council; ‫ مجلس الحرب‬m. al-ḥarb war council; ‫مجلس‬ ‫( حسبى‬ḥasbī) probate court (for Muslim; Eg.); ‫( مجلس مختلط‬muḳtaliṯ) mixed court (eg.); ‫ مجلس الدفاع‬defense council; ‫مجلس‬

‫ االدارة‬m. al-idāra administrative board, committee of management, directorate; board of directors (of a corporation or bank); ‫ مجلس المديرية‬m. al-mudīrīya provincial council, provincial parliament (Eg.); ‫ مجلس الدولة‬m. ad-daula Supreme Administrative Court (Eg.); ‫مجلس روحى‬ (rūḥī) religious court, clerical court (of the Coptic Church); ‫ مجلس شورى الدولة‬m. šūrā d-daula council of state; ‫مجلس الشيوخ‬ council of elders: Senate (Eg.); ‫مجلس عدلى‬ (‘adlī) court, tribunal (Syr.); (‫ عسكرى‬or) ‫‘( مجلس عرفى‬urfī, ‘askarī) court-martial; ‫ مجلس عصبة األمم‬m. ‘uṣbat al-umam Council of the League of Nations; ‫ مجلس العموم‬the House of Commons; ‫ مجلس األعيان‬m. ala‘yān senate (Ir., Jord.); ‫ مجلس االقتراع‬draft board, recruiting commission (mil.); ‫مجلس‬ ‫( قروى‬qarawī) local council; ‫مجلس اقتصادى‬ (iqtiṣādī) economic council: ‫مجلس قومى‬ (qaumī) national assembly; ‫مجلس قيادة الثورة‬ m. qiyādat at-taura Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal (Eg.): ‫المجلس الكبير‬ and ‫( المجلس االكبر‬akbar) the Grand Council (= le Grand Conseil; Tun.); ‫مجلس اللوردين‬ the House of Lords: ‫ مجلس النواب‬m. annuwwāb lower house, chamber of deputies; ‫( مجلس نيابى‬niyābī) parliament; ‫ مجلس الجھة‬m. al-jiha approx.: provincial council (= conseil de région; Tun.); ‫مجلس‬ ‫ الوزراء‬m. al-wuzarā’ cabinet, council of ministers ‫ مجالسة‬mujālasa social intercourse ‫ جالس‬jālis pl. ‫ جلوس‬julūs, ‫ جالس‬jullās sitting; pl. ‫ جالس‬participants in a social gathering ‫ جلط‬jalaṯa i (jalṯ) to chafe, gall, abrade (‫ ھـ‬the skin); to shave (‫ الرأس‬ar-ra’sa the head ‫ جلطة‬julṯa lump, clot│ ‫جلطة دموية‬ (damawīya) blood clot, thrombus ‫ جلف‬jilf pl. ‫ اجالف‬ajlāf boorish, rude, uncivil ‫ جلفط‬jalfaṯa (‫ جلفطة‬jalfaṯa) to calk (‫ ھـ‬a ship) ‫ جلفن‬galfana (eg.) to galvanize ‫ جلفنة‬galfana galvanization ‫ مجلفن‬mugalfan galvanized ‫ جالقة‬jalāqa: ‫( جالقة قروية‬qarawīya) yokel, bumpkin ‫ جلم‬jalama i (jalm) to clip, shear off (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)

‫ جلم‬jalam pl. ‫ اجالم‬ajlām shears

‫ جلى‬jalīy clear, plain, evident, patent, manifest, obvious, conspicuous; ‫جليا‬ jalīyan obviously, evidently

‫ ابو جلمبو‬abū galambū (eg.) a variety of crab ‫ جلمد‬II tajalmada to be petrified

‫ جلية‬jalīya pl. ‫ جاليا‬jalāyā sure thing, plain fact│‫ جلية األمر‬jalīyat al-amr the true state of the affair

‫ جلمد‬jalmad pl. ‫ جالمد‬jalāmid2 and ‫جلمود‬ julmūd pl. ‫ جالميد‬jalāmīd2 rook, bolder ‫ جلنار‬jullanār pomegranate blossom (‫ جلو‬and ‫ جلى( جال‬jalā u to clean, polish ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to clear (‫ ھـ‬the view); to make clear, make plain, clarity, clear up (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), throw light on (‫)ھـ‬, to reveal, unveil, disclose (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), to dislodge, oust, remove (‫ عن ھـ‬or ‫ ه‬s.o. or s.th. from), to shine, be brilliant, distinguish o.s. (‫ فى‬in s.th.); to be or become clear, evident, manifest; to pull out, move out (‫ عن‬of a place), go away, depart (‫ عن‬from a place), leave, quit, evacuate (‫ عن‬a place); -- ‫جلى‬ jalā i to polish, burnish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to reveal, disclose, bring to light (‫ عن‬or ‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to show, represent (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), IV to remove, dislodge, oust, drive away ( ‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to evacuate (‫ ه‬s.o. from); to move away, go away (‫ عن‬from a place), leave (‫ عن‬a place) V to become clear, evident, manifest; to reveal itself, be revealed, to appear, show, come to light, come out, manifest itself, to be manifested, be expressed, find expression VII to be clean or cleaned, be polished, be burnished, to be removed, be dislodged, be ousted; to move away (‫ عن‬from a place), vacate, evacuate (‫ عن‬a place), to be dispelled, vanish, go away, pass (crisis, difficulty, etc.), to disappear, to reveal itself, be revealed, be disclosed; to be unveiled (bride), to become manifest, manifest itself; to become clear or plain; to clear up and reveal (‫ عن‬s.th.), to lead, come (‫ عن‬to), end (‫ عن‬in), to result (‫عن‬ in)│‫ ما ينجلى عنه األمر‬the outcome of the matter, what will come of it VIII to reveal, disclose (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), to regard (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), look at (‫ )ھـ‬X to seek to clarify (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), to clarify, clear up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), throw light (‫ھـ‬ on); to uncover, unearth, bring to light, find out, discover, detect (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ ابن جال‬ibn jalā a famous, well-known man, a celebrity

‫ اجلى‬ajlā clearer, more obvious, more distinct ‫ جلوى‬jalwā unveiling (of the bride)│‫ليلة‬ ‫ الجلوة‬lailat al-j. wedding night ‫ جالء‬jalā’ clarification, elucidation; clarity, clearness, plainness, distinctness; departure, (e)migration (‫ عن‬from), evacuation (‫ عن‬of an area; mil.); ‫بجالء‬ clearly, plainly ‫ جليان‬jalayān vision, revelation, apocalypse (Chr.) ‫ مجال‬majālin (pl. of ‫ مجلى‬majlan) manifestations ‫ تجلية‬tajliya: ‫( تجلية االھية‬ilāhīya) divine revelation; theophany (Chr.) ‫ تجل‬tajallin revelation, manifestation; Transfiguration (of Christ)│‫‘ عيد التجلى‬īd at-t. Transfiguration Day (Chr.) ‫ اجتالء‬ijtilā’ contemplation ‫ استجالء‬istijlā’ clarification, elucidation ‫ جالية‬jāliya pl. -āt, ‫ جوال‬jawālin colony (of foreigners); colony of emigrants ‫ المجلى‬al-mujallī the winner (in a race) ‫ متجل‬mutajallin obvious, evident, manifest, patent ‫ جلون‬galōn pl. -āt gallon (eg.) ‫ مجلون‬mugalwan galvanized (eg.) ‫ جلى‬jullā see 1 ‫جل‬ ‫ جليوتين‬gilyotīn guillotine (eg.) 1

‫ ج م‬abbreviation of ‫ جنيه مصرى‬Egyptian pound

2

‫ جم‬jamma i u (jamm) to gather; to collect one’s thoughts, concentrate; to rest II and V to grow luxuriantly (plants) X to gather; to collect one’s thoughts, concentrate; to rest, relax, seek recreation (‫ من‬from); to be covered with luxuriant vegetation (ground) ‫ جم‬jamm abundant, plentiful; much, a great deal of; many, numerous; manifold,

multiple; crowd, group of people│‫جم األثر‬ j. al-atar effective, efficacious; ‫احبه حبا جما‬ (aḥabbahū ḥubban) to be more than fond of; ‫ فوائد جمة‬numerous advantages, ample benefits; ‫ جم غفير‬large crowd, throng

be niggardly, tightfisted II to freeze, frost, congeal (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to solidify, coagulate, harden, stiffen (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to curdle (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to freeze (‫ ھـ‬assets V to freeze, become frozen, turn into ice, freeze up. become icebound; to freeze to death; to congeal; to solidify; to harden, set (e.g., cement); to coagulate, clot (blood) VII to freeze up, become icebound; to freeze, become frozen, turn to ice

‫ جمام‬jamām rest, relaxation, recreation, gathering of new strength ‫ مجم‬majamm place where s.th. gathers or flows together│‫مجم ھذا الرأي ومستجمعه‬ (mustajma‘uhū) what this opinion amounts to

‫ جمد‬jamd freezing; congelation, solidification, coagulation│‫درجة الجمد‬ darajat al-j. freezing point

‫ تجميم‬tagmīm (eg.) bobbed hairdo (of women)

‫ جمد‬jamad ice

‫ استجماتم‬istijmām collectedness; concentration; attentiveness, attentive reverence; rest, relaxation, recreation

‫ جماد‬jamād pl. -āt a solid; inorganic body; mineral; inanimate body, inanimate being; O neuter (gram.)

‫ جنبازى‬،‫ جمباز‬see ‫ جنبازى‬،‫جنباز‬

‫ جمود‬jumūd frozen state; solid, compact state, compactness, solidity; rigor, rigidity, stiffness; inorganic state; hardening, induration; hardness, inflexibility; deadlock, standstill; inertia, inaction, inactivity; lethargy, apathy, passivity, indifference

‫( جمبرى‬from It. gambero) gambarī, ‫جمرى‬ gammarī (eg.) shrimp (zool.) 2

‫ جمجم‬jamjama (‫ جمجمة‬jamjama), ‫جمجم الكالم‬ (kalāma) and II tajamjama to articulate indistinctly, stammer; to express o.s. poorly, speak incoherently; to mumble

2

‫ جمجمة‬jumjuma pl. ‫ جماجم‬jamājim2 skull, cranium

‫ جمودة‬jumūda solidity, hardness ‫ تجميد‬tajmīd solidification, hardening; consolidation; reinforcement (of a foundation)│‫ تجميد االموال‬t. al-amwāl freezing of assets

‫ جمجمى‬jumjumī cranial ‫ جمح‬jamaḥa a (jamḥ, ‫ جماح‬jimāḥ, ‫ جموح‬jumūḥ to holt (horse); to he refractory, unruly, recalcitrant; to be defiant; to be capricious, whimsical; to run out on her husband, run away from home (wife)

‫ تجمد‬tajammud freezing; frost; congelation; solidification; coagulation ‫ انجماد‬injimād freezing up or over, icing up; ice formation

‫ جماح‬jimāḥ recalcitrance, defiance; willfulness

‫ جامد‬jāmid hard, solid; stiff; rigid; motionless; inanimate, inorganic; (gram.) defective; dry. dull (book, and the like); impervious to progress to innovation, ossified, ultraconservative; pl. ‫جوامد‬ jawāmid2 inanimate things, inorganic matter, minerals

‫ جموح‬jumūḥ recalcitrance, defiance; willfulness ‫ جموح‬jamūḥ headstrong, defiant, unruly, ungovernable ‫ جامح‬jāmiḥ headstrong, defiant, unruly; indomitable, untamable 2

‫ جمد‬jamada u, jamuda u (jamd, ‫ جمود‬jumūd) to freeze; to congeal, harden, stiffen, be or become hard or solid, solidify; to coagulate, clot (blood); to be rigid, inflexible (in one’s thinking); to stagnate; to be apathetic, indolent, dull, indifferent│ ‫ جمدت نفسه على‬to be indifferent toward, put up with, acquiesce in; ‫( جمدت يده‬yaduhū) to

‫ متجمد‬mutajammid frozen, icy; stiff, congealed; coagulated ‫ منجمد‬munjamid frozen, icy, ice (adj.); arctic│‫( المحيط المنجمد‬muḥīṯ) the Arctic Ocean 2

‫جمادى‬jumādā name of the fifth and sixth months of the Muslim year (‫ جمادى االولى‬j.

al-ūlā Jumada I and ‫ جمادى اآلخرة‬j. al-āḳira Jumada II) ‫ جمر‬II to roast (‫ ھـ‬meat) VIII to bum incense ‫ جمر‬jamr embers, live coal│ ‫كان على احر‬ ‫( من جمر‬aḥarra) to be on tenter-hooks; to be in greatest suspense, be dying with curiosity ‫ جمرة‬jamra (n. un. of ‫ )جمر‬live coal; firebrand, smoldering embers; rankling resentment; (pl. -āt) carbuncle (med.)│O ‫ الجمرة الخبيثة‬anthrax ‫ جمار‬jummār palm pith, palm core (edible tuber growing at the upper end of the palm trunk) ‫ مجمرة‬mijmara pl. ‫ مجامر‬majāmir2 brazier; censer 2

‫ جمرى‬see ‫جمبرى‬

‫( جمرك‬eg.) gumruk pl. ‫ جمرك‬gamārik2 customs; customhouse│‫ رسم الجمرك‬rasm al-g. customs duty, tariff ‫ جمركى‬gumrukī customs, tariff (used attributively)│ ‫( اتحاد جمركى‬ittihād) customs union ‫ مجمرك‬mugamrak duty paid ‫ جميز‬jummaiz (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬sycamore (Ficus sycomorus; bot.) ‫ جاموس‬look up alphabetically ‫ جمش‬jamaša i u (jamš) to unhair (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to make love, caress, pet ‫ جمع‬jama‘a a (jam‘) to gather (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to collect (‫ ھـ‬e.g., money); to unite, combine, bring together (parts into a whole); to put together. join (‫ ھـ‬things); to set, compose ( ‫ ھـ‬type; typ.); to compile (‫ ھـ‬a book); to summarize. sum up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) to rally, round up (‫ ھم‬people); to pile up, amass accumulate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to assemble (‫ھم‬ several persons); to convoke, convene, call (‫ ھـ‬a meeting); to add (‫ ھـ‬numbers), add up (‫ ھـ‬a column); (gram.) to make plural, pluralize (‫ ھـ‬a word); to unite, link, bring together (‫ بين‬several things or persons); to combine (‫ بين – و‬e.g., both strength and courage); to contain, hold, comprise (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)│‫جمع اطراف الشيء‬ (aṯrāfa) to summarize, sum up s.th.; to give a survey of s.th.; ‫جمع البراعة من اطرافھا‬ (barā‘ata) to be very efficient, do an

excellent job, do superlatively good work; ‫( جمع شمل القطيع‬šamla l-q.) to round up the herd; ‫( يجمع الكتاب بين صفحاتھا‬ṣafaḥātihā) the book contains, lists …; ‫يجمع بيت على بيوت‬ (yujma‘u) the plural of bait is buyūt II to pile up, amass, accumulate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to rally, round up (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ھم‬s.o.); to assemble (‫ ھـ‬the parts of a 134 machine) III to have sexual intercourse (‫ ھا‬with a woman) IV to agree (‫ على‬on s.th., to do s.th.); to be agreed (‫ على‬on); to decide unanimously (‫ على‬on), resolve (‫ على‬to do s.th.)│‫( اجمعوا امرھم‬amrahum) they came to terms, they made a joint decision V to gather; to assemble, congregate; to rally, band together, flock together (people); to pile up; to accumulate; to gather into a mass, agglomerate; to cluster; to coagulate VIII to be close together; to come together, meet, join; to unite, combine (‫ب‬ with); to assemble, meet, convene (an organization, a committee, etc.); to be or get together, have a meeting, interview or conference, hold talks (‫ مع‬،‫ ب‬with s.o.), meet (‫ مع‬،‫ ب‬s.o.; to concur (‫ على‬in), agree, be agreed (‫ على‬on s.th.) X to gather, collect (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; also ‫ قواه‬quwāhu one’s strength, ‫ افكاره‬afkārahū one’s thoughts); to summarize, sum up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to possess, combine (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ جمع‬jam’ gathering; collection; combination; connection, coupling, joining; accumulation; (arith.) addition; union, merger, aggregation, integration ( ‫ بين‬of) holding together (‫ بين‬of divergent, separate things); (pl. ‫ جموع‬jumū‘) gathering, crowd, throng; gang, troop; (gram.) plural│ ‫ جمع الشمل‬j. aš-šaml union, integration; ‫ جمع التكسير‬the broken (= internal) plural, ‫ الجمع السالم‬the regular (= external) plural; ‫ اسم الجمع‬ism al-j. collective noun (gram.); ‫ جمع اليد‬j. al-yad fist ‫ جمع‬jum‘, ‫ جمع الكف‬j. al-kaff, ‫ جمع اليد‬j. alyad fist, clenched hand│ ‫ بجمع يديه‬with clenched fists ‫ جمعة‬jum‘a pl. ‫ جمع‬juma‘, -āt week; Friday│ ‫ يوم الجمعة‬yaum al-j. Friday; ‫جمعة‬ ‫ اآلالم‬Passion Week; ‫ الجمعة العظيمة‬and ‫يوم‬ ‫ الجمعة الحزينة‬Good Friday (Chr.) ‫ جمعية‬jam‘iya pl. -āt club, association, society; corporation, organization; 135

assembly│‫ جمعية األمم‬j. al-umam League of Nations; ‫( جمعية خيرية‬ḳairīya) charitable organization; ‫ جمعية االسعاف‬j. al-is‘āf approx.: civil ambulance service; ‫جمعية‬ (tašrī‘īya) legislative assembly; ‫جمعية‬ ‫‘ عمومية‬umūmīya) and ‫‘( جمعية عامة‬āmma) general assembly; general meeting; plenum, plenary session; ‫جمعية تعاونية‬ (ta‘āwunīya) cooperative ‫ جميع‬jamī‘ (with foll. genitive) total; whole, entire; all; entirety; e.g., ‫جميع الناس‬ all men, all mankind; ‫ الجميع‬all people, everybody; the public at large; ‫جميعا‬ jamī‘an in a body, altogether, one and all, all of them; entirely, wholly, totally ‫ جمع‬ajma‘2 pl. -ūn, f. ‫ جمعاء‬jam‘ā’2, pl. ‫ جمع‬juma‘2 entire, whole, all`│‫العالم االسالمى‬ ‫( اجمع‬ajma‘a) the entire Islamic world; ‫الدار‬ ‫( جمعاء‬jam‘ā’a) the whole house; ‫ باجمعه‬biajma‘ihī in its entirety, to its full extent, completely, altogether; ‫ جاؤوا باجمعھم‬all of them came ‫ جماع‬jummā‘ aggregate; total, total amount O ‫ جماع كھربائى‬jammā‘ kahrabā‘ī; storage battery ‫ جماعة‬jamā‘a pl. -āt group (of people); band, gang, party, troop; community; squad (military unit; Eg. 1939)│ ‫جماعات‬ ‫ وافرادا‬jamā‘ātin wa-afrādan in groups and individually ‫ جماعى‬jamā‘ī collective (as opposed to ‫ فردى‬fardī individual) ‫ مجمع‬majma‘ pl. ‫ مجامع‬majāmi‘2 place where two or more things meet, place or point of union, junction; meeting, congregation, convention, assembly; (also ‫ مجمع علمى‬m. ‘ilmī) academy (scientific); college (e.g., of ecclesiastical dignitaries); synod│‫( مجمع بلدى‬baladī) provincial synod (Chr.); ‫( مجمع اكليركى‬iklīrīkī) clerical synod (of the Coptic Church); ‫ اخذ بمجامع القلوب‬to win or captivate the hearts; 135 ‫بمجامع عينيه‬ bi-m. ‘ainaihi (to look at s.o.) with complete concentration, intently ‫ مجمعى‬majma‘ī academy member, academician ‫ تجمي‬tajmī‘ assembly, assemblage (of the parts of machinery)

‫ جماع‬jimā‘ sexual intercourse; s.th. comprising or involving another thing or a number of things│ ‫الخمر جماع االثم‬al-ḳamr j. al-itm wine involves sin, wine ‫ اجماع‬ijmā‘ agreement, unanimity (also ‫ ;)اجماع الرأي‬unanimous resolution (‫ على‬to do s.th.); (Isl. Law) consensus (of the authorities in a legal question; one of the four uṣūl of Islamic Law)│ ‫باالجماع‬ unanimously ‫ اجماعى‬ijmā‘ī based on general agreement, unanimous; collective, universal ‫ تجمع‬tajammu‘ pl. -āt coming together, meeting; gathering; troop concentration; crowd, throng, mob; agglomeration; O agglutination (chem.-med.) ‫ اجتماع‬ijtimā‘ pl. -āt meeting (‫ ب‬with s.o.; of a corporate body; of parliament); get-together, gathering, assembly; reunion; rally; convention; conjunction, constellation (astron.); confluence (of rivers); life in a social group, community life, social life; ‫ االجتماع‬human society│ ‫ اجتماع الطرق‬ijtimā‘ aṯ-ṯuruq crossroads, intersection, junction; ‫‘ علم االجتماع‬ilm alijt. sociology; ‫ علماء االجتماع‬sociologists ‫ اجتماعى‬ijtimā‘ī community, group (used attributively); social; socialist(ic); sociological│‫وزارة الشؤون االجتماعية‬ ministry for social affairs; ‫الحالة االجتماعية‬ personal status; ‫( الخدمة االجتماعية‬ḳidma) social service, social work; ‫المساواة االجتماعية‬ (musāwāh) social equality; ‫الھيئة االجتماعية‬ (hai’a) human society ‫ اجتماعية‬ijtimā‘īya socialism ‫ جامع‬jāmi‘ comprehensive, extensive, broad, general, universal; collector; compiler (of a book); compositor, typesetter; (pl. ‫ جوامع‬jawāmi‘2) mosque│ ‫( مسجد جامع‬masjid) great, central mosque where the public prayer is performed on Fridays ‫ جامعة‬jāmi‘a pl. -āt league, union, association; community; federation; religious community, communion; commonness, community of interests or purpose; university│O ‫ جامعة الكھرباء‬j. alkahrabā’ storage battery, accumulator; ‫ جامعة االمم‬j. al-umam League of Nations;

‫( الجامعة االسالمية‬islāmīya) Pan-Islamism; ‫‘( الجامعة العربية‬arabīya) and ‫جامعة الدول‬ ‫( العربية‬duwal) the Arab League; ‫جامعة شعبية‬ (ša‘bīya) university extension, adult education courses, evening courses ‫ جامعى‬jāmi‘ī academic, collegiate, university (adj.); university graduate ‫ مجموع‬majmū‘ collected, gathered; totality, whole; total, sum (arith.)│ ‫الحروف‬ ‫ المجموعة‬matter (typ.); ‫ مجموع اراضى القطر‬m. arāḍī l-quṯr the total area of the country; ‫ مجموع طوله‬m. ṯūlihī its total length; ‫المجموع‬ ‫‘( العصبي‬aṣabī) the nervous system ‫ مجموعة‬majmū‘a pl. -āt, ‫ مجاميع‬majāmī‘2 collection (e.g., of works of art, of stamps, etc., also of stories); compilation, list; group {also, e.g., of trees, of islands, etc.); series (e.g., of articles in a newspaper; O battery (el.); alliance, league, bloc (e.g., of states); collective, collectivistic organization; aggregate; complex, block (of buildings); system; bulletin, periodical│ ‫( المجموعة الشمسية‬šamāīya) the solar system; ‫( مجموعة صناعية‬ṣinā‘īya) syndicate ‫ مجمع‬mujammi‘ collector (techn.); O storage battery, accumulator ‫ مجمع عليه‬mujma‘ ‘alaihi (that which is) agreed upon, unanimous ‫ مجتمع‬mujtama‘ pl. -āt gathering place, place of assembly; meeting place, rendezvous; assembly, gathering, meeting; society; human society; community, commune, collective ‫ جمكية = جامكية‬look up alphabetically 1

‫ جمل‬jamala u (jaml) to sum up, summarize (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); -- jamula u (‫ جمال‬jamāl) to be beautiful; to be handsome, pretty, comely, graceful; to be proper, suitable, appropriate (‫ ب‬for s.o.), befit (‫ ب‬s.o.) II to make beautiful, beautify, embellish, adorn (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) III to be polite, courteous, amiable (. to 8.0.) IV to sum, total, add (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to treat as a whole, mention collectively (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to sum up, summarize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to act well, decently, be nice V to make o.s. pretty, adorn o.s. VI to be courteous, be friendly to one another

‫ جملة‬jumla pl. ‫ جمل‬jumal totality, sum, whole; group, troop, body; crowd; wholesale; (gram.) sentence, clause; ‫جملة‬ jumlatan completely, wholly, on the whole, altogether, in general, at all│ ‫جملة‬ ‫ واحدة‬jumlatan wāḥidatan all at once, at one swoop; ‫ جملة الكائنات‬everything in existence; ‫ كان من جملة اصحابه‬he was one of his companions, he belonged to his companions; ‫( قال فى جملة ما قاله‬jumlati) among other things, he said ... ; ‫وجملة القول‬ ‫ ان‬wa-jumlatu l-qauli anna or ‫وجملة االمر ان‬ in short ... , to sum up …, briefly stated ... ; ‫ على الجملة‬in short, in a word; ‫ بالجملة‬wholly, on the whole, altogether, in general, at all; by wholesale (com.); ‫جملة‬ ‫ االجرة المستحقة‬j. al-ujra al-mustaḥiqqa gross wage; ‫ تاجر الجملة‬wholesaler, wholesale dealer; 41.J:1 ~ sr,. al·j. wholesale price; ‫( جملة اسمية‬ismīya) nominal clause; ‫( جملة فعلية‬fi‘līya) verbal clause; ‫جملة‬ ‫( اخبارية‬iḳbārīya) or ‫( جملة خبرية‬ḳabarīya) declarative sentence (or clause); ‫جملة انشائية‬ (inšā’īya) exclamatory sentence; ‫جملة حالية‬ (ḥālīya) circumstantial clause; ‫جملة‬ ‫(شرطي‬šarṯīya) conditional clause; ‫جملة‬ ‫( معترضة‬mu‘tariḍa) parenthetical clause ‫ حساب الجمل‬ḥisāb al-jummal (or jumal) use of the letters of the alphabet according to their numerical value ‫ جمال‬jamāl beauty│O ‫‘ علم الجمال‬ilm al-j. aesthetics ‫ جميل‬jamīl beautiful, graceful, lovely, comely, pretty, handsome; friendly act, favor, service, good turn; courtesy│‫اعتراف‬ ‫ معرفة الجميل‬،‫ بالجميل‬ma‘rifat al-j. and ‫عرفان‬ ‫‘( بالجميل‬irfān) gratitude; ‫نكران‬ ‫الجميل‬nukrān al-j. ingratitude; ‫ناكر الجميل‬ ungrateful; ‫( حفظ له جميال‬ḥafiẓa) to keep s.o. in fond remembrance, remember s.o. with gratitude ‫ اجمل‬ajmal2 more beautiful ‫ تجميل‬tajmīl beautification, embellishment; cosmetics ‫ مجاملة‬mujāmala pl. -āt (act of) courtesy; civility, amiability; flattery; ‫مجاملة‬ mujāmalatan amicably, in a friendly way│ ‫ زيارة مجاملة‬ziyārat m. courtesy call; ‫قواعد‬ ‫ المجامالت‬etiquette

‫ اجمال‬ijmāl summation, summing up; summarization; ‫ اجماال‬ijmālan on the whole, in general, generally speaking, as a general principle│ ‫ اجماال لذلك اقول‬to sum up, I (would) say ... ; ‫ فى اجماله‬in its entirety, as a whole; ‫ باالجمال‬and ‫على االجمال‬ in general, on the whole, altogether; ‫بوجه‬ ‫ االجمال‬bi-wajhi l-i. = ‫اجماال‬ ‫ اجمالى‬ijmālī comprehensive, summary, general, over-all, total, collective│‫تقرير‬ ‫ اجمالى‬over-all report; ‫غرامة اجمالية‬ (garāma) collective penalty; ‫نظرة اجمالية‬ (naẓra) general view ‫ مجمل‬mujmil pl. -ūn wholesaler, wholesale dealer ‫ مجمل‬mujmal summary, resume, synopsis, compendium; general concept; sum, total│‫ بالمجمل‬by wholesale 2

‫ جمل‬jamal pl. ‫ جمال‬jimāl, ‫ اجمال‬ajmāl camel│ ‫ جمل اليھود‬j. a1-yahūd chameleon ‫ جمال‬jammāl pl. -ūn camel driver

conceal (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); = II; V to go mad, become crazy X to be covered, veiled, concealed; to regard (‫ ه‬s.o.) as crazy, think (‫ ه‬s.o.) mad ‫( جن‬coll.) jinn, demons (invisible beings, either harmful or helpful, that interfere with the lives of mortals) ‫ جنى‬jinnī demonic; jinni, demon ‫ جنية‬jinnīya female demon ‫ جنة‬janna pl. -at, ‫ جنان‬jinān garden; paradise│ ‫ جنات النعيم‬paradise; ‫ساكن الجنان‬ inhabitant of paradise, deceased person, one of blessed memory ‫ جنينة‬junaina pl. -āt, ‫ جنائن‬janā’in2 little garden; garden ‫ جنائنى‬janā’inī gardener ‫ جنة‬jinna possession, obsession; mania, madness, insanity ‫ جنة‬junna pl. ‫ جنن‬junan protection, shelter, shield

‫ جمان‬jumān (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬pearls

‫ جنان‬janān pl. ‫ اجنان‬ajnān heart, soul

‫ جمھر‬jamhara to gather, collect (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬s.th., s.o.); to assemble (‫ ه‬s.o.) II tajamhara to gather, flock together (crowd)

‫ جنان‬jannān gardener

‫ جمھرة‬jamhara multitude, crowd, throng; the great mass, the populace ‫ جمھور‬jumhūr pl. ‫ جماھير‬jamāhīr2 multitude; crowd, throng; general public, public; ‫ الجماھير‬the masses, the people ‫ جمھرى‬iumhllri republican (adj. and n.) ‫ جمھورية‬jumhūriya pl. -āt republic│ ‫‘( الجمھورية العربية المتحدة‬arabīya, muttaḥida) the United Arab Republic; ‫الجمھورية االتحادية‬ ‫( االلمانية‬ittiḥādīya) the Federal Republic of Germany; ‫الجمھورية الديموقراطية االلمانية‬ (dīmūqrāṯīya) the German Democratic Republic ‫ تجمھر‬tajamhur gathering (of people; crowd ‫ جن‬janna u (jann, ‫ جنون‬junūn) to cover, hide, conceal, veil (‫ على‬،‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to descend, fall, be or become dark (night); pass. junna: to be or become possessed, insane, mad, crazy│ ‫( جن جنونه‬junūnuhū) to get madly excited, become frantic II to craze, make crazy, drive insane, madden, enrage, infuriate (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to cover, veil, hide,

‫ جنين‬janīn pl. ‫ اجنة‬ajinna, ‫ اجنون‬ajnūn embryo, fetus; germ (in a seed, etc.) ‫ جنون‬junūn possession, obsession; mania, madness, insanity, dementia; foolishness, folly; frenzy, rage, fury; ecstasy, rapture│‫ الجنون فنون‬al-j. funūn madness has many varieties, manifests itself in many ways ‫ جنوني‬junūnī crazy, insane, mad; frantic, frenzied ‫ مجن‬mijann pl. ‫ مجان‬majānn2 shield ‫ مجنة‬majanna madness, insanity ‫ جان‬jānn jinn, demons ‫ مجنون‬majnūn pl. ‫ مجانين‬majānīn2 possessed, obsessed; insane, mad; madman, maniac, lunatic; crazy, cracked; crackpot; foolish; fool ‫ جنب‬janaba u to avert, ward off (‫ ھـ ه‬from s.o. s.th.) II to keep away, avert, ward off (‫ھـ ه‬ from s.o. s.th.), keep s.o. (‫ )ه‬out of the way of (‫)ھـ‬, spare (‫ ھـ ه‬s.o. s.th.) III to be or walk by s.o.’s (‫ )ه‬side; to run alongside of (‫)ھـ‬, run parallel to (‫)ھـ‬, skirt, flank (‫ھـ‬

s.th.); to avoid (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to avoid (‫ھـ‬ s.th., ‫ ه‬s.o.); to keep away (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬from), steer clear, get out of the way (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬of) VI and VIII = V; VIII to be at the side of (‫)ھـ‬, run side by side with (‫)ھـ‬, run alongside of (‫)ھـ‬, skirt, flank (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ جنب‬janb pl. ‫ جنوب‬junūb, ‫ اجناب‬ajnāb side; janba (prep.) beside, next to, near, at│‫( جنبا الى جنب‬also ‫ )جنبا لجنب‬side by side; ‫( بين جنبيه‬janbaihi) inside (it), within; ‫ما بين‬ ‫( جنبيه‬baina janbaihi) what it contains, comprises, its contents; ‫ على جنب‬aside, apart; ‫ ذات الجنب‬pleurisy ‫ جنبة‬janba pl. janabāt side; region, area│ ‫ فى جنباته‬in it, within, wide; ‫ضمه بين‬ ‫( جنباته‬ḍammahū) to comprise, hold, contain s.th.; ‫ جنبات الغرفة‬j. al-gurfa the whole room; ‫ بين جنبات الغرفة‬in (the middle of) the room; ‫ زاخر الجنبات‬crammed, chockfull, brimful, filled to overflowing or bursting ‫ جنبى‬janbī lateral, side (adj.) ‫ جنب‬junub in a state of major ritual impurity; not belonging to the tribe, not a kinsman│ ‫الجار الجنب‬the neighbor not belonging to the family ‫ جناب‬jināb (title of respect) approx.: Right Honorable; ‫ جنابكم‬Your Honor; you (polite form) ‫ جنابة‬janāba major ritual impurity (Isl. Law) ‫ جناب‬junāb (= ‫ )ذات الجنب‬pleurisy ‫ جنوب‬janūb south; ‫ جنوبا‬janūban southward, to the south ‫ جنوب‬janūbī southern│ ‫ جنوبى افريقيا‬South Africa ‫ جنب‬jānib pl. ‫ جوانب‬jawānib2 side; lateral portion; sidepiece; flank; wing; face (geom.); part, portion, partial amount; partial view, section (‫ من‬of a scene, picture or panorama); quantity, amount; a certain number (‫ من‬of), a few, some│ ‫ من جانبه‬on his part; ‫ من جانب – من جانب آخر‬on the one hand -- on the other hand; ‫ الى جانبه‬to him, to his address; at his (its) side, next to him (it); ‫ بجانبه‬beside him (it), next to him (it); ‫ الى جانب‬and ‫ بجانب‬side by side with; in addition to; apart from, aside from; ‫وضعه‬ ‫ جانبا‬to put s.th. aside; ‫ ودعه جانبا‬to leave

s.th. aside, omit s.th.; ‫ فى جانب‬in comparison with, as compared with, as against; regarding, with regard to; ‫ما بين‬ ‫ جوانبھم‬their hearts; ‫ جانبا الفم‬jānibā l-fam the comers of the mouth; ‫ جانب من‬a considerable, or certain, degree of; a considerable amount of, a good deal of; ‫ جانب كبير من‬a great deal of, a large portion of; ‫ على جانب كبير من‬he is very …; ‫كان على‬ ‫( جانب عظيم من الكرم‬karam) to be very generous; ‫على جانب عظيم من االھمية‬ (ahammīya) of great importance; ‫على اعظم‬ ‫‘ جانب من الخطورة‬alā a‘ẓami jānibin min alkuṯūra of utmost importance, of greatest significance; ‫ فى كل جانب‬everywhere, on all sides; ‫( خفض له جانبه‬ḳafaḍa, jānibahū) to show o.s. condescending, affable or gracious to s.o.; to meet s.o. on fair terms; ‫ امن جانبه‬amina jānibahū to be safe from s.o.; ‫( لم اعره جانب اھتمام‬u‘irhu) I paid not the least attention to him; (‫ ھاب‬،‫خاف )رھب‬ ‫( جانبه‬jānibahū) to fear s.o., be afraid of s.o.; ‫ ملك الجانب‬milk al-j. crown lands; ‫جانب‬ ‫ الميري‬j. al-mīrī (eg.) fisc, treasury; ‫لين‬ ‫ الجانب‬layyin al-j. gentle; docile, tractable, compliant; ‫ لين الجانب‬līn al-j. gentleness; ‫ رحب الجوانب‬raḥb al-j. roomy; spacious, unconfined; ‫ رقيق الجانب‬friendly, amiable, gentle; ‫ مرھوب الجانب‬feared, dreaded; ‫عزيز‬ ‫ الجانب‬powerful, mighty, strong; ‫عزة الجانب‬ ‘izzat al-j. power; ‫ مھيب الجانب‬mahīb al-j. dreaded, respected; ‫ فى جوانب الدار‬about the house, all over the house; often = ‫فى جوانبه‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫ جانبى‬jānibī lateral, side, by- (in compounds) ‫ اجنبي‬ajnabī foreign, alien; (pl. -ūn, ‫اجانب‬ ajānib2 foreigner, alien│‫ البالد األجنبية‬the foreign countries, the outside world; ‫فرقة‬ ‫ االجانب‬firqat al-ajānib the Foreign Legion ‫ جنابية‬gannābīya pl. –āt (eg.) curb; embankment, levee; side channel, lateral (following a road or railroad tracks); bypass (of a lock or sluice) ‫ تجنب‬tajannub avoidance ‫ اجتناب‬ijtināb avoidance ‫ مجنبة‬mujanniba flank, wing (of an army ‫ جنبري‬see ‫جمبري‬

‫ جنباز‬junbāz, ‫ جمباز‬calisthenics; gymnastics; athletics ‫ جنبازي‬junbāzī (‫ )جمبازي‬calisthenic(al), gymnastic│ ‫ االلعاب الجمبازية‬gymnastic exercises, physical exercises

‫ جند‬II to draft, conscript, enlist, recruit (‫ ه‬s.o.; mil.); to mobilize (‫ ھـ‬an army, ‫ على‬against) V to be drafted, be conscripted, be enlisted (for military service) ‫ جند‬jund m. and f., pl. ‫ جنود‬junūd, ‫اجناد‬ ajnād soldiers; army│‫ جند الخالص‬j. alḳalāṣ Salvation Army

‫ جنح‬janaḥa a (‫ جنوح‬junūḥ) to incline, be inclined, tend (‫ ل‬or ‫ الى‬to); to lean (‫ ل‬or ‫الى‬ to or toward); to turn, go over (‫ الى‬to), join (‫ الى‬s.th.), associate o.s. (‫ الى‬with); to strand (‫ على‬or ‫ الى‬on a coast; ship); to diverge, deviate, depart (‫ عن‬from); to turn away (‫ عن‬from), break (‫ عن‬with) II to provide (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) with wings, lend wings ( ‫ ھـ‬to s.th.) IV to incline, be inclined, tend ( ‫ ل‬or ‫ الى‬to); to lean (‫ ل‬or ‫ الى‬to or toward); to turn (‫ ل‬or ‫ الى‬to s.th.); to strand (ship)

‫ جندى‬jundī pl. ‫ جنود‬junūd soldier, private│ ‫( جندى اول‬awwal) private first class (Ir., Syr.); ‫( جندى مستجد‬mustajidd) recruits (Ir., Syr.); ‫ الجندي المجھول‬the Unknown Soldier ‫ جندية‬jundīya military affairs, the army, the military; military service ‫ تجنيد‬tajnīd draft, enlistment (mil.) recruitment; mobilization│‫التجنيد االجباري‬ (ijbārī) military conscription

‫ جنح‬jinḥ side ‫ جنح‬junḥ, jinḥ darkness gloom│‫فى جنح‬ ‫( الليل‬j. il-lail) in the dark of night, under cover of night; ‫( بين جنحي الكرى‬junḥay ilkarā) lit.: between the two halves of slumber, i.e., at night when everyone’s asleep ‫ جنحة‬junḥa pl. ‫ جنح‬junaḥ misdemeanor (jur., less than a felony, ‫جناية‬, and more than an infraction, ‫)مخالفة‬ ‫ جناح‬janāḥ pl. ‫ اجنحة‬ajniḥa, ‫ اجنح‬ajnuḥ wing (of a bird. of an airplane, of a building, of an army); side; flank│ ‫انا فى‬ ‫ جناحه‬I am under his protection; ‫على جناح‬ ‫ االثير‬over the ether, by radio; ‫على جناح‬ ‫( السرعة‬j. is-sur‘a) with winged haste ‫ جناح‬junāḥ misdemeanor (jur.); sin│ ‫ال‬ ‫( جناح عليه‬junāḥa) it won’t be held against him if he ... ; it won't do any harm if he … ‫ اجنح‬ajnaḥ2 more inclined (‫ الى‬to ‫ جنوح‬janūḥ inclined (‫ الى‬s.th.) ‫ جنوح‬junūḥ inclination, leaning, bent, tendency (‫ الى‬to) ‫ جانح‬jāniḥ side, flank, wing ‫ جانحة‬jāniḥa pl. ‫ جوانح‬jawāniḥ2 rib; pl. also bosom, heart, soul│‫ بين جوانحي‬in my bosom, at heart; ‫( طفرت جوانحھا‬ṭafarat) she became happily excited, she trembled with joy ‫ مجنح‬mujannaḥ winged

‫ تجند‬tajannud military service ‫ مجند‬mujannad recruit ‫ جندارى‬gindārī standard-bearer, comet (Eg.) ‫ جندب‬jundub pl. ‫ جنادب‬janādib2 grasshopper 1

‫ جندر‬gandara (eg.) to mangle (‫ ھـ‬laundry) ‫ جندرة‬gandara mangling (of laundry); press; O rotary press (typ.)

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‫ جندارى‬look up alphabetically

‫ جندرمة‬žandarma gendarmery ‫ جندرمى‬žandarmī gendarme ‫ جندفلى‬ganduflī (eg.) oysters 140 1

‫ جندل‬jandala to throw to the ground, bring down, fell (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ جندل‬jandal pl. ‫ جنادل‬janādil2 stone; pl. ‫ جنادل‬cataract, waterfall (eg.)

2

‫ جندول‬gundūl (eg.) pl. ‫ جناديل‬ganādīl2 gondola

‫ جنرال‬jenərāl, ginrāl (eg.) general (military rank) ‫ جنز‬II to say the burial prayers, conduct the funeral service (‫ ه‬for the deceased; Chr.) ‫ جنازة‬jināza, janāza pl. -āt ‫ جنائز‬janā’iz2 bier; funeral procession ‫ جناز‬junnāz pl. ‫ جنانيز‬janānīz2 requiem, funeral rites, obsequies; funeral procession ‫ جنزبيل‬janzabīl (= ‫ )زنجبيل‬ginger

1

‫ جنزير‬janzara (= ‫ )زنجر‬to be or become covered with verdigris

‫ متجنس‬mutajannis naturalized ‫ متجانس‬mutajānis akin, related, of the same kind or nature, homogeneous

‫ جنزار‬jinzār (=‫ )زنجار‬verdigris 2

‫ جنزير‬jinzīr (= ‫ )زنجير‬pl. ‫ جنازير‬janāzīr2 chain; track (of a caterpillar, of a tank, etc.); a linear measure (= 5 qaṣaba = 17.75 m; also = 20 m; Eg.)│‫ طارة جنزير‬ṭārat j. track sprocket, sprocket wheel ‫ مجنزر‬mujanzar track-laying (vehicle)

‫ جنس‬II to make alike, make similar (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to assimilate, naturalize (‫ ه‬s.o.); to class, classify, sort, categorize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to be akin, be related, similar (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬to), be of the same kind or nature (‫ ه‬as s.o., ‫ ھـ‬as s.th.), be like s.o. or s.th. (‫ ه‬،‫ )ھـ‬resemble (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to have o.s. naturalized, acquire the citizenship (‫ ;)ب‬to be naturalized VI to be akin, related, of the same kind or nature, homogeneous ‫ جنس‬jins pl. ‫ اجناس‬ajnās kind, sort, variety, species, class, genus; category; sex (male, female); gender (gram.); race; nation│ ‫اسم الجنس‬ism al-j. (gram.) generic noun, collective noun of nonpersonal things (which form a n. un. in ‫ة(؛ الجنس‬ ‫( البشري‬bašarī) the human race; ‫ابناء جنسنا‬ abnā’ jinsinā our fellow tribesmen; ‫ھو‬ ‫ مصري الجنس‬he is Egyptian by nationality; ‫ا‬ ‫ لجنس اللطيف‬the fair sex; ‫ الجنس الخشن‬the strong sex ‫ جنسي‬jinsī generic; sexual; racial ‫ الجنسي‬lā-jinsī asexual, sexless ‫ جنسية‬jinsīya pl. -āt nationality, citizenship ‫ تجنيس‬tajnīs naturalization; paronomasia (rhet.) ‫ جناس‬jinās (rhet.) assonance, pun, paronomasia ‫ مجانسة‬mujānasa relatedness, kinship, affinity; similarity, likeness, resemblance ‫ تجنس‬tajannus acquisition of citizenship, naturalization ‫تجانس‬tajānūs homogeneity, homogeneousness; likeness, similarity, resemblance ‫ مجانس‬mujānis similar, like, related; homogeneous

‫( جنطيانا‬Lat. Gentiana) gentian (eg.) 1

‫جنف‬VI to deviate (‫ عن‬from); to incline, be inclined (‫ الى‬or ‫ ل‬to s.th.)

2

‫ جنيف‬look up alphabetically

‫ جنفاص‬junfāṣ, ‫ جنفيص‬junfaiṣ sackcloth, sacking ‫ جنك‬junk pl. ‫ جنوك‬junūk harp ‫ جنوا‬janowā Genoa (seaport in NW Italy) ‫ جنى‬janā i (jany) to pick, gather, harvest, reap ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th., also the fruits of one’s work); to pocket, rake in, collect (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to derive (‫ ھـ‬profit, ‫ من‬from); to secure, realize (‫ھـ‬ profits, an advantage); to incur (‫ ھـ‬evil, harm, punishment); to cause, 141 provoke, bring about (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); -- (‫ جناية‬jināya) to commit a crime, an outrage (‫ على‬on); to offend, sin (‫ على‬against); to commit, perpetrate (‫ ذنبا‬،‫ جناية‬danban a crime, an offense; ‫على‬, less frequently ‫الى‬, on or against); to inflict (‫ ھـ‬some evil, ‫ على‬on s.o.); to harm (‫ على‬s.o., s.th.) V to incriminate, accuse, charge with a crime ( ‫ على‬s.o.), lay the blame (‫ على‬on s.o.), blame (‫ على‬s.o.); to act meanly VIII to gather, harvest (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ جنى‬jany harvest; reaping (fig.); -- janan (coll.) fruits ‫ جناية‬jināya pl. -āt perpetration of a crime; felony (jur.; in the strictly legal sense, more than a misdemeanor, ‫جنحة‬, and an infraction, ‫)مخالفة‬, capital offense │ ‫ محكمة الجنايات‬maḥkamat al-j. criminal court ‫ جنائي‬jinā’ī criminal│ law ‫محكمة جنائية‬ (maḥkama) criminal court; ‫القانون الجنائي‬ criminal law, penal law ‫ مجنى‬majnan pl. ‫ مجان‬majānin that which is picked or harvested, a crop; source of profit or advantage ‫ تجن‬tajannin incrimination, accusation ( ‫ على‬of s.o.); mean way of acting, low, underhand dealings ‫ جان‬jānin pl. ‫ جناة‬junāh perpetrator (of a delict); delinquent, criminal

‫ مجنى عليه‬majnīy ‘alaih, harmed, injured; aggrieved party; victim of a crime ‫( جنيف‬Fr. Geneve) žənēf Geneva ‫( جنيه‬Engl. guinea) ginēh, also gunaih pl. –āt pound (eg.)│‫ )جنيه انجليزي )استرليني‬pound sterling, English pound; ‫جنيه مصري‬ Egyptian pound (abbreviation: ‫)ج م‬ ‫ جھة‬see ‫وجه‬ ‫ جھبذ‬jahbad pl. ‫ جھابذة‬jahābida man endowed with a critical mind; great scholar; bright, brilliant, intelligent ‫ جھد‬jahada a (jahd) to endeavor, strive, labor, take pains, put o.s. out; to over-work, overtax, fatigue, exhaust (‫ ه‬s.o.) III to endeavor, strive; to fight (‫ فى سبيل الشيء‬for s.th.); t.o wage holy war against the infidels IV to strain, exert (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to tire, wear out, fatigue (‫ ه‬s.o.), give trouble (‫ه‬ to)│‫( اجھد نفسه فى‬nafsahū) to go to great lengths, go out of one’s way (‫ في‬for or in s.th.); ‫( اجھد فكره فى‬fikrahū) to concentrate on, put one's mind to, apply o.s. t.o VIII to put o.s. out (‫ فى‬for s.th.), work hard; (Isl. Law) to formulate an independent judgment in a legal or theological question (based on the application of the 4 uṣūl; as opposed to taqlid, q.v.) ‫ جھد‬jahd pl. ‫ جھود‬juḥūd strain; exertion; endeavor, attempt, effort; trouble, pains ( ‫ فى‬on behalf or for the sake of s.th.); O voltage, tension (el.)│‫ جھد جھده‬jahada jahdahū, also ‫ عمل )حاول( جھده‬to do (try) one’s utmost, do (try) all in one’s power, make every conceivable effort; ‫بجھد جھيد‬ bi-jahdin jahīdin with great difficulty, by dint of atrenuous efforts; ‫ بعد جھد جھيد‬after a lot of trouble O ‫‘( جھد عال‬ālin) high tension (el.) ‫ جھد‬juhd strain, exertion; juhda (used prepositionally) to the limit of ... │‫جھد‬ ‫ الطاقة‬juhda ṭ-ṭāqa as far as possible, as much as possible; ‫ جھد طاقته‬j. ṭāqatihī as much as he can, to the limit of his abilities; ‫ جھد امكانه‬juhda imkānihī do.; ‫جھد‬ ‫ ما‬juhda mā as much as. to the limits of what ... ; ‫ جھدي‬juhdī as far as I can ‫ جھيد‬jahīd see ‫ جھد‬jahd ‫ جھاد‬jihād fight, battle; jihad, holy war (against the infidels, as a religious duty)

‫ جھادي‬jihādī fighting, military ‫ مجاھدة‬mujāhada fight, battle ‫ اجھاد‬ijhād exertion; overexertion, overstrain(ing) 142 ‫ اجتھاد‬ijtihād effort, exertion, endeavor, pains, trouble; application, industry, diligence; (Isl. Law) independent judgment in a legal or theological queetion, based on the interpretation and application of the 4 uṣūl, as opposed to taqlīd, q.v.; individual judgment ‫ مجھود‬majhūd pl. -āt endeavor, effort, exertion, pains, trouble, work; O voltage, tension (el.)│‫ بذل مجھوداته‬to make every effort, go to greatest lengths ‫ مجاھد‬mujāhid pl. -ūn fighter, freedom fighter; warrior; sergeant (Eg. 1939) ‫ مجھد‬mujhid strenuous, exacting, trying, grueling; -- mujhad overworked, exhausted ‫ مجتھد‬mujtahid diligent, industrious; (pl. -ūn) mujtahid, a legist formulating independcnt decisions in legal or theological matters, based on the interpretation and application of the four uṣūl, as oppoeed to muqallid, q.v. ‫ جھر‬jahara a (jahr, ‫ جھار‬jihār) to be brought to light, come out, show, appear; -- to declare publicly, announce (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬s.th.); to avow in public, proclaim (‫ ب‬s.th.); to raise (‫ ھـ‬the voice); -- jahura u (‫جھارة‬ jahāra) to be loud, be clearly audible (voice) III to declare or say openly, voice, utter, express frankly (‫ ب‬s.th.) ‫ جھر‬jahr and ‫ جھار‬jihār publicness, publicity, notoriety; ‫ جھرا‬jahran and ‫جھارا‬ jihāran publicly, in public ‫ جھرة‬jahratan openly, overtly, frankly, publicly ‫ جھري‬jahrī notorious, well-known, public ‫ جھير‬jahīr loud (voice, shout) ‫ اجھر‬ajhar2 day-blind ‫ اجھر‬ajhar2 (elative) louder, more audible ‫ جمھري‬jahwarī loud (voice)

‫ مجھر‬mijhar loud-voiced ‫ مجھر‬mijhar pl. ‫ مجاھر‬majāhir2 microsoope ‫ مجھرى‬mijharī microscopic(al) ‫ مجھار‬mijhār loud-voiced; O loudspeaker ‫ مجاھرة‬mujāhara franknees, candor (of one’s words) ‫ جھز‬jahaza a to finish off (‫ على‬a wounded man), deliver the coup de grace to (‫ )على‬II to make ready, prepare (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to arrange (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to provide, supply (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to equip, fit out, furnish, supply, provide (‫ ب ه‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th. or s.o. with) IV to finish off (‫ على‬a wounded man), deliver the coup de grace to (‫ ;)على‬to finish, ruin ( ‫ على‬s.o.) V to he equipped, furnished, supplied, provided; to equip o.s.; to prepare o.s., get ready; to be ready, be prepared ‫ جھاز‬jahāz (alas pronounced jihāz) pl. -āt, ‫ اجھزة‬ajhiza equipment, appliances, outfit, gear, rig; trousseau; contrivance, gadget; implement, appliance, utensil; installation, apparatus (techn.); system, apparatus (anat.) │ ‫( جھاز السلكي‬lā-silkī) wirelees set, radio; ‫ جھاز راديو‬radio (receiving set); O ‫( جھاز مستقبل‬mustaqbil), O ‫جھاز االستقبال‬, O ‫ جھاز االلتقاط‬receiver, receiving set (radio); ‫( جھاز مذيع‬muḍī‘), O ‫ جھاز االرسال‬j. al-irsāl transmitter (radio); ‫ جھاز تليفزيوني‬television set; ‫ جھاز الحفر‬j. al-ḥafr drilling rig; oil derrick; ‫جھاز دوري‬ (daurī) circulatory system (anat.); ‫جھاز‬ ‫ لتسجيل االھتزازات االرضية‬or ‫جھاز قياس الھزات‬ ‫( االرضية‬hazzāt, arḍīya)seismograph; ‫جھاز‬ ‫( سري‬sirrī) secret organization, underground organization; ‫جھاز االستماع‬ sound locator; ‫‘( الجھاز العصبي‬aṣabī) the nervous system; ‫ جھاز الھضم‬j. al-haḍm digestive apparatus ‫ تجھيز‬tajhīz equipment, furnishment; preparation; pl. ‫ تجھيزات‬equipment, gear 144 ‫ تجھيزي‬tajhīzī preparatory; (of a school) preparing for college ‫ جاھز‬jāhiz ready, prepared; readymade; equipped │ ‫ جاھزة )ملبوسات‬or) ‫( البسة‬albisa) ready-made clothes

‫ مجھز‬mujahhaz equipped, provided, furnished, supplied (‫ ب‬with); armed (‫ب‬ with guns; of a ship, tank, etc.) ‫ جھش‬IV to sob, break into sobs│ ‫اجھش بالبكاء‬ (bukā’) to be on the verge of tears, struggle with tears; to break into tears ‫ جھشة‬jahša (n. vic.) pl. -āt sob; outburst of tears ‫ اجھاش‬ijhāš outburst of tears ‫ جھض‬IV to bear young ones, litter; to have a miscarriage (woman)│ ‫اجھضت نفسھا‬ (nafsahā) she induced an abortion ‫ جھض‬jihḍ miscarried fetus ‫ جھيض‬jahīḍ miscarried fetus ‫ اجھاض‬ijhāḍ miscarriage, abortion; induced abortion ‫ جھل‬jahila a (jahl, ‫ جھالة‬jahāla) to be ignorant; not to know (‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th., how to do s.th.); to be irrational, foolish; to behave foolishly (‫ على‬toward) VI to ignore (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to refuse to have anything to do (‫ھـ‬ with), shut one’s eyes (‫ ھـ‬to), disregard (‫ھـ‬ a fact); to affect ignorance, pretend to know nothing X to consider ignorant or stupid (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ جھل‬jahl and ‫ جھالة‬jahāla ignorance; folly, foolishness, stupidity│ ‫ عن جھل‬out of ignorance ‫ جھول‬jahūl ignorant; foolish, stupid ‫ مجھل‬majhal pl. ‫ مجاھل‬majāhil2 unknown region, unexplored territory │ ‫ مجاھل افريقيا‬unknown Africa ‫ تجھيل‬tajhīl stultification ‫ تجاھل‬tajāhul ignoring, disregard(ing) ‫ جاھل‬jāhil pl. ‫ جھلة‬jahala, ‫ جھل‬juhhal, ‫ جھال‬juhhāl, ‫ جھالء‬juhalā’ not knowing (‫ب‬ s.th., how to do s.th.); ignorant, uneducated, illiterate; foolish; fool ‫ جاھلى‬jāhilī pagan, of or pertaining to pre-Islamic times ‫ جاھلية‬jāhilīya state of ignorance; preIslamic paganism, pre-Islamic times ‫ مجھول‬majhūl unknown; anonymous (also ‫ مجھول االسم‬m. al-ism); pl. ‫مجاھيل‬ majāhīl2 unknown things│ ‫صيغة المجھول‬ ṣīgat al-m. passive (gram.)

‫ مجھولية‬majhūlīya being unknown, unknown nature ‫ جھم‬jahuma u (‫ جھامة‬jahāma, ‫ جھومة‬juhūma) to frown, glower V to frown, scowl, glower; to regard with displeasure (,‫ ھـ ه‬or ‫ ل‬s.o. or s.th.), frown (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ل‬on); to eye gloomily, coolly, grimiy (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ل‬s.o., s.th.); to become sullen, gloomy (face) ‫ جھم‬jahm sullen, glum, morose, gloomy (face) ‫ جھام‬jahām clouds ‫ جھامة‬jahāma and ‫ جھومة‬juhūma grim look, sullen expression; gloominoss; brooding silence ‫ جھنم‬jahannam2 (f.) hell ‫ جھنمي‬jahannamī hellish, infernal ‫ جو‬jaww pl. ‫ اجواء‬ajwā’, ‫ جواء‬jiwā’ (pl. frequently with singnlar meaning) air; atmosphere (also fig.); sky; weather; sphere, milieu, environment; ‫ جوا‬jawwan by air; by telegraph, telegraphically│‫بريد‬ ‫ الجو‬air mail; ‫ طبقات الجو‬ṭabaqāt al-j. air layers; ‫( فى جو ممطر‬mumṭir) in rainy weather ‫ جوى‬jawwī air, aerial, aero- (in compounds); airy, atmospheric(al); weather (used attributively), meteorologic(al)│‫( الضغط الجوي‬ḍagṯ) atmospheric pressure; ‫( طبقات جوية‬ṭabaqāt) air layers; ‫( اسطول جوي‬usṭūl) air fleet; ‫غارة‬ ‫ جوية‬air raid; ‫( القوات الجوية‬quwāt) air force; ‫ المالحة الجوية‬aviation; ‫( ميناء جوية‬mīnā’) airport; ‫ ارصاد جوية‬meteorological observations; ‫( حجر جوي‬ḥajar) meteorite ‫( جوا‬colloq.) jawwā (pronounced gūwa in Eg.) in it, within; inside ‫ جوانى‬jawwānī, juwwānī inner, inside, interior ‫ جوافة‬guwāfa (eg.) guava (fruit); guavshrub ‫( جوال‬eg.) guwāl pl. -āt sack ‫( جوانتي‬It. guanti; eg.) gloves 1 2

‫( جوب‬Fr. jupe) skirt (‫ جوب( جاب‬jāba u (jaub) to travel, wander (‫ھـ‬ through), traverse, roam, tour, explore (‫ھـ‬ s.th., e.g., foreign lands); to pierce, penetrate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), cut through (‫ ;)ھـ‬to wander, cruise (‫ ھـ‬about a place) III to

answer (‫ ه‬s.‫ على‬،.‫ خ‬s.th.), reply, respond (‫ه‬ to s.o., ‫ على‬to s.th.); to comply (‫ ھـ‬with), accede (‫ ھـ‬to) IV to answer (‫ ه‬or ‫ الى‬s.o., ‫ عن‬or ‫ على‬a question), reply, respond (‫ ه‬or ‫ الى‬to s.o., ‫ على‬to s.th.); to comply (‫ ھـ‬with a request), accede, defer (‫ ھـ‬to); to hear (‫ه‬ s.o.), accede to the request or wishes of ( ‫ ;)ه‬to fulfill, grant (‫ ھـ‬a wish); to consent, assent, agree (‫ الى‬to); to concur (‫ الى‬in)│ ‫ اجاب الى طلبه‬ṯalabihi) to comply with s.o.’s request VI to reply to one another; to echo (‫ ب‬،‫ ھـ‬from); to ring out (voices); to be (mutually) corresponding, harmonize; to be favorahle, propitious (‫ مع‬to s.o.; situation) VIl to scatter, break up, pass over (clauds); to be dispelled, disappear, vanish (worries); to fade (darkness) X ‫ استجاب‬to hear, answer (‫ ھـ‬a prayer), grant ( ‫ ھـ‬a request); to comply with the request of (‫)ل‬, accede or defer to the wiohes of (‫;)ل‬ to react (‫ ل‬to); to respond (‫ ل‬to, ‫ ب‬with), listen, pay attention (‫ ل‬to), show interest ( ‫ ل‬in); to meet, answer (‫ ب ل‬s.o. with), reply (‫ ب ل‬to s.o. with or hy doing s.th.); to resound, reverberate, re-echo; to resonate (‫ ل‬or ‫ الى‬to s.th.), be in resonance with (phys.); -- ‫ استجوب‬istajwaba to interrogate, examine, question (‫ ه‬s.o.); to hear (‫ ه‬the defendant or witn...); to interpellate (‫ ه‬s.o.; in parliament) ‫ جوب‬jaub travening, touring, exploration (of foreign countries); piercing, penetration ‫ جوبة‬jauba pl. -āt, ‫ جوب‬juwab opening, gap; hole, pit ‫ جواب‬jawāb pl. ‫ اجوبة‬ajwiba answer, reply; octave (to a given tone; mus.); (eg.; pronounced gawāb pl. -āt) letter, message│‫ جواب الشرط‬j. aš-šarṭ, main clause (conclusion) of a conditional sentence, apodosis ‫ جوابى‬jawābī answering (used attributively) ‫ جواب‬jawwāb traverser (of foreign countries), traveler, explorer ‫ اجابة‬ijāba answer(ing), reply(ing), response, respondence; compliance; fulfillment, granting (of a request); accession, consent, assent│‫اجابة لطلبكم‬ ijābatan li-ṭalabikum, in compliance with your request; in answer to your request

‫ تجاوب‬tajāwub agreement, conformity; harmony ‫ استجابة‬istijāba hearing, answering (of a prayer); granting, fulfillment (of a request); resonance; consonance (phys.)│ ‫ا‬ ‫ ستجابة ل‬istijābatan li in compliance with, in answer to, in deference to ‫ استجواب‬istijwāb pl. -āt interrogation, questioning; hearing; interview; interpellation (in parliament) ‫ متجاوب‬mutajāwib harmonious ‫ مستجيب‬mustajīb hearing, answering, granting; reverberant, resonant, resonating; responsive, susceptible, impressible 145 ‫( جوت‬Engl.) jūt jute ‫ )جاح )جوح‬jāḥa u and IV to annihilate, destroy, ruin; to flood, inundate (‫ ھـ‬the land) VIII do.; to carry away, sweep away (‫ ه‬s.o., s.th.; storm); to put down, subdue, quell ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., a riot) ‫ اجاحة‬destruction, annihilation; crop damage; crop failure, bad harvest ‫ اجتياح‬ijtiyāḥ destruction, annihilation; subdual, suppression ‫ جائح‬jā’iḥ crushing, devastating; disastrous ‫ جائحة‬jā’iḥa pl. ‫ جوائح‬jawā’iḥ2 calamity, disaster, ruin; epldemic; crop damage ‫ جوخ‬jūḳ pl. ‫ اجواخ‬ajwāḳ broadcloth ‫ )جاد )جود‬jāda u (‫ جودة‬jūda) to be or become good, become better, improve; -- (jūd) to grant generously (‫ ب‬s.th.), be so generous as to do s.th. (‫ ب‬with verbal noun); to be liberal, openhanded (‫ ب‬with s.th., ‫على‬ toward s.o.), bestow liberally (‫ ب‬s.th., ‫على‬ upon s.o.), grant, give lavishly (‫ ب‬of s.th., ‫ على‬to s.o.), shower (‫ ب على‬s.o. with); to donate (‫ ب‬a sum of money, etc.) │‫جاد بنفسه‬ to sacrifice o.s.; to give up the ghost; ‫جادت‬ ‫‘( عيناه بالدمع‬aināhu bi-d-dam‘) tears welled from his eyes; ‫( جادت السماء‬heavens granted rain) it rained II to do well (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to make better, improve, better, ameliorate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to recite (the Koran; cf. ‫ )تجويد‬IV to do well, do excellently (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to master (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), be skilled, proficient (‫ ھـ‬in), be an expert (‫ ھـ‬at), be

conversant (‫ ھـ‬with an art or field of knowledge); to accomplish or say good, excellent thing; to achieve excellent results; to be excellent, outstanding, distinguish o.s. (e.g., as a poet) │‫اجاد لغة‬ (lugatan) to master language; ‫اجاد العزف‬ ‫‘( على البيانو‬azfa) to play the piano well X to think (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) good or excellent, approve of (‫ ;)ھـ‬to consider (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) suitable for or appropriate to (‫)ل‬ ‫ جود‬jūd openhandedness, liberality, generosity ‫ جود‬jaud heavy rains ‫ جادة‬see under 2 ‫جد‬ ‫ جودة‬jūda goodness, excellence ‫ جيد‬jayyid pl. ‫ جياد‬jiyād good, perfect, faultless; outstanding, excellent, first-rate; good (as an examination grade); ‫جيدا‬ jayyidan well, excellently; thoroughly │ ‫( جيد جدا‬jidda) very good (also as an examination grade) ‫ اجود‬ajwad2 better , ‫ جواد‬jawād pl. ‫ اجواد‬ajwād, ‫ اجاود‬ajāwid2, ‫ اجاويد‬ajawīd2, ‫ جود‬jūd openhanded, liberal, generous, magnanimous; jawād pl. ‫جياد‬ jiyād, ‫ اجياد‬ajyād, ‫ اجاويد‬ajāwīd2 race horse, racer; charger │ ‫ابن االجواد‬noble man ‫ تجويد‬tajwīd art of reciting the Koran, Koran reading (in accordance with established rule, of pronunciation and intonation) ‫ مجيد‬mujīd adept, efficient, proficient ‫ جودار‬jaudār see ‫( جاودار‬alphabetically) ‫ )جار )جور‬jāra u (jaur) to deviate, stray (‫عن‬ from); to commit an outrage (‫ على‬on), bear down (‫ على‬upon), wrong, persecute, oppress, tyrannize (‫ على‬s.o.); to encroach, make inroads (‫ على‬on another’s territory) III to be the neighbor of s.o. (‫)ه‬, live next door to (‫ ;)ه‬to be adjacent, be next (‫ ھـ‬to s.th.), adjoin (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to be in the immediate vicinity of (‫)ه ھـ‬, be close to (،‫ه‬ ‫ ;)ھـ‬to border (‫ ھـ‬on) IV to grant asylum or a sanctuary (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to protect (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫من‬ from), take (‫ ه‬s.o.) under one’s wing; to stand by s.o. (‫)ه‬, aid (‫ ه‬s.o.) VI to be neighbors; to be adjacent; to have a common border X to seek protection, seek

refuge (‫ ب‬with s.o., ‫ من‬from s.th.), appeal for aid (‫ ه‬to s.o., ‫ من‬against s.th.) 146 ‫ جور‬jaur injustice; oppression, tyranny; outrage ‫ جار‬jār pl. ‫ جيران‬jīrān neighbor; refugee; protégé, charge ‫ جارة‬jāra pl. -āt neighboress ‫ جيرة‬jīra neighborhood ‫ جورة‬jūra pl. ‫ جور‬juwar pit, hole ‫ جورى‬see alphabetically ‫ جوار‬jiwār neighborhood, proximity; ‫ بجوار‬in the neighborhood of, in the vicinity of, near, close to ‫ مجاورة‬mujāwara neighborhood, proximity ‫ جائر‬jā’ir pl. ‫ جورة‬jawara, ‫ جارة‬jāra unjust. unfair; tyrannical, despotic; tyrant, oppressor, despot ‫ مجاور‬mujāwir neighboring, adjacent; near, close by; (pl. -ūn) student (esp. of Al Azhar University; living in the vicinity of the Mosque) ‫ ئمجير‬mujīr protector ‫ متجاور‬mutajāwir having a common border; adjoining, adjacent, contiguous ‫ جورب‬jaurab pl. ‫ جوارب‬jawārib2 stocking; sock ‫ جورجيا‬jorjiyā Georgia (republic of the U.S.S.R.) 1

‫ جوري‬jūrī damask rose (Rosa damascena, bot.); crimson

2

‫( جوري‬Engl.) jūrī jury

1

(‫ جوز( جاز‬jāza u (‫ جواز‬jawāz, ‫ مجاز‬majāz) to pass, come, travel (‫ ھـ‬through); to pass (‫ھـ‬ an examination, a test); to be allowed, permitted, permissible; to be possible, conceivable; to work, succeed (‫ عليه‬with s.o.; deceit, artifice) │‫( جازت عليه الحيلة‬ḥīla) the trick worked with him, he fell for the trick II to permit, allow (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to approve (‫ ھـ‬of), sanction, warrant, authorize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to pass (‫ ھـ‬s.th. or by s.th.), go or walk past s.th. (‫ ;)ھـ‬to go beyond s.th. (‫)ھـ‬, overstep, cross, leave behind (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), also, e.g., ‫جاوز الثالثين من‬ ‫‘( العمر‬umr) he is past thirty; to exceed, surpass (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to pass over s.th. (‫)عن‬,

disregard (‫ عن‬s.th.), pay no attention (‫عن‬ to); to let (‫ عن‬s.th.) go unpunished; to give up, forgo, relinquish (‫ عن‬s.th.) IV to traverse, cross (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ الى‬on the way to); to permit, allow (‫ ھـ ل‬to s.o. s.th.); to authorize (‫ ھـ ل‬s.o. to do s.th., also ‫ ;)ھـ ه‬to license (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to approve, confirm, endorse (‫ ھـ‬a decision, a judgment); to approve (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), sanction (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to tolerate, suffer, bear VI to pass (‫ ھـ‬s.th. or by s.th.), go or walk past s.th. (‫ ;)ھـ‬to go beyond s.th. (‫)ھـ‬, overstep, cross, leave behind (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to exceed, surpass (‫ھـ‬ s.th., also ‫ ;)على‬to go too far, overstep all bounds, encroach, make inroads; to pass over s.th. (‫)عن‬, disregard (‫ عن‬s.th.) pay no attention (‫ عن‬to); to give up, forgo, re1inquish (A s.th.); to refrain from) VIII to pass, run, go (‫ ھـ‬through), cut across ( ‫ ;)ھـ‬to cross (‫ ھـ‬a border, a street, a mountain range); to traverse (‫ ھـ‬a country or sea); to cover (‫ ھـ‬a distance); to pass (‫ھـ‬ through the mind; said of ideas, thoughts); to go (‫ ھـ‬through hard times or a crisis); to surmount, overcome (‫ ھـ‬a crisis) X to deem permissible (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to ask permission ‫ جوز‬jauz pl. ‫ اجواز‬ajwāz heart, center (of a desert, of a large area, etc.) │ ‫فى‬ ‫اجواز‬amid, in the middle of, in; ‫فى اجواز‬ ‫( الفضاء‬faḍā’) in space ‫ جواز‬jawāz permissibility, admissibility; lawfulness, legality; permission, (official) permit, license, authorization; possibility, conceivability; passing (of an examination) │ ‫ جواز السفر‬j. as-safar (pl. -āt) (traveling) passport 147 ‫ مجاز‬majāz crossing; passage; corridor (pol.-georgr.); metaphor, figurative expression (rhet.) │‫ مجازا‬majāzanl, ‫على‬ ‫ سبيل المجاز‬figuratively, metaphorically ‫ مجازى‬majāzī figurative, metaphorical ‫ اجازة‬ijāza pl. -āt permission, authorization; approval; license; = Fr. licence as an academic degree; permit; vacation, leave (of absence) │ ‫اجازة الحصر‬ i. al-ḥaṣr grant of patent, issue of letters patent; patent; ‫( اجازة قنصلية‬qunṣulīya) exequatur of a consul (dipl.); ‫اجازة مرضية‬ (maraḍīya) sick leave; ‫االجازات المدرسية‬

(madrasīya) school vacation; ‫غائب باالجازة‬ on leave, on vacation ‫ مجاوزة‬mujāwaza and ‫ تجاوز‬tajāwuz crossing; exceeding; overdraft, overdrawing (of an account); disregard ( ‫ عن‬for); relinquishment (‫ عن‬of s.th.)

‫ )جاع )جوع‬jā‘a u to be hungry; to starve II to cause (‫ ه‬s.o.) to starve, starve out, famish ( ‫ ه‬s.o.) IV do. ‫ جوع‬jū‘ hunger, starvation │‫ مات جوعا‬to starve to death ‫ جوعان‬jau‘ān2, f. ‫ جوعى‬jau‘ā’, pl. ‫جياع‬ jiyā‘ hungry, starved, famished

‫ اجتياز‬ijtiyāz traversing, crossing; passage; transit; covering (of a distance); passing (of an examination); surmounting (of difficulties)

‫ مجاعة‬majā‘a pl. -āt famine ‫ جائع‬jā’i‘ pl. ‫ جياع‬jiyā‘,‫ جوع‬juwwa‘ hungry, starved, famished

‫ جائز‬jā’iz permitted, lawful, legal; conceivable, thinkable ‫ جائزة‬jā’iza pl. ‫ جوائز‬jawā’iz2 prize, reward, premium │‫( جائزة دراسية‬dirāsīya) stipend, scholarship

‫ تجويع‬tajwī‘ starving out ‫ اجاعة‬ijā‘a starving out ‫ جوف‬II to make hollow, hollow out (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ جوف‬jauf pl. ‫ اجواف‬ajwāf hollow, cavity; depression; interior, inside, center, heart; belly, abdomen; north (magr.) │‫في جوف‬ inside, in the interior of, in the middle of; ‫( في جوف الليل‬j. il-lail) or ‫( جوف الليل‬jaufa) in the middle of the night

‫ مجاز‬mujāz licensed; licentiate (as an academic title, = Fr. licencié; e.g., ‫مجاز فى‬ ‫ العلوم‬licencié ès sciences) 2

‫ جوز □ = زوج‬II to give in marriage □ ‫ جوز‬jauz pl. ‫ اجواز‬ajwāz = ‫ زوج‬couple

‫ جوفي‬jaufī inner, interior, inside; subterranean, underground, subsurface (of geological strata); northern (magr.) │ ‫مياه‬ ‫جوفية‬ground water 148

□ ‫( مجوز‬syr.; pronounced məžwez,  ‫ مزوج‬muzwaj) wind instrument with a double pipe, corresponding to the Egyptian zummāra) 3

‫ الجوزاء‬al-jauzā’ Gemini (astron.)

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‫ جوز‬jauz (coll.; n. un. ‫ ة‬pl. -āt) walnut │‫جوز‬ ‫ الطيب‬j. aṭ-ṭīb nutmeg; ‫ جوز القيء‬j. al-qai’ nux vomioa; ‫ جوز الھند‬j. al-hind, ‫جوز ھندي‬ (hindī) coconut; ‫ جوز القز‬j. alqazz cocoon, chrysalis of the silkworm

‫ اجوف‬ajwaf2, f. ‫ جوفاء‬jaufā’, pl. ‫ جوف‬jūf hollow; empty; vain, futile, inane, pointless, senseless 1

‫ تجويف‬tajwīf pl. ‫ تجاواف‬tajāwīf2, hollow, cavity ‫ مجوف‬mujawwaf hollowed out, hollow ‫ جوق‬jauq pl. ‫ اجواق‬ajwāq and ‫ جوقة‬jauqa pl. -āt troop, group; theatrical troupe, operatic company; choir (mus.); orchestra, band (also ‫ جوقة موسيقية( │ مدير الجوق‬mudīr al-j. conductor, bandleader, choir leader; ‫ جوقة الشرف‬j. aš-šaraf Legion of Honor

‫ جوزة‬gōza (eg.) narghile ‫ جوزي‬jauzī nut (used attributively and in compounds); nut-brown, hazel 5

‫ جاز‬look up alphabetically

‫ جوزل‬jauzal pl. ‫ جوازل‬jawāzil2 young pigeon (‫ جوس( جاس‬jāsa u to peer around, pry around, look around (‫ خالل‬kilāla in); to search, investigate, explore (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VIII to search, investigate, explore (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ جوسق‬jausaq pl. ‫ جواسق‬jawāsiq2 palace; manor, villa ‫ جويطة‬gawīṭa pl. ‫ جوائط‬gawā’iṭ2 (eg.) dowel, peg

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‫ )جال )جول‬jāla u (jaul, ‫ جولة‬jaula, ‫ تجوال‬tajwāl, ‫ جوالن‬jawalān) to roam, rove, wander about; to move freely, be at home (‫ في‬in a field of learning), occupy o.s. (‫ في‬with); to be circulated, go the rounds; to pass (‫ ب‬،‫في‬ through the mind)│‫ جال برأسه‬to preoccupy s.o., engross s.o.’s attention; ‫ما يجول في‬ ‫ )خاطره )بخاطره‬what he is preoccupied with, what is on his mind; ‫جال الدمع في عينيه‬ (dam‘, ‘ainaihi) his eyes swam in tears; ‫( جالت يده في‬yaduhū) he laid his hands on, he committed defalcations of IV to

circulate, pass around (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │‫اجال الرأي‬ (ra’ya) to weigh s.th. thoroughly, ponder s.th.; ‫( اجال النظر‬naẓara) to let one’s eyes wander about; to look around V to roam, rove, wander about, move around; to patrol, go the rounds; to cruise; to tour, travel from place to place, travel about ‫ جولة‬jaula pl. -āt circuit, round; patrol; excursion, outing; tour; (round) trip; voyage, run (of a steamer); (round-trip) flight (of an airplane); round (in sports) ‫ جوال‬jawwāl wandering, migrant, itinerant, roving; cruising; traveling; ambulant; traveler, tourist; see also alphabetically │ ‫رام جوال‬rāmin jawwāl pl. ‫ رماة جوالة‬rumāh jawwāla rifleman (mil.; Syr.)

hawker; ‫( قسيس متجول‬qissīs) itinerant preacher 2

‫ جولف‬golf golf (eg.) ‫ جام‬look up alphabetically ‫ جون‬jūn pl ‫ اجوان‬ajwān gulf, inlet, bay ‫ جونيلة‬،‫ جونال‬،‫( جونلة‬It. gonnella)gonella pl. -āt (woman’s) skirt (eg.) 149 ‫ جاه‬look up alphabetically ‫ جوھر‬II tajauhara to become substance ‫ جوھر‬jauhar pl. ‫ جواھر‬jawāhir2 intrinsic, essential nature, essence; content, substance (as opposed to form; philos.); matter, substance; atom; jewel, gem; pl. jewelry │‫( الزيف والجوھر‬zaif) the spurious and the genuine

‫ جوالة‬jawwāla one given to roaming or traveling; wanderer, wayfarer; O motorcycle; cruiser

‫ جوھرة‬jauhara jewel, gem ‫ جوھري‬jauharī substantial; intrinsic, essential, inherent; fundamental, main, chief, principal; material; jeweler

‫ تجوال‬tajwāl migration, wandering, roving, traveling; nomadic life, nomadism ‫ جوالن‬jawalān migration, wandering, roving, traveling; nomadic life, nomadism │ ‫ جوالن اليد‬j. al-yad embezzlement, defalcation ‫ مجال‬majāl pl. -āt room, space (‫ ل‬for s.th.); field, domain, sphere; scope, extent; reach; range; elbowroom, free scope; play, clearance; field (magn.)│‫ما ترك مجاال للشك‬ (šakk) to admit of no doubt; ‫ال مجال للطعن‬ ‫( فيه‬majālan, ṭa‘n) (it is) incontestable; ‫في‬ ‫ ھذا المجال‬in this connection; ‫ودع المجال امامه‬ ‫( فسيحا‬amāmahū) to give s.o. a free hand, wide scope of action; ‫( مجال حيوي‬ḥayawī) lebensraum; ‫ مجال العمل‬m. al-‘amal field of activity; ‫( مجال مغنطيسي‬magnaṭīsī) magnetic field; ‫ شدة المجال‬šiddat al-m. field intensity (magn.) ‫ تجول‬tajawwul roaming, roving, wandering, migration; going out, moving about; patrol, round; (round) trip, tour; traveling │ ‫ منع التجول‬man‘ at-t. curfew ‫ بائع جاول‬bā’i‘ jāwil pl. ‫باعة جائلون‬ peddler, hawker ‫ متجول‬mutajawwil wandering, migrant, roaming, roving, itinerant; ambulant; traveling; traveler │‫ وكيل متجول‬traveling salesman; ‫( بياع متجول‬bayyā‘) peddler,

‫ جوال‬look up alphabetically

‫ جوھرجي‬jauharjī jeweler ‫ مجوھرات‬mugauharāt (eg.) jewelry, trinkets; jewels, gems 1

‫ جوى‬jawiya a (jawan) to be passionately stirred by love or grief ‫ جوى‬jawan ardent love, passion

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‫ جاوى‬look up alphabetically

‫ جويدار = جاودار‬look up alphabetically ‫ )جاء )جيء‬jā’a ‫ يجيء‬yajī’u (‫ مجيء‬majī’) to come (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬to); to get (‫ ھـ‬to), reach (‫ ھـ‬a place); to arrive; to bring (‫ ب‬s.th.; ‫ ب ه‬to s.o. s.th.); to bring forth, produce (‫ ب‬s.th.); to set forth (‫ ب‬s.th.); to do, perform; to commit, perpetrate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to occur, be mentioned, be said (‫ فى‬in an article, document or book); (with foll. Imperf.) to be about or set out to do s.th. │‫جاء فى جريدة‬ ‫ األھرام ان‬the newspaper “Al Ahram” reports that ... ; ‫ جاء من باريس ان‬a report from Paris says that ... ; ‫جاءت نتائجه مطابقة ل‬ (muṭābiqatan) its results coincided with ... ‫ جيئة‬jī’a, jai’a coming, arrival │‫جيئة‬ ‫( وذھاب‬dahāb) coming and going, ‫ذھب جيئة‬ ‫ وذھابا‬to pace the floor, walk up and down ‫ مجيء‬majī’ coming, arrival, advent

‫ الجائيات‬al-jā’iyāt the things to come 1

‫ جيب‬jaib pl. ‫ جيوب‬juyūb breast, bosom, heart; sine (math.); hole, hollow, cavity, excavation; pocket; purse │ ‫الجيب‬ ‫(الخاص‬ḳaṣṣ) the privy purse; ‫تمام الجيب‬ tamām al-j., ‫ جيب التمام‬cosine (math.); ‫ساعة‬ ‫ الجيب‬pocket watch; ‫ مصروف الجيب‬pocket money; ‫( الجيوب االنفية‬anfīya) the nasal sinuses (anat.); ‫ جيوب المقاومة‬j. almuqāwama pockets of resistance (mil.) ‫ جيبي‬jaibī pocket (adj.)

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‫ جيب‬jīp, ‫ جيب‬jīb and ‫ سيارة جيب‬sayyārat j. jeep

‫( چيت‬ir.) čīt a colorful cotton fabric, chintz

‫ جيفة‬jīfa pl. ‫ جيف‬jiyaf, ‫ اجياف‬ajyāf corpse, cadaver ‫ چيكى‬čīkī Czech ‫ جيل‬jīl pl. ‫ اجيال‬ajyāl people, nation, tribe; generation; century; epoch, era ‫( جيالتي‬It. gelati) jēlātī ice cream ‫ جيم‬jīm name of the letter ‫ج‬ ‫( جين‬Fr. gaine) corselet, sheath corset (eg.) ‫ جيوغرافيا‬jiyogrāfiyā geography │ ‫الجيوغرافيا‬ ‫( البشرية‬bašarīya) anthropogeography ‫ جيوفيزيا‬jiyofīziyā geophysics ‫ جيوفيزيائي‬jiyofīziyā’ī geophysical │ ‫السنة‬ ‫( الجيوفيزيائية‬sana) the geophysical year

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‫ جيد‬jīd pl. ‫ اجياد‬ajyād, ‫ جيود‬juyūd neck

2

‫ جيد‬jayyid see ‫جود‬

‫ جيوفيزيقي‬jiyofīzīqī geophysical

3

‫ اجياد‬،‫ جياد‬see ‫جواد‬jawād

‫ جيولوجيا‬jiyolōjiyā geology

1

‫ جير‬jairi surely, truly, verily

2

‫ جير‬jīr lime

‫ جيولوجي‬jiyolōjī geologic(al)

‫ح‬

‫ جير‬jīrī calcareous, lime (adj.) ‫ جيار‬jayyār unslaked lime ‫ جيارة‬jayyāra limekiln 3

‫ جير‬II to endorse (fin.) ‫( جيرو‬It. giro) endorsement (fin.)

4

‫ جيران‬،‫ جيرة‬see ‫جور‬

‫ جيزة‬gīza Giza (city in N Egypt); a brand of Egyptian cotton ‫ )جاش )جيش‬jāša i (‫ جيشان‬jayašān) to be excited, be agitated; to rage, storm; to boil, simmer II to levy troops, mobilize an army X to raise, mobilize (‫ ھـ‬an army, also, e.g., ‫ انصارا‬anṣāran followers) ‫ جيش‬jaiš pl. ‫ جيوش‬army, troops, armed forces │ ‫ جيش االحتالل‬occupation forces; ‫ جيش احتياطي‬army reserve; ‫جيش مرابط‬ (murābiṭ) territorial army; ‫ االنقاذ جيش‬j. alinqād Salvation Army; ‫ جيش المساء‬almasā’ dusk, evening twilight 150 ‫ جياش‬jayyāš agitated, impassioned; excited, boiling up; ebullient; pleasurably excited, happily stimulated ‫ جيشان‬jayašān excitement, agitation; raging ‫ )جاف )جيف‬jāfa i, II and V to be putrid, stink (decaying cadaver)

‫ حاء‬ḥā’ name of the letter ‫ح‬ ‫ حاخام‬ḥāḳām rabbi│‫ الحاخام االكبر‬the chief rabbi ‫ حؤول‬see ‫حول‬ ‫ حامى‬ḥāmī Hamitic ‫ حان‬and ‫ حانة‬see ‫حين‬ ‫( حانبة‬pronounced ḥamba) pl. ‫ حوانب‬ḥawānib2 (formerly Tun.) hamba, palace gendarme of the Bey of Tunis ‫ حانوت‬see ‫حنو‬ 1

‫ حب‬ḥabba i (ḥubb) to love, like II to evoke ( ‫ الى‬in s.o.) love or a liking (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬for s.th. or s.o.), make (‫ الى‬s.o.) love or like (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬s.th. or s.o.); to endear (‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.), make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) dear, lovable, attractive (‫ الى‬for s.o.), make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) palatable, acceptable ( ‫ الى‬to s.o.); to urge (‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. on s.o.), suggest (‫ الى‬s.th. to s.o.) IV (‫ حب‬ḥubb, ‫محبة‬ maḥabba) to love, like (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to wish, want, or like, to do s.th. (‫ان(│احب ان‬ uḥibbu an I should like to ... ; ‫ احب له ان‬to like about s.o. that he ... ; ‫ال يحب الخير له‬ (ḳaira) he doesn’t want him to be happy, he grudges him everything V to show love, reveal one’s affections (‫ الى‬to s.o.); to endear o. s. (‫ الى‬to s.o.), make o.s.

popular, ingratiate o.s. (‫ الى‬with s.o.); to court, woo (‫ الى‬a woman) VI to love one another X to like (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to deem (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) desirable, recommendable; to prefer (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to s.th. else)

‫ محب‬muḥibb pl. -ūn loving; lover; fancier, amateur, fan; friend │‫محب الناس‬ philanthropic(al), affable; ‫ محبنا العزيز‬our dear friend; ‫ محبو اآلثار‬friends of archeology; ‫( محب لذاته‬li-datihī) egoist

‫ حب‬ḥubb love; affection, attachment │ ‫ حب الذات‬ḥ. ad-dāt self-love, amour-propre; ‫ حب االستطالع‬curiosity, inquisitiveness; ‫حب‬ ‫ الوطن‬ḥ. al-waṭan patriotism; ‫حبا ل‬ (ḥubban) out of love or affection for, out of friendship for; ‫ حبا في‬in the desire to … ‫ حبي‬ḥubbī friendly, amicable, loving; ‫حبيا‬ ḥubbīyan in an amicable manner, amicably; by fair means (jur.) ‫ حب‬ḥibb pl. ‫ احباب‬aḥbāb darling, dear, dearest (one) ‫ حباب‬ḥabāb aim, goal, end 151 ‫ حبيب‬ḥabīb pl. ‫ احباء‬aḥibbā’2, ‫ احبة‬aḥibba, ‫ احباب‬beloved, sweetheart, lover; darling; dear one, friend; dear (‫ الى‬to s.o.); popular; ‫ االحباب‬the beloved ones, the dear ones ‫ حبيبة‬labība pl. ‫ حبائب‬ḥabā’ib2 sweet·heart, darling, beloved woman ‫ احب‬aḥabb2 dearer, more desirable, preferable (‫ الى‬to s.o.) ‫ حبذا‬ḥabbadā (with foll. Nominative) how nice, how lovely is ... ! how good, excellent, perfect is …! │ ‫ حبذا لو‬how nice it would be if …; ‫ حبذا الحال لو فعل‬h. l-ḥālu lau fa‘ala it would be nice, or he would do well, if he did it; ‫( يا حبذا الحال‬ḥālu) that’s just wonderful! ‫ محبة‬maḥabba love; affection, attachment │‫ محبة الوطن‬m. al-waṭan patriotism ‫ تحبب‬taḥabbub courtship, wooing ‫ تحابب‬taḥābub mutual love, concord, harmony ‫ محبوب‬maḥbūb beloved; dear; lovable, desirable; popular; favorite; beloved one, lover; (pl. ‫ محابيب‬maḥābīb2) gold piece, sequin (in Ottoman times; eg.) ‫ محبوبة‬maḥbūba sweetheart, darling, beloved woman ‫ محبب‬muḥabbab agreeable, pleasant, desirable, lovable, dear (‫ الى‬to s.o.); nice, likable

‫ متحاب‬mutaḥābb loving one another, concordant ‫ مستحب‬mustaḥabb (re)commendable, desirable (said of acts whose neglect is not punished by God, but whose performance is rewarded; Isl. Law); well-liked, popular 2

‫ حب‬II to produce seed, go to seed (plant); to bear seed (grain); to granulate, become granulated; to granulate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to produce seed ‫ حب‬ḥabb (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬grains; seed; -pl. ‫ حبوب‬ḥubūb grain, cereals, corn; seed(s); grains, kernels; granules; pellets; pills, pastilles; berries; acne, pustules, pimples│‫ حب العزيز‬chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.; bot.); ‫ حب الفقد‬ḥ. al-faqad chaste tree (Vitex agous castus L.; bot.); croton seeds (seeds of Croton tiglium; bot.); (magr.) cherries; ‫ حب الھال‬ḥ. al-hāl and (‫ حبھان( حب الھان‬ḥ. al-hān cardamom (Amomum cardamomum L.; bot.); ‫حب‬ ‫ الغمام‬ḥ. al-gamām hail, hail-stones ‫ حبة‬ḥabba (n. un.; see also ‫ حب‬ḥabb) pl. -āt grain, granule; seed; kernel; pill, pastille; berry; pustule, pimple; triviality, trille; a square measure (Eg.; = 58.345 m2); pl. ‫ حبات‬beads (of the rosary)│‫حبة‬ ‫ شعير‬ḥ. ša‘īr a linear measure (Eg.; = 0.205 cm); ‫( حبة حلوة‬ḥulwa) aniseed; ‫حبة‬ ‫( سوداء‬saudā’) black caraway (Nigella sativa L.; bot.); ‫ حبات الرمال‬grains of sand; ‫ حبة العين‬ḥ. al-‘ain eyeball; pupil (of the eye); ‫ حبة القلب‬ḥ. al-qalb dearest one, beloved, darling ‫ حبب‬ḥabab blister ‫ حبيبة‬ḥubaiba pl. -āt little grain, small kernel; small pimple or pustule ‫ حبيبي‬ḥubaibī granular, granulated│ ‫الرمد‬ ‫( الحبيبي‬ramad) trachoma (med.)

‫ حبحب‬ḥabḥab (coll.) watermelon (hij.) ‫ حباحب‬ḥubāḥib firefly, glowworm

‫ حبذ‬II to approve, think wall (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), commend (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to applaud, acclaim, cheer (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ حبذا‬see 1 ‫حب‬ ‫ تحييذ‬taḥyīd approval; acclamation, acclaim, applause, cheering 152 ‫ حبر‬ḥabara u (ḥabr) to gladden, make happy, delight (‫ ه‬s.o.); -- ḥabira a (‫ حبور‬ḥubūr) to be glad, happy II to embellish, refine, make workmanlike (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to compose ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) in elegant style; to write, compose (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ حبر‬ḥibr ink│‫ ام الحبر‬umm al-ḥibr squid, cuttlefish; ‫( حبر على ورق‬waraq) mere ink on paper, of no effect (e.g., an agreement, a treaty) ‫ حبر‬ḥabr, ḥibr pl. ‫ احبار‬aḥbār a nonMuslim religious authority, 1earned man, scribe; hishop; rabbi│‫ الحبر االعظم‬the Pope; ‫ سفر االحبار‬sifr al-a. Leviticus (Old Test.) ‫ حبري‬ḥabrī pontifical │‫قداس حبري‬ (quddās) pontifical mass (Chr.) ‫ حبرية‬ḥabrīya office or dignity of a bishop, bishopric, pontificate ‫ حبرة‬ḥabara, ḥibara pl. -āt silken shawl or wrap (worn in public by ladies) ‫ حبار‬ḥabār, ḥibār pl. -āt mark, trace (esp. of blows), welt, wale ‫حبور‬ḥubūr joy ‫ حباري‬ḥubārā pl. ‫ حباريات‬ḥubārayāt bustard (zool.) ‫ يحبور‬yaḥbūr bustard chick (zool.) ‫ محبر‬miḥbara, maḥbara pl. ‫محابر‬ maḥābir2 inkwell ‫ حبس‬ḥabasa i (ḥabs) to obstruct, shut off, confine (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.), block, bar, hold back, check (‫ ھـ‬s.th. ‫ عن‬from; also tears, laughter, etc.); to withhold (‫ ھـ عن‬from s.o. s.th.); to hold in custody, detain (‫ ه‬s.o.) to apprehend, arrest, jail, imprison (‫ ه‬s.o.); to keep, keep back, put aside, put away (‫على‬ ‫ ھـ‬s.th. for); to tie up, invent inalienably (‫ھـ‬ capital) │‫ حبس نفسه على‬to devote o.s. entirely to ... ; ‫( حبس يده عن‬yadahū) to take (s.th.) out from under s.o.’s power; ‫حبس‬ ‫( عليه انفاسه‬anfāsahū) to make s.o. catch his breath, take s.o.’s breath away; ‫حبس مع‬

‫ الشغل‬ḥubisa ma‘a š-šugl he was committed to prison under hard labor II to tie up inalienably (‫ ھـ‬funds, ‫ على‬for, esp. for a pious purpose), make a religious bequest (‫ھـ‬, for the benefit of ‫ )على‬VII to be held back, be held up, stop, be interrupted, intermit; to restrain o.s., hold back VIII to block, obstruct, bar, confine ( ‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to detain, hold in custody ( ‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to hold back, retain, suppress (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to be detained, held up; to be impeded, held back; to falter, break, fail (voice), stop (breath) ‫ حبس‬ḥabs (act of) holding or keeping back, obstruction, check, repression; blocking off, barring, confinement; damming up, staving off; safekeeping, custody, retention; imprisonment, arrest, detention, jailing; (pl. ‫ حبوس‬ḥubūs) prison, jail │‫( حبس احتياطي‬iḥtiyāṭī) detention (pending investigation); ‫حبس انفرادي‬ (infirādī) solitary confinement; ‫حبس شديد‬ penal servitude ‫ حبس‬ḥibs pl. ‫ احباس‬dam, weir, barrage ‫ حبس‬ḥubs, ḥubūs pl. ‫ احباس‬aḥbās (Tun., Alg. Mor. = waqf) inalienable property the yield of which is devoted to pious purposes, religious bequest, (Fr. jur.) “habous”│‫‘( حبس عام‬āmm) public habous, ‫( حبس خاص‬ḳaṣṣ) private habous; ‫كان حبسا‬ ‫ )على ) = كان وقفا على‬to be entirely dependent on … ‫ حبسة‬ḥubsa speech defect, impediment of speech ‫ حبيس‬ḥabīs blocked-off, shut-off, barred, confined, locked-up; secluded; bated (breath); choking (voice); (pl. ‫حبساء‬ ḥubasā’2) hermit ‫ محبس‬maḥbas, maḥbis pl. ‫محابس‬ maḥābis2 place where s.th. is confined or locked up; jail, prison; (prison) cell 153 ‫ محبس‬miḥbas device for shutting off or blocking off ‫ محبسة‬maḥbasa hermitage ‫ انحباس‬inḥibās seclusion, confinement; stoppage, interruption; cessation ‫ احتباس‬iḥtibās retention, restraint; inhibition, impediment, obstruction,

stoppage │‫ احتباس البول‬iḥtibās al-baul suppression of urine, ischuria

‫ حبل‬ḥabl pl. ‫ حبال‬ḥibāl, ‫ احبل‬aḥbul, ‫حبول‬ ḥubūl, ‫ احبال‬aḥbāl rope, cable, hawser; cord, string, thread; (pl. ‫ حبال‬ḥibāl) beam, ray (e.g., of the sun, of light), jet (e.g., of water); vein; sinew, tendon │‫حبل الوريد‬ jugular vein; ‫( الحبل السري‬surrī) umbilical cord; ‫( الحبل الشوكي‬šaukī) spine; ‫حبال صوتية‬ (ṣautīya) vocal cords; ‫ حبل المساكين‬ivy (bot.); ‫ حبال الماء‬jets of water; (‫القى )اطلق‬ ‫ الحبل على الغارب‬alqā (aṭlaqa) l-ḥabla ‘alā l-gārib to let things go, slacken the reins, give a free hand, impose no restraint; ‫ ارتخاء الحبل‬slackening of the reins, yielding; relenting; ‫ اضطرب حبله‬iḍṭraba ḥabluhū to get into a state of disorder, of disorganization, of disintegration, get out of control; ‫( تعب على الحبلين‬la‘iba, ḥablain) to play a double game, work both side, of the street

‫ محبوس‬maḥbūs shut-off (from the outside world), isolated, secluded, confined, locked-up; imprisoned, captive; tied-up (funds); (pl. ‫ محابس‬maḥābis2) prisoner, prison inmate, convict ‫ محبس‬muḥabbis donor of a habous (see ‫ حبس‬ḥubs) ‫ المحبس عليه‬al-muḥabbas ‘alaihi beneficiary of a habous (see ‫ حبس‬ḥubs) ‫ منحبس‬munhabis secluded, shut-off ‫ الحبش‬al-ḥabaš Abyssinia, Ethiopia; (pl. ‫االحباش‬ al-aḥbāš) the Abyssinians, Ethiopians ‫ الحبشة‬al-ḥabaša (and ‫)بالد الحبش‬ Abyssinia, Ethiopia ‫ الحبشي‬ḥabašī pl. ‫ احباش‬aḥbāš Abyssinian, Ethiopian

‫ احبولة‬uḥbūla pl. ‫ احابيل‬aḥābīl2 snare, net; rope with a noose; pl. ‫ احابيل‬tricks, wiles, artifices, stratagems (in order to get s.th.)

‫ حبط‬ḥabaṭa i (‫( حبوط‬ḥubūṭ) and ḥabiṭa a to come to nothing, fail, miscarry, go wrong; to be futile, be of no avail, be lost IV to frustrate, thwart, foil, defeat (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫على ھـ‬ in s.th. s.o.; negotiations, efforts, an attempt, etc.) ‫ حبط‬ḥabaṭ scar of a wound, wale, welt ‫ حبوط‬ḥubūṭ futility, failure ‫ احباط‬aḥbāṭ frustration, thwarting, foiling ‫ حبق‬ḥabaq basil (bot.); (eg.) a variety of speedwell (Veronica anagallis aquatica L.) ‫ حبك‬ḥabaka i u (ḥabk) to weave well and tight (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to braid, plait (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to twist, twine, tighten (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to knit (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to devise, contrive (‫ ھـ‬a plan, a plot) II to twist, twine, tighten (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) to fasten (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) ‫ حبكة‬ḥabka fabric, tissue; texture, structure ‫ حبك‬ḥubuk: p. ‫ حبك النجوم‬ḥ. an-nujūm the orbits of the celestial bodies ‫ حباكة‬ḥibāka weavers trade, weaving ‫ محبوك‬maḥbūk tightly woven; tight, taut; sturdy, strong, robust, husky ‫ محتبك‬muḥtabik interwoven, intersecting 1

‫ حبل‬VIII to ensnare, catch in a snare (‫ ه‬، ‫ھـ‬ s.o., s.th.)

‫ حبالة‬ḥibāla pl. ‫ حبائل‬ḥabā’il2 snare, net ‫ حابل‬ḥābil: ‫( اختلط الحابل بالنابل‬iḳtalaṭa) everything became confused, got into a state of utter confusion; ‫ حابل ونابلھم‬all together, all in a medley 154 2

‫ حبل‬ḥlabila a (ḥabal) to be or become pregnant, conceive and IV to make pregnant ( ‫ھا‬a woman) ‫ حبل‬ḥabal conception; pregnancy ‫ حبلى‬ḥublā pl. ‫ حبالى‬ḥabālā and ‫حبالنة‬ ḥablāna pregnant

‫ حبن‬ḥabana dropsy ‫ حبھان )حبب الھان‬ḥabb al-hān) cardamom (Amomum cardamomum L.; bot.) ‫ )حبا )حبو‬ḥabā u (ḥabw) to crawl, creep: to present (‫ ھـ ه‬s.o. with s.th.), give, award (‫ھـ‬ ‫ ه‬to s.o. s.th.) III to be obliging (‫ ه‬to s.o.), show one’s good will (‫ ه‬toward s.o.); to favor (‫ ه‬s.o.); to side (‫ ه‬with s.o.), be partial (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to show respect, deference (‫ ه‬to s.o.) VIII to sit with one’s legs drawn up and wrapped in one's garment ‫ حبوة‬ḥibwa, ḥubwa, ḥabwa gift, present ‫ حباء‬ḥibā’ gift, present

‫ محاباة‬muḥābāh obligingness complaisance, courtesy; favor(ing), favoritism, partiality

‫ محتوم‬maḥtūm imposed, enjoined, obligatory; determined, definitive, determinate, unalterable, ineviroble; destined, predestined, ordained (fate)

‫ حت‬ḥatta u (ḥatt) to rub off, scrape off, scratch off (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)

‫ محتم‬muḥattam imposed, enjoined, obligatory; determined, definitive, determinate, unalterable, inevitable; destined, predeotined, ordained (fate)

‫ حتة‬ḥitta pl. ḥitat (eg.) piece, bit, morsel ‫ حتى‬ḥattā (prep.) until, till, up to, as far as; (conj.; with perf.) until, so that; (with subj.) until, that, so that, in order that; -(particle) even, eventually even; and even; ‫ حتى لو‬even if; (with preceding negation) not even, and be it only…

‫ متحتم‬mutaḥattim absolutely necessary; imperative (duty) ‫ حتى‬see ‫حت‬ 1

‫ حتات‬ḥutāt scraps; morsels, crumbs ‫ تحات‬taḥāt corrosion ‫ حتد‬ḥatida a (ḥatad) to be of pure origin ‫ محتد‬maḥtid descent, origin, lineage ‫ حترة‬ḥutra small piece, bit, trifle

‫ حثيث‬ḥatīt quick, rapid, quick

‫ حتار‬ḥitār pl. ‫ حتر‬ḥutur border, edge, fringe, surroundings, vicinity ‫ حتف‬ḥatf pl. ‫ حتوف‬ḥutūf death │‫يبحث عن )يسعى‬ ‫ الى( حتفه بظلفه‬yabḥatu ‘an (yas‘ā ilā) ḥatfihī bi-ẓilfihī he brings about his own destruction, digs his own grave; ‫مات حتف‬ ‫ انفه‬māta ḥatfa anfihī he died a natural death ‫ حتم‬ḥatama i (ḥatm) to decree, make necessary, prescribe (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. for s.o.), make (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) a duty, a necessity (‫ على‬for s.o.); to impose, enjoin (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. upon s.o.); to decide, determine definitely (‫ ب‬s.th.) II to decree, make necessary, prescribe (‫على ھـ‬ s.th. for s.o.), make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) a duty, a necessity (‫ على‬for s.o.) V to be necessary; to be s.o.’s (‫ )على‬duty, be incumbent (‫على‬ upon s.o.) ‫ حتم‬ḥatm pl. ‫ حتوم‬ḥutūm imposition, injunction; final decision, resolution, determination; ‫ حتما‬ḥatman decidedly, definitely, neceaoarily, inevitably ‫ حتمي‬ḥatmī decided, definite, final, conclusive, definitive, unalterable, irrevocable, inevitable ‫ حتمية‬ḥatmīya decidedness, definiteness, definitiveness, determinateness, unalterableness; necessity ‫ ال حتمية‬lā-ḥatmīya indeterminism (philos.)

‫ حث‬ḥatta u (ḥatt) to urge, incite, prompt, goad, spur on, egg on, prod, provoke, 155 impel (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ على‬to do s.th.) │‫حث خطاه‬ (ḳuṭāhū) to quicken one’s pace, hurry (‫الى‬ to a place); ‫( حث الطريق‬ṭarīqa) to hurry, hasten; ‫( حث قدميه‬qadamaihi) to quicken one’s pace, break into a run VIII and X = I ‫ حاثة‬ḥātta hormone

2

‫ حثي‬ḥittī Hittite (n. and adj.)

‫ حثالة‬ḥutāla dregs, lees, sediment; scum (fig.); offal, discard, scraps │ ‫ حثالة الحرير‬silk combings ‫ )حثا )حثو‬ḥatā u (ḥatw) to strew, scatter, spread, disperse (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ حج‬ḥajja u to overcome, defeat (‫ ه‬s.o., with arguments, with evidence), confute (‫ ه‬s.o.); to convince (‫ ه‬s.o.); -- (ḥajj) to make the pilgrimage (to Mecca), perform the hadj III to dispute, debate, argue, reason (‫ ه‬with s.o.) VI to argue against each other, carry on a dispute, to debate; to take counsel VIII to advance (‫ب‬ s.th.) as an argument, plea, excuse, or pretext; to allege in support or vindication, plead (‫ب‬ s.th.); to vindicate, justify (‫ ل‬s.th.); to protect, remonstrate (‫ على‬against), object, raise objections (‫ على‬to) ‫ حج‬ḥajj and ‫ حجة‬ḥijja pl. -āt, ‫ حجج‬ḥijaj pilgrimage; hadj, the official Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca │‫ ذو الحجة‬dū l-ḥijja Zu’lhijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar ‫ حجة‬ḥujja pl. ‫ حجج‬ḥūjaj argument; pretense, pretext, plea; proof, evidence; document, writ, deed, record; authority │ ‫ بحجة ان‬under the pretense that …, on the plea … on the pretext of …

‫ حجاج‬ḥajāj pl. ‫ احجة‬aḥijja circumorbital ring (anat.)

‫ احتجاب‬iḥtijāb concealment, hiddenness, seclusion; veiledness, veiling, purdah

‫ محج‬maḥajj destination (of a journey)

‫ حاجب‬ḥājib concealing, screening, protecting; (pl. ‫ حجاب‬ḥujjāb, ‫ حجبة‬ḥajaba) doorman, gatekeeper; chamberlain; orderly (Syr., mil.); (pl. ‫ حواجب‬ḥawājib2) eyebrow │‫ حاجب الھواء‬ḥ. al-hawā’ airtight, hermetic

‫ محجة‬maḥajja pl. ‫ محاج‬maḥājj2 destination of a pilgrimage, object of pilgrimage, shrine; destination (of s journey); goal; road; way; procedure, method │ ‫ محجة الصواب‬m. aṣ-ṣawāb the Right Way, the Straight Path; ‫محجة الحديد‬ railroad

‫ محجوب‬maḥjūb concealed, hidden, veiled 1

‫ حجاج‬ḥijāj argument, dispute, debate ‫ تحجج‬taḥajjuj argumentation, pleading, offering of a pretext, pretense, excuse ‫ احتجاج‬iḥtijāj pl. -āt argumentation; pretext, excuse, plea, pretense; protest, remonstrance (‫ على‬against), objection, exception (‫ على‬to)

‫ حجر‬ḥajr restriction, curb(ing), check(ing), obstruction, impeding, limitation, curtailing (‫ على‬of s.th.); barring, closing, debarment, preclusion; detention; blocking, confinement, containment, suppression (as a protective measure); interdiction, prohibition, ban; revocation, or limitation, of s.o.’s (‫ )على‬legal competence │‫( حجرصحي‬ṣiḥḥī) quarantine

‫ حاج‬ḥājj pl. ‫ حجاج‬ḥujjāj, ‫ حجيج‬ḥajīj pilgrim; hadji, Mecca pilgrim, honorific title of one who has performed the pilgrimage to Mecca ‫ حجب‬ḥajaba u (ḥajb) to veil, cover, screen, shelter, seclude (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. from); to hide, obscure (‫ عن ھـ‬s.th. from s.th. else, e.g., from sight); to eclipse, outshine, overshadow (‫ ه‬s.o.); to make imperceptible, invisible (‫ عن ھـ‬s.th. to); to conceal (‫ عن ھـ‬s.th. from s.o.); to make or form a separation (‫ وبين‬-- ‫ بين‬between – and) II to veil, hide, conceal; to hide from sight, keep in seclusion (‫ ھا‬a woman); to disguise, mask (‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. with) V to conceal o.s. hide (‫ عن‬from), flee from sight, veil o.s. VII to veil o.s., conceal o.s.; to be covered up, become hidden be obscured VIII to vanish, become invisible, disappear from sight; to veil conceal (‫عن‬ hide; to become hidden, be concealed (‫عن‬ from); to withdraw; to elude perception; to ease or interrupt publication (newspaper, periodical)

‫( حجر‬ḥijr forbidden, interdicted, prohibited; lap; (pl. ‫ احجار‬aḥjār, ‫حجور‬ ḥujūr, ‫ حجورة‬ḥujūra) mare ‫ حجرة‬ḥujra pl. ḥujarāt, ‫ حجر‬ḥujar room; cell; (railroad) compartment; chamber │ ‫ حجرة االنتظار‬waiting room; ‫ حجرة النوم‬ḥ. annaum bedroom; ‫( الحجرة الفالحية‬fallāḥīya) chamber of agriculture ‫ حجر‬maḥjar pl. ‫ محاجر‬maḥājir2 military hospital, infirmary; prison, jail, dungeon │‫( محجر صحي‬ṣiḥḥī) quarantine, quarantine station ‫ حجر‬maḥjir, miḥjar, maḥjar pl. ‫محاجر‬ maḥājir2 (=‫ محجر العين‬m. al-‘ain) eye socket; see also below ‫ تحجير‬taḥjīr interdiction, prohibition, ban; see also below

‫ حجب‬ḥajb seclusion; screening off; keeping away, keeping off ‫ حجاب‬ḥijāb pl. ‫ حجب‬ḥujub, ‫ احجبة‬aḥjiba cover, wrap, drape; curtain; woman’s veil; screen, partition, folding screen; barrier, bar; diaphragm (also ‫ ;الحجاب الحاجز‬anat.); amulet ‫ حجابة‬ḥijāba office of gatekeeper

‫ حجر‬ḥajara u (ḥajr, ḥijr, ḥujr, ‫ حجران‬ḥijrān, ḥujrān) to deny access (‫ على‬to s.o.); to stop, detain, hinder (‫ على‬or ‫ ه‬s.o.); to forbid, interdict (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.), prohibit (‫ على‬s.o.) from doing s.th. (‫ ;)ھـ‬to place (‫ على‬s.o.) under guardianship, declare (‫ على‬s.o.) legally incompetent

‫ محجور‬maḥjūr pl. ‫ محاجر‬maḥājir2 (and ‫ )محجور عليه‬one placed under guardianship; minor; ward, charge 2

‫ حجر‬II to petrify, turn into stone (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make hard as stone (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to turn to stone, petrify, become petrified

‫ حجر‬ḥajar pl. ‫ احجار‬aḥjār, ‫ حجارة‬ḥijāra, ‫ حجار‬ḥijār stone; weight (placed as an equipoise on the scale of a balance) │ ‫( الحجر االساسي‬asāsī) the foundation stone, cornerstone, ‫( وضع الحجر االساسي‬waḍ‘) laying of the cornerstone; ‫ حجر البالط‬ḥ. albalāṭ flagstone, paving stone; ‫ حجر جھنم‬ḥ. jahannam lunar caustic, silver nitrate; ‫حجر‬ ‫ الجير‬ḥ. al-jīr limestone; ‫ الحجر السماقي‬or ‫( حجر السماقي‬summāqī) porphyry; ‫الحجر‬ ‫( االسود‬aswad) the Black Stone (of the Kaaba); ‫ حجر الشادنة‬hematite (min.); ‫حجر‬ ‫ العثرة‬ḥ. al-‘atra stumbling block; ‫حجر‬ ‫ الفالسفة‬philosopher’s stone; O ‫ حجر القمر‬ḥ. al-qamar selenite; ‫ حجر كريم‬and ‫حجر ثمين‬ precious stone, gem; ‫( طبع على الحجر‬tab‘) lithograph; ‫ طباعة الحجر‬Lithography ‫ حجري‬ḥajarī stony, stone (adj.) │‫العصر‬ ‫‘( الحجري‬aṣr) the Stone Age; ‫العصر الحجري‬ ‫ الحديث‬the Neolithic period; ‫العصر الحجري‬ ‫ القديم‬the Paleolithic period ‫ حجير‬ḥajīr stony, petrified ‫ حجار‬ḥajjār stone mason, stone cutter ‫ محجر‬maḥjir pl. ‫ محاجر‬maḥājir2 (stone) quarry ‫ تحجير‬taḥjīr petrification; stone quarrying ‫ تحجر‬taḥajjur petrification ‫ متحجر‬mutaḥajjir petrified ‫ مستحجر‬mustaḥjir petrified 157 ‫ حجدز‬ḥajaza u i (ḥajz) to hold back, restrain, hinder, prevent (‫ عن ھـ‬s.th. from); to keep away (‫ عن ھـ‬s.th. from); to block (off), close, bar; to isolate, insulate, confine, seclude; to make inaccessible; to set apart; to separate (‫ بين‬two things); to arrest, detain; to seize, sequester, impound (‫على‬ or ‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., s.o.’s property, salary); to confiscate, safeguard (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to reserve (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make a reservation (‫ ھـ‬for a. theater seat, a steamer cabin, a ticket, etc.) VIII to retain for o.s., reserve to o.s. (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) ‫ حجز‬ḥajz curbing, prevention, restraint; seclusion, confinement, containment, isolation, insulation, separation; arrest, detention, seizure, confiscation, sequestration (‫ على‬of s.th.); reservation (of seats) │‫ حجز الحرية‬ḥ al-ḥurrīya deprivation

of liberty, unlawful detention duress (jur.); ‫( القى الحجر على‬alqā) to confiscate s.th. ‫ الحجاز‬al-ḥijāz Hejaz, region in W Arabia, on the Red Sea coast ‫ حجازي‬ḥijāzī of or pertaining to Hejaz; pl. -ūn) an inhabitant of Hejaz ‫ حاجز‬ḥājiz and ‫ حاجزة‬pl. ‫ حواجز‬ḥawājiz2 obstacle, hindrance, impediment, obstruction; partition, screen, dividing wall j block, blockade, road block; fence, gate, railing, balustrade; hurdle; bar, barrier; barricade │ ‫الحجاب الحاجز‬ diaphragm (anat.); O ‫حاجز االمواج‬ breakwater; ‫)الحواجز القمرقية )الجمركية‬ (qumruqīya, gumrukīya) customs barriers; O ‫ حاجزة الصواعق‬lightning rod ‫ موظف حاجز‬muwaẓẓaf ḥājiz approx.: bailiff 1

‫محاجفة‬muḥājafa singlestick fencing

2

‫احجاف‬iḥjāf = ‫اجحاف‬

‫ حجل‬ḥajala u i (ḥajl, ‫ حجالن‬ḥajalān) to hop, leap; to skip, gambol ‫ حجل‬ḥajl, ḥijl pl. ‫ حجول‬ḥujūl, ‫ احجال‬aḥjāl anklet ‫ حجل‬ḥajal (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. ‫حجالن‬ ḥajlān, ‫ حجلى‬ḥijlā partridge; mountain partridge, mountain quail ‫ حجل‬ḥajala pl. ‫ حجال‬ḥijāl curtained canopy, or alcove, for the bride │ ‫رباط‬ ‫ الحجال‬rabbāṭ al-ḥ. the ladies ‫ لعبة الحجلة‬la‘bat al-ḥajala hopscotch ‫ محجل‬muḥajjal wearing anklets (woman); white-footed (horse); bright, brilliant, radiant; unique, singular, esp. in the phrase ‫( أغر محجل‬agarr2) ‫ حجم‬ḥajama u (ḥajm) to cup (‫ ه‬s.o.; med.) IV to recoil, shrink, flinch (‫ عن‬from); to desist, abstain, refrain (‫ عن‬from), forbear (‫عن‬ s.th.); to withdraw, retreat ‫ حجم‬ḥajm pl. ‫ حجوم‬ḥujūm, ‫ احجام‬aḥjām bulk, size, volume; caliber (of a cannon) │‫ كبير الحجم‬bulky, sizable, massive ‫ حجام‬ḥajjām cupper ‫ حجامة‬ḥijāma cupping, scarification, art of cupping

‫ محجم‬miḥjam, m ‫ محجم‬miḥjama pl. ‫محاجم‬ maḥājim2 cupping glass ‫ احجام‬iḥjām desistance, abstention; restraint, aloofness, reserve ‫ حجن‬ḥajana i (ḥajn) to bend, curve, crook (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) VIII to snatch up, grab (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) take hold (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.) ‫ احجن‬aḥjan2 curved, crooked, bent ‫ محجن‬miḥjan pl. ‫ محاجن‬maḥājin2 staff or stick with a crooked end, crosier; hook ‫ )حجا به خيرا )حجو‬ḥajā bihī ḳairan to think well of s.o., have a good opinion of s.o. III to propose a riddle (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to speak in riddles, be enigmatic ‫ حجى‬، ‫ حجا‬ḥijan pl. ‫ احجاء‬aḥjā’ intellect, brains, understanding, discernment, acumen, sagacity, wit, intelligence 158 ‫ حجي‬ḥajiy appropriate, suitable, proper ( ‫ ب‬for) ‫ احجى‬aḥjā more appropriate, more suitable, more proper; more correct, better ‫ احجية‬uḥjīya pl. ‫ احاجى‬aḥājīy, ‫ احاج‬aḥājin riddle, puzzle, enigma ‫ حخام‬ḥaḳām = ‫( حاخام‬look up alphabetically) ‫ حد‬ḥadda u (ḥadd) to sharpen, hone (‫ ھـ‬a knife); to delimit, delineate, demarcate, mark off, stake off (‫ ھـ‬land, ‫ من‬from); to set bounds (‫ ھـ‬to s.th.), limit, restrict, confine (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to impede, hinder, curb, check (‫ من‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); -- i (‫ حدة‬ḥidda) to become furious, angry (‫ على‬at): -- i u (‫حداد‬ ḥidād) to wear mourning, mourn (‫ على‬the deceased) II to sharpen, hone (‫ ھـ‬a knife); to forge (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; syr.); to delimit, demarcate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to set bounds (‫ ھـ‬to s.th.), circumscribe, mark off, delineate sharply; to limit, restrict, confine (‫ من‬or ‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to determine, appoint, assign, schedule, lay down, set down, establish (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to fix). e.g., prices); to define (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) │‫( حدد بصره‬baṣarahū) to dart sharp glances; to scrutinize (‫ في‬s.th.), look sharply (‫ في‬at s.th.) III to oppose (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) act contrary (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬to s.o., to s.th.), contravene, counteract, violate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to sharpen, make sharp (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │ ‫احد النظر‬ ‫( الى‬naẓar) to look sharply at, stare at; ‫احد‬ ‫( بصره‬baṣarahū) to dart sharp glances; to scrutinize (‫ في‬s.th.), look sharply (‫ في‬at

s.th.); ‫( احد من بصره‬baṣarihī) to glance sharply; -- to put on garments of mourning V to be delimited, be delineated, be bounded, be circumscribed; to be determined, be established, be set down, be scheduled, be fixed; to by defined, be definable VIII to be or become angry; to become infuriated, be furious (‫ على‬at), be exasperated (‫ على‬with); to be agitated, be upset, be in a state of commotion ‫ حد‬ḥadd pl. ‫ حدود‬ḥudūd (cutting) edge (of a knife, of a sword); edge, border, brink, brim, verge; border (of a country), boundary, borderline; limit (fig.), the utmost, extremity, termination, end, terminal point, terminus; a (certain) measure, extent, or degree (attained); (math.) member (of an equation), term (of a fraction, of a proportion); divine ordinance, divine statute; legal punishment (Isl. Law) │‫ لحد‬li-ḥaddi or ‫الى‬ ‫ حد‬until, till, up to, to the extent of, ‫الى حد‬ ‫ لحد اآلن‬،‫ اآلن‬li-ḥ. l-āna up to now, so far; ‫( الى حد ما‬ḥaddin) to a certain degree, to a certain extent; ‫ الى حد بعيد‬،‫ الى حد كبير‬to a considerable extent or degree, considerably, extensively; ‫( الى أي حد‬ayyi ḥaddin) how far, to what degree or extent; ‫( ال حد له‬ḥadda) boundless, infinite, unbounded, unlimited; ‫ بال حد‬bi-lā ḥaddin, ‫ الى غير حد‬ilā gairi ḥaddin boundless, unlimited, without limits; ‫‘ على حد سواء‬alā ḥaddin sawā’, ‫‘ على حد سوى‬alā ḥaddin siwan in the same manner; equally, likewise; ‫( على حد‬ḥaddi) according to, commensurate with; ‫ في حد ذاته‬fī ḥaddi dātihī and ‫ بحد ذاته‬in itself, as such; ‫الحد‬ ‫( االعلى‬a‘lā), ‫( الحد االقصى‬aqṣā) the maximum; ‫( الحد االدنى‬adnā) the minimum; (‫‘ حد عمري‬umrī) age limit; ‫ ذو حدين‬dū ḥaddain two-edged; ‫( في حدود‬ḥudūdi) within, within the framework of; ‫بلغ اقصى‬ ‫( حدوده‬aqṣā ḥudūdihI) to attain its highest degree; ‫ حدود ﷲ‬the bounds or restrictions that God has placed on man's freedom of action ‫ حدة‬ḥidda sharpness, keenness; pitch (of a tone); distinctiveness, markedness; vehemence, violence, impetuosity; fury, rage, wrath, ire, anger; excitability, irascibility, passionateness ‫ حدة‬ḥida see ‫وحد‬

‫ حدد‬ḥadad forbidden 159 ‫ حداد‬ḥidād (act of) mourning (‫ على‬over) │ ‫ ثوب الحداد‬taub al-h. garmente of mourning; ‫ حداد البالط‬ḥ. al-balāt court mourning ‫ حديد‬ḥadīd iron; pl. ‫ حدائد‬ḥadā’id2 iron parts (of a structure); forgings, hardware, ironware │ ‫ حديد خام‬crode iron, pig iron, iron ore; O ‫( حديد مطاوع‬mutāwi‘) wrought iron; ‫( حديد غفل‬gufl) unprocessed iron, pig iron; ‫ ظھر الحديد‬ẓahr al-ḥ. ‫ حديد الظھر‬cast iron; ‫ سكة الحديد‬sikkat al-ḥ. railroad; ‫ضرب‬ ‫ في حديد بريد‬see ‫ضرب‬ 2

‫ حديد‬ḥadīd pl. ‫ حداد‬ḥidād, ‫ احداء‬aḥiddā’ , ‫ احدة‬aḥidda sharp (knife, eye, tongue, etc.), keen (mind) ‫ احد‬aḥadd2 sharper, keener; more vehement, more violent ‫ حديدة‬ḥadīda pl. ‫ حدائد‬ḥadā’id2 piece of iron; object or tool made of iron │ ‫حديد‬ ‫ الحرث‬ḥ. al-ḥart plowshare; ‫( على الحديدة‬eg.) in financial straits, pinched for money ‫ حديدي‬ḥadīdī iron (adj.) │ ‫سكة حديدية‬ (sikka) railroad ‫ الحديدة‬al-ḥudaida Hodeida (seaport in W Yemen) ‫ حداد‬ḥaddād ironsmith, blacksmith ‫ حدادة‬ḥidāda smithcraft, art smithing ‫ تحديد‬taḥdīd pl. -āt limitation, delimitation; delineation, demarcation; restriction, curb, confinement; determination, fixation, appointment; definition │‫ على التحديد‬and ‫على وجه التحديد‬ (wajh) to be exact …, strictly speaking … ‫ حاد‬ḥādd sharp (also, fig., of a glance), keen (mind); high-pitched (tone); vehement, fiery, impetuous; fierce; vivid; acute (illness) │‫ حاد المزاج‬ḥ. al-mizāj, ‫حاد‬ ‫ الطبع‬ḥ. aṭ-ṭab‘ hot-blooded, hot-headed, hot-tempered, irascible; ‫( زاوية حادة‬zāwiya) acute angle; ‫ تحت الحد‬subacute ‫ محدود‬maḥdūd bounded, bordered (‫ب‬ by); circumscribed, confined; limited (= small, e.g., number, knowledge, etc.); delimited, determinate, fixed, definite, definitive │‫ محدود المعنى‬m. al-ma‘nā unambiguous; ‫ محدود الضمان‬m. aḍ-ḍamān

of limited liability; ‫)شركة محدودة )المسئولية‬ (širka) limited company, corporation ‫ محدد‬muḥaddad sharpened, sharp; determined, fixed, appointed, destined (‫ل‬ for) strictly delimited, clearly defined ‫ محتد‬muḥtadd angry, furious, exasperated ‫ حدأة‬ḥid’a, pl. ‫ حدأ‬ḥida’, ‫ حداء‬ḥidā’, ‫ حدآن‬ḥid’ān kite (zool.) ‫ حدأة‬ḥada’a pl. ‫ حداء‬ḥidā’ double-bladed axe ‫ حدب‬ḥadiba a (ḥadab) to be convex, domeshaped, cambered, bent outward; to be hunchbacked; to be nice, kind, friendly ( ‫ على‬or ‫ ب‬to s.o.). be solicitous (‫ على‬or ‫ب‬ about s.o.), care (‫ على‬or ‫ ب‬for s.o.) take care (‫ على‬or ‫ ب‬of s.o.) II to make convex, emboss, camber, vault, curve, crook, bend (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V and XII ‫ احدودب‬iḥaudaba to be crooked, vaulted, cambered, embossed, convex ‫ حدب‬ḥadab affection, fondness, love; kindliness; solicitude, care; (pl. ‫حداب‬ ḥidāb, ‫ احداب‬aḥdāb) elevation of the ground │ ‫( من كل حدب وصوب‬wa-ṣaubin) or ‫ كل صوب وحدب‬from all sides, from all directions, from everywhere; ‫في كل صوب‬ ‫ وحدب‬everywhere, in every quarter, on all sides ‫ حدب‬ḥadib curved, cambered, vaulted, convex; hunchbacked; kindly, friendly ‫ حدب‬ḥadaba hunchback, hump; camber, vaulting, curvature ‫ احدب‬aḥdab2, f. ‫ حدباء‬ḥadbā’, pl. ‫حدب‬ ḥudb hunchbacked, humped; -- (elative) kindlier, friendlier ‫ محدب‬muḥaddab embossed; cambered, convex 160 ‫ حدث‬ḥadata u (‫ حدوث‬ḥudūt) to happen, occur, take place, come to pass; -- (ḥaduta u ( ‫ حداثة‬ḥadāta) to be new, recent; to be young II to tell, relate, report (‫ ه‬to s.o., ‫ب‬ or ‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ عن‬،‫ في‬about); to speak, talk (‫ه‬ to s.o., ‫ عن‬or ‫ في‬about, of) │‫حدثه قلبه‬ (ḥaddatahū qalbuhū and ‫حدثته نفسه‬ ḥaddatathu nafsuhū his heart, his innermost feeling told him (‫ ب‬s.th.); ‫حدث‬ ‫( نفسه ب‬nafsahū) to talk o.s. into (s.th.), try to believe s.th. or see s.th. (as factual); to

resolve, make up one’s mind to do s.th.; ‫ حدث نفسه ان‬he said to himself, told himself that … III to speak, talk (‫ عن‬or ‫ في ه‬to s.o. about s.th.); to discuss (‫ عن‬or ‫ في ه‬with s.o. s.th.), converse (‫ عن‬or ‫ في ه‬with s.o. about); to negotiate, confer (‫ ه‬with s.o.) to address, accost (‫ ه‬s.o.); to call up (‫ ه‬s.o., by telephone) IV to bring forth, produce, create, originate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to found, establish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to bring about, cause, occasion, provoke, effect (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to drop excrement │ ‫( احدث حدثا‬ḥadatan) to bring about s.th.; to cause or do s.th., esp., s.th. evil, do mischief V to speak, talk (‫ الى‬to s.o., ‫ ب‬،‫ عن‬or j about or of s.th.), converse, chat (‫ الى‬or ‫ مع‬with s.o., ‫ عن‬to, ‫ ب‬or j about s.th.) VI to talk with one another, converse, have a conversation X to renew (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) to buy new (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to introduce, start, invent, originate, create (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to find or deem (‫ ه‬s.o.) to be young ‫ حدث‬ḥadat pl. ‫ احداث‬aḥdāt a new, unprecedented thing, a novelty, innovation; event, incident, occurrence, happening; phenomenon; evil symptom; misdeed; misfortune; ritual impurity (Isl. Law); excrement, feces; (pl. ‫ حدثان‬،‫احداث‬ ḥudtān) young man, youth; ‫ احداث‬juveniles ‫ حديث‬ḥadīt pl. ‫ حداث‬ḥidāt, ‫ حدثاء‬ḥudatā’2 new, novel, recent, late; modern; ‫حديثا‬ ḥadītan recently, lately │‫ حديث البناء‬ḥ. albinā’ new-built, recently built; ‫حديث السن‬ ḥ. as-sinn young; ‫ حديث العھد‬ḥ. al-‘ahd of recent date, recent, new, young; ‫حديث العھد‬ ‫ حديث عھد ب‬،‫( ب‬ḥ. ‘ahdin) having adopted or acquired (s.th.) recently; not long accustomed to (s.th.), inexperienced at (s.th.), new at (s.th.), newly, e.g., ‫حديث العھد‬ ‫( بالوالدة‬bi-l-wilāda) newborn, ‫حديث الغھد‬ ‫( بالزواج‬bi-z-zawāj) newly wed; ‫كان حديث‬ ‫ العھد بأوربا‬he had not known Europe until recently ‫ حديث‬ḥadīt pl. ‫ احاديث‬aḥādīt2, ‫حدثان‬ ḥadtān speech; chat, chitchat, small talk; conversation, talk, discussion; interview; prattle, gossip; report, account, tale, narrative; Prophetic tradition, Hadith, narrative relating deeds and utterances of the Prophet and his Companions │ ‫حديث‬ ‫ خرافة‬ḥ. ḳurāfa fabulous story, silly talk; ‫( حديث قدسي‬qudsī) Muslim tradition in which God Himself speaks, as opposed to

‫( حديث نبوي‬nabawī) an ordinary Prophetic tradition; ‫ حديث النفس‬ḥ. an-nafs s.th. one talks o.s. into; premonition ‫ حدوث‬ḥudūt setting in (of a state or condition), occurrence, incidence (of a phenomenon); occurrence, incident, happening ‫ حداثة‬ḥadāta newness, recency, novelty; youth, youthfulness ‫ احداث‬aḥdāt2 newer, more recent ‫ حدثان الدھر‬ḥidtān (or ḥadatān) ad-dahr misfortune, adversities, reverses ‫ احدوثة‬uḥdūta pl. ‫ احاديث‬aḥādīt2 speech; discussion, talk, conversation; chatter; fabling, fibbing; topic, subject of a conversation; gossip, rumor (about a person) │‫ حسن االحدوثة‬ḥusn al-u. praise (of s.o.) ‫ سوء االحدوثة‬sū’ al-u. slander, defamation ‫ محادثة‬muḥādata pl. -āt discourse, conversation, discussion, talk, parley ‫ احداث‬iḥdāt production, creatuion, invention, origination; causation, effectuation 161 ‫ احداثيات‬iḥdātīyāt (pl.) co-ordinates (math.) │ ‫‘( احداثيات عمودية‬amūdīya) ordinates; ‫( احداثيات أفقية‬ufuqīya) abscissas (math.) ‫ استحداث‬istiḥdāt invention, creation, production, origination ‫ حادث‬ḥādīt occurring, happening, taking place; new, recent; fresh; -- (pl. ‫حوادث‬ ḥawādit2, also -āt) occurrence, incident, event, happening; episode; case (jur.) accident, mishap │ ‫ حادث تزوير‬a case of forgery; ‫ مكان الحادث‬makān al-ḥ. site of action, scene of the crime, locus delicti ‫ حادثة‬ḥādita pl. ‫ حوادث‬ḥawādit2 occurrence, event, happening; plot (of a play) ; incident, episode; accident, mishap │ ‫حادثة المرور‬ḥ. al-murūr traffic accident ‫ محدث‬muḥaddit pl. -ūn speaker, talker; spokesman; conversation partner, interlocutor; relator, narrator; a transmitter of Prophetic traditions, traditionary, representative of the science or study of Hadith (see above); O phonograph, gramophone

‫ متحدث‬mutaḥaddit spokesman, speaker ‫ مستحدث‬mustaḥdat new, novel, recent, -(pl. –āt) novelty, innovation; recent invention, modern product; neologism ‫ حدج‬ḥadaja i and II to stare, look sharply (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ at s.o., at s.th., often with ‫ ببصره‬bibaṣarihī or ‫ بنظره‬bi-naẓarihī)

decline; run-down, seedy, down-at-theheels, down-and-out ‫ منحدر‬munḥadar pl. -āt depression; slope, talus, incline, descent, declivity; fall (of a river) ‫ حدس‬ḥadata i u (ḥadt) to surmise, guess, conjecture (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)

‫ حدج‬ḥidj pl. ‫ حدوج‬ḥudūj, ‫ احداج‬aḥdāj load, burden, encumbrance ‫ ابو حديج‬abū ḥadīj stork 2

‫ حداجة‬ḥidāja pl. ‫ حدائج‬ḥadā’ij camel saddle ‫ حدر‬ḥadara, ḥadura u (ḥadr, ‫ حدارة‬ḥadāra) to be thick; -- ḥadara u i (ḥadr, ‫ حدر‬ḥudūr) to bring down, lower (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) to cause (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) to descend; to drop (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to shed (‫ ھـ‬tears); ‫( حدر حدرا‬ḥadran) to rattle off, express quickly (an utterance, a thought); -- (ḥadr) to come down, step down, descend; to glide down, swoop II to drop ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) to lower, inclines, dip (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to descend gradually; to glide down; to come down, descend; to flow down (tears); to derive, stem, originate (‫ من‬from) VII to come or go down, descend; to glide down, sink down; to be in decline, be on the downgrade, to decline, wane; to flow down (tears); to slope down, slant down, be inclined (terrain); to come (‫ الى‬to a place), arrive (‫ الى‬at)

‫ حدس‬ḥadt surmise, guess, conjecture; O intuition 162 □‫ حداف‬ḥaddāf (‫ حداف الماكوك‬،(‫( حذاف‬syr.) shuttle (weaving) □ ‫ طارة حدافة‬ṭāra ḥaddāfa (syr.) flywheel 1

‫ حدق‬ḥadaqa i (ḥadq) to surround, encircle, encompass (‫ ب‬s.o., s.th.); (with ‫بعينه‬ bi-‘ainihī) to look, glance (‫ ه‬at s.o.) II to look, glance, gaze, stare (‫ الى‬or ‫ في‬at, also ‫(ب( │ حدق النظر في‬naẓara) to fix one’s glance on … IV to surround, encircle, encompass, enclose (‫ ب‬s.o., s.th.); to look, glance (‫ الى‬،‫ في‬or ‫ ب‬at) │ ‫احدق النظر النظر في‬ (naẓara) to fix one’s glance on … ‫ حدقة‬ḥadaqa pl. -āt, ‫ حدق‬ḥadaq, ‫حداق‬ ḥidāq, ‫ احداق‬aḥdāq pupil (of the eye); pl. ‫ احداق‬glances ‫ حديقة‬ḥadīqa pl. ‫ حدائق‬ḥadā’iq2 garden │ ‫ حديقة الحيوانات‬ḥ. al-ḥayawānāt zoological garden, zoo ‫ احداق‬iḥdāq encirclement, encompassment (‫ ب‬of)

‫ حدر‬ḥadr rapid recitation of the Koran (a terminus technicus of tajwīd) ‫ حدور‬ḥadūr slope, downgrade, declivity, declivitous terrain ‫ تحدر‬taḥaddur descent, slant, slope, inclination, incline, declivity ‫ انحدار‬inḥidār slant, dip, pitch, inclination, decent, slope; declivity; fall (of a river); decline, waning; ruin, decay, decadence ‫ حادر‬ḥādir thick ‫ متحدر‬mutaḥaddir descending, slanting, sloping downward ‫ منحدر‬munḥadir descending; lowered, dipped; slanting, sloping, declivitous (terrain); declining, waning, being on the downgrade, in a state of decadence or

‫ خطر محدق‬ḳaṭar muḥdiq imminent danger 2

□ ‫ حدق‬II (=‫ )حدق‬to make acid, sour, tart, or sharp (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) □ ‫ حادق‬ḥādiq (= ‫ )حاذق‬sour, tart, acid, sharp (taste)

‫ حدل‬ḥadala i to flatten, level, even, roll (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); (ḥadl, ‫ حدول‬ḥudūl) to treat unjustly ( ‫ على‬s.o.) ‫ محدلة‬miḥdala pl. ‫ محمدل‬maḥādil2 roller, steamroller ‫ حدم‬VIII to burn, glow, blaze; to burn up, be consumed by fire; to flare up, break out (fight); to be furious, burn with wrath (‫على‬ at, over), also ‫( احتدم غيظا‬gaiẓan) ‫ احتدام‬iḥtidām paroxysm

‫ محمدم‬muḥtadim furious, infuriated, enraged ‫ حدة‬ḥida see ‫وحد‬ 1

□ ‫ حدوة‬ḥidwa horseshoe

2

(‫ حدو‬and ‫ حدى( حدا‬ḥadā u (ḥadw, ‫ حداء‬ḥudā’, ḥidā’ to urge forward by singing (‫ھـ‬ camels); to urge, spur on, egg on, prompt, instigate, induce, move (‫ ب‬or ‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ الى‬to s.th., to do s.th.); ‫ حدا ب‬to instigate s.th.; to sway, rock, roll (rider, camel); to swing along, rock along (in riding) │‫حدا بھم الحديث‬ ‫ الى‬their conversation led them to …; ‫غرض‬ ‫( تحدى اليه الركائب‬garaḍun tuḥdā) a goal much sought after or worth striving for V to compete, vie (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to challenge, provoke (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to defy, oppose, resist, withstand (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.), stand up (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬against s.o., against s.th.) to incite, stimulate, arouse, animate, sharpen (‫ھـ‬ s.th.; ‫ ذكاءه‬dakā’ahū s.o.’s intellect); to intend (‫ ھـ‬s.th., to do s.th.), be bent (‫ ھـ‬on doing s.th.) ‫ حداء‬ḥudā’ animating singsong, chanting of the caravan leader ‫ حداء‬ḥaddā’ camel driver, cameleer ‫ احدوة‬uḥduwa, ‫ احدية‬uḥdīya song of the camel drivers ‫ تحد‬taḥaddin pl. ‫ تحديات‬taḥaddiyāt challenge, provocation ‫ حاد‬ḥādin pl. ‫ حداة‬ḥudāh caravan leader (who urges the camels forward by singing); camel driver, cameleer; leader ‫ متحد‬mutaḥaddin challenger, provoker

1

‫ حدي‬ḥadiya a to remain, stay (‫ ب‬at a place), stick (‫ ب‬to a place)

2

‫ حادى عشر‬see ‫احد‬

3

□ ‫ حداية‬ḥidāya, ḥiddāya = ‫ حدأة‬ḥid’a

‫ حذر‬ḥadira a (ḥidr, ḥadar) to be cautious, wary, to beware (‫ من‬or ‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬of s.o., of s.th.), be on one’s guard (‫ من‬or ‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ against) II to warn, caution (‫ من ه‬s.o. of or about), put (‫ ه‬s.o.) on his guard (‫من‬ against) III to watch out, be 163 careful; to be on one’s guard (‫ ه‬against), be wary (‫ه‬ of s.o.) V to beware, be wary (‫ من‬of) VIII =I

‫ حذر‬ḥidr and ḥadar caution, watchfulness, alertness, wariness, circumspection; precaution │‫اخذ حذره‬ (ḥadarahū) to be on one’s guard; ‫على جذر‬ ‘alā ḥadarin cautiously, warily; on one’s guard (‫ من‬against) ‫ حذر‬ḥadir cautious, wary ‫ حذاري‬ḥadārī beware (‫ ان‬of doing …, ‫من‬ of s.th.)! watch out (‫ من‬for)! be careful (‫من‬ of)! ‫ تحذير‬taḥdīr warning, cautioning (‫ من‬of, against) ‫محاذرة‬muḥādara caution, precaution, precautionary measure ‫ محذور‬maḥdūr that of which one should beware, against which one should guard; object of caution; -- (pl. -āt) danger, peril; trouble, difficulty, misfortune ‫ حذف‬ḥadafa i (ḥadf) to shorten, clip, curtail (‫ھـ‬ or ‫ من‬s.th.); to take s.th. away, cut s.th. off, clip s.th. off (‫ من‬from s.th.), reduce (‫من‬ s.th.), strike or cross s.th. (‫ من‬off s.th.); to cancel, strike out, delete, drop, leave out, omit, suppress (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); (gram.) to elide, apocopate, drop by aphaeresis; to deduct, subtract (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to throw (‫ ب ه‬at s.o. s.th.), pelt (‫ ب ه‬s.o. with s.th.); to cast away, throw away, discard (‫ ب‬s.th.) II to clip, trim (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to give (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) shape, to trim, clip, or cut (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) into proper shape ‫ حذف‬ḥadf shortening, curtailing, cutting off, trimming, etc.; canceling, cancellation, striking off, crossing off, deletion; omission, dropping, suppression; (gram.) elision, ellipsis, apocopation ‫ حذافير‬ḥadāfīr2: ‫ اخذه بحذافيره‬he took all of it, he took it lock, stock and barrel ‫ حذق‬ḥadiqa a, ḥadaqa i (ḥidq, ‫ حذاقة‬ḥadāqa) to be skilled, skillful, well-versed, proficient (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ في‬in s.th.), master (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); -ḥadaqa u (‫ حذوق‬ḥudūq) to turn sour (milk) V to feign skillfulness, proficiency, cleverness or smartness ‫ حذق‬ḥidq and ‫ حذاقة‬ḥadāqa skill, dexterity, proficiency; smartness, cleverness, intelligence; perspicacity, sagacity, acumen

‫ حاذق‬ḥādiq pl. ‫ حذاق‬ḥuddāq skillful, skilled, proficient; well-versed, clever, smart; intelligent; sour ‫ حذلق‬II taḥadlaqa to pretend to be clever or skilful, feign skiIl or knowledge; to be pedantic ‫ حذلقة‬ḥadlaqa skillfulness, dexterity ‫ )حذا )حذو‬ḥadā u: ‫( حذا حذوه‬ḥadwahū) to imitate s.o., take after s.o., follow s.o.’s example III to be opposite s.th. (‫ )ھـ‬face, parallel (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), run parallel (‫ ھـ‬to) VI to be opposite each other, be parallel VIII to imitate, copy (‫ ب‬or ‫ على‬s.o. s.th., also ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), take or follow (‫ ب‬or ‫ على‬s.o., s.th., also ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) as an example or model; to be shod; to wear (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) as footgear ‫ حذو‬ḥadwa (prep.) opposite, face to face with │‫ حذوك النعل بالنعل‬ḥadwaka n-na‘la bin-na‘li in a completely identical manner, to a T, like two peas in a pod ‫ حذاء‬ḥidā’ pl. ‫ احذية‬aḥdiya shoe; sandal │‫ صانغ األحذية‬shoemaker ‫ حذاء‬ḥidā’a (prep.) and ‫ بحذاء‬bi-ḥidā’i opposite, face to face with ‫ حذاء‬ḥaddā’ shoemaker, cobbler ‫‘ محاذاة )في( على‬alā (fī) muḥādāti along, alongside of, parallel to ‫ احتذاء‬iḥtidā’ imitation, copying ‫ محاذ‬muḥādin opposite, facing ‫ حر‬ḥarra u i (ḥarr, ‫ حرارة‬ḥarāra) to be hot II to liberate (‫ ه‬s.o.); to free, set free, 164 release (‫ ه‬s.o.); to emancipate (‫ ه‬s.o.); to consecrate (‫ ه‬s.o.) to the service of God; to clarify, clear up, make clear (‫ ه‬s.th.); to formulate precisely, phrase accurately, define exactly, pinpoint (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to revise (‫ ھـ‬a book); to edit, redact (‫ ھـ‬a book, a periodical); to write, pen, indite, compose, compile (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to become free; to be freed, be liberated (‫ من‬from); to be emancipated VIII to be kindled, be heated, flare up ‫ حر‬ḥarr heat, warmth ‫ حر‬ḥurr pl. m. ‫ احرار‬aḥrār, pl. f. ‫حرائر‬ ḥarā’ir2 noble, free-bom; genuine (jewels, etc.), pure, unadulterated; free; living in freedom; freeman; independent; free unrestrained; liberal (pol.; ‫ االحرار‬the

Liberals); frank, candid, open (‫ على‬toward s.o.); free, available, uninvested (money) │‫( االحتياط الحر‬ihtiyaṭī) free reserves, unencumbered reserves; ‫ من حر ماله‬min ḥurr mālihī with his own cash, with funds at his disposal ‫ حرة‬ḥarra pl. -āt stony area; volcanic country, lava field ‫ حرية‬ḥurrīya pl. -āt freedom, liberty; independence, unrestraint, license (e.g., poetic) │ ‫ حرية العبادة‬ḥ. al-‘ibāda freedom of worship; ‫ حرية الفكر‬ḥ. al-fikr freedom of thought; ‫ حرية الكالم‬ḥ. al-kalām freedom of speech; ‫( حرية النشر‬or ‫ )الصحافة‬ḥ. an-našr (aṣ-ṣiḥafa) liberty of the press ‫ حرير‬ḥarīr silk; pl. ‫ حرائر‬ḥarā’ir2 (‫)حراير‬ silken wares, silks │‫( حرير صخري‬ṣaḳrī) asbestos; ‫ حرير صناعي‬rayon ‫ حريري‬ḥarīrī silken, silky, of silk ‫ حرائري‬ḥarā’irī silken, silk- (in compounds), of silk; silk weaver ‫ حرار‬ḥarrār ssailk weaver ‫ حرارة‬ḥarāra heat; warmth; fever heat, fever; temperature; ardor, fervor (of emotion), passion; eagerness, enthusiasm, zeal; vehemence, violence, intensity; burning (of the skin) ‫ حريرة‬ḥuraira pl. -āt calorie ‫ حراري‬ḥarārī thermal, thermic, thermo-, heat (used attributively); caloric │‫وحدة‬ ‫( حرارية‬waḥda) calorie O ‫ حرارية‬ḥarārīya pl. -āt calorie ‫ حرور‬ḥarūr f., pl. ‫ حرائر‬ḥarā’ir2 hotwind ‫ حران‬ḥarrān2, f. ‫ حرى‬ḥarrā, pl. ‫حرار‬ ḥirār, ‫ حرارى‬ḥarārā thirsty; passionate, fervent, hot (fig.) │‫( زفرة حرى‬zafra) a fervent sigh; ‫ دموع حرى‬hot tears ‫ احر‬aḥarr2 hotter, warmer │‫على احر من‬ ‫( الجمر‬jamr) on pins and needles, on tenterhooks, in greatest suspense or excitement O ‫ محر‬miḥarr heating system, heating installation ‫ تحرير‬taḥrīr liberation; release; emancipation; record(ing), writing; editing, redaction; editorship (of a

newspaper, a periodical); (pl. -āt, ‫تحارير‬ taḥārīr2) piece of writing, record, brief, document │ ‫ رئيس التحرير‬editor-in-chief; ‫ ادارة التحرير‬board of editors, editorial staff ‫ تحريري‬taḥrīrī liberational; emancipational; liberal; recorded in writing, written, in writing ‫ حار‬ḥār hot; warm; ardent, glowing, fervent, passionate ‫ محرور‬maḥrūr hot-tempered, hotheaded, fiery, passionate, furious ‫ محرر‬muḥarrir pl. -ūn liberator, emancipator; writer, clerk; editor (of a newspaper, of a periodical) ‫ محرر‬muḥarrar consecrated to God; let down in writing, recorded in writing, written; booked; pl. ‫ محررات‬booking, entries ‫ متحرر‬mutaḥarrir emancipated; an advocate of emancipation 165 ‫ حرب‬ḥariba a (ḥarab) to be furious, enraged, angry III to fight, combat (‫ ه‬s.o.) battle, wage war (‫ ه‬against s.o.) VI to fight (one another), be engaged in war VIII = VI ‫( حرب‬ḥarb f., pl. ‫ حروب‬ḥurūb war, warfare; fight, combat, battle; enemy, enemies (‫على‬ or ‫ ل‬of s.o.) │ ‫( حرب اھلية‬ahlīya) civil war; ‫( حرب صحافية‬ṣiḥāfīya) press feud; ‫الحروب‬ ‫( الصليبية‬ṣalībīya) the Crusades; ‫الحرب‬ ‫‘( العظمى‬uẓmā), ‫‘( الحرب العالمية‬ālamīya), ‫‘( الحرب العامة‬āmma) World War I; ‫كشفت‬ ‫ الحرب عن ساقھا‬kašafat il-ḥarbu ‘an sāqihā and ‫ قامت الحرب على ساق‬qāmat il-ḥ. ‘alā sāqin war flared up, fierce fighting broke out ‫ حربي‬ḥarbī warlike, bellicose, belligerent, martial, war (adj.), military; (pl. -ūn) warrior, soldier, military man │ ‫( البوليس الحربي‬būlīs) military police ‫ حربة‬ḥarba pl. ‫ حراب‬ḥirāb lance, spear; spearhead; bayonet, sidearm ‫ حرباء‬ḥirbā’ pl. ‫ حرابى‬ḥarābīy chameleon (zool.) ‫ وا حرباه‬wā ḥarabāh! (exclamation of lament) alas! goodness no! oh my! ‫ محراب‬miḥrāb pl. ‫ محارب‬maḥārib2 a recess in a mosque indicating the direction of prayer, prayer niche, mihrab

‫ محاربة‬muḥāraba struggle, combat, fight, battle; warfare ‫ احتراب‬iḥtirāb mutual struggle ‫ محارب‬muḥārib warring, belligerent; warrior, combatant, fighter; corporal (Eg. 1939) ‫ المتحاربون‬al-mutaḥāribūn the belligerents, the warring parties ‫ حربوشة‬ḥarbūša pl. ‫( حرابش‬ḥarābiš2 (tun.) pastille, pill ‫ حرث‬ḥarata i u (ḥart) to plow (‫ ھـ‬the soil); to cultivate, till (‫ ھـ‬the ground) ‫ حرث‬ḥart plowing, tilling, tillage, cultivation of the soil; arable land, tilth; plantation, culture ‫ حرثة‬ḥarta (n. un.) arable land, tilth ‫ حراثة‬ḥirāta cultivation of the soil, farming, agriculture ‫ حراث‬ḥarrāt plowman ‫ محراث‬miḥrāt pl. ‫ محارث‬maḥārit2 plow ‫ حارث‬ḥārit pl. ‫ حراث‬ḥurrāt plowman │ ‫ ابو الحارث‬abū l-ḥārit lion ‫ حرج‬ḥarija a (ḥaraj) to be close, tight narrow; to be straitened, be confined, get into a strait, be cornered, be hard pressed; to be oppressed, be anguished (heart); to be forbidden (‫ على‬to s.o.) to narrow, tighten, straiten (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to complicate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) difficult; to forbid (‫على ھـ‬ s.th. to s.o.); to persist (J in s.th.) IV to narrow, straiten, confine, cramp. hamper, impede, restrict (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to complicate, make difficult, aggravate, jeopardize (‫ھـ‬ situation, s.o.’s position); to embarrass (‫ه‬ s.o.); to coerce, constrain, press (‫ الى ه‬s.o. to); to forbid (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.) V to refrain from sin or evildoing; to abstain, refrain (‫ من‬from), avoid (‫ من‬s.th.); to be cornered, be forced to the wall; to become or be oppressed, anguished, distressed; to become critical, become complicated or difficult, be aggravated (situation), be jeopardized (s.o.’s position) │‫تحرج صدره‬ ‫( )من )ب‬ṣadruhū) to feel depressed by, feel annoyed at; ‫ تحرج به الناس‬this made things difficult for people ‫( حرج‬ḥaraj closeness, tightness, narrowness; confinement, straitness.

constriction, crampedness; restriction, impediment; oppression, distress, anguish; difficulty; critical situation; prohibition, interdiction; s.th. forbidden, s.th. interdicted, sin │‫( ال حرج‬ḥaraja) there is no 166 objection; ‫ ال حرج عليك‬nothing stands in your way, you are at liberty

be on one’s guard (‫ من‬against) VIII to be wary (‫ من‬of), guard, be on one’s guard (‫من‬ against), be careful, take heed, take precautions

‫ حرج‬ḥaraj (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. -āt, ‫حرج‬ ḥirāj, ‫ احراج‬aḥrāj thicket; dense forest; woodland, timberland

‫ حريز‬ḥarīz strongly fortified, guarded; inaccessible, impregnable

‫ حرج‬ḥarij narrow, close, tight, confined, straitened; oppressed, hard pressed, harassed; critical (situation, position) ‫ احرج‬aḥrāj2 narrower, closer, tighter, more straitened; more critical ‫ حراج‬ḥarāg (eg.) auction ‫ حراجة‬ḥarāja seriousness, gravity, difficulty, complicatedness (of a situation) ‫ تحريج‬taḥrīj forestation, afforestation ‫ حرج‬taḥarruj restraint, reserve, aloofness; timidity, diffidence, faintheartedness; critical complication, gravity, difficulty (of a situation) ‫ حرج‬muḥarrijāt: ‫ محرجات االيمان‬m. alaimān binding, committing, or solemn, oaths ‫ محرج‬muḥrij disconcerting, embarrassing ‫ متحرج‬mutaḥarrij: ‫ متحرج الصدر‬m. aṣṣadr annoyed, vexed, anguished, oppressed ‫ حرد‬ḥarida a (ḥarad) to be annoyed, disgruntled, angry, furious (‫ على‬at, with) ‫ حارد‬ḥārid, ‫ حرد‬ḥarid and ‫ حردان‬ḥardān annoyed, disgruntled, angry, furious ‫ حرذون‬ḥardaun pl. ‫ حراذين‬ḥarādīn2 lizard ‫ حرز‬ḥaraza u (ḥarz) to keep, guard, protect, preserve (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), take care (‫ ھـ‬of); -ḥaruza u (‫ حرازة‬ḥarāza) to be strong be strongly fortified, be impregnable IV to keep, preserve, guard (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to obtain, attain, achieve, win (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │ ‫احرز نصرا‬ ‫( ))انتصارا‬naṣran) to win a victory; ‫احرز‬ ‫( قصب السبق‬qaṣaba s-sabq) to come through with flying colors, carry the day, score a great success V to be wary (‫ من‬of),

‫ حرز‬pl. ‫ احراز‬aḥrāz fortified place; refuge, sanctuary, retreat; custody; (pl. ‫ حروز‬،‫ )احراز‬amulet

‫ احراز‬iḥrāz acquisition, acquirement, obtainment, attainment, achievement, winning, gaining ‫ احتراز‬iḥtirāz pl. -āt caution, wariness, prudence, circumspection; reservation, reserve │‫ بكل االحتراز‬with all reservation O ‫ حارزة‬ḥāriza fuse (el.) ‫ محرز‬muḥriz obtainer, acquirer, winner, gainer; possessor, holder (‫ على‬of s.th.) ‫ حرس‬ḥarasa u (ḥars, ‫ حراسة‬ḥirāsa) to guard, watch, control (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬s.th., s.o.); to oversee, supervise, superintend (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬s.th., s.o.); to secure, protect, safeguard, preserve, keep ( ‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬s.th., s.o.); to watch (‫ على‬over) V and VIII to beware, be wary (‫ من‬of), guard, be on one’s guard (‫ من‬against) ‫ حرس‬ḥaras watch; guard, escort; bodyguard │‫( الحرس السيار‬sayyār) militia, "garde mobile" (syr.) │‫ حرس الشرف‬ḥ. aššaraf honor guard; ‫( الحرس الملكي‬malakī) the royal guard (formerly Ir., Eg.); ‫الحرس‬ ‫( الملوكي‬mulūkī) (formerly) bodyguard of the Bey (Tun.); ‫( الحرس الوطني‬waṭanī) the National Guard ‫ حراسة‬ḥirāsa guarding, watching, control; watch, guard, guard duty; supervision, superintendence; guardianship, tutelage, custody, care, protection; safe conduct, escort; administration; administration of an estate (jur.); sequester │‫ حراسة السواحل‬coast guard 167 ‫ احتراس‬iḥtirās caution, wariness, prudence; (pl. -āt) precaution, precautionary measure │‫ احتراسا من‬for protection from or against ‫ حارس‬ḥāris pl. ‫ حرسة‬ḥarasa, ‫حراس‬ ḥurrās vigilant, watchful; watchman; sentry, sentinel, guard; overseer, supervisor, superintendent; administrator;

guardian, custodian, keeper, protector, tutelary (in compounds) │‫ حارس التركة‬ḥ. at-tirka administrator of aD estate; ‫حارس‬ ‫ الخواتم‬keeper of the seal; ‫ حارس المرمى‬ḥ. almarmā goal keeper; ‫( حارس قضائي‬qaḍā’ī) sequestrator, receiver (in bankruptcy, in equity); ‫( مالك حارس‬mal’ak) guardian angel (Chr.); ‫ حارس الليل‬ḥ. al-lail night watchman ‫ محروس‬maḥrūs guarded, safeguarded, secured; protected (by God; esp. used ss an epithet after the names of cities); ‫ المحرسون‬the children, the family ‫ محترس‬muḥtaris cautious, wary, careful ‫ حرش‬ḥaraša i (ḥarš) to scratch (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) II to instigate, prod, incite, provoke, incense (‫ ه‬s.o.); to set (‫ بين‬people against each other), sow discord, dissension (‫بين‬ among) V to pick a quarrel, start a brawl ( ‫ ب‬with s.o.) provoke (‫ ب‬s.o.) ‫ حرش‬ḥirš, ḥurš pl. ‫ احراش‬aḥrāš, ‫حروش‬ ḥurūš forest, wood(s) ‫ حرش‬ḥariš and ‫ احرش‬aḥraš, rough, coarse, scabrous ‫ حرش‬ḥaraš, ‫ حرشة‬ḥurša, ‫ حراشة‬ḥarāša roughness, coarseness, scabrousness ‫ تحريش‬taḥrīš instigation, prodding, incitement, provocation, agitation, incensement ‫ تحرش‬taḥarruš provocation, importunity, obtrusion, meddling, uncalled-for interference ‫ حرشف‬ḥaršaf pl. ‫ حراشف‬ḥarāšif2 scales (of fish) ‫ حرص‬ḥaraṣa i and ḥariṣa a (ḥirṣ) to desire, want, covet (‫ على‬s.th.); to be intent, be bent (‫ على‬on); to strive (‫ على‬for), aspire ( ‫ على‬to) ‫ حرص‬ḥirṣ greed, avidity, cupidity, covetousness; desire; aspiration, endeavor, wish (‫ على‬for); avarice │‫ حرصا على‬in the desire for …, in the endeavor to …; ‫حرصا‬ ‫ على االرواح‬danger! (on warning signs) ‫ حريص‬ḥarīṣ pl. ‫ حراص‬ḥirāṣ, ‫حرصاء‬ ḥuraṣā’2 covetous, greedy, avid, eager ( ‫ على‬for); bent (‫ على‬on), desirous (‫ على‬of) ‫ احرص‬aḥraṣ more covetous, greedier

‫ حرض‬II to goad, prod, spur on, egg on, incite, rouse, provoke (‫ على ه‬s.o. to s.th. or to do s.th.); to instigate, abet, stir up, agitate ( ‫ على ه‬s.o. to or against); O to induce (el.) ‫ تحريض‬taḥrīḍ incitement, provocation; instigation, abetment, agitation (‫ على‬to); inflammatory propaganda (‫ على‬against s.o.); O induction (el.) │ ‫ تحريض ذاتي‬selfinduction (el.) ‫ تحريضي‬taḥrīḍī inciting, instigative, agitative, inflammatory; provocative ‫ حارض‬ḥāriḍ bad, wicked, evil ‫ محرض‬muḥarriḍ pl. -ūn inciter, baiter; instigator, abettor; demagogue, rabble rouser; agitator, provocator; O inductor (el.) ‫ متحرض‬mutaḥarriḍ O induced (el.) ‫ حرف‬II to slant, incline, make oblique (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to bend off, up, down or back, turn up, down or back, deflect (‫ھـ‬s.th.); to distort, corrupt, twist, pervert, misconstrue, falsify (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │‫حرفه عن‬ ‫‘( موضعه‬an mauḍi‘ihī) to distort the sense of 168 s.th., rob s.th. of its true meaning V to turn off, branch off, take a turning; to deviate, depart, digress (‫ عن‬from); to avoid (‫ عن‬s.th.); to be or become bent off, distorted, corrupted, perverted VII to tum off, branch off, ta.ke a turning; to deviate, depart, digress, turn away (‫ عن‬from); to slope down, slant, be inclined (terrain); to turn (‫ الى‬to, toward); to be twisted, be distorted; to be oblique, slanting; to be cocked, rakish (headgear); with ‫ ب‬to make s.th. appear oblique, slanted, or distorted; to be corrupted, perverted │ ‫ انحرف به عن‬to dissuade s.o. from; ‫( انحرف مزاجه‬mizājuhū) to be indisposed, be ill VIII to do (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) professionally, practice (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) as a profession; to strive for success ‫ حرف‬ḥarf pl. ‫ حرف‬ḥiraf (cutting) edge (of a knife, of a sword); sharp edge; border, edge, rim, brink, verge; -- (pl. ‫ حروف‬ḥurūf, ‫ احرف‬aḥruf) letter; consonant; particle (gram.); type (typ.) │‫على حرف‬ irresolute, wavering, on the fence; ‫الفاظه‬ ‫ بحروفھا‬alfāẓuhū bi-ḥurūfihā his words literally; ‫ بالحرف‬or ‫ بالحرف الواحد‬literally, verbatim, to the letter; ‫ حرفا بحرف‬ḥarfan bi-ḥarfin literally, word for word; ‫وقع‬

‫( باالحرف االولى‬waqqa‘a, ūlā) to initial (e.g., ‫ معاھدة‬mu‘āhadatan a treaty); ‫الحروف‬ ‫( االبجدية‬abjadīya) the alphabetic letters, the alphabet; ‫ حروف مجموعة‬matter (typ.); ‫( الحروف الشمسية‬šamsīya) the sun letters (i.e., sibilants, dentals, r, l, n to which the l of the article assimilates), ‫الحروف القمرية‬ (qamarīya) the moon letters (to which the l of the article does not assimilate); ‫حرف‬ ‫ الجر‬ḥ al-jarr preposition (gram.) ‫حرف‬ ‫ الخفض‬ḥ al-ḳafḍ do.; ‫ حرف التعريف‬article (gram.); ‫ حرف العطف‬ḥ al-‘aṭf coordinating conjunction (gram.); ‫حرف االستفھام‬ interrogative particle (gram.); ‫ حرف القسم‬ḥ. al-qasam particle introducing oaths (gram.) ‫ حرفي‬ḥarfī literal ‫ حرف‬ḥurf common garden pepper cress (Lepidium sativum L.; bot.) ‫ حرفة‬ḥirfa pl. ‫ حرف‬ḥiraf profession, occupation, vocation, business, craft, trade ‫ حريف‬ḥarīf pl. ‫ حرفاء‬ḥurafā’2 customer, patron, client (tun.) ‫ حريف‬ḥirrīf pungent, acrid (taste); ‫حريفات‬ spicy food, delicacies ‫ حرافة‬ḥarāfa pungency, acridity (taste) ‫ تحريف‬taḥrīf pl. -āt alteration, change; distortion; perversion, corruption, esp. phonetic corruption of a word

‫ حرق‬ḥaraqa i (ḥarq) to burn (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to burn, hurt, sting, smart │‫( حرق قلبه‬qalbahū), pl. ‫( حرق قلوبھم‬qulūbahum) to vex, exasperate s.o.; -- u (ḥarq) to rub together (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to burn (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); ‫( حرق اسنانه‬asnānahū) to gnash one’s teeth V to burn (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to destroy by fire (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to singe, scorch, parch (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to scald (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to kindle, ignite, set on fire (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │ ‫احرق فحمة ليله‬ ‫(في‬faḥmata lailihī) to spend the night doing 169 (s.th.), burn the midnight oil over… V to burn, be aflame, burn up, take fire, he consumed hy fire, he burned; to be consumed (by an emotion), pine away (‫ھـ‬ with), he pained (‫ ھـ‬by), eat one’s heart out │‫( تحرق شوقا‬šauqan) to be overcome with longing or nostalgia VIII to burn, be aflame, burn up, take fire, be consumed by fire, he burned ‫ حرق‬ḥarq burning, incineration, combustion; kindling, igniting, setting afire; arson, incendiarism; pl. ‫ حروق‬ḥurūq burn (med.) ‫ حرق‬ḥaraq fire, conflagration ‫ حرقة‬ḥurqa, ḥarqa burning, incineration, combustion; stinging, smarting, burning (as a physical sensation); torture, torment, agony, pain, ordeal ‫ حراق‬ḥurāq, ḥurraq tinder ‫ حراق‬ḥarrāq hurning, aflame, afire; hot

‫ انحراف‬inḥirāf pl. -āt deviation, digression; obliqueness, obliquity, inclination, slant; declination (astrom.); ailment, indisposition, also ‫انحراف المزاج‬

‫ حريق‬ḥarīq and ‫ حريقة‬pl. ‫ حرائق‬ḥarā’iq2 fire; conflagration

‫ احتراف‬iḥtirāf professional pursuit (of a trade, etc.)

‫ حرقان‬ḥaraqān burning, stinging, smarting (as a painful sensation; e.g., of the feet)

‫ محرف‬muḥarraf corrupted (word) ‫ منحرف‬munḥarif oblique; slanted, slanting, sloping, inclined; distorted, perverted, corrupted, twisted; deviating, divergent; trapezium (geom.) ‫ محترف‬muḥtarif one gainfully employed (‫ ب‬in), person doing s.th. (‫)ب‬ professionally; professional, a pro (sports); professional (adj.), e.g., ‫صحافي‬ ‫( محترف‬ṣiḥāfī) professional journalist; climber, careerist ‫ محترف‬muḥtaraf pl. -āt studio, atelier

O ‫ حراقة‬ḥarrāqa torpedo

O ‫ محرق‬maḥraq pl. ‫ محارق‬maḥāriq2 focus (phys.) ‫ تحاريق‬taḥārīq2 (Eg.) season of the Nile’s lowest water level, hottest season of the year ‫ احراق‬burning, incineration, combustion ‫ تحرق‬taḥarruq buming, combustion; burning desire ‫ احتراق‬iḥtirāq burning, combustion; fire, conflagration │O ‫ غرفة االحتراق‬gurfat al-i. combustion chamber (techn.); ‫قابل االحتراق‬ qābil al-i. combustible

‫ حارق‬ḥāriq arsonist, incendiary ‫ محروق‬maḥrūq burned, charred, scorched, parched; reddish, hronzecolored; pl. ‫ محروقات‬maḥrūqāt fuel │ ‫فخار‬ ‫(محروق‬faḳḳār) fired clay ‫ محرق‬muḥriq: ‫( قنبلة محرقة‬qunbula) incendiary bomb O ‫ محرق‬muḥraq crematory ‫ محرقة‬maḥraqa burnt sacrifice ‫ حرقد‬ḥarqada pl. ‫ حراقد‬ḥarāqid2 Adam’s apple ‫ حرقفة‬ḥarqafa pl. ‫ حراقف‬ḥarāqif2 protruding part of the hipbone ‫ حرك‬II to move, set in motion, drive, propel, operate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to march, move (‫ه‬ troops); to stir (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to start, get started, get underway (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to agitate, excite, stimulate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to incite, instigate, goad, prod, provoke, actuate, urge (‫ على ه‬s.o. to do s.th.); to awaken, arouse, foment, stir up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to vowel, vowelize (gram., ‫ ھـ‬a consonant) │‫حرك‬ ‫( مشاعره‬mašā‘irahū) to grip, excite, thrill s.o.; ‫ حرك العواطف‬to affect the feelings, be touching, moving, pathetic; ‫ال يحرك ساكنا‬ (sākinan) he doesn’t budge, he doesn’t hend his little finger, he remains immobile, apathetic; ‫( حرك ساكنه‬sākinahū) to rouse s.o., put s.o. in a state of excitement, commotion or agitation V to move, be in motion, stir, hudge; to start moving, get moving; to start out, get underway (traveler); to depart, leave (train); to put out, to sail (fleet); to he set in motion, be driven, be operated; to be agitated, be excited, be stimulated; to be awakened, be roused, be fomented, be provoked, be caused ‫ حرك‬ḥarik lively, active, brisk, agile, nimble ‫ حركة‬ḥaraka pl. -āt movement, motion; commotion; physical exercise; stirring, impulse; proceeding, procedure, policy; action, undertaking, enterprise; military 170 operation; continuation, progress; traffic (rail, ohipplng, otreet); movement (as a social phenomenon); vowel (gram.) │‫( في حركاته وسكناته‬sakanātihī) in all his doings; in every situation; ‫حركة المرور‬ (through) traffic; ‫ حركة المراكب‬shipplng

traffic; ‫ حركة البضائع‬exchange of goods; ‫ حركة األموال‬turnover (com.); ‫الحركة النسوية‬ (niswīya) feminist movement; ‫خفيف الحركة‬ nimble, lithe, light, quick, agile, adroit; ‫ ثقيل الحركة‬slow in motion, heavy-handed, clumsy, sluggish, lumbering, inert, indolent O ‫ حركي‬ḥarakī kinetic (phys.) ‫ حراك‬ḥarāk movement, motion ‫ محرك‬maḥrak path, trajectory (of a projectile) ‫ محراك‬miḥrāk poker, fire iron ‫ تحريكي‬taḥrīkī dynamic ‫ تحرك‬taḥarruk pl. -āt movement, motion; forward motion; start; departure; sailing (of a fleet) ‫ حارك‬ḥārik withers ‫ محرك‬muḥarrik mover, stirrer; rouser, inciter, fomenter, awakener, agent; instigator; -- (pl. -M) motive, springs, incentive, spur, motivating circumstance, causative factor; motor, engine (tech.) ‫ متحرك‬mutaḥarrik moving, movable, mobile; pronounced with following vowel, voweled, vowelized (consonant; gram.) │‫( صور متحركة‬ṣuwar) movies, motion pictures ‫ حركث‬ḥarkata (and ‫ حركش‬ḥarkaša) to stir up, agitate, excite, thrill ‫ حرم‬ḥaruma u, ḥarima a to be forbidden, prohibited, interdicted, unlawful, unpermitted (‫ على‬to s.o.); -- ḥarama i (ḥirm, ‫ حرمان‬ḥirmān) to deprive, bereave, dispossess, divest (‫ ھـ ه‬or ‫ من ه‬s.o. of s.th.) take away, withdraw, withhold (‫ ھـ ه‬or ‫ھـ‬ ‫ من‬or ‫ ه‬form s.o. s.th.), deny, refuse (‫ ھـ ه‬or ‫ ھـ من‬or ‫ من ه‬to s.o. s.th.); to exclude, debar, preclude, cut off (‫ ھـ ه‬or ‫ من ه‬s.o. from s.th.); to excommunicate (‫ ه‬s.o.) II to declare (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) sacred, sacrosanct, inviolable, or taboo, to taboo (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to declare (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) unlawful, not permissible, forbid, interdict, proscribe (‫ ھـ‬s.th., j. to s.o.); to render (‫ ه‬s.o.) immune or proof ( ‫ من‬against), immunize (‫ من ه‬s.o. against) │ ‫ حرمه على نفسه‬to deny o.s. s.th., abstain, refrain from s.th. IV to excommunicate (‫ه‬ s.o.; Chr.); to enter into the state of ritual consecration (esp., of a Mecca pilgrim;

see ‫ احرام‬iḥrām) V to be forbidden, interdicted, prohibited; to be holy, sacred, sacrosanct, inviolable VIII to honor, revere, venerate, esteem, respect (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) │‫ احترم نفسه‬to be self-respecting X to deem (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) sacrosanct, sacred, holy, inviolable; to deem (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) unlawful or unpermissible ‫ حرم‬ḥirm excommunication (Chr.) ‫ حرم‬ḥaram p1. ‫ احرام‬aḥrām forbidden, prohibited, interdicted; taboo; holy, sacred, sacrosanct; s.th. sacred, sacred object; sacred possession; wife; sanctum, sanctuary, sacred precinct; ‫ الحرمان‬the two Holy Places, Mecca and Medina │‫ثالث‬ ‫ الحرمين‬tālit al-ḥaramain the third Holy Place, i.e., Jerusalem ‫ حرمة‬ḥurma pl. -āt, ḥurumāt, ḥuramāt holiness, sacredness, sanctity, sacrosanctity, inviolability; reverence, veneration, esteem, deference, respect; that which is holy, sacred, sacrosanct, inviolable, or taboo; -- (pl. ‫ حرم‬ḥuram) woman, lady; wife ‫ حرام‬ḥarām pl. ‫ حرم‬ḥurum forbidden, interdicted, prohibited, unlawful; s.th. forbidden, offense, sin; inviolable, taboo; sacred, sacrosanct; cursed, accursed │‫ابن‬ ‫ حرام‬ibn ḥ. illegitimate son, bastard; 171 ‫ االراضي الحرام‬no man’s land; neutral territory; ‫( البيت الحرام‬bait) the Kaaba; ‫الشھر‬ ‫( الحرام‬šahr) the Holy Month Muharram; ‫( المسجد الحرام‬masjid) the Holy Mosque in Mecca; ‫ حرام عليك‬you mustn’t do (say) that! ‫ بالحرام‬illicitly, illegally, unlawfully ‫ حرام‬ḥirām pl. -āt, ‫ احرمة‬aḥrima a woolen blanket (worn as a garment around head and body) ‫ حريم‬ḥarīm pl. ‫ حرم‬ḥurum a sacred, inviolable place, sanctum, sanctuary, sacred, precinct; harem; female members of the family, women; wife ‫ حريمي‬ḥarīmī women’s (in compounds), for women ‫ حروم‬ḥurūm pl. -āt excommunication (Chr.) ‫ حرامي‬ḥarāmī pl. -īya thief, robber, bandit

‫ حرمان‬ḥirmān deprivation, bereavement, dispossession (of s.o., ‫ من‬of s.th.) debarment, exclusion, preclusion (‫من‬ from); excommunication (CHr.); privation │‫ حرمان االرث‬ḥ. al-irt exclusion from inheritance, disinheritance (Isl. Law) ‫ محرم‬maḥram pl. ‫ محارم‬maḥārim2 s.th. forbidden. inviolable, taboo, sacrosanct, holy, or sacred; unmarriageable, being in a degree of consanguinity precluding marriage (Isl. Law) ‫ محرمة‬maḥrama pl. ‫ محارم‬maḥārim2 handkerchief ‫ تحريم‬taḥrīm forbiddance, interdiction, prohibition, ban ‫ احرام‬iḥrām state of ritual consecration of the Mecca pilgrim (during which the pilgrim, wearing two seamless woolen or linen sheets, usually white, neither combs nor shaves, and observes sexual continence); garments of the Mecca pilgrim ‫ احترام‬iḥtirām pl. -āt deference, respect, regard, esteem, reverence; honoring (e.g., of a privilege); pl. honors, respects, tributes ‫ محروم‬maḥrūm deprived, bereaved, bereft (‫ من‬of); excluded, precluded, debarred (‫ من‬from); suffering privation (as opposed to ‫ ;)مرزوق‬excommunicated (Chr.) ‫ محرم‬muḥarram forbidden, interdicted; Muharram, name of the first Islamic month; ‫ محرم الحرام‬m. al-ḥarām honorific name of this month ‫ محرم‬muḥrim Mecca pilgrim who has entered the state of ritual consecration (see ‫ احرام‬iḥrām) ‫ محترم‬muḥtaram honored, revered, venerated, esteemed, respected; (in the salutation of letters:) my dear …; venerable, reverend; notable, remarkable, considerable ‫ حرمل‬ḥarmal African rue (Peganum harmala L.; bot.) ‫ حرمل‬ḥarmala pl. ‫ حرامل‬ḥarāmil2 loose wrap worn over the shoulders (garment of the dervishes)

‫ حرن‬ḥarana, ḥaruna u (‫ حرن‬ḥiran, ḥuran) to be obstinate, stubborn, headstrong ‫ حرون‬ḥarūn pl. ‫ حرن‬ḥurun obstinate, stubborn, refractory, reluctant, resistant ‫ حارون‬ḥārūn brazior ‫ حروة‬ḥarwa burning; wrath, rage; acridity, pungency (of taste); pungent, disagreeable odor ‫ حرى‬V to seek, pursue (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), strive (‫ ھـ‬for), asplre (‫ ھـ‬to); to examine, investigate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to inquire (‫ عن‬or ‫ ھـ‬into), make inquiries (‫ عن‬or ‫ ھـ‬about); to be intent (‫ھـ‬ on s.th.), take cars (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), attend (‫ ھـ‬to s.th., also ‫)في‬, look (‫ ھـ‬after s.th., also ‫;)في‬ to see to it (‫ ان‬that) 172 ‫ بالحرى‬bi-l-ḥarā hardly, barely ‫ حرى‬ḥarīy pl. ‫ احرياء‬aḥriyā’ adequate, appropriate, suitable (‫ ب‬for), worthy (‫ ب‬of s.th.) │ ‫( حرى بالذكر‬dikr) worth mentioning, considerable; ‫حري بالتصديق‬ credible, believable; ‫ او بالحري‬or to be exact, or rather ‫ احرى‬aḥrā more adequate, more proper, more appropriate │ ‫ او باالحرى‬or to tell the truth, or more explicitly, or put more exactly, or rather ‫ تحر‬taḥarrin pl. ‫ تحريات‬taḥarriyāt inquiry; investigation │ ‫ شرطة التحري‬šurṭat at-t. or ‫ مصلحة التحري‬maṣlaḥat al-t. secret police ‫ حز‬ḥazza u (ḥazz) to notch, nick, incise, indent (‫ في‬s.th.), make an incision, cut (‫ في‬into s.th.) II and VIII = I ‫ حز‬ḥazz pl. ‫ حزوز‬ḥuzūz incision, notch, nick; the right time, the nick of time ‫ حزة‬ḥazza incision, notch, nick; tim; the right time, the nick of time; predicament, plight ‫ حزاز‬ḥazāz head scurf, ringworm; tetter, eruption (med.) ‫ حزازة‬ḥazāza rancor, hatred, hate ‫ محز‬maḥazz notch, nick │‫ اصاب المحز‬to find the right solution, hit the nail on the head, hit the mark, strike home ‫ حزب‬ḥazaba u (ḥazb) to befall (‫ ه‬s.o.), happen, occur (‫ ه‬to s.o.) │ ‫ حزب االمر‬the matter became serious II to rally (‫ ه‬s.o.); to form

or found a party 111 to side, take sides (‫ه‬ with), be an adherent (‫ ه‬of s.o.) V to take sides; to form a party, make common cause, join forces ‫ حزب‬ḥizb pl. ‫ احزاب‬aḥzāb group, troop, band, gang; party (pol.); the 60th part of the Koran │ ‫ ھو من احزابه‬he belongs to his clique. he is of the ...me breed ‫ حزبي‬ḥizbī party (adj.), factional ‫ حزبية‬ḥizbīya party activities; partisanship, partiality; factionalism ‫ حيزبون‬ḥaizabūn old hag ‫ تحزب‬taḥazzub factiousness; factionalism ‫ حازب‬ḥāzib: ‫ حزبه حازب‬ḥazabahū ḥāzib he met with a mishap ‫ متحزب‬mutaḥazzib partial, biased; partisan ‫ حزر‬ḥazara i u (ḥazr, ‫ محزرة‬maḥzara) to estimate, assess, appraise (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make a rough estimate (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), guess ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ حزر‬ḥazr estimation, assessment, appraisal; conjecture, guess, surmise ‫ حزورة‬ḥazūra riddle, puzzle ‫ محزرة‬maḥzara estimation, assessment, appraisal; conjecture, guess, surmise ‫ حزيران‬ḥazīrān June (Syr., Leb., Ir., Jord.) ‫ حزقاني‬ḥuzuqqānī choleric ‫ حزوقة‬ḥazūqa, ‫ حازوقة‬ḥāzūqa hiccups ‫ حزم‬ḥazama i (ḥazm) to tie up, bundle, wrap up, pack, do up in a package or bundle (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to girth (‫ ھـ‬an animal); to make fast, fasten, tie (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │ ‫( حزم امره‬amrahū) to take matters firmly in hand; -- ḥazuma u (ḥazm, ‫ حزامة‬ḥazāma, ‫ حزومة‬ḥuzūma) to be resolute, firm, stouthearted, intrepid II to gird (‫ ه‬s.o.) V and VIII to be girded; to gird o.s. put on a belt ‫حزم‬ḥazm packing, packaging, wrapping; determination, resoluteness, firmness, energy; judiciousness, discretion, prudence ‫ حزمة‬ḥuzma pl. ‫ حزم‬ḥuzam s.th. wrapped up or tied up, bundle, fagot, fascine; beam of rays, radiation beam

(phys.); bunch (of herb., etc.); sheaf; package, parcel ‫ حزام‬ḥzām pl. -āt, ‫ احزمة‬aḥzima, ‫حزم‬ ḥuzum belt, girth; girdle; cummerbund, 173 waistband (worn over the caftan to fasten it); sword belt │‫ حزام االمن‬ḥ. al-amn wety belt ‫ احزم‬aḥzam2 more resolute: more judicious ‫ حازم‬ḥāzim pl. ‫ حزمة‬ḥazama and ‫حزيم‬ ḥazīm pl. ‫ حزماء‬ḥuzamā’ resolute, energetic; judicious, discreet, prudent ‫ حزن‬ḥazana u to make sad, sadden, grieve (‫ه‬ s.o.); -- ḥazina a (ḥuzn, ḥazan) to be sad, grieved (‫ ل‬or ‫ على‬at or because of): to grieve. mourn (‫ على‬over) II and IV to make sad, sadden, grieve (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ حزن‬ḥuzn pl. ‫ احزان‬aḥzān sadness, grief, sorrow, affliction ‫ حزن‬ḥazn pl. ‫ حزون‬ḥuzūn rough, rugged, hard ground ‫ حزن‬ḥazin sad, mournful, grieved ‫ حزين‬ḥazīn pl. ‫حزناء‬ḥuzanā’2, ‫حزانى‬ ḥazānā sad; mourning (for a deceased person); sorrowing, mournful, grieved │ ‫( الجمعة الحزينة‬jum‘a) Good Friday (Chr.) ‫ حزنان‬ḥaznān2 very sad, very grieved, worried; in mourning □ ‫ حزايني‬ḥazāyinī (‫ حزائني‬ḥazā’inī) sad, mournful, melancholic; mourning (in compounds), mortuary, funereal │‫قماش‬ ‫( حزايني‬qumāš) cloth for mourning garments ‫ تحزن‬taḥazzun sadness; behavior of a mourner ‫ محزون‬maḥzūn grieved, grief-stricken, pained, sad, saddened ‫ محزن‬muḥzin grievous, saddening; sad; melancholic; tragic: ‫ محزنات‬muḥzināt grievous things │ ‫( قصة تمثيلية محزنة‬qiṣṣa tamtīlīya) and ‫( رواية محزنة‬riwāya) tragedy (theat.) ‫ حس‬ḥassa (1st pers. perf. ḥasastu) u (ḥass) to curry, currycomb (‫ ھـ‬an animal); to feel, sense (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); -- ḥassa (1st pers. perf. ḥasistu) a to feel srry, feel sympathy or compassion (‫ ل‬for), sympathize (‫ ل‬with),

II to grope, feel IV to perceive, sense, experience (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬s.th.); to feel (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ب‬ s.th.); to notice (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬s.th.); to hear (‫ ھـ‬a sound, a noise, etc.); to take notice (‫ ه‬of s.o.) V to grope, probe (‫ ھـ‬for s.th.), finger, handle, touch (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), run the hand (‫ھـ‬ over s.th.); to grope about, feel around: to seek information, make inquiries (‫من‬ about); to sense, experience, perceive (،‫ھـ‬ ‫ ب‬s.th.); to feel (‫ ب‬s.th.); to be affected, be deeply touched (‫ ب‬by s.th.) ‫ حس‬ḥass sensation, perception, feeling, sentiment ‫ حس‬ḥiss sensory perception, sensation; feeling, sentiment; sense; voice; sound; noise ‫ حسي‬ḥissī sensory; sensuous; perceptible; palpable │O ‫المذھب الحسي‬ (madhab) sensationalism, sensualism ‫ حسيات‬ḥissīyāt sensations ‫ حسيس‬ḥasīs faint noise ‫ حساس‬ḥassās sensitive; sensible; readily affected, susceptible; sensual (pleasure) ‫ حساسة‬ḥassāsa sensory organ ‫ حساسي‬ḥassāsī allergic │ ‫امراض حساسية‬ allergic diseases, allergies (med.) ‫ حساسية‬ḥassāsīya sensitivity (also techn.); sensibility; faculty of sensory perception; susceptibility; sensuality │ ‫ مرض الحساسية‬maraḍ al-ḥ. allergy (med.) ‫ محسة‬miḥassa currycomb ‫ احساس‬iḥsās pl. -āt, ‫ احاسيس‬aḥāsīs2 feel, feeling: sensation, sense (‫ ب‬of s.th.) perception (‫ ب‬of s.th.); sensitivity; pl. ‫ احساسات‬feelings, sentiments │O ‫احساس‬ ‫ بالنور‬sensitivity to light; O ‫شديد االحساس‬ ١٧٤ highly sensitive; ‫احساس مشترك‬ (muštarak) feeling of harmony, concord, unanimity; ‫ قلة االحساس‬qillat al-i. insensitivity, dullness, obtuseness O ‫ الطائفة االحساسية‬aṭ-ṭā’ifa al-iḥsāsīya the impressionists ‫ حاسة‬ḥāssa pl. ‫ حواس‬ḥawāss2 senastion; sense │ ‫ الحواس الخمس‬the five senses ‫ محسوس‬maḥsūs felt; sensed; perceptible, noticeable, palpable, tangible; appreciable, considerable (e.g., loss);

‫ المحسوس‬that which ill perceptible through the senses; appearance, evidence; ‫ المحسوسات‬things perceptible through the senses ‫ حسب‬ḥasaba u (ḥasb, ‫ حساب‬ḥisāb, ‫حسبان‬ ḥisbān, ḥusbān) to compute, reckon, calculate; to count; to charge, debit (‫على ھـ‬ s.th. to s.o., to s.o.’s account); to credit (‫ل‬ ‫ ھـ‬s.th. to s.o., to s.o.’s account) │ ‫حسب‬ ‫( حسابه‬ḥisābahū) to take s.th. or s.o. into account or into consideration, reckon with s.th. or s.o., count on s.th. or s.o.; ‫حسابا ل‬ ‫( حسب‬ḥisāban) do.; to attach importance to s.o. or s.th.; ‫( حسب الف حساب ل‬alfa) to hove a thousand apprehensions about …; -ḥasiba a i (‫ حسبان‬ḥisbān, ‫ محسبا‬maḥsaba, maḥsiba) to regard (‫ ه ه‬s.o. as), consider, deem (‫ ه ه‬s.o. to be …); to think, believe, suppose, assume; to consider, regard (‫من ه‬ s.o. as belonging to), count (‫ من ه‬s.o. among); to see (‫ ھـ في‬in s.o. s.th.); -ḥasuba u (ḥasab, ‫ حسابة‬ḥasāba) to be of noble origin, be highborn; to be highly esteemed, be valued III to settle an account, get even (with s.o.); to call (‫ه‬ s.o.) to account, ask (‫ ه‬s.o.) for an accounting; to hold (‫ ه‬s.o.) responsible, make (‫ ه‬s.o.) answerable │ ‫حاسب على نفسه‬ to be careful, be on one’s guard V to be careful, be on one’s guard; to take precautions; to seek to know, try to find out (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VI to settle a mutual account VIII to debit or credit; to take into account, take into consideration (‫ ب‬or ‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to reckon (‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ‬with); (to anticipate a reward in the hereafter by adding a pious deed to one’s account with God -- such as resigning in God’s will at the death of a relative; hence:) ‫احتسب ولدا‬ waladan) to give a son, be bereaved of a son; ‫ احتسب عند ﷲ الشيء‬to sacrifice s.th. in anticipation of God’s reward in the hereafter; to charge (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. for); to think, believe, suppose; to take (‫ ه ه‬s.o. for or to be …); to be content, content o.s.(‫ب‬ with); to disapprove (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. in s.o.), take exception (‫ على ھـ‬to s.th. in s.o.), reject (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. in s.o.); to call (‫ على‬s.o.) to account, ask (‫ على‬s.o.) for an accounting ‫ حسب‬ḥasb reckoning, computing, calculation; thinking, opinion, view; sufficiency │‫ حسبك )بحسبك( درھم‬ḥasbuka

(bi-ḥasbika) dirhamun one dirham is enough for you; ‫ حسبك ان‬it suffices to say that …; you know enough when you hear that …; you need only ... ; ‫بحسبك مقنعا ان‬ (muqni‘an) it will be enough to convince you if …; ‫( وحسبك بھذا كله شرا‬bi-hādā kullihī šarran) but enough of all these negative aspect! ‫ فحسب‬fa-ḥasb and that’s all, and no more, only (interchangeable with ‫)فقط‬ ‫ حسبي‬ḥasbī ‫( مجلس حسبي‬majlis) pl. ‫مجالس‬ ‫ حسبية‬guardianship court, probate court (Eg.) ‫ حسب‬ḥasab pl. ‫ احساب‬aḥsāb measure, extent, degree, quantity, amount; value; esteem, high regard enjoyed by s.o.; noble descent; ḥasaba (prep.), ‫ بحسب‬bi-ḥasabi and ‫‘ على حسب‬alā ḥasabi according to, in accordance with, commensurate with, depending on ‫ حسبما‬ḥasbamā (conj.) according to what ... , as, depending on how … │‫حسبما‬ ‫( اتفق‬ttafaqa) as chance will have it ‫ حسبة‬arithmetical problem, sum 175 ‫ حسيب‬ḥasīb pl. ‫ حسباء‬ḥusabā’2 respected, esteemed; noble, of noble birth, highborn ‫ حسبان‬ḥusbān calculation, reckoning, accounnting; computation │‫كان في الحسبان‬ to be taken into account, be taken into consideration; to be expected, be anticipated; ‫ كان في الحسبان ان‬it was expected that ... ; ‫ حسباني ان‬I expect that … ‫ حساب‬ḥisāb arithmetic, reckoning, calculus; computation; calculation, estimation, appraisal; accounting, settlement; consideration, consideratedness; caution; -- (pl. -āt) bill, invoice; statement of costs (bank) account; pl. ‫ حسابات‬bookkeeping │‫حساب‬ ‫ الجمل‬ḥ. al-jummal (al-jumal) use of the alphabetic letters according to their numerical value; ‫‘ علم الحساب‬ilm al-ḥ. arithmetic; ‫ حساب التفاضل‬ḥ. al-tafāḍul differential calculus; ‫ حساب التكامل‬ḥ. attakāmul integral calculus; ‫ كان في حسابه‬he reckoned with it, he expected it, he was prepared for it; ‫ عمل حسابا له‬to take s.o. or s.th. into consideration; to reckon with s.o. or s.th.; ‫( الحساب الختامي‬ḳitāmī) and ‫حساب‬

‫( نھائي‬nihā’ī) final statement of account, final accounting; ‫( دعاه الى الحساب‬da‘āhū) he called him to account; ‫ يوم الحساب‬yaum alḥ. the Day of Reckoning, Judgment Day; ‫ اقام حسابا ل‬to render account to s.o.; ‫بال‬ ‫ حساب‬without limit or bounds, to excess, to an unlimited extent; ‫ من غير حساب‬blindly, without forethought, at random; ‫لحساب فالن‬ to s.o.’s credit, to s.o.’s advantage; ‫على‬ ‫ حساب فالن‬to s.o.’s debit, at s.o.’s expense, to s.o.’s disadvantage; ‫لقي سوء الحساب‬ laqiya sū’a 1-ḥ. he got a raw deal, he was in for it; ‫( حساب جار‬jārin) current account; ‫ حسابات صندوق التوفير‬ḥ. ṣundūq at-taufīr savings-bank accounts; ‫حساب موقوف‬ blocked account; ‫ حسابات دوبية‬double-entry bookkeeping; ‫( الحساب الشرقي‬šarqī) the Julian calendar; ‫( الحساب الغربي‬garbī) the Gregorian calendar ‫ حسابي‬ḥisābī arithmetical, mathematical, computational ‫ محاسبة‬muḥāsaba pl. -āt accounting; clearing (com.); bookkeeping; request for accounting; examination of conscience (theol.) │‫ قسم المحاسبة‬qism al-m. accounting department, comptroller’s office; clearing house ‫ احتساب‬iḥtisāb computation; calculation, consideration, reflection; debiting; crediting; valuation; contentedness, satisfaction ‫ حاسب‬ḥāsib counter, reckoner, arithmetician, calculator, computer ‫ محسوب‬maḥsūb pl. -ūn, ‫ محاسب‬maḥāsib2 protégé, pet, favorite; obedient, subservient (‫ على‬to s.o.) ‫ محسوبية‬maḥsūbīya esteem enjoyed by s.o., position of distinction; patronage, favored position, favoritism ‫ محاسب‬muḥāsib, ‫ محاسبجي‬muḥāsibgī (eg.) accountant, bookkeeper; comptroller, auditor ‫ محتسب‬muḥtasab that for which one can expect reward in the hereafter (e.g., suffering, loss, etc.) ‫ حسد‬ḥasada u (ḥasad) to envy, grudge (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ على‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), be envious (‫ ه‬of s.o., ‫ على‬or ‫ ھـ‬because of s.th.) VI to envy each other ‫ حسد‬ḥasad envy

‫ حسود‬pl. ‫ حسد‬ḥusud envious ‫ تحاسد‬taḥāsud mutual envy ‫ حاسد‬pl. ‫ حساد‬ḥussād, ‫ حسدة‬ḥasada envious; envier, grudger ‫ محسود‬maḥsūd envied; smitten by the evil eye ‫ حسر‬ḥasara u i (ḥasr) to pull away or off, remove (‫ عن ھـ‬s.th., a cover, a veil, from); to uncover, lay bare, unveil (‫ عن‬s.th.); -(ḥusūr) to become dim (sight); -- ḥasira a ((ḥasar, ‫ حسرة‬ḥasra) to regret (‫ على‬s.th.), be grieved, be pained (‫ على‬by 176 s.th.); to sigh (‫ على‬over s.th.); -- ḥasara i, ḥasira a (ḥasar) to become tired, fatigued II to fatigue, tire, weaken, sap (‫ ه‬s.o.); to grieve, sadden (‫ ه‬s.o.), cause pain or grief (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to remove (‫ ھـ‬a cover, ‫ عن‬from), lay bare, unveil (‫ عن‬s.th.) V to be distressed, be pained, be grieved (‫ على‬by); to sigh (‫ على‬over) VII to be pulled away or off, be removed (‫ عن‬from); to be rolled up. be turned back (sleeve, ‫ عن‬from the arm); to disappear suddenly (‫ عن‬from) ‫ حسر‬ḥasar fatigue, debility, weakness │‫ حسر البصر‬ḥ. al-baṣar nearsightedness, myopia ‫ حسر‬ḥasir grieved, sad; fatigued, languid, weary, tired ‫ حسر‬ḥasra pl. ḥasarāt grief, sorrow, pain, distress, affliction; sigh │‫ يا للحسرة‬yā la-l-ḥasrati alas! Unfortunately! ‫يا حسرتي‬ yā ḥasratī and ‫ وا حسرتاه‬wā ḥasratāh what a pity! too bad! ‫ حسير‬ḥasīr pl. ‫ حسرى‬ḥasrā tired, weary, fatigued, exhausted; dim, dull (eye), nearsighted │‫ حسير البصر‬ḥ. al-baṣar nearsighted, myopic ‫ حسور‬ḥasūr nearsightedness, myopia ‫ حسران‬ḥasrān regretful, sorry, sad, distressed, grieved ‫ تحسر‬taḥassur sighing; regret ‫ حاسر‬ḥāsir pl. ‫ حواسر‬ḥawāsir2 bared, denuded │ ‫ حاسر البصر‬ḥ. al-baṣar nearsighted, myopic; ‫ حاسر الرأس‬ḥ. ar-ra’s bareheaded, hatless ‫ حسك‬ḥasak (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬thorns, spines; spikes, pricks; fish bones; awns, beard

(bot.); name of several prickly herbs, esp. of the genus Tribulus ‫ حسكي‬ḥasakī thorny, prickly, spiny ‫ حسم‬ḥasama i (ḥasm) to cut, sever, cut off (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to finish, complete, terminate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to decide (‫ ھـ‬a question); to settle (‫ھـ‬ an argument); to deduct, discount (‫ ھـ‬an amount from a sum of money) VII to be severed, be cut off; to be finished, be completed, be terminated; to be settled (argument) ‫ حسم‬ḥasm finishing, completion, termination; decision; settling, settlement (of an argument); discontinuance, shutdown, closing down; deduction, discounting (of an amount) ‫ حسام‬ḥusām sword, sword edge ‫ حسوم‬ḥasūm fatal, trying, grueling (pl.; days, nights, also years) ‫ حاسم‬ḥāsim decisive; final, peremptory, conclusive, definite, definitive ‫ حسن‬ḥasana u (ḥusn) to be handsome, beautiful, lovely, nice, fine, good; to be expedient, advisable, suitable, proper, fitting; to be in a proper state, be in a desirable condition │‫ ان حسن لديك‬in ḥ. ladaika if you like it, if it seems all right to you; ‫ يحسن بك ان‬it is to your advantage that you ... ; you ought to …; ‫حسن استعداده ل‬ he was all willing to … II to beautify, embellish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to adorn, decorate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to improve, put into better form, ameliorate, better (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make a better presentation (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to present in a favorable light, depict as nice or desirable (‫ ل ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.; to sugar-coat, make more palatable (‫ ھـ‬s.th. unpleasant, s.th. disadvantageous) III to treat (‫ ه‬s.o.) with kindliness IV to do right, act well; to do (‫ ھـ‬s.th), well, expertly, nicely; to know (‫ ھـ‬how to do s.th.), be able (‫ ھـ‬to do s.th.); to master (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), have command (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), be proficient (‫ ھـ‬in s.th.; a language, an art, a handicraft, etc.), be conversant (‫ھـ‬ with s.th.); to do good, be charitable; to do favors, do good (‫ الى‬or ‫ ب‬to s.o.), do (‫ ب‬or ‫ ب‬s.o.) a good turn, be nice, friendly (‫الى‬ or ‫ ب‬to s.o.); to give 177 alms, give charity (‫ الى‬to s.o.) │‫ ما احسنه‬mā aḥsanahū how good he is! how handsome he is! ‫احسنت‬

aḥsanta well done! bravo! ‫احسن االلمانية‬ (almānīya) to master the German language, know German well; ‫ احسن التسديد‬to aim well or accurately; ‫( احسن مشورته‬mašūratahū) to give good advice; ‫( احسن الظن ب‬ẓanna) to have a good opinion of ... , judge s.th. favorably; ‫( احسن معاملته‬mu‘āmalatahū) to treat s.o. well V to become nicer, more handsome, more beautiful; to improve, ameliorate, get better X to deem (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) nice, etc., or good; to regard (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) as right, advisable or appropriate; to approve ( ‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), sanction, condone (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to come to like, to appreciate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), find pleasure (‫ ھـ‬in s.th.); also = IV: ‫استحسن‬ ‫( االنجليزية‬ingilīzīya) to know English well; pass. ustuḥsina to be good, commendable, advisable ‫ حسن‬ḥusn beauty, handsomeness, prettiness, loveliness; excellence, superiority, perfection │‫لحسن الحظ‬ fortunately; ‫ حسن السلوك‬good manners, good behavior; good conduct; ‫( حسن السير والسلوك‬ḥ. as-sair) an irreproachable life; ‫حسن التصرف‬ ḥ. al-taṣarruf discretion, individual judgment; ‫ حسن الظن‬good opinion, favorable judgment; ‫ حسن التعبير‬euphemism; ‫حسن القصد‬ ‫ ))النية‬ḥ. al-qaṣd (an-nīya) good intention, good will, good faith; ‫ حسن يوسف‬ḥ. yūsuf beauty spot, patch; ‫ ست الحسن‬a kind of bindweed (Convolvulus cairicus L.; bot.); deadly nightshade, belladonna ‫ حسن‬ḥasan pl. ‫ حسان‬ḥisān beautiful, handsome, lovely; pretty, nice; good, agreeable; excellent, superior, exquisite; ‫ حسنا‬ḥasanan well, splendidly, excellently, beautifully; ‫ الحسان‬the ladies; -- high sandhill ‫ الحسنيون‬al-ḥasanīyūn the Hasanides, the descendants of ḥasan, son of ‘Alī and Fāṭima ‫ احسن‬aḥsan2 pl. ‫ احاسن‬aḥāsin2 better; nicer, lovelier, more beautiful; more excellent, more splendid, more admirable│ he is better off than they are; (bi-llatī) in a friendly manner, amicably, with kindness ‫ حسناء‬ḥasnā’2 pl. ‫ حسان‬ḥisān (of a woman) beautiful, a beauty, a belle ‫ الحسنى‬al-ḥusnā pl. -āt (f. of ‫ االحسن‬alaḥsan) the best outcome, the happy ending; fair means, amicable manner │‫بالحسنى‬ amicably, by fair means, in a friendly

manner; ‫( االسماء الحسنى‬asmā’) the 99 attributes of God

‫ حشاش‬ḥuššāš, ‫ حشاشة‬ḥušāša last breath, last spark of life

‫ حسنة‬ḥasana pl. -āt good deed, benefaction; charity, alms; pl. ‫حسنات‬ advantages, merits

‫ حشيشي‬ḥašīšī (eg.) sap-green, resedacolored

‫ حسون‬ḥassūn pl. ‫ حساسين‬ḥasāsīn2 goldfinch ‫ محسنة‬maḥsana s.th. nice, s.th. good; advantage; pl. ‫ محاسن‬maḥāsin2 beauties, charms, attractions, merits, advantages, good qualities ‫ تحسين‬taḥsīn beautification, embellishment; improvement, amelioration, betterment; processing, refining, finishing; (pl. ‫ تحاسين‬taḥāsīn) ornament, decoration │O ‫ تحسين النسل‬t. an-nasl eugenics ‫ محاسنة‬muḥāsana friendly treatment, kindliness amicability ‫ احسان‬iḥsān beneficence. charity, almsgiving, performance of good deeds ‫ تحسن‬taḥassun improvement, amelioration │‫ في التحسن‬on the way to recovery ‫ استحسان‬istiḥsān approval, consent; acclaim; discretion; application of discretion in a legal decision (Isl. Law) ‫ محسن‬muḥassin embellisher, beautifier, improver; pl. ‫ محسنات‬muḥassināt cosmetics ‫ محسن‬muḥsin beneficent, charitable ‫ مستحسن‬mustaḥsan approved, commendable; pleasant, agreeable 178 (‫ حسو( حسا‬ḥasā u (ḥasw), V and VIII to drink, sip (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ حسو‬ḥasw and ‫ حساء‬ḥasā’ soup, broth ‫ حسوة‬ḥaswa pl. ḥasawāt a sip ‫ حسوة‬ḥuswa pl. ḥusuwāt, ḥusawāt, ‫احسية‬ aḥasiya a sip, small quantity of liquid; soup, broth; bouillon ‫ حش‬ḥašša u (ḥašš) to mow, cut (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to smoke hashish ‫ حشيش‬ḥašīš (coll.) pl. ‫حشائش‬hāšā’iš2 herbs, grasses; weeds; hay; hemp (Cannabis sativa L.; bot.), hashish, Cannabis; stillborn child │ ‫ حشيش الدينار‬ḥ. ad-dīnār hops ‫ حشيشة‬ḥašīša (n. un.) herb ‫ حشاش‬ḥaššāš pl. -ūn smoker or chewer of hashish. hashish addict

‫ محش‬miḥašš, ‫ محشة‬miḥašša pl. ‫محاش‬ maḥāšš2 sickle, scythe; fire iron, poker ‫ محشة‬miḥašša pl. -āt (eg.) tool for weeding, weeder ‫ محشش‬maḥšaš, ‫ محشش خانة‬m. ḳāna hashish den ‫ محششة‬pl. ‫ محاشش‬maḳāšiš2 hashish den ‫ حشد‬ḥašada i u (ḥašd) to gather, concentrate, mass (‫ ه‬esp. troops), call up, mobilize (‫ ه‬an army); to pile up, store up, accumulate (‫ھـ‬ s.th., ‫ الى‬at a place) II to amass, accumulate ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), mass, concentrate (‫ ه‬esp. troops) V and VIII to rally, come together, assemble, gather, crowd together, throng together; to be concentrated, be massed (troops); to fall into line (troops) ‫ حشد‬ḥašd pl. ‫ حشود‬ḥušūd assembling, rallying; gathering, assembly, crowd, throng; concentration, massing (esp. of troops); mobilization. calling up (of an army) ‫ حشد‬taḥaššud pl. -āt concentration (of troops) ‫ احتشاد‬iḥtišād pl. -āt gathering, crowd; concentration (of troops) ‫ حشيد‬numerous (of an assembly), crowded (of a public demonstration) O ‫ حاشدة‬ḥāšida battery (el.) ‫ حشر‬ḥašara i u (ḥašr) to gather, assemble, rally ( ‫ ه‬people); to cram, crowd, pack, jam (together); to squeeze. press, force, stuff, tuck (‫ بين‬or ‫ في ھـ‬s.th. into) ‫ يوم الحشر‬yaum al-ḥašr the day of congregation (of the dead), the Day of resurrection ‫ حشرة‬ḥašara pl. -āt insect; pl. vermin, insect pests │ ‫‘ علم الحشرات‬ilm al-ḥ. entomology ‫ حشري‬ḥašarī insectile, insectival, insect(in compounds); entomologic(al) ‫ حشرج‬ḥašraja and II taḥašraja to rattle in the throat ‫ حشرجة‬ḥašraja rattling, rattle in the throat ‫ حشف‬V to be dressed shabbily, dress slovenly

‫ حشف‬ḥašaf dates of inferior quality ‫ حشفة‬ḥašafa glans (penis; anat.) ‫ حشك‬ḥašaka i (ḥašk) to cram, jam, squeeze, stuff (‫ في ھـ‬s.th. into) ‫ حشم‬ḥašama i (ḥašm) to shame, put to shame (‫ه‬ s.o.) 11 and IV do. V and VIII to be ashamed to face s.o. (‫ من‬or ‫ ;)عن‬to be reticent, modest, shy, bashful, diffident ‫ حشم‬ḥašam servants, retinue, entourage, suite ‫ حشمة‬ḥišma shame, bashfulness, timidity, diffidence; modesty; decency, decorum 179 ‫ حشيم‬ḥašīm pl. ‫ حشماء‬ḥušamā’2 modest, timid, bashful, shy, diffident ‫ محاشم‬maḥāšim2 pubes, genitals

‫ حاشا‬ḥāšā (with genit., acc. or ‫ )ل‬except, save │ ‫ حاشا‬، ‫ حاشى‬God forbid! ‫حاشا لك ان‬ far be it from you that you ...; ‫ حاش لك‬، ‫حاش‬ (ḥāša) = ١٨٠ ‫ حاشا لك‬، ‫حاشا‬ ‫ تحشية‬taḥšya insertion; interpolation ‫ تحاش‬taḥāšin avoidance ‫ حاشية‬ḥāšiya pl. ‫ حواش‬ḥawāšin border; seam, hem; edge; margin (of a book); marginal gives; marginal notes; commentary on certain words and passages of a book, supercommentary; footnote; postscript; retinue, entourage, suite, servants; dependents; pl. ‫ حواش‬critical apparatus │ ‫ رقيق الحاشية‬and ‫ رقيق الحواشي‬nice, polite, courteous, gracious, amiable, kindly, friendly; ‫ رقة الحھشية‬riqqat al-ḥāš. niceness, amiability, graciousness

‫ تحشم‬taḥaššum and ‫ احتشام‬iḥtišām shame, shyness, modesty, reticent, decency, decorum

‫ محشو‬maḥšūw filled, dressed; stuffed; loaded (firearm); pl. ‫ محشوات‬maḥšūwāt filled, or stuffed, dishes

‫ محتشم‬muḥtašim shy, bashful; modest, reticent, decent, decorous

‫ محشي‬maḥšīy filled, stuffed (esp. food); s.th. filled or stuffed

‫ )حشا )حشو‬ḥaša u (ḥašw) to stuff, fill, dress (‫ب ھـ‬ s.th. with; esp. fowl, etc.); to fill in (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to load (‫ ھـ‬a firearm; ‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th. with, e.g., a camera); to fill (‫ ھـ‬a tooth); to insert (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) 11 to interpalate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to insert (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to provide (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) with a margin; to hem ( ‫ ھـ‬a dress); to supply (‫ ھـ‬a book) with marginal notes or glosses III to except, exclude (‫ من ه‬s.o. from) V to keep away, stand aloof, abstain (‫ من ه‬from), avoid, shun (‫ من‬s.th.), beware (‫ من‬of), be on one’s guard (‫ من‬against) VI to keep away, abstain (‫ عن‬or ‫ من‬from), beware (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ عن‬or ‫ من‬of), avoid, shun (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ عن‬or ‫ من‬s.th.) ‫ حشو‬ḥašw that with which s.th. is stuffed or filled; dressing, stuffing (of fowl, .to.); filling (of tooth); insertion; (gram.) parenthesis; interpolation ‫ حشو‬ḥašwa pl. -āt filling, stuffing (cushion, cookery, etc.); load (of a cartridge), charge (of a min.); panel, inlay, inserted piece (in paneling, in a door) ‫ حشا‬ḥašan pl. ‫ احشاء‬aḥšā’ bowels, intestines; interior, inside │‫ في احشاء‬in the interior of, within, in ‫ حشى‬ḥašan = ‫ حشا‬ḥašan ‫ حشية‬ḥašīya pl. –āt, ‫ حشايا‬ḥašāyā cushion, pillow; mattress

‫ حص‬ḥaṣṣa u to fall as a share (‫ ه‬to s.o.) III to share (‫ ه ھـ‬s.th. with s.o.) IV to allot s.o. (‫)ه‬ his share ‫ حص‬ḥuṣṣ saffron ‫ حصة‬ḥiṣṣa pl. ‫ حصص‬ḥiṣaṣ share, portion, allotment; share (fin.); contingent, quota; span of time; lesson, class period │ ‫حصة في‬ ‫الربح‬ḥ. fī r-rabḥ dividend (fin.); O ‫حصة‬ ‫ التأسيس‬founders’ share; O ‫ نظام الحصص‬quota system, apportionment; ‫ في حصة وجيزة‬in a short time ‫ تحصيص‬taḥṣīṣ quota system, apportionment ‫ محاصة‬muḥāṣṣa allotment; sharing (with s.o.), partaking, participation ‫ حصالبان‬see ‫حصى‬ ‫ حصب‬ḥaṣaba i u to cover or strew with pebbles or gravel (‫ ھـ‬ground); to macadamize (‫ھـ‬ ground), metal (‫ ھـ‬a road); -- ḥaṣiba a and pass. ḥuṣiba to have the measle II to cover or strew with pebbles or gravel (‫ ھـ‬ground); to macadamize (‫ ھـ‬ground), metal (‫ ھـ‬a road) 180 ‫ حصب‬ḥaṣab road metal, crushed rock, ballast ‫ حصب‬ḥaṣbā’2 (coll.) pebbles; gravel ‫ حصب‬ḥaṣba measles (med.)

‫ حاصبة‬ḥāṣiba storm, hurricane ‫ حصحص‬ḥaṣḥaṣa to be or become clear, plain, manifest; to come to light (truth) ‫ حصد‬ḥaṣada i u (ḥaṣd, ‫ حصاد‬ḥaṣad, ḥiṣad) to harvest, reap (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to mow (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV, VIII and X to be ripe ‫ حصد‬ḥaṣd and ‫ حصاد‬ḥiṣād harvesting, reaping, harvest; ‫ حصاد‬harvest time ‫ حصيد‬ḥaṣid, ‫ حصيدة‬ḥaṣīda pl. ‫حصائد‬ ḥaṣā’id2 crop, harvest yield │ ‫قائم وحصيد‬ everything without exception ‫ حصاد‬ḥaṣṣād reaper; harvester ‫ محصد‬miḥṣad pl. ‫ محاصد‬maḥāṣid2 sickle O ‫ حصادة‬ḥaṣṣāda and O ‫ محصدة‬miḥṣada mowing machine, mower │ O ‫حصادة دراسة‬ (darrāsa) combine ‫ حاصد‬ḥāṣid reaper O ‫ حاصدة‬ḥāṣid mowing machine, mower

detention, determent; restraint, retention, containment, check; limitation, restriction, confinement ~ narrowing; gathering, collecting (of s.th. scattered), compilation; enumeration, listing, counting, computing; centralization, concentration; (tobacco) monopoly │ ‫ بالحصر‬strictly speaking; ‫على‬ ‫ سبيل الحصرحصر‬exhaustively; ‫ حصر التموين‬ḥ. al-tamwīn rationing; ‫‘ عالمة الحصر‬alāmat alḥ. parentheses, brackets (typ.); ‫ال يدخل تحت‬ ‫( الحصر‬yadḳulu) or ‫( ال حصر له‬ḥaṣra) boundless, infinite, immeasurable, innumerable; ‫ يفوق الحصر‬yafūqu al-ḥaṣra do.; O ‫ اجازة الحصر‬ijāzat al-ḥ. patent on an invention; ‫ ادارة حصر التبغ والتنباك‬idārat ḥ. attibg wa-t-tumbāk Government Tobacco Monopoly (Syr.) ‫ حصر‬ḥuṣr retention (of urine); constipation ‫ حصر‬ḥaṣar dyslogia, inability to express o.s. effectively

‫ محصود‬maḥṣūd harvested, reaped, mown

‫ حصير‬ḥaṣīr pl. ‫ حصر‬ḥuṣur mat

‫ محصد‬muḥṣid and mustaḥṣid ripe

‫ حصيرة‬ḥaṣīra pl. ‫ حصائر‬ḥaṣā’ir2 mat

‫ حصر‬ḥaṣara i u (ḥaṣr) to surround, encircle, encompass, ring (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to enclose (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to parenthesize (‫ ھـ‬a word); to blockade (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to besiege, beleaguer (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to detain, deter, restrain, contain, hold back (‫ ه‬s.o.); to limit, restrict (‫ في ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬s.th. to); to condense, reduce in scope (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to narrow down, confine (‫ في ھـ‬s.th. to, also a suspicion to s.o.); to bring together, compile, arrange (‫في‬ ‫ ھـ‬s.th. under a rubric); to enter (‫ في ھـ‬s.th. in a list); to put together, set up, list, enumerate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to comprise, contain, include, involve (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); -- ḥaṣira a (ḥaṣar) to be in a fix, be in a dilemma III to encircle, surround (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to shut off, seclude (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to block (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to beleaguer, besiege (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to blockade (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to detain, deter, restrain (‫ ه‬s.o.) VII to be straitened, confined, narrowed in; to be or become restricted, limited (‫ ب‬or ‫ في‬to); to limit o.s. ( ‫ ب‬or ‫ في‬to); to be condensed (‫ في‬to), be concentrated (‫ في‬in); to be or become united (e.g., ‫ تحت حكمه‬under s.o.’s rule); to be reducible (‫ في‬to), be expressible (‫ في‬in terms of), consist (‫ في‬in) ‫ حصر‬ḥaṣr encirclement, encompassment, enclosure, corralling; parenthesizing; blocking, blockading, beleaguering, siege;

‫ حصار‬ḥiṣār block, blockage, barrier; blockade; siege 181 ‫ محاصرة‬muḥāṣara block, blockage, barrier; blockade; siege ‫ انحصار‬inḥiṣār restrictedness, limitation, confinement; (tobacco) monopoly ‫ محصور‬maḥṣūr blocked, blockaded; beleaguered, besieged; limited, restricted, confined (‫ في‬to); narrow ‫ حصرم‬ḥiṣrim (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬unripe and sour grapes (syr.) ‫ حصف‬ḥaṣufa u (‫ حصف‬ḥaṣāfa) to have sound judgment, be judicious, discriminating ‫ حصف‬ḥaṣif endowed with sound judgment, judicious, discriminating ‫ حصيف‬ḥaṣīf endowed with sound judgment, judicious, discriminating ‫ حصافة‬ḥaṣāfa sound judgment, judiciousness ‫ حصل‬ḥaṣala u (‫ حصول‬ḥuṣūl) to set in; to be there, be existent, extant; to arise, come about; to result, come out; to happen, occur, transpire, come to pass, take place; to happen, occur (‫ ل‬to s.o.), come (‫ ل‬upon s.o.), befall, overtake (‫ ل‬s.o.); to originate, emanate, derive, stem (‫ من‬from), be caused,

be produced (‫ من‬by); to attain, obtain, get, receive, achieve (‫ على‬s.th.), win (‫ على‬s.o. or s.th.); to come into possession (‫ على‬of s.th.); to seek (‫ على‬a permit), apply (‫ على‬for a permit); to collect, recover (‫ على‬a debt), call in (‫ على‬funds); to receive. take in (‫ على‬s.th.) II to cause s.th. (‫ )ھـ‬to happen or set in; to attain. obtain (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to acquire (‫ ھـ‬s.th., also knowledge); to infer, deduce (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to collect (‫ ھـ‬a fee, fare, etc.), levy (‫ ھـ‬taxes, fees, etc.), call in (‫ ھـ‬money); to summarize, sum up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to result (‫ من‬from), come out (sum); to be obtained, be attained; to be raised, be levied, be required. be demanded; to be taken in, come in (fees, taxes, funds); to be collected (taxes); to procure for o.s., get (‫ على‬s.th.); to attain, receive, obtain (‫على‬ s.th.); to acquire (‫ على‬s.th.); to collect (‫على‬ fees) X to procure for o.s., get (‫ على‬s.th.); to attain. Receive, obtain (‫ على‬s.th.); to acquire (‫ على‬s.th.) ‫ حصول‬ḥuṣūl setting in, occurrence, incidence. happening (of an event or process); obtainment. attainment (‫ على‬of s.th.); achievement (‫ على‬of s.th.); acquisition (‫ على‬of s.th.) ‫ حصيلة‬ḥaṣīla pl. ‫ حصائل‬ḥaṣā’il2 rest, remainder; amount collected, proceeds, returns; revenue, receipts, yield, income, takings ‫ حوصلة‬،‫ حوصل‬and ‫ حويصلة‬look up alphabetically ‫ حصالة‬ḥaṣāla collection box, alms box ‫ محصل‬maḥṣal result, outcome, upshot, issue ‫ تحصيل‬taḥṣīl pl. -āt attainment, obtainment, gain; acquisition (also of knowledge); learning, studying, scientific studies; collection, raising, levy(ing), calling in (of funds, taxes); income, revenue, receipts, returns, proceeds; résumé, summary, gist (of a speech or opinion); ‫من‬ ‫ تحصيل الحاصل ان يقال‬in summary, it may be said ... ‫ تحصيلجي‬taḥṣīlgī (eg.) = ‫ محصل‬muḥaṣṣil ‫ حاصل‬ḥāṣil pl. ‫ حواصل‬ḥawāsil2 setting in, occurring, taking place, happening; result, outcome, sum, total, product (also math.); revenues, receipts, proceeds, gain; income, returns; crop, harvest; warehouse, storehouse, granary, depot, magazine; main content, purport, gist, essence, substance (of

a speech); ‫ الحاصل‬briefly, in short; pl. ‫ حاصالت‬product(s), yield. produce. production (econ.) ‫ محصول‬maḥsūl pl. -āt, ‫ محاصل‬maḥāṣīl2 result, outcome, issue; yield, gain; product, produce; crop, harvest; production 182

‫ محصل‬muḥaṣṣil collector; tax collector; cashier; (bus, streetcar) conductor ‫ متحصل‬mutaḥaṣṣil yield, revenue, proceeds, receipts, returns (‫ من‬from) ‫ حصن‬ḥaṣuna u (‫ حصانة‬ḥaṣāna) to be inaccessible, be well fortified; to be chaste (woman) II to make inaccessible (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to strengthen (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to fortify, entrench (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to immunize, make proof (‫ضد‬ ḍidda against) IV to make inaccessible (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to fortify, entrench (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to be chaste, pure (woman); to remain chaste, be of unblemished reputation (woman) V to strengthen one’s position, protect o.s.; to be fortified; to be secure, be protected ‫ حصن‬ḥiṣn pl. ‫ حصون‬ḥuṣūn fortress, fort, castle, citadel, stronghold; fortification, entrenchment; protection │ ‫حصن طائر‬ Flying Fortress ‫ حصان‬ḥiṣān pl. ‫ حصن‬ḥuṣun, ‫احصنة‬ aḥsina horse; stallion │ ‫ حصان البحر‬ḥ. albaḥr hippopotamus; ‫( حصان بخاري‬buḳārī) iron horse; ‫ قوة حصن‬qūwat ḥ., or ‫حصان‬ alone, horse power ‫ حصين‬ḥaṣīn inaccessible, strong, fortified, firm, secure(d), protected; immune, proof, invulnerable (‫ ضد‬ḍidda against) │ ‫( الحصن الحصين‬ḥiṣn) stronghold (fig.; e.g., of radicalism) ‫ ابو الحصين‬abū l-ḥuṣain fox ‫ حصانة‬ḥaṣāna strength, ruggedness, forbiddingness, impregnability, inaccessibility; shelteredness, chastity (of a woman); invulnerability, inviolability; immunity (of deputies, diplomats; against illness) ‫ تحصين‬taḥṣīn pl. -āt fortification, entrenchment; strengthening, cementing, solidification; immunization ‫ احصان‬iḥṣān blamelessness, unblemished reputation, integrity (Isl. Law)

‫ تحصن‬taḥaṣṣun securing, safeguarding, protection, protectedness ‫ محصن‬muḥaṣṣan fortified; entrenched; immune, proof (‫ ضد‬ḍidda against) ‫ محصنة‬muḥṣina, muḥṣana sheltered, well-protected, chaste; of unblemished reputation (woman; Isl. Law) ‫ حصى‬IV to oount, enumerate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to calculate, compute (‫ ھـ‬s.th. ‫ من‬from); to debit, charge (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.’s account), hold (‫ ھـ‬s.th. ‫ على‬against s.o.) │‫ال‬ ‫( يحصى‬yuḥṣā) innumerable ‫ حصى‬ḥaṣan (coll.) pebbles, little stones ‫ حصاة‬ḥaṣāh, ‫ حصوة‬ḥaṣwa pl. ‫حصيات‬ ḥaṣayāt little stone; pebble; calculus, stone (med.) │ ‫( حصاة بولية‬baulīya) cystic calculus; ‫( حصاة صفراوية‬ṣafrāwīya) gallstone, biliary calculus ‫ حصى لبان‬ḥaṣā lubān, ‫ حصالبان‬rosemary (bot.) ‫ حصوي‬ḥaṣawī stony, pebbly, gravelly ‫ احصاء‬iḥṣā’ pl. -āt count, counting; enumeration; calculation, computation; statistics │ ‫ احصاء السكان‬i. as-sukkān census ‫ احصائي‬iḥṣā’ī statistic(al); (pl. -ūn) statistician ‫ احصائية‬iḥṣā’īya pl. -āt statistics ‫ حض‬ḥaḍḍa u (ḥaḍḍ) and II to spur on, incite (‫ه‬ s.o., ‫ على‬to), goad, prod (‫ ه‬s.o.• ‫ على‬to do s.th.) ‫ حض‬ḥaḍḍ incitement, inducement, prodding, prompting, instigation ‫ حضيض‬ḥaḍīḍ, pl. ‫ حضض‬ḥuḍuḍ, ‫احضة‬ aḥiḍḍa foot of a mountain; lowland; perigee (astron.); depth; state of decay │ ‫ نزل الى الحضيض‬to sink low (fig.); ‫دكه الى‬ ‫( الحضيض‬dakkahū) to ruin s.th. completely, run s.th. into the ground ‫ حضر‬ḥaḍara u (‫ حضور‬ḥuḍūr) to be present (‫ھـ‬ at), be in the presence (‫ ه‬of s.o.); to 183 attend (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to be present (‫ ھـ‬in s.o.’s mind), be readily recalled (‫ ه‬by s.o.); to take part, participate (‫ مجلسا‬majlisan in a meeting); to come, get (‫ الى‬or ‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬to s.o., to a place), arrive (‫ الى‬or ‫ ھـ‬at a place); to

visit (‫ ھـ‬a place), attend (‫ ھـ‬a public event), go (‫ ھـ‬to a performance, etc.); to appear ( ‫ امام‬before a judge, etc., ‫ الى‬in, at), show up (‫ الى‬in, at); to betake o.s., go (‫الى من‬ from ... to); (‫ حضارة‬ḥaḍāra) to be settled, sedentary (in a civilized region, as opposed to nomadic existence) II to ready, make ready, prepare (‫ ھـ‬s.th., also, e.g., as medicine = to compound), make, produce, manufacture (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to study, prepare (‫ ھـ‬a lesson); to fetch, get, bring (‫ه‬ s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), procure, supply (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to settle (‫ ه‬s.o), make s.o. (‫ )ه‬sedentary; to civilize (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to give a lecture, present s.th. in a lecture (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to lecture, give a course of lectures IV to fetch, get, bring (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.), procure, supply (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to take (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫الى‬ to a place) │‫ احضره معه‬to have s.th. with one, bring s.th. along V to prepare o.s., ready o.s., get ready (‫ ل‬for); to be ready, prepared; to become settled, be sedentary in a civilized region; to be civilized, be in a state of civilization; to become urbanized, become a town dweller VIII to come (‫ ه‬to s.o.), be in the presence (‫ ه‬of s.o.); to live in a civilized region; pass. ustuḥḍira to die X to have s.th. (‫)ھـ‬ brought, to call, send (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬for s.o., for s.th.), have s.o. (‫ )ه‬come; to summon (‫ه‬ s.o.); to fetch, procure, supply, get, bring ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to conjure, call up, evoke (‫ ھـ‬a spirit); to visualize, envision, call to mind (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to carry with o.s., bring along (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to prepare (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬e.g., a medicinal preparation) ‫ حضر‬ḥaḍar a civilized region with towns and villages and a settled population (as opposed to desert, steppe); settled population, town dwellers (as opposed to nomads) ‫ حضري‬ḥaḍarī settled, sedentary, resident, not nomadic, non-Bedouin, like urbanites; civilized; urban; town dweller ‫ حضرة‬ḥaḍra presence │‫ في حضرة‬in the presence of ...; ‫‘( الحضرة العالية‬āliya) His Highness (formerly, title of the Bey of Tunis); ‫ حضرتكم‬a respectful form of address, esp. in letters; ‫ حضرة الدكتور‬cf. Fr. Monsieur le docteur

‫ حضور‬ḥuḍūr presence; visit, participation, attendance; (as one pl. of ‫ )حاضر‬those present │‫ بحضوره‬in his presence; ‫ حضور الحفلة‬ḥ. al-ḥafla attendance of the celebration‫حضور الذھن‬ ḥ. ad-dihn presence of mind; ‫ورقة حضور‬ waraqat ḥ. summons (jur.) ‫ حضوري‬ḥuḍūrī: ‫( احكام حضورية‬aḥkām) judgments delivered in the presence of the litigant parties after oral proceedings (jur.); ‫ حضوريا‬ḥuḍūrīyan contradictorily (jur.) ‫ حضارة‬ḥaḍāra civilization; culture; settledness, sedentariness ‫ حضيرة‬ḥaḍīra pl. ‫ حضائر‬ḥaḍā’ir2 a small group of 6 to 12 people (specif., the smallest unit of boy scouts = patrol); section, squad (mil.; Syr.) ‫ محضر‬maḥḍar presence; attendance, coming, appearance (of s.o.); assembly, meeting, gathering, convention; (pl. ‫محاضر‬ maḥāḍir2) minutes, official report, process-verbal, record of the factual findings │‫ محضر الجرد‬m. al-jard inventory list; ‫ بمحضر منه‬bi-maḥḍarin minhu in s.o.’s presence ‫ تحضير‬taḥḍīr preparing, readying, making ready; (pl. -āt) preparation (‫ ل‬for; also e.g., for an examination); making, preparation, cooking (of food, etc.), production, manufacture ‫ تحضيري‬taḥdīrī preparatory, preparative │‫( المدارس التحضيرية للمعلمين‬mu‘allimīn) 184 preparatory institutes for teachers, teachers’ colleges (Eg.) ‫ محاضرة‬muḥāḍara pl. -āt lecture ‫ احضار‬iḥḍār procurement, supply, fetching, bringing ‫ تحضر‬taḥaḍḍur civilized way of life ‫ احتضار‬iḥtiḍār demise, death ‫ استحضار‬istiḥḍār making, production, manufacture; preparation; summoning │ ‫ استحضار االرواح‬istiḥḍār al-arwāḥ evocation of spirits, spiritism ‫ حاضر‬ḥāḍir pl. ‫ حضر‬ḥuḍḍar, ‫حضور‬ ḥuḍūr present; attending; ‫ الحاضر‬the present (time); prepared (‫ ل‬for); ready; (pl. ‫ حضار‬ḥuḍḍār, ‫ حضرة‬ḥaḍara) settled,

sedentary, resident, village or town dweller, not nomadic │ ‫ في الحاضر‬or ‫في‬ ‫ الوقت الحاضر‬at present, now; ‫ حاضر الفكر‬ḥ. al-fikr quick-witted, quick at repartee; ‫نقد‬ ‫( حاضر‬naqd) cash, ready money ‫ حاضرة‬ḥāḍira pl. ‫ حواضر‬ḥawāḍir2 capital city, metropolis; city (as a center of civilization) ‫ محضور‬maḥḍūr possessed, haunted or inhabited by a jinni; demoniac ‫ محضر‬muḥaḍḍir maker, producer, manufacturer; dissector (med.) ‫ محاضر‬muḥāḍir lecturer, speaker ‫ محضر‬muḥḍir court usher ‫ متحضر‬mutaḥaḍḍir civilized ‫ محتضر‬muḥtaḍar dying, in the throes of death, on the brink of death; a dying person; haunted or inhatbited by a jinni; demoniac ‫ مستحضر‬mustaḥḍar pl. -āt preparation (chem., pharm.) │ ‫( مستحضر دوائي‬dawā’ī) medicinal preparation ‫ حضرموت‬ḥaḍramaut2 Hadhramaut ‫ حضرمي‬ḥaḍramī pl. ‫ حضارم‬ḥaḍārim2 man from Hadhramaut; Hadhramautian (adj.) ‫ حضن‬ḥaḍana u (ḥaḍn, ‫ حضانة‬ḥiḍāna) to clasp in one’s arms, embrace, hug (‫ ه‬s.o.); to nurse, bring up, raise (‫ ه‬a child); (ḥaḍn, ‫ حضان‬ḥidān, ‫ حضانة‬ḥiḍāna, ‫ حضون‬ḥuḍūn) to hatch, brood, incubate (‫ ھـ‬an egg; of a bird) VI to embrace one another, cling to one another, nestle against each other VII to clasp in one’s arms, embrace, hug (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ s.o., s.th.); to harbor in one,s bosom (‫ھـ‬ feeling); to hatch, concoct, contrive (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to bring up, raise (‫ ھـ‬a child) ‫ حضن‬ḥaḍn pl. ‫ احضان‬aḥḍān breast, bosom (between the outstretched arms); armful, that which can be carried in one's arms │ ‫( قبله بالحضن‬qabilahū) he received him with open arms; ‫ بين احضان‬and ‫في‬ ‫ احضان‬amid, among; with, in the presence of (s.o.); ‫( في احضان الصحراء‬saḥrā’) in the heart (or folds) of the desert; ‫اخذتني بين‬ ‫ احضانھا‬she took me in her arms

‫ حضانة‬ḥiḍāna, ḥaḍāna raising, bringing up, nursing (of a child); hatching (of an egg), incubation │ ‫دار الحضانة‬children’s home, day nursery, crèche ‫ حضين‬in embraced, bugged, resting in s.o.’s arms ‫ محضن‬maḥḍan pl. ‫ محاضن‬maḥādin2 children’s home, day nursery, crèche ‫ احتضان‬iḥtiḍān embrace, hug(ging), accolade ‫ حاضنة‬ḥāḍina pl. ‫ حواضن‬ḥawāḍin2 nurse-maid, dry nurse ‫ محتضن‬muḥtaḍin embracing, hugging; tender, affectionate ‫ حط‬ḥaṭṭa u (ḥaṭṭ) to put, place, put down, set down (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to take down (‫ ھـ‬a load, burden); to lower, decrease, diminish, reduce (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ من‬s.th.); to depreciate (‫من‬ ‫ قدره‬min qadrihī or ‫ من قيمته‬min qudratihī the value of s.th.) │‫( حط الرحال‬riḥāla) to halt, make a stop, dismount, encamp (while traveling on horseback, 185 camelback. etc.); -- u (ḥaṭṭ, ‫ حطوط‬ḥuṭūṭ) to sink, descend, go down; to alight (bird); to land (airplane); to drop (price) II to put down, set down, take off, unload (‫ ھـ‬a load) VII to sink, descend, go down; to decrease, diminish; to decline, decay, wane VIII to put down, set down, take down (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ حط‬ḥaṭṭ (act of) putting or setting down; depreciation, belittling, derogation, disparagement (‫ من‬of s.th.); reduction, diminution, decrease (‫ من‬of s.th.) ‫ حطة‬ḥiṭṭa alleviation, relief, mitigation; abasement, debasement, demotion, degradation (in rank, dignity, prestige); humiliation, insult, indignity ‫ احط‬aḥaṭṭ lower ‫ حطيطة‬ḥaṭīṭa price reduction ‫ محط‬maḥaṭṭ place at which s.th. is put down or deposited; stopping place, stop; pause fermata, hold, concluding strain, cadence (mus.) │‫ محط اآلمال‬object of hope, that on which one's hopes are pinned; ‫كان‬ ‫ محط األنظار‬to attract the glances, draw attention to o.s.; ‫ محط الكالم‬m. al-kalām sense, or meaning, of one’s words

‫ محطة‬maḥaṭṭa pl. -āt stopping place, stop (also of public conveyances); station, post; railroad station; broadcasting station, radio station │ ‫ محطة تحويل التيار‬m. taḥwīl at-tayyār transformer station; ‫محطة االذاعة‬ ‫ ))الالسلكية‬m. al-idā‘a (al-lāsi1kīya) broadcasting station, radio station; transmitter (station); ‫( محطة رئيسية‬ra’īsīya) (railroad) main station; O ‫ محطة االشارات‬m. al-išārāt signal post; O ‫ محطة االرسال‬m. alirsāl transmitter (station; radio); ‫محطة‬ ‫( لالرصاد الجوية‬li-l-arṣād al-jawwīya) meteorological station, weather station; ‫ محطة الصرف‬m. aṣ-ṣarf (Eg.) pump station (for drainage); power plant; O ‫محطة‬ ‫ االستقبال‬receiving station (radio); O ‫محطة‬ ‫( السلكية قصيرة األمواج‬lā-silkīya qaṣīrat alamwāj) short-wave transmitter station; ‫ محطة توليد الكھرباء‬m. taulīd al-kahrabā’ and ‫ محطة كھربائية‬power plant ‫ انحطاط‬inḥiṭāṭ decline, fall, decay, decadence; inferiority │‫احساس االنحطاط‬ iḥsās al-inḥ. sense of inferiority ‫ انحطاطي‬inḥiṭāṭ postclassical writer ‫ منحط‬munḥaṭṭ low, base, low-level, lowgrade; fallen, degraded (woman); mean, vile, vulgar; inferior ‫ حطب‬ḥaṭaba i to gather firewood │ ‫حطب في‬ ‫(حبله‬fī ḥablihī) to support s.o., stand by s.o., back s.o. up VIII to gather firewood ‫ حطب‬ḥaṭab pl. ‫ احطاب‬aḥṭāb firewood ‫ حطاب‬ḥaṭṭāb wood gatherer; woodcutter, lumberjack; vendor of firewood ‫ تحطيب‬taḥṭīb singlestick fencing (a popular game, esp. in rural areas; eg.) ‫ حاطب‬taḥṭīb wood gatherer; woodcutter, lumberjack; vendor of firewood │ ‫كحاطب‬ ‫ ليل‬ka-ḥāṭibi lailin lit.: like one who gathers wood at night, i.e., blindly, at random, heedlessly (said of s.o. who does not realize, or think about, what he is doing) ‫ حطم‬ḥaṭama i (ḥaṭm) to break, shatter, smash, wreck, demolish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II = I; V to break. go to pieces; to be broken, b. smashed, be shattered; to crash (e.g., airplane, structure, etc.); to be wrecked (ship) VII = V

‫ حطمة‬ḥiṭma pl. ‫ حطم‬ḥiṭam particle, small piece, shred, bit, morsel; s.th. broken ‫ حطام‬ḥuṭām debris, rubble; fragments, shards, broken pieces; wreckage, wreck (of a ship) │‫ حطام الدنيا‬ad-dunyā the ephemeral things of this world, the vanities of the world ‫ حطيم‬ḥaṭīm smashed, shattered, wrecked 186 ‫ تحطيم‬taḥṭīm smashing, shattering, wrecking, breaking, demolition, destruction, disruption │O ‫سفينة تحطيم الجليد‬ icebreaker ‫ تحطم‬taḥaṭṭum crumbling, disintegration; crash (of an airplane); collapse, breakdown ‫ حاطمة‬ḥāṭima: O ‫ حاطمة الجليد‬icebreaker (naut.)

‫ حظيرة‬ḥaẓīra pl. ‫ حظائر‬ḥaẓā’ir2 enclosure, railing, fence, palisade, hedge; compound, yard, pound, pinfold; corral, pen, paddock, coop; hangar, shed; field, domain, realm (fig.) │‫( في حظيرة‬with foll. genit.) inside of, within; ‫جذبه الى حظيرته‬ (jadabahū) to bring s.o. under one’s influence; ‫ حظائر الطائرات‬aircraft hangars; ‫ حظيرة القدس‬ḥ. al-quds Paradise ‫ محظور‬maḥẓūr interdicted, prohibited, forbidden (‫ على‬to s.o.); embargoed; pl. ‫ محظورات‬forbidden things, restrictions (‫ حظو‬and ‫ حظي( حظي‬ḥaẓiya a (‫حظوة‬ ḥuẓwa, ḥiẓwa) to enjoy the favor or good graces of s.o. (‫)عند‬, be in s.o.’s (‫ )عند‬favor or good graces; to acquire, obtain, attain, gain, win (‫ ب‬s.th.)

‫ محطم‬muḥaṭṭim crashing, thundering, roaring (of an explosion. etc.) – muḥaṭṭam broken (language)

‫ حظوة‬ḥuẓwa, ḥiẓwa favored position, role of favorite; precedence; favor, grace; good will, benevolence; prestige, credit, standing, respect, esteem │ ‫نال حظوة عند‬ ‫ ))لدى‬to find favor with s.o.

‫ محطمة‬muḥaṭṭima: ‫( محطمة ثلجية‬taljīya) icebreaker (naut.)

‫ حظية‬ḥaẓīya pl. ‫ حظايا‬ḥaẓāyā paramour, mistress, concubine

‫ حظ‬ḥaẓẓa a (ḥaẓẓ) to be lucky, Fortunate IV=I ‫ حظ‬ḥaẓẓ pl. ‫ حظوظ‬ḥuẓūẓ part, portion, share, allotment; lot, fate, destiny; good luck, good fortune; affluence, wealth, fortune; prosperity; pleasure │ ‫ذو حظ من‬ endowed with; ‫ لحسن الحظ‬li-ḥusni l-ḥ. and ‫ من حسن الحظ‬fortunately, luckily; ‫سوء الحظ‬ sū’ al-ḥ. bad luck, misfortune; ‫سيء الحظ‬ sayyi’ al-ḥ. unlucky, unfortunate; ‫لسوء‬ ‫ الحظ‬unfortunately; ‫ من حسن حظي‬luckily for me, fortunately; ‫ كان من حسن حظه ان‬he was lucky in that he ...; ‫ ليس احسن منھا حظا‬he is no better off than she is ‫ حظيظ‬ḥaẓīẓ lucky, fortunate ‫ محظوظ‬lucky, fortunate; content(ed), happy, glad ‫ حظر‬ḥaẓara u (ḥaẓr) to fence in, hedge in (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to forbid (‫ ھـ على‬to s.o. s.th.), prohibit (‫ ھـ على‬s.o. from doing s.th.) ‫ حظر‬ḥaẓr forbiddance, interdiction, prohibition, ban; embargo ‫ حظار‬ḥiẓār, ḥaẓār wall, partition, screen; fence, palisade, railing

‫ محظية‬maḥẓīya pl. -āt paramour. mistress, concubine ‫ حف‬ḥaffa u (ḥaff) to surround (‫ ه‬،‫ ب ھـ‬s.o., s.th. with, also ‫ ب‬and ‫ حول‬s.o., s.th.), enclose, encompass, border (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ب‬s.th.); to depilate (‫ ھـ‬a part of the body), unhair (‫ ھـ‬the skin); to trim, clip (‫ ھـ‬the beard); to chafe, rub off, abrade (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │ ‫تحف به العين‬he is the object of admiring glances, he is the center of attention, all eyes are upon him; -- i (‫ حفيف‬ḥafīf) to rustle II and VIII to surround, (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬،‫ ب‬،‫ حول‬s.o., s.th.), enclose, encompass, border (‫ ھـ‬،‫ب‬،‫ حول‬s.th.) ‫ حفاف‬ḥifāf side ‫ حفيف‬ḥafīf rustle, rustling ‫ محفة‬miḥaffa (also maḥaffa) pl. -āt litter, stretcher; roller stretcher; sedan ‫ حاف‬ḥaff: ‫( خبز حاف‬ḳubz) plain bread (without anything to go with it; eg.)187 ‫ حافة‬ḥāffa pl. -āt enclosure, edge, margin; brim of a vessel; border, brink, verge; fringe, hem │ ‫’على حافة الخراب‬alā ḥ. al-ḳarāb on the brink of ruin

‫ حفيد‬ḥafīd pl. ‫ احفاد‬aḥfād, ‫ حفدة‬ḥafada grandson; descendant, offspring, scion ‫ حفيدة‬ḥafīda granddaughter ‫ حفر‬ḥafara i (ḥafr) to dig (‫ ھـ‬s.th.): to drill (for oil): to excavate (archeol.): to carve (‫ھـ‬ s.th.): to engrave, etch (‫ ھـ‬metal) │ ‫حفر‬ ‫خنادق‬to dig trenches; ‫( حفر حفرة‬ḥufratan) to prepare a pitfall, prepare an ambush VII pass. of I; VIII to dig ‫ حفر‬ḥafr digging, earthwork, excavation (also archeol.); unearthing; drilling (for oil): carving, inscribing (e.g., of letters); engraving, etching; graphic arts (etching, wood engraving); scurvy (syr.) │ ‫جھاز‬ ‫ الحفر‬jahāz al-ḥ. oil rig; oil derrick ‫ حفرة‬ḥufra pl. ‫ حفر‬ḥufar pit; hollow, cavity, excavation; hole ‫ حفرية‬ḥafrīya digging, excavation; O gravure; pl. ‫ حفريات‬excavations (archeol.) ‫ حفار‬ḥaffār digger; engraver; driller; stone mason │ ‫ حفار القبور‬gravedigger ‫ حفير‬ḥafīr dug, dug out, excavated, unearthed ‫ حفيرة‬ḥafīra pl. ‫ حفائر‬ḥafā’ir2 s.th. excavated or unearthed; pl. excavations (archeol.) ‫ احفور‬uḥfūr pl. ‫ احافير‬aḥāfīr2 s.th. excavated; fossil; pl. excavations (archeol.) ‫ محفر‬miḥfar pl. ‫ محافر‬maḥāfir2 spade ‫ حافر‬ḥāfir pl. ‫ حوافر‬ḥawāfir2 hoof │‫وقع‬ ‫ الحافر على الحافر‬to coincide, happen to correspond exactly; ‫ على الحافر‬on the spot, right away, at once ‫ حافري‬ḥāfirī ungular, ungulate ‫ حافرة‬ḥāfira original condition, beginning │‫ عند الحافرة‬on the spot, right away, at once; ‫ رجع الى حافرته‬to revert to its original state or origin ‫ محفور‬maḥfūr dug; inscribed, engraved; carved ‫ حفز‬ḥafaza i (ḥafz) to pierce, stab (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ب‬ with the spear); to incite, instigate, urge, prompt, induce (‫ على‬or ‫ الى ه‬s.o. to s.th.) V to prepare o.s. get ready, be ready, be about to do s.th. (‫ ل‬or ‫)الى‬. set out to do s.th. (‫ ل‬or ‫ ;)الى‬to get ready to jump, make

a running start; to listen, pay attention VIII to be about to do s.th., be ready (‫ل‬ for) ‫ تحفز‬taḥaffuz preparedness, readiness; vim, dash, verve, sweep, élan ‫ حافز‬ḥāfiz pl. ‫ حوافز‬ḥawāfiz2 spur, drive ( ‫ على‬to do s.th.), incentive (‫ على‬to), initiative ‫ مستحفز‬mutaḥfiz ready, prepared (‫ ل‬for) ‫ حفظ‬ḥafiẓa a (ḥifẓ) to preserve (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to protect, guard, defend (‫ ه‬s.o.): to observe, bear in mind (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), comply (‫ ھـ‬with s.th.), be mindful, be heedful (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to keep up, maintain, sustain, retain, uphold (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to hold, have in safekeeping (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), take care (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to keep, put away, save, store (‫ھـ‬ s.th); to conserve, preserve (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to retain in one’s memory, remember, know by heart (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to memorize, learn by heart, commit to memory (‫ ھـ‬s.th., esp. the Koran); to reserve (‫ ھـ لنفسه‬for o.s. s.th.): to stay, discontinue, suspend (‫ التحقيق‬a judicial investigation; jur.) │‫ حفظه ﷲ‬may God protect him! ‫ حفظ بالبريد‬to hold in care of general delivery (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); ‫يحفظ في‬ ‫( البوسطة‬yuḥfaẓu) in care of general delivery, poste restante; ‫حفظ الوفاء ل‬ (wafā’a) to be loyal to s.o., keep faith with s.o. II to have s.o. (‫ )ه‬memorize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to preserve, keep up, maintain, uphold, sustain (‫ على‬s.th.); 188 to supervise, control (‫ على‬s.th.), watch (‫ على‬over s.th.); to watch out (‫ على‬for), take care, be heedful, be mindful (‫ على‬of), look (‫على‬ after), attend, pay attention (‫ على‬to); to keep, follow, observe, bear in mind (‫على‬ s.th.), comply (‫ على‬with), conform (‫ على‬to) ; to protect, guard, defend (‫ ھـ‬and ‫على‬, also ‫ عن‬s.th.) IV to vex, annoy, gall, irritate, hurt, offend (‫ ه‬s.o.) V to keep up, maintain, preserve (‫ ب‬s.th.); to observe, keep in mind (‫ ب‬s.th.), be mindful, be heedful, take care (‫ ب‬of s.th.), be concerned (‫ ب‬with); to be cautious, be wary, be on one’s guard; to be reserved, aloof; to have reservations VIII to maintain, uphold (‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., ‫بحقوقه‬ one’s rights); to keep up, maintain, retain ( ‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., a posture, a characteristic); to take care, take over custody (‫ ب‬of s.o.), protect, guard (‫ ب‬s.o.);

to defend (against encroachment), hold, maintain (‫ ب‬a possession); to preserve, sustain, continue, keep up (‫ ب‬s.th.); to hold, possess (‫ ب‬s.th.); to put away, hold, have in safekeeping (‫ ب‬s.th.), take care (‫ب‬ of s.th.); to keep, retain (‫ ب‬s.th.); ‫احتفظ لنفسه‬ to keep for o.s., appropriate, reserve for o.s. (‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), take complete possession (‫ ھـ‬of) X to ask s.o. (‫ )ه‬to guard or protect (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ على‬s.th.); to entrust (‫على‬ or ‫ ھـ ه‬to s.o. s.th.), commit s.th. (‫ على‬or ‫)ھـ‬ to the charge of s.o. (‫)ه‬ ‫ حفظ‬ḥifẓ preservation; maintenance, sustentation, conservation, upholding; protection, defense, guarding; custody, safekeeping. keeping, storage; retention; observance, compliance (with); memorizing, memorization; memory; (jur.) discontinuance, stay, suspension (of legal action, of a judicial investigation) │ ‫حفظ اآلثار‬preservation of ancient monuments (Eg.); ‫ حفظ الصحة‬ḥ. aṣ-ṣiḥḥa hygiene, sanitation; ‫ رجال الحفظ‬police ‫ حفظة‬ḥifẓa anger, indignation, resentment, rancor ‫ حفاظ‬ḥifāẓ pl. -āt dressing, ligature, bandage │ ‫ حفاظ الحيض‬ḥ. al-ḥaiḍ sanitary napkin ‫ حفيظ‬ḥafīẓ attentive, heedful, mindful; preserving, keeping, guarding (‫ على‬s.th.) ‫ حفيظة‬ḥafīẓa pl. ‫ حفائظ‬ḥafā’iẓ2 grudge, resentment, rancor ‫ محفظة‬maḥfaẓa, miḥfaẓa pl. -āt, ‫محافظ‬ maḥāfiẓ2 folder, bag, satchel, briefcase dispatch case, portfolio; wallet, pocket, book ‫ محفظة‬miḥfaẓa capsule ‫ تحفيظ‬taḥfīẓ memorization drill, inculcation (esp. of the Koran) ‫ حفاظ‬ḥifāẓ defense, protection, guarding (esp. of cherished, sacred things); preservation, maintenance (‫ على‬of interests); keeping, upholding (of loyalty), adherence (to a commitment) ‫ محافظة‬muḥāfaẓa guarding; safeguarding; preservation; protection, defense; conservation, sustaining, upholding; retention, maintenance (‫ على‬of s.th.) conservativism (pol.), conservative

attitude; following, observance (‫ على‬of s.th.), compliance (‫ على‬with s.th.), adherence (‫ على‬to); guarding (‫ من‬against misfortune), saving (‫ من‬from misadventure); garrison (mil.); (pl. -āt) governorate (one of five administrative divisions of Egypt, in addition to a mudīrīyāt); office of the muḥāfiẓ (head of a governorate); province, anyone of the larger administrative districts (Syr.) │ ‫ المحافظة على النفس‬self-preservation; ‫مذھب‬ ‫ المحافظة‬madhab al-m. conservative movement, conserativism, Toryism ‫ تحفظ‬taḥaffuẓ caution, wariness, restraint, reticence, reserve, aloofness; -189 (pl. -āt) precaution, precautionary measure; reservation, limiting condition, conditional stipulation, proviso │‫مع التحفظ‬ with full reservation ‫ تحفظي‬taḥaffuẓī precautionary, preventive │‫( اجراءات تحفظية‬ijrā’āt) precautionary measures; ‫( صلح تحفظي‬ṣulḥ) settlement before action, preventive settlement (jur.) ‫ احتفاظ‬iḥtifāẓ guarding, safeguarding; preservation; retention, maintenance, continuation, conservation, defense, protection, vindication, sustaining, upholding; keeping, holding, safekeeping, custody (‫ ب‬of s.th.) ‫ حافظ‬ḥāfiẓ keeper, guarder, guardian, custodian, caretaker; (pl. ‫ حفاظ القرآن‬ḥuffāẓ, ‫ حفظة‬ḥafaẓa) one who knows the Koran by heart (formerly an honorific epithet) ‫ حافظة‬ḥāfiẓa memory; -- (pl. ‫حوافظ‬ ḥawāfiẓ) wallet, pocketbook, money order (Eg.) ‫ محفوظ‬maḥfūẓ kept, held in safekeeping, deposited, guarded, preserved; memorized, committed to memory, etc.; conserved, preserved (food); reserved; ensured, secured, safeguarded; -- pl. ‫ محفوظات‬canned goods, concerves; archives; memorized material, what s.o. knows by heart │ ‫ دار المحفوظات المصرية‬the Egyptian Public Record Office; ‫مأكوالت‬ ‫ محفوظة‬concerves, canned goods; ‫جميع‬ ‫ الحقوق محفوظة‬all rights reserved ‫ محافظ‬muḥāfiẓ supervisory, controlling; observing (‫ على‬s.th.), complying (‫على‬

with), etc.; conservative (pol.), ‫المحافظون‬ the Conservatives, the Tories; keeper, guarder, guardian, custodian, caretaker, supervisor, superintendent; mayor; governor (Eg.: title of the chief officer of a governorate; Syr.: chief officer of a province); director general, president (= Brit. governor)

190 body, collective whole; circle, quarter │‫ محفل ماسوني‬Masonic lodge; ‫المحافل الرسمية‬ ‫( ))السياسية‬rasmīya, siyāsīya) the official (political) circles or quarters ‫ احتفال‬iḥtifāl pl. -āt celebration, ceremony, festival, festivities ‫ حافل‬ḥāfil pl. ‫ حفل‬ḥuffal, ‫ حوافل‬ḥawāfil2 full (‫ ب‬of), filled, replete (‫ ب‬with); abundant, copious, lavish; much frequented, well attended (by visitors, participants, etc.), numerous (of attendance); solemn, ceremonial, festive

‫ متحفظ‬mutaḥaffiẓ vigilant, alert, wary, cautious; reticent, reserved, aloof; staid, sedate ‫ مستحفظ‬mustaḥfaẓ pl. -āt reserve (mil.) ‫ حفل‬ḥafala i (ḥafl) to gather, assemble, congregate; to flow copiously; to be replete, teem, superabound (‫ ب‬with); to pay attention, attend, give one’s mind (‫ب‬ or ‫ ل‬to s.th.), concern o.s. (‫ ب‬with), make much (‫ ب‬of), set great store (‫ ب‬by) │ ‫ال‬ ‫(حفل به‬lā ḥafla) indifferent, of no consequence II to adorn, decorate, ornament (‫ ب ه‬s.th. with) VIII to gather, rally, throng together; to celebrate (‫ ب‬s.th., s.o.); to concern o.s. (‫ ب‬or ‫ ل‬with), attend, pay attention. give one’s mind (‫ ب‬or ‫ ل‬to s.th.); to honor, welcome, receive kindly ( ‫ ب‬s.o.)

‫ حافلة‬hāfila pl. -āt, ‫ حوافل‬ḥawāfil 2 O autobus ‫ محتفل‬muḥtafil: ‫ المحتفلون‬the participants in a festive event, the celebrators ‫ محتفل‬muḥtafal assembly place, gathering place; party; ‫ محتفل به‬celebrated ‫ حفن‬ḥafana u to scoop up with both hands (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to give a little (‫ ل‬to s.o.) ‫ حفنة‬ḥafna pl. ḥafanāt handful 1

(‫ حفو‬and ‫ حفى( حفي‬ḥafiya a (‫ حفاوة‬ḥafāwa) to receive kindly and hospitably, to welcome, receive with honors, honor (‫ب‬ s.o.) V to behave with affection, be affectionate (‫ ب‬toward) VIII do.; to celebrate (‫ ب‬an occasion, a festival)

‫ حفل‬ḥafl gathering, meeting, assembling; assembly, congregation, throng, crowd; performance, show, public event; celebrations; feast, festival ‫ حفلة‬ḥafla pl. -āt assembly, gathering, meeting, congregation; party; (social or public) event; show, performance (theater, cinema); concert; festivity, ceremony, festival, festive event, celebration │ ‫حفلة‬ ‫التأبين‬commemoration. Commemorative, ceremony for a deceased person; ‫الحفلة‬ ‫( األولى‬ūlā) premiere; ‫ حفلة حافلة‬numerous assembly; ‫( حفلة خيرية‬ḳairīya) charity performance, charity event; ‫ حفلة الدفن‬addfn funeral ceremony, obsequies; ‫حفلة دينية‬ (dīnīya) religious ceremony, Divine Service; ‫ حفلة ساھرة‬and ‫ حفلة سمر‬ḥ. samar evening party, soirée; ‫ حفلة سينمائية‬motionpicture show; ‫ حفلة الشاي‬tea party; ‫حفلة العرس‬ ḥ. al-‘urs wedding;‫( حفلة االستقبال‬public) reception; ‫ حفلة موسيقية‬concert ‫ حفيل‬ḥafīl eager, assiduous, diligent ‫ محفل‬maḥfil pl. ‫ محافل‬maḥāfil2 assembly, congregation, meeting, gathering; party;

‫ حفي‬ḥafīy welcoming, receiving kindly, greeting (‫ ب‬s.o., s.th.) ‫ حفاوة‬ḥafāwa friendly reception, welcoming, welcome, salutation (‫ ب‬of s.o.) ‫ احتفاء‬iḥtifā’ reception, welcome, salutation (‫ ب‬of s.o.); celebration, festivity 2

‫حفي‬ḥafiya a (‫ حفاء‬ḥafā’) to go barefoot; to have sore feet ‫ حاف‬ḥāfin pl. ‫ حفاة‬ḥufāh barefoot(ed)

‫ حق‬ḥaqqa i u to be true, turn out to be true, be confirmed; to be right, correct; (also pass. ḥuqqa) to be necessary, obligatory, requisite, imperative (‫ على‬for s.o.), be incumbent (‫ على‬upon s.o.); to be adequate, suitable, fitting, appropriate (‫ على‬for s.o.); to be due (‫ ل‬s.o.); ‫ يحق له‬he is entitled to it, he has a right to it; ‫ حق عليه‬he deserved it (punishment); -- u to ascertain (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), make sure, be sure (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to

recognize. identify (‫ ه‬s.o.) II to make s.th. (‫ )ھـ‬come true; to realize (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., a hope), carry out (‫ ھـ‬e.g., a wish), carry into effect, fulfill, put into action, consummate, effect, actualize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to implement (‫ ھـ‬e.g., an agreement); to produce, bring on, yield (‫ ھـ‬results); to determine, ascertain, find out, pinpoint, identify (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to prove s.th. (‫ )ھـ‬to be true, verify, establish, substantiate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to confirm, assert, aver, avouch, affirm (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to be exact, painstaking, meticulous, careful (‫ ھـ‬in doing s.th.), e.g., ‫( حقق النظر‬naẓara) to look closely; to study, examine, investigate, explore (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), look, inquire (‫ ھـ‬into s.th.); to verify, check (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ في‬s.th.); to investigate (‫في‬ s.th., police); to make an official inquiry ( ‫ ھـ‬into s.th.), institute an investigation (‫ھـ‬ of or into; court; jur.); to interrogate (‫مع‬ s.o.), conduct a hearing (‫ مع‬of s.o.; jur.) III to contend for a right (‫ ه‬with s.o.), contest or litigate a right (‫ ه‬against s.o.) IV to tell the truth; to be right (‫ في‬in s.th.); to enforce (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., a legal claim) V to prove true. turn out to be true, be confirmed, prove to be correct; to materialize, become a fact; to be realized, be effected, come into effect; to be examined, be explored; to ascertain (‫ھـ‬ s.th., also ‫)من‬, make sure, reassure o.s., gain proof, convince o.s., be convinced, be sure, be certain (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to check, verify (‫ ھـ‬or ‫من‬. s.th.); to be serious (‫ب‬ about s.th.) X to be entitled, have a claim ( ‫ ھـ‬to s.th.); to claim (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), lay claim (‫ھـ‬ to); to deserve, merit (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), be worthy ( ‫ ھـ‬of); to require, demand, 191 necessitate, make requisite (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to fall due. become payable (sum of money), mature. become due (note); to be due (‫ ل‬s.o.) │ ‫( يستحق الذكر‬dikra) worth mentioning, noteworthy; ‫( ال يستحق عليه الرسم‬rasmu) not subject to a fee. free of charge ‫ حق‬ḥaqq truth; correctness, rightness; rightful possession. property; one’s due; duty; proper manner; true, authentic, real; right, fair and reasonable; correct, sound, valid; ‫ الحق‬an attribute of God; (pl. ‫حقوق‬ ḥuqūq) right, title, claim, legal claim (‫في‬ to); ‫ الحقوق‬law, jurisprudence, legal science; ‫ حقا‬ḥaqqan really, in reality, in effect, actually, in fact, indeed, truly, in

truth; justly, rightly, by rights │‫ احقا ذلك؟‬is that (really) so? really? ‫ بحق‬justly, rightly, by rights; ‫ بالحق‬truly, in reality, actually; properly, appropriately, in a suitable manner; ‫ بحق‬bi-haqqi and ‫ في حق‬as to ..., as for ..., with respect to, concerning, regarding; ‫ ھو على حق‬he is in the right; ‫الحق‬ ‫ معن‬you are right; ‫ الحق عليك‬you are wrong; ‫ ھو حق عليك‬it is your duty; ‫ ھذا حقي عليكم‬you owe this to me; ‫‘( عرفانا لحقھا عليه‬irfānan) in recognition of what he owed her; ‫ من حقه‬he is entitled to it, it is his due; ‫كان من حقه ان‬ he should have ..., he ought to have …; ‫له‬ ‫ الحق في‬he is entitled to ...; ‫والحق يقال‬ (yuqāl) one may say, it must be admitted, it’s only fair to say, say what you will ..., ... though (as a parenthetical phrase); ‫( عرف حق المعرفة‬ḥaqqa l-ma‘rifa) to know exactly, know for certain, know very well, also ‫( علم حق العلم‬ḥaqqa l-‘ilm); ‫ فھم حق الفھم‬fahima ḥaqqa l-fahm to understand precisely, comprehend thoroughly, be fully aware; ‫السعادة الحقة‬ (sa‘āda) true happiness; ‫ كلية الحقوق‬kullīyat al-ḥ. law school, faculty of law ‫ حق‬ḥuqq hollow, cavity; socket of a joint (anat.); also = ‫ حقة‬ḥuqqa ‫ حقة‬ḥuqqa pl. ‫ حقق‬ḥuqaq, ‫ حقاق‬ḥiqāq, ‫ احقاق‬aḥqāq small box, case, pot or jar; receptacle, container; -- (pl. -āt, ‫حقق‬ ḥuqaq) a weight (Syr., Pal.) = ‫ اقة‬uqqa; ‫حقة‬ ١.٢٨٠ = ‫ استانبولية‬kg (Ir.) ‫ احق‬aḥaqq2 worthier, more deserving ( ‫ ب‬of s.th.); more entitled (‫ ب‬to s.th.) ‫ حقيق‬ḥaqīq pl. ‫ احقاء‬aḥiqqā’2 worthy, deserving (‫ ب‬of s.th.), fit, competent, qualified; entitled (‫ ب‬to) ‫ حقيقة‬ḥaqīqa pl. ‫ حقائق‬ḥaqā’iq2 truth, reality (also philos.); fact; the true state of affairs, the facts; true nature, essence; real meaning, true sense; ḥaqīqatan really, in reality, in effect, actually, in fact, indeed, truly, in truth │ ‫ رأيته على حقيقته‬I saw its true nature, as it really is; ‫ في حقيقة األمر‬in reality, really, actually; ‫ ليس له حقيقة‬it does not really exist, it is not real ‫ حقيقي‬ḥaqīqī real, true; actual; proper, intrinsic, essential; genuine; authentic; positive

‫ حقوقي‬ḥuqūqī juristic(al); (pl. -ūn) jurist, jurisprudent, lawyer ‫ احقية‬aḥaqqīya legal claim, title, right

‫ محقوق‬maḥqūq worthy, deserving (‫ ل‬،‫ب‬ of), fit, competent, qualifying (‫ ل‬،‫ ب‬for); wrong, at fault, on the wrong track

‫ حقاني‬ḥaqqānī correct, right, proper, sound, valid, legitimate, legal

‫ محقق‬muḥaqqiq investigator; inquirer; examining magistrate

‫ حقانية‬ḥaqqānīya justice, law │ ‫وزارة‬ ‫ الحقانية‬Ministry of Justice (formerly Eg.)

‫ محقق‬muḥaqqaq sure, certain, beyond doubt, unquestionable, indubitable; assured, established, accepted, recognized │ ‫من المحقق ان‬it is certain that ..., it is a fact that …

‫ تحقيق‬taḥqīq realization, actualization, effectuation, implementation; fulfillment (of a claim, of a wish, etc.); achievement, accomplishment, execution; ascertainment, determination, identification, verification; substantiation; assertion, affirmation, confirmation; pinpointing, precise determination; exactness, accurateness, precision; (= ‫تحقيق‬ ‫ النطق‬t. an-nuṭq) precise pronunciation; -(pl. -āt) verification, check, checkup, investigation; official or judicial inquiry, 192 inquest │‫ التحقيق ان‬it is a matter of fact that ..., it is certain that ...; ‫على التحقيق‬ properly speaking, strictly speaking, actually; exactly, precisely; positively, definitely; ‫ عند التحقيق‬properly speaking, strictly speaking, actually; ‫ تحقيق الشخصية‬t. aš-šaḳšīya identification (of a person), proof of identity; ‫شھادة تحقيق الشخصية‬ šahādat t. aš-šaḳšīya identity card; ‫قلم تحقيق‬ ‫ الشخصية‬qalam t. aš-š. bureau of identification; ‫ تحقيق الذاتية‬t. ad-dātīya identification; ‫ قاضي التحقيق‬examining magistrate; ‫ تحقيق األرباح‬realization of profits (stock market) ‫ احقاق‬iḥqāq: ‫ احقاقا للحق‬iḥqāqan li-l-ḥaqq (so) that truth may prevail ‫ تحقق‬taḥaqquq ascertainment, making sure; conviction, certainty, certitude; verification, check, checkup ‫ استحقاق‬istiḥqāq pl. -āt worthiness, deservingness, merit; one’s due or desert; maturity, payability, falling due (of a sum of money); reclaiming or calling in of s.th. due, demand of a right; vindication (1.1. Law), replevin, detinue│‫عن استحقاق‬ deservedly, justly, by rights; ‫بدون استحقاق‬ undeservedly; ‫ تاريخ االستحقاق‬date of maturity (e.g., of a bond); ‫االستحقاق اللبناني‬ (lubnānī) name of a Lebanese order

‫ محق‬muḥiqq telling the truth, in the right, being right ‫ محقق‬mutaḥaqqiq convinced, sure, certain, positive ‫ مستحق‬mustaḥiqq entitled; claiming; beneficiary (of a wakf); deserving, worthy │‫ مستحق الدفع‬m. ad-daf‘ due, payable (sum) ‫ حقب‬VITI to put into one's bag, to bag (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ حقب‬ḥuqb pl. ‫ احقاب‬aḥqāb, ‫ حقاب‬ḥiqāb long stretch of time, long period ‫ حقبة‬ḥiqba pl. ‫ حقب‬ḥiqab long time, stretch of time; period, age │ ‫حقبة من الزمان‬ ḥiqbatan min az-zamān for quite a time, for some time ‫ حقب‬ḥaqab pl. ‫ احقاب‬aḥqāb a kind of ornamental belt ‫ حقاب‬ḥiqāb pl. ‫ حقب‬ḥuqub a kind of ornamental belt ‫ حقيبة‬ḥaqība pl. ‫ حقائب‬ḥaqā’ib2 valise, suitcase, traveling bag; leather bag │ ‫حقيبة‬ ‫ دبلوماسية‬diplomatic pouch; ‫حقيبة النقود‬ portemonnaie, change purse; ‫ حقيبة اليد‬ḥ. al-yad ladies’ purse, handbag ‫ حقد‬ḥaqida a, ḥaqada i (ḥaqd, ḥiqd) to harbor feelings of hatred (‫ على‬against) IV to incite to hatred or resentment, embitter, envenom (‫ ه‬s.o.) V = I; VI to hate one another ‫ حقد‬ḥiqd pl. ‫ احقاد‬aḥqād, ‫ حقود‬ḥuqūd hatred, malice, spite, resentment, rancor ‫ حقيدة‬ḥaqida pl. ‫ حقائد‬ḥaqā’id2 hatred, malice, spite, resentment, rancor ‫ حقود‬ḥaqūd full of hatred, spiteful, resentful, malicious, malevolent, rancorous

‫ حاقد‬ḥāqid full of hatred, spiteful, resentful, malicious, malevolent, rancorous; pl. ‫ حقدة‬ḥaqada malevolent people ‫ حقر‬ḥaqara i (ḥaqr) to despise, scorn, disdain (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to look down (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ on), have a low opinion (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬of); -ḥaqura u 193 to below, base, contemptible, despicable; to be despised, degraded, humiliated II to disparage, decry, depreciate (‫ ه‬s.o.), detract, derogate (‫ ه‬from s.o.); to degrade, debase, humble, humiliate; to regard with contempt, despise, scorn, disdain (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VIII to despise, scorn, disdain (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), look down (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬on) X to regard as contemptible or despicable, disdain, despise (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), look down (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ on)

‫ حقن‬ḥaqana u (ḥaqn) to hold back, withhold, keep back, detain, retain (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to suppress, repress, restrain (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to keep to o.s. (‫ السر‬as-sirra the secret); to spare (‫ دمه‬damahū s.o.’s blood or life); to give (‫ ه‬s.o.) an injection (med.) VIII to become congested (esp. blood); to suffer from strangury; to take an enema, a clyster; to be injected │‫احتقن وجھه‬ (wajhahū) his face was flushed, his face turned red ‫ حقن‬ḥaqn retention, withholding; sparing; injecting. injection (med.) │ ‫حقنا‬ ‫ لدمائھم‬ḥaqnan li-dimā’ihim in order to spare their blood; ‫حقن في حبل الوريد‬ intravenous injection (med.) ‫ حقنة‬ḥuqna pl. ‫ حقن‬ḥuqan injection (med.); hypodermic; clyster; enema ‫ محقنة‬miḥqana pl. ‫ محاقن‬maḥāqin2 syringe (med.)

‫ حقير‬ḥaqīr pl. ‫ حقراء‬ḥuqarā’2 low, base, mean, vulgar, vile; little, small, paltry, inconsiderable, poor, wretched, miserable; despised; despicable, contemptible

‫ احتقان‬iḥtiqān congestion │ ‫ احتقان الدم‬iḥt. ad-dam vascular congestion ‫ محتقن‬muḥtaqan reddened by blood congestion, flushed, red (face)

‫ احقر‬aḥqar2 lower, baser, more contemptible ‫ حقارة‬ḥaqāra lowness, vulgarity, baseness, vileness, meanness; smallness, paltriness, insignificance, poorness, wretchedness, miserableness; despicability, contemptibleness; ignominy, infamy ‫ تحقتر‬taḥqīr contempt, disdain, scorn; degradation, humiliation, abasement ‫ احتقار‬iḥtiqār contempt, disdain, scorn │ ‫(نظر اليه بعين االحتقار‬bi-‘aini l-iḥt.) to regard s.o. with contempt, look down one’s nose at s.o. ‫ محتقر‬muḥtaqar despised; contemptible, despicable ‫ حقل‬ḥaql pl. ‫ حقول‬ḥuqūl field (also fig. = domain); column │ ‫حقول البترول‬oil fields; ‫ حقل الزيت‬ḥ. az-zait, ‫ حقل النفط‬ḥ. an-nafṭ oil field; oil area; ‫ حقول التجارب‬experimental fields; ‫( حقل كھربائي‬kahrabā’ī) electric field ‫ حقلي‬ḥaqlī field- (in compounds) ‫ محاقلة‬muḥāqala sale of grain while still in growth, dealing in grain futures (Isl. Law)

‫ حقو‬ḥaqw pl. ‫ حقاء‬ḥiqā’, ‫ احقاء‬aḥqā’ loin, groin │‫ شدد حقويه‬šaddada ḥaqwaihi to gird one’s loins 1

‫ حك‬ḥakka u (ḥakk) to rub, chafe; to scrape; to scratch; to rub off, scrape off, scratch off, abrade (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │ ‫( حك في صدره‬ṣadrihī) it impressed him, affected him, touched s.th. inside him IV to itch V to rub o.s., scrape, chafe (‫ ب‬against); to pick a quarrel (‫ب‬ with s.o.) VI to rub or scrape against each other VIII to rub o.s. scrape, chafe (‫ب‬ against); to be in contact, in touch (‫ب‬ with) │ ‫( احتك في صدره‬ṣadrihī) it impressed him, affected him, touched s.th. inside him ‫ حك‬ḥakk rubbing, chafing; friction; scratching ‫ حك‬ḥakka itching; scabies, itch (med.) ‫ حكاك‬ḥakkāk lapidary 194 ‫ محك‬miḥakk touchstone; test │‫ثبت على‬ ‫ محك النظر‬tabata ‘alā m. in-naẓar to stand a critical test ‫ محكة‬miḥakka currycomb ‫ تحاك‬taḥākk (reciprocal) friction

‫ احتكاك‬iḥtikāk pl. -āt (reciprocal) friction; close touch or contact; friction (fig., = dissension, controversy) │‫من غير‬ ‫ احتكاك‬min gair ḥt. frictionless ‫ محكك‬muḥakkak chafed, worn away 2

‫ حكة‬ḥukka (tun., = ḥuqqa) pl. ‫ حكك‬ḥukak small box, case, pot or jar

‫ حكر‬VIII to buy up, hoard and withhold, corner (‫ ھـ‬a commodity); to monopolize (‫ ھـ‬a commercial article); to have exclusive possession (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), hold a monopoly ( ‫ ھـ‬over s.th.) ‫ حكر‬ḥikr, ḥukr and ‫ اجرة الحكر‬ujrat al-ḥ. ground rent, quitrent ‫ حكر‬ḥakar, ḥukar hoarded ‫ حكرة‬ḥukra hoarding (of goods); monopoly ‫ حاكورة‬ḥākūra small vegetable garden ‫ احتكار‬iḥtikār pl. -āt cornering, buying up; monopoly; preferential position; supremacy, hegemony │ ‫احتكار تجارة البن‬albunn coffee-trade monopoly; ‫احتكار السكر‬ iḥ. as-sukkar sugar monopoly ‫ احتكاري‬iḥtikārī rapacious, grasping, greedy ‫ حكم‬ḥakama u (ḥukm) to pass judgment, express an opinion (‫ في‬،‫ على‬on s.th.), judge (‫ على‬s.th., ‫ ب‬by, from); to decide, give a decision, pass a verdict, pass sentence (‫على‬ on); to sentence (‫ على‬s.o., ‫ ب‬to a penalty; said of the judge), impose, inflict (‫ ب‬a penalty) on s.o. (‫ ;)على‬to pronounce a verdict or judgment, deliver judgment, rule (‫ ل‬in s.o.’s favor); to adjudicate, adjudge, award (‫ ب ل‬to s.o. s.th.); to take ( ‫ ب‬s.th.) as a standard or norm; to have judicial power, have jurisdiction, have authority (‫ على‬and ‫ ه‬over), govern, rule, dominate, control (‫ على‬or ‫ ه‬s.o.); to order, command (‫ ب‬s.th.); to bridle, check, curb ( ‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬s.th., s.o.) │ ‫( حكم عليه باالعدام‬ḥukima, i‘dām) he was sentenced to death; ‫حكم‬ ‫( بإدانته‬bi-idānatihī) to convict s.o., find s.o. guilty (jur.); ‫( حكم ببراءته‬bi-barā’atihi) to acquit s.o. (jur.) II to appoint (‫ ه‬s.o.) as ruler; to choose (‫ ه‬s.o.) as arbitrator, make (‫ ه‬s.o.) the judge (‫ في‬over or in s.th., ‫بين‬ between) III to prosecute (‫ ه‬s.o.); to arraign, bring to trial, hale into court (‫ه‬

s.o.); to interrogate, hear (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) firm, strong, sturdy, solid; to fortify (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to strengthen, consolidate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to do well, do expertly, master (‫ ھـ‬field, work), be proficient (‫ ھـ‬in) │ ‫( احكم امره‬amrahu) to do s.th. thoroughly, carefully, properly; ‫احكم‬ ‫( قفل الباب‬qafla l-bāb) to lock the door firmly; ‫( احكم لغة‬lugatan) to master a language V to have one's own way (‫ في‬in), proceed (‫ في‬with) at random, at will, handle (‫ في‬s.th.) arbitrarily; to pass arbitrary judgment (‫ في‬on); to make o.s. the judge (‫ على‬of), pass judgment (‫ على‬on); to decide (‫ ب‬on); to rule, reign, hold sway (‫ في‬over); to dominate, control (‫ في‬s.th.), be in control, be in command (‫ في‬of) VI to bring one another before the judge (‫الى‬ ‫ ;)الحاكم‬to appeal (‫ الى‬to) for a legal decision; to be interrogated, be heard (in court) VIII to have one’s own way (‫ في‬in), proceed (‫ في‬with, in s.th.) at will, at random, handle (‫ في‬s.th.) arbitrarily, judge arbitrarily; to rule, reign, hold sway (،‫على‬ ‫ في‬over); to be in control, be in possession (‫ على‬of); to appeal (‫ الى‬to) for a legal decision, seek a decision (‫ الى‬from), have s.o. (‫ )الى‬decide X to be strong, sturdy, solid, firm; to become stronger, be strengthened, be 195 consolidated; to take root, be or become deep-rooted, deepseated, ingrained, inveterate, marked, pronounced (feeling, trait) ‫ حكم‬ḥukm pl. ‫ احكام‬aḥkām judgment, valuation, opinion; decision, (legal) judgment, verdict, sentence; condemnation, conviction; administration of justice; jurisdiction, legal consequence of the facts of a case (Isl. Law); regulation, rule, provision, order, ordinance, decree; judiciousness, wisdom, judgeship, command, authority, control, dominion, power; government, regime; pl. ‫ احكام‬statutes, by-laws, regulations, rules, provisions, stipulations, principles, precepts; ‫ حكما‬ḥukman virtually; legally │ ‫ بحكم‬bi-ḥukmi by virtue of, on the strength of, pursuant to, by force of; ‫ في حكم‬as good as, all but, e.g., ‫( ھو في حكم‬fī ḥukm l-‘adam) it is as good as nothing, it is practically nonexistent; ‫ اصبح في حكم المقرر‬aṣbaḥa fī ḥukmi l-muqarrar it is all but decided, ‫كان‬ ‫ في حكم الشيء‬also: to be subject to s.th.; ‫نزل‬

‫ على حكمه‬to give in, yield to s.o., ‫حكم البراءة‬ ḥ. al-barā’a acquittal, ‫( حكم حضوري‬ḥuḍūrī) judgment delivered in the presence of the litigant parties, after oral proceedings (jur.), ‫( الحكم باالعدام‬i‘dām) death sentence; ‫( حكم غيابي‬giyābī) judgment by default (jur.); ‫( الحكم الذاتي‬dātī) self-determination, autonomy (pol.); ‫( الحكم الجمھوري‬jumhūrī) the republican form of government, the republican regime; ‫( الحكم المطلق‬muṭlaq) the absolute, i.e., authoritarian, regime, ‫الحكم‬ ‫( النھائي‬niyābī) the parliamentary regime, parliamentarianism; ‫ لجنة الحكم‬lajna al-ḥ. board of examiners, review board; ‫االحكام‬ ‫‘( العرفية‬urfīya) martial law; ‫احكام انتقالية‬ (intiqālīya) provisional regulations (jur.); ‫( احكام ختامية‬ḳitāmīya) final regulations (jur.); ‫( احكام خاصة‬ḳāṣṣa) special regulations; ‫( لكل سن حكمه‬sinn) every age has its own set of rules, must be judged by its own standards, ‫( للضرورة احكام‬li-ḍḍarūra) necessity has its (own) rules, (approx.: necessity knows no law) ‫ حكمي‬ḥukmī legal ‫( حكمدار‬eg.; pronounced ḥikimdār) commandant; chief of police ‫( حكمدارية‬eg.; pronounced ḥikimdārīya) commandant’s office ‫ حكم‬ḥakam pl. ‫ حكام‬ḥukkām arbitrator, arbiter; umpire, referee ‫ حكمة‬ḥikma pl. ‫ حكم‬ḥikam wisdom; sagacity; philosophy, maxim, rationale, underlying reason │ ‫( لحكمة‬with foll. genit.) on account of, because of ‫ حكمي‬ḥikmī gnomic, aphoristic, expressing maxims │ ‫( الشعر الحكمي‬ši'r) gnomic poetry ‫ حكمة‬ḥakama pl. -āt bit (of a horse’s bridle) ‫ حكيم‬ḥakīm pl. ‫ حكماء‬ḥukamā’2 wise, judicious; wise man, sage; philosopher; physician, doctor ‫ حكيمباشي‬ḥakīmbāšī senior physician, chief surgeon ‫ حكومة‬ḥukūma pl. -āt government ‫ حكومي‬ḥukūmī of government, governmental; official, state-owned, statecontrolled of the state, state- (in compounds)

‫ احكم‬aḥkam2 wiser ‫ محكمة‬maḥkama pl. ‫ محاكم‬maḥākim2 court, tribunal │ ‫ محكمة االستئناف‬m. alisti’nāf court of appeal, appellate court; ‫( محكمة اھلية‬ahlīya) indigenous court (Eg.; jurisdiction limited to Egyptian nationals), ‫( محكمة ابتدائية‬ibtidā’īya) court of first instance, ‫( محكمة ابتدائية كلية‬kullīya) civil court with jurisdiction in cases of major importance, at the same time appellate instance of ‫( محاكم جزئية‬Eg.); 196 ‫محكمة‬ ‫( جزئية‬juz’īya) in Eg., lowest court of both ‫( محاكم اھلية‬approx.: district courts) and of ‫ محاكم شرعية‬canonical courts (with jurisdiction in marital and family matters); summary court; ‫ محكمة الجنايات‬m. al-jinīyāt criminal court; ‫محاكم األحوال الشخصية‬ (šaḳṣīya) courts dealing with vital statistics; ‫( محكمة مختلطة‬muḳtaliṭa) mixed court (with jurisdiction over residents of foreign nationality); ‫( محكمة شرعية‬šar’īya) canonical court (administering justice on the basis of the Sharia), court dealing with family matters of Muslims; ‫محكمة مركزية‬ (markazīya) county court, dealing with minor offenses, esp. misdemeanors (Eg.); ‫ محكمة القضاء االداري‬m. al-qaḍā’ al-idārī administrative court; ‫ محكمة النقض واالبرام‬m. an-naqḍ wa-l-ibrām Court of Cassation, the highest court of appeal in Egypt; ‫ محكمة التمييز‬Court of Cassation (Syr., Leb. = ‫ محكمة النقض واالبرام‬in Eg.); ‫ساحة المحاكم‬ tribunals ‫ تحكيم‬taḥkīm appointment of an arbitrator; arbitration; arbitral decision, award; pl. ‫ تحكيمات‬fortifications │ ‫تحكيم‬ ‫ الحال‬starting from the present state of a court’s findings (Isl. Law); ‫ھيئة التحكيم‬ hai’at at-t. board of arbitration; jury, committee of judges, committee of umpires (in sports), committee of referees (in mil. maneuvers); ‫( لجنة تحكيمية‬lajna) do. ‫ محاكمة‬muḥākama judicial proceeding; trial, hearing (in court); legal prosecution ‫ احكام‬iḥkām perfection; accuracy, exactness, exactitude, precision; exact performance, precise execution │ ‫باالحكام‬accurately, exactly, precisely; ‫بالغ في‬ ‫ االحكام‬of highest perfection ‫ تحكم‬taḥakkum arbitrariness, arbitrary powers or action; despotism; domination,

dominion, rule, sway, power; control (‫في‬ of, over) ‫ تحكمي‬taḥakkumī arbitrary; despotic ‫ استحكام‬istiḥkām intensification, increase, strengthening; consolidation, stabilization; fortification; pl. ‫استحكامات‬ fortifications ‫ حاكم‬ḥākim ruling, governing; decisive; --(pl. -ūn, ‫ حكام‬ḥukkām) ruIer, sovereign; governor; judge │ ‫(حاكم‬bi-amrihī) autocratic; autocrat, dictator; ‫حاكم عام‬ (‘āmm) governor general; ‫ حاكم المباراة‬almubārāh umpire, referee (athlet.); ‫حاكم‬ ‫ الصلح‬ḥ. aṣ-ṣulḥ (Syr.) justice of the peace; ‫ حاكم الناحية‬ḥ. an-nāḥiya (Tun.) district magistrate ‫ حاكمية‬ḥākimīya domination, dominion, rule, sovereignty; judgeship, judicature, jurisdiction (ir.) ‫ محكوم عليه‬maḥkūm ‘alaih sentenced (‫ب‬ to) │ ‫(محكوم عليھم باالعدام‬i‘dām) those sentenced to death; ‫( محكوم عليه بالفشل‬fašal) doomed to fail ‫ محكم‬muḥakkam pl. -ūn arbitrator, arbiter; umpire, referee (‫ في‬in, over) ‫ محكم‬muḥkam strengthened, reinforced; firm, solid, sturdy; tight, taut; perfect, masterly, masterful; well-aimed (blow, hit); accurate, precise, exact │ ‫محكم التدبير‬ well-planned, well-contrived ‫ مستحكم‬mustaḥkam reinforced, fortified; strengthened, consolidated, strong; inveterate, deep-seated, deep-rooted, ingrained (custom, trait, etc.); pl. ‫مستحكمات‬ defenses, fortifications ‫ حكمدارية‬،‫ حكمدار‬see ‫حكم‬ ‫ حكى‬ḥakā i (‫ حكاية‬ḥikāya) to tell, relate ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), report, give an account (‫ ھـ‬of); to speak, talk (syr., leb.); to imitate, copy (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to resemble (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) III to imitate, copy (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), assimilate o.s. (‫ھـ‬ to); to be similar (‫ ھـ‬to), be like s.th. (‫)ھـ‬, resemble (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), be attuned, adjusted, adapted (‫ ھـ‬to), be in harmony (‫ ھـ‬with) 197 ‫ حكاية‬ḥikāya pl. -āt story, tale, narrative, accountj (gram.) literal quotation (of the words of others) ‫ محاكاة‬muḥākāh imitation; similarity, resemblance; harmony

‫ حاك‬ḥākin narrator, storyteller; phonograph; O loudspeaker, radio ‫ محكي‬maḥkīy imitated, imitation (adj.) ‫ حكيمباشي‬see ‫حكم‬ 1

‫ حل‬ḥalla u (ḥall) to untie (‫ ھـ‬a knot), unbind, unfasten, unravel, undo (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to solve (‫ ھـ‬a problem, a puzzle); to decipher, decode (‫ ھـ‬s.th.): to dissolve in water (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; chem.); to resolve (‫ ھـ‬s.th. into its components), analyze (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to melt (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to decompose, disintegrate ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to disband, break up, dissolve (‫ھـ‬ an organization or party, parliament); to open, unpack (‫ ھـ‬a package, and the like); to loosen, relax (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to release, set free, let go (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ه‬s.o.); to clear, exonerate, exculpate (‫ من ه‬s.o. from), absolve (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ من‬from his sins; Ch,.); pass. ḥulla to be free; to be relaxed; -- i u ( ‫ حلول‬ḥulūl) to dismount, alight, stop, halt; to settle down, stay (‫ ب‬at a place, also ‫في‬ and ‫ ھـ؛ على‬with s.o., at s.o.’s house), come (for a visit, ‫ على‬to); to take up residence (‫ھـ‬ in a place or country); to descend, come down; to descend (‫ على‬upon s.o.; wrath); to overcome, overwhelm (‫ على‬s.o.; sleep); to befall (‫ ب‬and ‫ على‬s.o.; punishment, suffering), occur, happen (‫ ب‬to s.o.); to become incarnate (‫ في‬in s.o.; God); to set in, arrive, begin (time, season); -- i to pass into solution, dissolve: to fade (color); -- i (ḥill) to be allowed, permitted, permissible, lawful; to be due, payable (debt) │‫( حل في منصب‬manṣib) to take over or hold an office; ‫( حل محله‬maḥallahū) to be in the right place; ‫ حل محل‬،‫حل محل فالن‬ ‫( الشيء‬maḥalla) to take the place of s.o. or s.th., replace, supersede s.o. or s.th., substitute for s.o. or s.th.; ‫حلت في قلبه محال‬ (qalbihī) she held a place in his heart; ‫حل‬ ‫( محل التقدير لديه‬maḥalla t-taqdīri ladaihi) to enjoy s.o.’s. high esteem; ‫حل من نفوس القراء‬ ‫( محل‬min nufūsi l-qurrā’i maḥalla listiḥsān) to appeal to the readers, meet with the readers' approval II to dissolve, resolve (into its component parts), break up, decompose, analyze (‫ ھـ‬s.th.): to make a chemical analysis (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.): to be dissolvent, act as a solvent (‫ ھـ‬on; med.): to discharge, absolve, clear, exonerate, exculpate (‫ ه‬s.o.); (‫ تحلة‬taḥilla) to expiate an oath: to make permissible or lawful,

legitimate, sanction, justify, warrant (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to declare permissible or lawful, allow, permit (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to discharge, release, absolve, disengage (‫ من ه‬s.o. from); to declare (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) lawful, legally permissible, permit, allow (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to cause to set in or occur, bring about, produce, cause to take root, establish, stabilize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.): to cause (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) to take or occupy the place (‫ ھـ‬of), shift, move, translocate (‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., a tribe, to a place); to settle (‫ بين ھـ‬s.th. among) │‫احله‬ ‫( محل‬maḥallahū) to cause s.o. or s.th. to take the place of s.o. or s.th. else, replace s.o. or s.th. by, substitute s.o. or s.th. for, take s.o. or s.th. as substitute for; ‫أحل الشيء‬ ‫( محل العناية‬maḥalla l-‘ināya) to pay attention to s.th., make s.th. one’s concern V to dissolve, melt, disintegrate; to disengage o.s., disassociate o.s., extricate o.s., free o.s. (‫ من‬from) VII to be untied (knot); to be solved, be unraveled (problem); to be dissolved, be broken up, be disbanded (also, of an organization, a party, etc.); to dissolve, melt; to become .lock, limp, weak, loose, relaxed; to disintegrate; to melt away VIII to settle down (‫ ھـ‬at a place); to occupy (mil., ‫ ھـ‬a territory); to assume, take over, occupy, hold, have (‫ ھـ‬a place, 198 a rank, an office) │‫( احتل المكان األول‬al-makāna lawwala) to occupy the foremost place; ‫( احتل أعماله‬a‘mālahū) to take over s.o.’s functions X to regard (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) as permissible or lawful, think that one may do s.th. (‫ ;)ھـ‬to regard as fair game, as easy prey, seize unlawfully, misappropriate, usurp (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ حل‬ḥall pl. ‫ حلول‬ḥulūl untying, unfastening, undoing (of a knot); solution (of a problem, of a puzzle, etc.); unriddling, unraveling, explanation; solution (chem.); dissolution, disbandment, breaking up (of all organization, etc.), abolition, cancellation, annulment; release, freeing, liberation; decontrol, release, unblocking (e.g., of a blocked sum); discharge. clearing, exoneration, exculpation; absolution (Chr.) │‫ قابل للحل‬soluble, solvable; O ‫الحل‬ ‫( الطيفي‬ṭaifī) spectral analysis; ‫اھل الحل والعقد‬ ahl al-ḥ. wa-l-‘aqd or ‫( اھل الحل والربط‬rabṭ) influential people, those in power; ‫في حله‬

‫( وترحاله‬tarḥālihī) in all his doings, in everything he did ‫ حل‬ḥill: (‫( عن( كان في حل من‬ḥillin) he was free to …, he was at liberty to ...; he had free disposal of ...; ‫ انت في حل من‬you’re free to ..., you may readily ... ‫ حلة‬ḥalla pl. ‫ حلل‬ḥilal low copper vessel; cooking pot (eg.) ‫ حلة‬ḥilla way station, stopping place, stop, stopover; encampment; absolution (Chr.); dispensation (Chr.) ‫ حلة‬ḥulla pl. ‫ حلل‬ḥulal clothing, dress, garb; vestments (ecclesiastic; Chr.); (complete) suit of clothes; (Western) suit │‫( حلة رسمية‬rasmīya) uniform; ‫ حلة السھرة‬ḥ. as-suhra formal dress ‫ حالل‬ḥalāl that which is allowed, permitted or permissible; allowed, permitted, permissible, allowable, admissible, lawful, legal, licit, legitimate; lawful possession │‫ ابن حالل‬ibn ḥ. legitimate son; respectable man, decent fellow ‫ حلول‬ḥulūl stopping, putting up, staying; descending, coming on, befalling, overtaking; incarnation; setting in, advent, arrival (of a time, of a deadline), beginning, dawn; substitution (for s.o.) ‫ حليل‬ḥalīl pl. ‫ احالء‬aḥillā’2 husband ‫ حليلة‬ḥalīla pl. ‫ حالئل‬ḥalā’il2 iI' wife ‫ احليل‬iḥlīl outer opening of the urethra; urethra (anat.) ‫ محل‬maḥall pl. -āt, ‫ محال‬maḥāll2 place, location, spot, site, locale, locality, center; (place of) residence; business; business house, firm, commercial house; store, shop; object, cause (e.g., of dispute, admiration, etc.); gear (automobile) │‫حل‬ ‫ محله‬and ‫ احله محله‬see ‫ حل‬I and IV; ‫محله‬ (maḥallahū) in his (its) place; ‫ في محله‬in his (its) place, in his (its) stead, instead of him; ‫ كان في محله‬to be in the right place; to be appropriate, expedient, advisable; to be justified, warranted; ‫ في غير محله‬improper, misplaced, unsuitable, ill-suited; out of place; inappropriate, inexpedient, inopportune; ‫ صادف محله‬ṣādafa maḥallahū to be convenient, be most opportune; ‫ال‬ ‫( محل له‬maḥalla) there is no room for ... ; it

is out of place, quite déplacé; ‫ محل العمل‬m. al-‘amal place of employment; ‫محل االقامة‬ m. al-iqāma (place of) residence, address; ‫( محل نجاري‬tijārī) business house, commercial house; ‫المحالت العمومية‬ (‘umūmīya, tijārīya) public utilities and commercial houses; ‫ اسم المحل‬ism al-m. firm; ‫ محل رھونات‬m. ruhūnāt pawnshop; ‫محالالت السياحة‬m. as-siyāḥfa travel agencies; ‫ محل مرطبات‬m. muraṭṭibāt refreshment parlor; ‫ محل اللھو‬m. al-lahw and ‫ محل المالھي‬m. al-malāhī (pl. ‫)محال‬ amusement center; ‫ محل نزاع‬m. nizā‘ object 199 of controversy, controversial matter; ‫ ال ارى محال لعجب‬lā arā m. li-‘ajabin I don’t see any reason for amazement, there is nothing to be astonished about; ‫ محل‬m. naẓar s.th. deserving attention, a striking, remarkable thing ‫ محلي‬maḥallī local; native, indigenous; parochial; pl. ‫ محليات‬local news, local page (of a newspaper) ‫ محل‬maḥill due date; date of delivery ‫ محلة‬maḥalla pl. -āt way station, stopping place, stop, stopover, encampment; camp; section, part, quarter (of a city) │‫( المحلة الكبرى‬kubrā) Mahalla el Kubra (city in N Egypt) ‫ تحليل‬taḥlīl dissolution, resolution, breaking up, decomposition, specification, detailing, analyzation; (pl. ‫ تحاليل‬taḥālīl2) analysis (chem.); absolution (Chr.) │ ‫ بالتحليل‬in detail; ‫ معمل تحليل‬ma‘mal t. laboratory for chemical analyses; ‫تحليل‬ ‫( كھربائي‬kahrabā’ī) electrolysis; ‫التحليل‬ ‫( )النفسي )النفساني‬nafsī) psychoanalysis ‫ تحليلي‬taḥlīlī analytic(al)

‫ محلول‬maḥlūl solved; dissolved, resolved, broken up; loose; untied, unfastened, unfettered, free, at large; weakened, prostrate, exhausted, languid; solution (liquid; chem.) │‫ محلول الشعر‬m. aš-ša‘ar with loose, disheveled hair ‫ محلل‬muḥallil analyzer ‫ منحل‬munḥall solved; dissolved, resolved, broken up; disbanded; languid, prostrate, weak; permitted, allowed ‫ جيوش محتلة‬juyūš muḥtalla occupation forces 2

‫ حيلولة‬see ‫حول‬

2

‫ حلب‬ḥālaba i u (ḥalb) to milk (‫ ھـ‬an animal) │ ‫ حلب الدھر اشطره‬ḥalaba d-dahra ašṭurahū he has seen good and bad days V to run, drip, trickle, ooze, seep, leak; to water. drool (mouth, with appetite) │‫تتحلب له‬ ‫( األفواه‬afwāh) making the mouth water, appetizing; ‫( تحلب اللعاب في فمي‬al-lu‘ābu fī famī) my mouth was watering VIII to milk (‫ ھـ‬an animal) X do.; to squeeze juice (‫ھـ‬ from) ‫ حلب‬ḥalb milking ‫ حلب‬ḥalab milk ‫ حلبة‬ḥalba pl. ḥalabāt race track; arena; dance floor; race horses │‫ حلبة الرقص‬ḥ. arraqṣ dance floor; ‫ انه ليس من تلك الحلبة‬he is not made for that, he doesn’t belong there, it is not in his line; ‫ فارس حلبة ب‬a master of, excelling or outstanding in ‫ حلبة‬ḥulba fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum; bot.); tonic, prepared of yellowish grains, for women in childbed (eg., syr.)

‫ تحلل‬taḥallul dissolution, breakup; separation, disengagement, disassociation

‫ حليب‬ḥalīb milk │‫ لبن حليب‬laban ḥ. cow’s milk (eg.)

‫ انحالل‬inḥilāl dissolution, breakup, decomposition; disintegration; decay, putrefaction; slackening, exhaustion, prostration, weakness, impotence

‫ حلوب‬ḥalūb lactiferous │‫بقرة حلوب‬ (baqara) milk cow; ‫( الماشية الحلوب‬māšiya) dairy cattle

‫ احتالل‬iḥtilāl occupation (mil.) │‫جيوش‬ ‫ االحتالل‬occupation forces

‫ حالبة‬ḥallāba milkmaid, dairymaid; dairywoman; milk cow 200

‫ احتاللي‬iḥtilālī occupying, occupation (used attributively); advocate of foreign occupation

‫ محلب‬maḥlab mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb; bot.)

‫ حالب‬ḥallāb milker

‫ حالب‬ḥālib ureter

‫ مستحلب‬mustaḥlab emulsion│‫مستحلب اللوز‬ m. al-lauz almond milk 2

‫ حلب‬ḥalab2 Aleppo

‫ حلتيت‬ḥiltīt, ḥaltīt asafetida (Ferula assafoetida; bot.) ‫ حلج‬ḥalaja i u (ḥalj, ‫ حليج‬ḥalīj) to gin (‫ھـ‬ cotton) ‫ حلج‬ḥalj ginning (of cotton) ‫ حليج‬ḥalīj ginning (of cotton); ginned (cotton) ‫ حالجة‬ḥilāja cotton ginner’s work or trade ‫ حالج‬ḥallāj cotton ginner ‫ محلج‬miḥlaj, ‫ محلجة‬miḥlaja pl. ‫محالج‬ maḥālij2 cotton gin ‫ محلج‬maḥlaj pl. ‫ محالج‬maḥālij2 cotton ginnery

s.o.) swear, exact an oath (‫ ه‬from s.o.); to adjure, entreat earllestly (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ حلف‬ḥalf, ḥilf swearing, oath│ ‫حلف اليمين‬ taking the oath ‫ حلف‬ḥilf sworn alliance, confederacy, league; federation; (pl. ‫ احالف‬aḥlāf) ally│ ‫‘( حلف عسكرى‬aakarī) military alliancc; ‫( الحلف االطلنطى‬aṯlanṯī) the Atlantic Pact ‫ حليف‬ḥaīf pl. ‫ حلفاء‬ḥulafā’2 confederate; ally; allied │‫ الحلفاء‬the Allies (pol.) ‫ حليفة‬ḥalīfa pl. -āt f. of ‫حليف‬ ‫ حلوف‬ḥallūf pl. ‫ حالليف‬ḥalālīf2 (magr., eg.) wild boar; pig, swine ‫ حلفاء‬ḥulafā’ and ‫ حلفة‬ḥalfa (bot.) alfa, esparto ‫ تحليف‬taḥlīf swearing in │‫لجنة التحليف‬ lajnat at-t. the jury (in court) ‫ محالفة‬muḥālafa alliance

‫ حلحل‬ḥalḥala to remove, drive away, shove away II taḥalḥala to stir from one’s place; to move, stir, budge

‫ تحالف‬taḥāluf state of alliance; alliance, treaty of alliance

‫ حلزون‬ḥalazūn snail; spiral

‫ محلف‬muḥallaf sworn, bound by oath; (pl. -ūn) juror (in court)

‫ حلزونة‬ḥalazūna (n. un.) snail; spiral ‫ حلزونى‬ḥalazūnī spiral, helical, volute, winding ‫ حلس‬ḥalisa a to remain, stay permanently (‫ ب‬at a place), stick (‫ ب‬to a place) ‫ حلس‬ḥi1s pl. ‫ احالس‬aḥlās (with foll. genit.) one addicted or given to s.th., one adhering to s.th.│‫ احالس اللھو‬a. al-lahw people given to pleasure and amusement, bons vivants, playboys ‫ حلس‬ḥils pl. ‫ احالس‬aḥlās, ‫ حلوس‬ḥulūs saddle blanket ‫ احلس‬aḥlas2, f. ‫ حلساء‬ḥulasā’2 bay, chestnut (horse) ‫ حلف‬ḥalafa i (ḥalf, ḥilf) to swear ( ‫ با‬by God)│ ‫( حلف يمينا‬yamīnan) to take an oath II to make (‫ ه‬s.o.) swear; to put to oath, swear in (‫ ه‬s.o.); to adjure, entreat earnestly (‫ه‬ s.o.) III to enter into a confederation, into an alliance (‫ ه‬with s.o.), become an ally (‫ه‬ of s.o.) VI to commit one another by oath (‫ على‬to do s.th.), join in alliance; to ally, makc an alliance (‫ مع‬with) X to make (‫ه‬

‫ متحالف‬mutaḥālif interallied, allied ‫ حلق‬ḥalaqa i (ḥalq) to shave (‫ ھـ‬the head, the face); to shave off (‫ ھـ‬the beard) II to circle in the air, hover; to fly, soar (bird; airplane; ‫ على‬and ‫ )فوق‬over or above s.th.); to round, make round, circular or ringshaped (‫ ھـ‬Sotho); to 201 ring, surround, encircle (‫ على‬s.o., s.th.); to clothe V to form a circle, sit in a circle; to gather in a circle (‫ على‬around s.o.) ‫ حلق‬ḥalq shaving, shave; (pl. ‫ حلوق‬ḥulūq, ‫ احالق‬aḥlāq) throat, gullet, pharynx ‫ حلقى‬ḥalqī guttural, pharyngeal ‫ حلق‬ḥalaq rings, earrings ‫ حلقة‬ḥalqa, ḥalaqa pl. ‫ حلق‬ḥalaq, ‫حلقات‬ ḥalaqāt ring (also earring, etc.); link (of a chain); circle (also of people); group of students studying under a professor, hence: lecture, course (e.g., at Al Azhar University); part of a sequence or series; ringlet; disk; decade; market│ ‫ حلقة النجاة‬ḥ. an-najāh life buoy, life preserver; Jl- ‫حلقة‬ ‫ االتصال‬ḥ. al-ittiṣāl and ‫ حلقة الوصل‬ḥ. alwaṣl connecting link (‫ بين‬between; fig.);

‫ الحلقة المفقودة‬the missing link, the intermediate form; ‫فى الحلقة السادسة من عمره‬ (‘umrihī) in the sixth decade of his life, in his fifties; ‫ حلقة االسماك‬fish market; ‫حلقة القطن‬ ḥ. al-quṯn cotton market ‫ حلقي‬ḥalaqī annular, ring-shaped, circular ‫ حالق‬ḥallāq pl. -ūn barber │‫حالق صحي‬ (ṣiḥḥī), ‫ حالق الصحة‬ḥ. aṣ-ṣiḥḥa barbersurgeon ‫ حليق‬ḥalīq shaved, shaven, shorn ‫ حالقة‬ḥallāqa shaving, shave; barber’s trade │ ‫ صابون الحالقة‬ṣābūn al-ḥ. shaving soap; ‫ صالون الحالقة‬barbershop; ‫قاعة الحالقة‬ qā‘at al-ḥ. do.; O ‫ ماكينة حالقة‬and O ‫آلة حالقة‬ safety razor ‫ محلق‬miḥlaq pl. ‫ محالق‬maḥāliq2 straight razor ‫ تحليق‬taḥlīq flying, flight (of all aircraft; ‫ على‬and ‫ فوق‬over a country); take-off (of an airplane) ‫ من حالق‬min ḥāliq from above ‫ حلقوم‬ḥulqūm pl. ‫ حالقم‬ḥalāqim2 throat, gullet │ ‫ راحة الحلقوم‬rāḥat al-ḥ. a kind of sweet made of cornstarch, sugar, mastic and pistachios (eg.) ‫ حلك‬ḥalika a (ḥalak) to be pitch-black, deepblack XII ‫ احلولك‬iḥlaulaka do. ‫ حلك‬ḥalak intense blackness ‫ حلكة‬ḥulka intense blackness ‫ حلك‬ḥalik pitch-black, deep-black; gloomy, murky ‫ حلوكة‬ḥulūka gloominess, darkness; blackness ‫ حالك‬ḥālik pitch-black, deep-black; gloomy, murky ‫ حلم‬ḥalama u to dream (‫ ب‬or ‫ عن‬of; ‫ فى ان‬of being, becoming, doing, etc., in the future); to muse, reflect, meditate (‫ ب‬on s.th.); to attain puberty; -- ḥaluma u to be gentle, mild-tempered VIII to attain puberty

‫ حلم‬ḥulum sexual maturity, puberty │ ‫بلغ‬ ‫الحلم‬to attain puberty ‫ حلم‬ḥilm, pl. ‫ حلوم‬ḥulūm, ‫ احالم‬aḥlām gentleness, clemency, mildness; forbearance, indulgence; patience; insight, discernment, understanding, intelligence, reason │ ‫ صغار االحالم‬simpleminded people, simple souls ‫ حلم‬ḥalam (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬tick; mite; nipple, teat, mammilla (of the female breast) ‫ حلمي‬ḥalamī parasitic; mammillary, nipple-shaped ‫ حليم‬ḥalīm, pl. ‫ حلماء‬ḥulamā’ 2 mild, mildtempered, gentle; patient 202 ‫حلوم‬ḥālūm, ‫ حالوم‬ḥālūm a kind of Egyptian cheese ‫ حالم‬ḥālim pl. -ūn dreamer ‫ محتلم‬muḥtalim sexually mature, pubescent, marriageable (‫ حلو‬and ‫ )حلى‬ḥaluwa u, ḥaliya a, ‫ حال‬ḥalā u ( ‫ حالوة‬ḥalāwa, ‫ حلوان‬ḥulwān) to be sweet; to be pleasant, agreeable (‫ ل‬to s.o.) │‫حال له‬ ‫ الشيء‬he enjoyed the thing; ‫ حال له ان‬it pleased him that ..., he was delighted that ...; ‫( حسبما يحلو له‬ḥasabamā) at his discretion, as he pleases; -- ‫ حلى‬ḥalā i to adorn, grace; -- ‫ حلى‬ḥaliya a to be adorned (‫ ب‬with) II to sweeten (II s.th., e.g., a beverage with sugar); to adorn, bedeck, embellish, attire, furnish, provide (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ s.o., s.th., ‫ ب‬with) V to adorn o.s., be adorned, decked out, embellished, graced, endowed, furnished, provided (‫ ب‬with) X to find sweet or pleasant, like (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), be delighted (‫ ھـ‬by) ‫ حال‬ḥalan sweetness, pleasantness ‫ حلو‬ḥulw sweet; pleasant, nice, charming, delightful, pretty │‫ حلو الحديث‬a gifted raconteur, amusing, entertaining; ‫( الغدة الحلوة‬gudda) pancreas (anat.) ‫ حلي‬ḥaly pl. ‫ حلي‬ḥulīy piece of jewelry, trinket

‫ حلم‬ḥulm, pl. ‫ احالم‬aḥlām, dream; pl. irreality, utopia

‫ حلية‬ḥilya pl. ‫ حلى‬ḥilan, ḥulan decoration, embellishment, finery; ornament

‫ حلمي‬ḥulmī dream- (in compounds), of or pertaining to dreams

‫ حلوى‬ḥalwa pl. ‫ حالوى‬ḥalāwa candy, confection, confectionery, sweetmeats

‫ حلواء‬fi.alwa'2 candy, confection, con·

‫( التيفية‬tīfīya) typhoid fever, typhus fever; ‫ حمى الدق‬ḥ. d-diqq hectic fever; ‫ حمى الربع‬ḥ. r-rib‘ quartan fever; ‫ الحمى الراجعة‬relapsing fever; ‫ الحمى الصفراء‬or ‫الحمى الصفراوية‬ (ṣafrā’, ṣafrāwīya) yellow fever; ‫حمى الغب‬ ḥ. l-gibb tertian fever; ‫الحمى الفحمية‬ (faḥmīya) anthrax; ‫الحمى القرمزية‬ (qirmizīya) scarlet fever; ‫ حمى القش‬ḥ. lqašš hayfever; ‫( الحمى القالعية‬qulā‘īya) footand-mouth disease; ‫الحمى المخية الشوكية‬ (mukkīya, šaukīya) cerebrospinal meningitis; ‫( الحمى المتموجة‬mutamawwija) undulant fever, Malta fever, brucellosis; ‫( الحمى النفاسية‬nifāsīya) puerperal fever, childbed fever; O ‫( الحمى النمشية‬namašīya) spotted fever

fectionery, sweetmeats ‫ حلويات‬ḥalwayāt (and eg. ḥalawīyāt) sweets (in general); sweet pastry; candies, confectionery, sweetmeats ‫ حالوة‬ḥalāwa sweetness; candies, confectionery, sweetmeats; grace, gracefulness, charm, refinement, wittiness, wit; present of money; ransom │ ‫( حالوة حمصية‬ḥummuṣīya) a sweet made of roasted chick-peas; ‫حالوة طحينية‬ (ṭahīnīya) a sweet made of sesame-seed meal; ‫( حالوة لوزية‬lauzīya) a sweet made of almonds ‫ حلوان‬ḥulwān present of money, gratuity, tip

‫ حمي‬ḥummī feverish, febrile, fever- (in compounds)

‫ حلواني‬ḥalwānī and ‫ حلوائي‬ḥalwā’ī confectioner, candy dealer; pastry cook, fancy baker

‫ حمام‬ḥamām (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. -āt, ‫حمائم‬ ḥamā’im2 dove, pigeon │‫ حمام الزاجل‬carrier pigeon; ‫ ساق الحمام‬bugloss, oxtongue (Anchusa officinalis; bot.)

‫ ما احيلى‬mā uḥailā oh, how sweet is ..., ‫ ما احياله‬oh, how sweet he is!

‫ حمام‬ḥimām (fate of) death

‫ تحلية‬taḥliya decoration, embellishment, ornamentation

‫ حمام‬ḥammām pl. -āt bath; swimming pool; spa, watering place │‫ حمام شمس‬ḥ. šams sunbath; ‫( حمامات بحرية‬baḥrīya) seaside resorts

‫ محلى‬muḥallan sweetened; decorated, embellished, adorned, ornamented (‫ب‬ with) 1

‫ حميم‬ḥamīm pl. ‫ احماء‬aḥimmā’2 close friend; close, intimate; -- hot water

‫ حم‬ḥam pl. ‫ احماء‬aḥmā’ father-in-law; pl. relatives of the wife by marriage, in-laws of the wife

‫ احم‬aḥamm2, f. ‫ حماء‬ḥammā’2, pl. ‫حم‬ ḥumm black

‫ حماة‬ḥamāh pl. ‫ حموات‬ḥamawāt motherin-law; see also 1 ‫ حمى‬and 2‫حمى‬ 2

‫ حم‬ḥuma see 2 ‫حمو‬

3

‫ حم‬ḥamma u (ḥamm) to heat, make hot (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); pass. ḥumma to be feverish, have a fever │‫( حم له ذلك‬ḥumma) that was decreed to him, that is his lot, his destiny II to heat, make hot (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to bathe, wash (‫ھـ‬ or ‫ ه‬s.o. or s.th.) IV to heat, make hot (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) X to bathe, take a bath ‫ حمة‬ḥamma hot spring ‫ حمة‬ḥumma blackness, swarthiness, dark coloration; fever ‫ حمم‬ḥumam (n. un. ‫ )ة‬charcoal; anything charred or carbonized; ashes, cinder; lava ‫ حمى‬ḥumma f., pl. ‫ حميات‬ḥummayāt fever, fever heat │‫ الحمى التيفودية‬and ‫الحمى‬

‫ محم‬miḥamm hot-water kettle, caldron, boiler ‫ استحمام‬istiḥmām bathing, bath ‫ محموم‬maḥmūm feverish, having a fever; frantic, hectic 1

‫ حمأ‬ḥama’a a to clean out, dredge (‫ ھـ‬a well)

‫ حمأ‬ḥama’, ‫ حمأة‬ḥam’a mud, mire, sludge 2

‫ حمئ‬ḥami’a to be or become angry, furious, mad (‫ على‬at s.o.)

‫ حمحم‬ḥamḥama (‫ حمحمة‬ḥamḥama) to neigh, whinny (horse) ‫ حمحمة‬ḥamḥama neigh(ing), whinnying, whinnies ‫ حمحم‬ḥimḥim oxtongue, bugloss (Anchusa officinalis; bot.)

‫ حمد‬ḥamida a (ḥamd) to praise, commend, laud, extol (‫ على ه‬s.o. for, ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to praise highly (‫ ه‬s.o.)

‫ حمور‬ḥumūr red, red color(ation), redness ‫ حميرة‬ḥumaira redstart (zool.)

‫ حمد‬ḥamd commendation, praise, laudation │ ‫ الحمد‬al-ḥamdu lillāh thank God! praise be to God! praised be the Lord! ‫ حميد‬ḥamīd praiseworthy, laudable, commendable; benign, harmless (disease) ‫ حمود‬ḥamūd praiseworthy, laudable, commendable, praised ‫ احمد‬aḥmad2 more laudable, more commendable ‫ الشريعة األحمدية‬aš-šarī‘a al-aḥmadīya Mohammedan Law ‫ محمدة‬maḥmada pl. ‫ محامد‬maḥāmid2 commendable act; pl. ‫ محامد‬praises, encomiums

‫ حمار‬ḥammār pl. ‫ ة‬donkey driver ‫ احمر‬aḥmar2, f. ‫ حمراء‬ḥamrā’2, pl. ‫حمر‬ ḥumr red, red-colored, ruddy; rosy, pink │ ‫ دون األحمر‬،‫ تحت األحمر‬infrared; ‫البحر األحمر‬ the Red Sea; ‫ الصليب األحمر‬the Red Cross; ‫( الموت األحمر‬maut) violent death; ‫الھوى‬ ‫( األحمر‬hawā) sexual intercourse; ‫األحمران‬ (“the two red ones”, i.e.) wine and meat; ‫“( االسود واالحمر‬the black and the red”, i.e.) all mankind; ‫ احمر الشفاه‬lipstick ‫ حمراء‬ḥamrā’2 smut, rust (disease affecting cereals); ‫ الحمراء‬Alhambra, the Citadel of Granada ‫ يحمور‬yaḥmūr red; deer, roe, roebuck; wild ass; hemoglobin (physiol.)

‫ محمود‬maḥmūd praised; commendable, laudable, praiseworthy

‫ احمرار‬iḥmirār reddening, blush(ing), redness, red coloration; erythema (med.)

‫ محمد‬muḥammad praised; commendable, laudable

‫ محمر‬muḥammar roasted │‫بطاطس محمرة‬ (baṭāṭis) fried potatoes ‫ حمز‬ḥamaza i (ḥamz) to bite, or burn, the tongue (taste)

‫ محمدي‬muḥammadī pertaining or attributable to Mohammed ‫ حمدل‬ḥamdala to pronounce the formula "Praise be to God!” ‫ حمدلة‬ḥamdala the formula above)

‫الحمد‬

‫( الحمد‬see

‫ حمر‬II to redden, color or dye red (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to roast (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to fry (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to brown (‫ھـ‬ flour in preparing a roux) IX to turn red, take on a reddish color, redden, blush 204 ‫ حمر‬ḥumar asphalt ‫ حمري‬ḥumarī asphaltic, asphalt, tar, tarry ‫ حمرة‬ḥumra redness, red color(ation), red; rouge (cosm.); brick dust, brick rubble; erysipelas, St. Anthony's fire (med.) ‫ حمار‬ḥimār pl. ‫ حمير‬ḥamīr, ‫ حمر‬ḥumur, ‫ احمرة‬aḥmira donkey, ass │‫ حمار الوحش‬ḥ. al-waḥš and ‫( حمار وحشي‬waḥšī) wild ass, onager; ‫ سم الحمار‬samm al-ḥ. oleander (Nerium oleander; bot.) ‫ حمارة‬ḥimāra pl. ‫ حمائر‬ḥamā’ir2 she-ass, female donkey

‫ حمس‬ḥamisa a to work with zeal, be zealous, eager, ardent, be or become enthusiastic, get all worked up, get excited, be filled with fanatic enthusiasm V = I; to be overzealous or over-enthusiastic (‫ في‬in s.th.); to advocate fervently (‫ ل‬s.th.), throw o.s. wholeheartedly behind s.th. (‫)ل‬ ‫ حمس‬ḥamis and ‫ احمس‬aḥmas2 unflinching, staunch, steadfast, ardent, eager, zealous, stout, hearty; fiery, enthusiastic, full of enthusiasm ‫ حماس‬ḥamās, and ‫ حماسة‬ḥamāsa enthusiasm, fire, ardor, fervor, zeal, fanaticism ‫ حماسي‬ḥamāsī enthusiastic, ardent, fiery, zealous, fanatic; stirring, rousing, thrilling, electrifying ‫ تحمس‬taḥammus unflinching zeal, enthusiasm (‫ ل‬for), fanaticism ‫ متحمس‬mutaḥammis enthusiastic, ardent, fiery, zealous, fanatic; an ardent follower, a fanatic adherent, a fanatic

‫ حمش‬ḥamaša u to excite, irritate, infuriate, enrage (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ حمشة‬ḥamša catgut (med.) 1

‫ حمص‬II to roast; to fry, broil (A s.th.) ‫ حمص‬ḥimmiṣ, ḥimmmaṣ; (colloq.) ḥummuṣ (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬chick-pea

2

‫ حمص‬Mm,' Homs (the ancient Emesa, city in oentral Syria)

‫ حمض‬ḥamuḍa u (‫ حموضة‬ḥumūḍa) to be or become sour II to make sour, sour, acidify, acidulate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to develop (‫ ھـ‬a photographic plate, a film; phot.); to cause (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) to oxidize ‫ حمض‬ḥamaḍa pl. ‫ احماض‬aḥmāḍ acid (chem.) │‫( حمض بولي‬baulī) uric acid ‫ شجر حمضي‬šajar ḥamḍī citrus trees ‫ حمضية‬ḥamḍīya pl. -āt citrus fruit 205 ‫ حموضة‬hummūḍa sourness, acidity │ ‫ مولد الحموضة‬muwallid al-ḥ. oxygen (chem.) ‫ حماض‬ḥammāḍ, ‫ حميض‬ḥummaiḍ sorrel (bot.) ‫ تحميض‬taḥmīḍ souring, acidification; development (phot.) ‫ احماض‬iḥmāḍ jocular language, joking remark ‫ حامض‬sour, acid; acidulous; (pl. ‫حوامض‬ ḥawāmiḍ) acid (chem.) │‫ حامض الفحم‬ḥ. alfaḥm carbonic acid: ‫( حامض كبريتي‬kibrītī) sulphuric acid ‫ حمق‬ḥamiqa a and ḥamuqa u (ḥumq, ‫حماقة‬ ḥamāqa) to be stupid, silly, foolish, fatuous; to become angry or furious II and IV to regard (‫ ه‬s.o.) as a fool, consider (‫ه‬ s.o.) dumb, stupid, idiotic n pretend to be stupid VII to become angry or furious X to consider (‫ ه‬s.o.) dumb, stupid, idiotic ‫ حمق‬ḥumq stupidity, silliness, foolishness, folly ‫ حماقة‬ḥamāqa stupidity, silliness, foolishness, folly; anger, wrath ‫حماق‬ ḥumāq, ḥamāq smallpox, variola (med.) ‫ حمق‬aḥmaq2, f. ‫ حمقاء‬ḥamqā’2, pl. ‫حمق‬ ḥum(u)q, ‫ حمقى‬ḥamqā, ‫ حماقى‬ḥamāqā dumb, stupid, silly, foolish, fatuous; fool, simpleton, imbecile

‫ حمق‬ḥamqān dumb, stupid, silly, foolish; angry, furious ‫ حمل‬ḥamala i (ḥaml) to carry, bear (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to lift, pick up (‫ ھـ‬s.th. in order to carry it), load up and take along (‫ ھـ‬s.th.): to hold (‫ھـ‬ s.th., in one’s hand); to carry on or with one. take or bring along (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to transport, carry, convey (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to bring, take (‫ الى‬or ‫ ل ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.); to take upon o.s. (‫ عن‬instead of or for s.o., ‫ ھـ‬a burden), carry, assume (‫ ھـ‬the burden, ‫ عن‬of s.o. else), relieve (‫ ھـ عن‬s.o. from s.th.), take ( ‫ ھـ‬a burden, a grievance, etc.) from s.o. ( ‫ ;)عن‬to extend, show, evince, cherish, ha.rbor (‫ ھـ‬a feeling, ‫ ل‬toward s.o.); to become or be pregnant (‫ من‬by s.o.): to bear fruit (tree); to induce, cause, prompt, get (‫ على ه‬s.o. to do s.th.), make s.o. (‫ )ه‬do s.th. (‫ ;)على‬to convert, bring around, win over (‫ على رأيه ه‬s.o. to one’s opinion), convince (‫ على رأيه ه‬s.o. of one’s opinion); to attack (‫ على‬s.o.), also ‫حمل حملة على‬ (ḥamlatan) to launch or make an attack on; to know by beart (‫ ھـ‬a book); to relate, refer (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to). bring (‫ ھـ‬s. th.) to bear (‫ على‬upon s.th.), link, correlate, bring into relation (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ على‬with); to trace, trace back (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to); to ascribe, attribute, impute (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.); to make (‫ ھـ‬a word) agree grammatically (‫على‬ with another) │ ‫حمل في نفسه‬to feel annoyed, be in a melancholy mood, feel blue; ‫ حمل على نفسه‬to pull o.s. together, brace o.s.; ‫( حمله على محمل‬maḥmali) to take s.th. to mean …, interpret or construe s.th. in the sense of …, as if it were ...; ‫حمله على‬ ‫ غير محمل‬to misinterpret, misconstrue s.th.; ‫( حمله محمل الجد‬maḥmala l-jidd) to take s.th. seriously, take s.th. at face value II to have or make (‫ ه‬s.o.) carry or bear (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), load, burden, charge, task (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o. or s.th. ‫ ھـ‬with), impose (‫ ھـ ه‬on s.o. s.th.) V to hear, assume, take upon o.s. (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., ‫ النفقات‬an-nafaqāt the expenses, ‫ المسؤولية‬almas’ūlīya the responsibility); to bear up ( ‫ ھـ‬under), bear, stand, sustain, endure, tolerate, stomach (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to undergo, suffer (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to be able to stand (‫ ه‬s.o.) or put up (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to set out, get on one’s way; to depart VI to maltreat, treat unjustly (‫ على‬s.o.), be prejudiced, be biased, take sides (‫ على‬against s.o.); to

struggle to 206 one’s feet, rise with great effort │ ‫( تحامل على نفسه‬nafsihi) to brace o.s.; to pull o.s. together, take heart, pluck up courage VIII to carry, bring (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to carry away, take away, haul off, lug off (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to suffer, undergo, bear, stand, endure, sustain (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to allow, permit, suffer, tolerate, brook, stomach (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), acquiesce (‫ ھـ‬in), put up, bear (‫ ھـ‬with s.th.); to hold (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), have capacity (‫ھـ‬ for); to imply that s.th. (‫ )ھـ‬is possible, permissible, or conceivable; ‫يحتمل‬ yaḥtamilu and (pass.) yuḥtamalu (it is) bearable, tolerable; (it is) conceivable, possible, probable, likely ‫ حمل‬ḥaml carrying, bearing; inducement, prompting, encouragement (of s.o., ‫ على‬to); delivery; transport, transportation, conveyance; portage, carrying charges; -- (pl. ‫ احمال‬aḥmāl, ‫حمال‬ ḥimāl) foetus; pregnancy │‫عدم الحمل‬ ‘adam al-ḥ. sterility (of a woman) ‫ حمل‬ḥiml, ḥaml pl. ‫ احمال‬aḥmāl cargo, load, burden │‫ حمل حي‬ḥaml ḥayy pay load, commercial load, live load; ‫حمل ميت‬ mayyit) dead load; dead weight (arch.); ‫( حمل موازن‬muwāzin) counterpoise, counterweight ‫ حمل‬ḥamal pl. ‫ حمالن‬ḥumlān, ‫احمال‬ aḥmāl lamb; (unconsecrated) Host (Chr.Copt.); Aries, Ram (astron.) ‫ حملة‬ḥamla pl. ḥamalāt attack (‫ على‬on); offensive; campaign; military expedition; expeditionary force │‫( حملة تأديبية‬ta’dībīya) punitive expedition; m‫حملة صحافيي‬ (ṣiḥāfīya) press campaign; ‫حملة استكشافية‬ (istikšāfīya) reconnaissance raid (mil.); ‫ حملة ميكانيكية‬motorized detachment (mil.); ‫( حملة انتخابية‬intikābīya) election campaign ‫ حملي‬ḥamalī pl. -īya ambulant water vendor ‫ حميل‬ḥamīl foundling; guarantor, warrantor ‫ حميلة على‬ḥamīla ‘alā a burden to, completely dependent upon ‫ حمول‬ḥamūl long-suffering; gentle, mild-tempered ‫ حمال‬ḥamnāl pl. -ūn, ‫ ة‬porter, carrier

‫ حمالة‬ḥimāla work and trade of a porter or carrier ‫ حمالة‬ḥammāla (carrier) beam, girder, support, base, post, pier, pillar; suspenders │‫( حمالة الصدر‬ṣadr) brassiere ‫ حمولة‬ḥumūla pl. -āt load capacity, load limit, capacity; tonnage (of a vessel); portage, freightage, transport charges; (pl. ‫ حمائل‬ḥamā’il2) family (Ir.) ‫ محمل‬maḥmal see ‫ حمل‬ḥamala; also ‫أخذ‬ ‫( شيئا على محمل الجد‬m. il-jidd) to take s.th. seriously ‫ محمل‬maḥmil (colloq. maḥmal) pl. ‫محامل‬ maḥāmil2 camel-borne litter; mahmal, a richly decorated litter sent by Islamic rulers to Mecca as an emblem of their independence, at the time of the hadj ‫ تحميل‬taḥmīl burdening; encumbrance; imposition; loading, shipping, shipment ‫ تحميلة‬taḥmīla pl. ‫ تحامل‬taḥāmil2 suppository (med.) ‫ تحمل‬taḥammul taking over, assumption (of burdens); bearing, standing, sufferance, endurance; durability; strength,hardiness, sturdiness, solidity (of a material) ‫ تحامل‬taḥāmul prejudice, bias, partiality; intolerance ‫ احتمال‬iḥtimāl bearing, standing, suffering, sufferance, toleration; probability, likelihood, potentiality │‫صعب‬ ‫( االحتمال‬ṣa‘b) hard to bear, oppressive ‫ حامل‬ḥāmil pl. ‫ حملة‬ḥamala porter, carrier; bearer (of a note, of a check, etc.; of an order or decoration); holder (of an identification paper, of a diploma, of a 207 certificate); holding device, holder, clamp, fastener, hold, support (tech.); fighter (‫ على‬against), (pl. ‫ حوامل‬ḥawāmil2) pregnant │‫ حامل البريد‬courier, ‫ حملة األسھم‬ḥ. al-ashum shareholders; ‫ حملة األقالم‬the publicists, the writers; ‫ حامل كالم ﷲ‬ḥ. kalām allāh one who knows the Koran by heart; ‫( تيار حامل‬tayyār) carrier current (el.), ‫( موجات حاملة‬maujāt) carrier waves (el.) ‫ حاملة‬ḥāmila pl. -āt device for carrying, carrier │ ‫حاملة خريطة‬map case; ‫حاملة طائرات‬ ḥ. ṭā’irāt aircraft carrier

‫ محمول‬maḥmūl carried, borne, bearable, tolerable; load weight, service weight, cargo; tonnage (of a vessel); predicate, attribute (logic), ‫ محمول عليه‬subject (logic) │‫( مشاة محمولة‬mušāh) motorized infantry (mil.); ‫ جنود محمولون جوا‬airborne troops (mil.) ‫ محمل‬muḥammal loaded, laden, heavily charged, burdened (‫ ب‬with), encumbered ( ‫ ب‬by) ‫ محتمل‬muḥtamal bearable, tolerable; probable, likely ‫ حملق‬ḥamlaqa (‫ حملقة‬ḥamlaqa) to stare, gaze ( ‫ في‬or ‫ ب‬at) ‫ حماليا‬ḥimalāyā Himalaya 1

‫ حمو‬ḥamū (construct state of ‫ حم‬ḥam) and ‫حماة‬ ḥamāh see 1 ‫حم‬

2

‫ )حمو‬and ‫ حمى( حمي‬ḥamiya a to be or become hot; to glow (metal); to flare up; to fly into a rage, become furious (‫ على‬at) │ ‫حمى‬ ‫الوطيس‬fierce fighting broke out II to make hot, heat (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), to heat to glowing (‫ ھـ‬metal); to fire up (‫ ھـ‬a stove); to kindle, inflame, stir up, excite (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to bathe (= 3 ‫ حم‬II) IV to make hot, heat (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ حمو‬ḥamw heat │‫ حمو النيل‬ḥ. an-nīl prickly heat, heat rash, lichen tropicus (eg.) ‫ حمو‬ḥumūw heat ‫ حمة‬ḥuma pl. -āt, ‫ حمى‬ḥuman sting, stinger (of insects); prick, spine (of plants) ‫ حمي‬ḥamīy hot, glowing; heated, exited ‫ حمى‬ḥummā see 3 ‫حم‬ ‫ حمية‬ḥamīya zeal, ardor, fervor; enthusiasm, ardent zeal, fanaticism; violence, vehemence; passion, rage, fury; heat of excitement; temper, temperament │ ‫(الحمية القومية‬qaumīya) chauvinism ‫ حميا‬ḥumayyā heat; excitement, agitation; enthusiasm; fire, passion, impetuosity, vehemence; fury, rage; wine ‫ حماوة‬ḥamāwa heat ‫ محمى‬maḥman fire chamber, furnace (of a stove, oven, etc.)

‫ حام‬ḥāmin hot; heated, violent, fierce (e.g., a battle); glowing, passionate, fiery; burning 1

‫ حمى‬ḥamā i (ḥamy, ‫ حماية‬ḥimāya) to defend, guard (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th., ‫ من‬against), protect, shelter, shield (‫ ه‬،‫ من ھـ‬s.o., s.th. from); to deny (‫ المريض‬the patient) harmful food (‫;ھـ‬ = to put him on diet); to forbid (‫ ان ه‬s.o. to do s.th.) III to defend (‫ من‬s.o. or s.th., also, of a lawyer in court); to shield, protect, support (‫ عن‬s.o. or s.th.), take up the cause of (‫)عن‬, stand up for (‫ )عن‬VI to keep away (‫ ھـ‬from), shun, avoid (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VIII to protect o.s. (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬from s.th., from s.o.), defend o.s., cover o.s. (‫ ب‬with s.th.), seek protection, seek shelter or refuge (‫ ب‬with s.o., also ‫ عند؛ من‬from) ‫ حمى‬ḥiman protection; defense; sanctuary ‫ حمية‬ḥimya that which is defended; diet 208 ‫ حماية‬ḥimāya pl. -āt protection, patronage, sponsorship, auspices; protectorate (pol.) ‫ محاماة‬muḥāmāh defense (jur.); legal profession, practicing of law │ ‫ھيأة المحاماة‬ ḥai’at al-m. the bar ‫ احتماء‬iḥtimā’ seeking cover, seeking protection; cover, shelter, protection ‫ حام‬ḥāmin pl. ‫ حماة‬ḥumāh protector, defender, guardian; patron │ ‫الدولة الحامية‬ (daula) protecting power (of a protectorate) ‫ حامية‬ḥāmiya pl. -āt patroness, protectress; garrison (mil.) ‫ محمي‬maḥmīy protected (‫ ب‬by); being under a protectorate, having the status of a protectorate │‫( منطقة محمية‬minṭaqa) protectorate (country) ‫ محمية‬maḥmīya pl. -āt protectorate (country; pol.) ‫ محام‬muḥāmin pl. ‫ محاميون‬muḥāmūn defense counsel, counselor-at-law, lawyer, barrister, attorney (at law), advocate ‫ محامية‬muḥāmiya woman lawyer ‫ محتم‬muḥtamin one who seeks protection; protégé; being under a

protectorate, having the status of a protectorate 2

‫ حماه‬،‫ حماة‬ḥamāh Hama (city in W Syria)

‫ حن‬ḥanna i (‫ حنين‬ḥanīn) to long, yearn, hanker (‫ الى‬for), crave (‫ الى‬s.th.); -- (‫ حنة‬ḥanna, ‫ حنان‬ḥanān) to feel tenderness, affection, sympathy (‫ على‬for s.o.); to sympathize, commiserate (‫ على‬with), feel compassion ( ‫ على‬for); to pity (‫ على‬s.o.), have mercy (‫على‬ on) II to move, touch, fill with tenderness, soften, fill with compassion (‫ قلبه‬qalbahū s.o.’s heart); to blossom, flower, be in bloom (tree) V to feel sympathy, feel pity, feel compassion (‫ على‬for s.o.), commiserate (‫ على‬with s.o.); to be tender, affectionate ‫ حنة‬ḥanna sympathy; commiseration, compassion, pity; favorable aspect, advantage ‫ حنان‬ḥanān sympathy, love, affection, tenderness; commiseration, compassion, pity; ‫ حنانيك‬ḥanānaika have pity! have mercy! ‫ حنانة‬ḥanāna compassion, pity, commiseration ‫ حنين‬ḥanīn longing, yearning, hankering, nostalgia, craving, desire ‫ حنون‬ḥanūn affectionate, loving, softhearted, tenderhearted, compassionate, merciful; tender, soft, gentle, kind, moving, touching (voice) ‫ حنان‬ḥannān affectionate, loving, tender; compassionate, sympathetic ‫ تحنان‬tiḥnān attachment, devotion, loyalty ‫ تحنن‬taḥannun tenderness, affection, sympathy ‫ حنأ‬II to dye red (‫ ھـ‬s.th., with henna) ‫ حناء‬ḥinnā’ henna (a reddish-orange cosmetic gained from leaves and stalks of the henna plant) │‫ ابو الحناء‬abū l-ḥ. robin (redbreast); ‫( تمر الحناء‬colloq. tamr elḥinna) henna plant (Lawsonia inermis; bot.) ‫ حانبة‬look up alphabetically ‫ حنبلي‬ḥanbalī Hanbalitic, of or pertaining to the madhab of Aḥmad ibn ḥanbal; puritanical,

strict in religious matters; (pl. ‫حنابلة‬ ḥanābila) Hanbalite ‫ حانوتي‬،‫ حانوت‬see ‫حنو‬ ‫ حنث‬ḥanita a (ḥint) with ‫ في يمينه‬or ‫بيمينه‬: to break one’s oath V to practice piety, perform works of devotion; to seek religious purification; to scorn sin, not yield to sin ‫ حنث‬ḥint pl. ‫ احناث‬aḥnāt perjury; sin 209 ‫ حنجرة‬ḥanjara pl. ‫ حناجر‬ḥanājir2 larynx, throat ‫ حنجور‬ḥunjūr pl. ‫ حناجير‬ḥanājīr 2 larynx, throat ‫ حنجل‬ḥanjala to prance (horse); to caper, gambol II taḥanjala to dance, caper, gambol, frisk ‫ حندس‬ḥindis pl. ‫ حنادس‬ḥanādis2 dark night ‫ حندقوق‬ḥandaqūq (bot.) melilot, (yellow) sweet clover (Melilotus) ‫ حنش‬ḥanaš pl. ‫ احناش‬aḥnāš snake ‫ حنط‬II to embalm (‫ ه‬a corpse); to stuff (‫ ھـ‬a carcass) ‫ حنطة‬ḥinṭa wheat ‫حناطة‬ḥināṭa embalming ‫ تحنط‬taḥannuṭ mummification ‫ محنط‬muḥannaṭ mummified ‫‘ عربة الحنطور‬arabat al-ḥanṭūr, victoria, light carriage. designed for two passengers ‫ حنظل‬ḥanẓal (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬colocynth (Citrullue colocynthis; bot.) ‫ حنف‬ḥanafa i to turn or bend sideways ‫ حنيف‬ḥanīf pl. ‫ حنفاء‬ḥunafā’2 true believer, orthodox; one who scorns the false creeds surrounding him and professes the true religion; true (religion) │‫( الدين الحنيف‬din) the True (i.e., Islamic) Religion, also ‫( الحنيفة السمحاء‬samḥā’) ‫ حنفي‬ḥanafī pagan, heathen, idolater (Chr.); Hanafitic (see ‫( ;)حنيفة‬pl. -ūn) Hanafi ‫ حنفية‬ḥanafīya paganism, heathendom (Chr.); Hanafitic madhab (an orthodox school of theology founded by Abu Hanifah); -- (pl. -āt) faucet, tap; hydrant

‫ الحنيفية‬al-ḥanīfīya the True (i.e., Islamic) Religion ‫ احنف‬aḥnaf2 afflicted with a distortion of the foot ‫ حنق‬ḥaniqa a (ḥanaq) to be furious, mad, angry; to be annoyed, exasperated, peeved, irritated (‫ على‬or ‫ من‬at, by), be resentful (‫ على‬or ‫ من‬of) IV to infuriate, enrage, embitter, exasperate, irritate (‫ه‬ s.o.) ‫ حنق‬ḥanaq fury, rage, ire, wrath, anger, exasperation, resentment, rancor ‫ حنق‬ḥaniq furious, mad, angry; resentful, bitter, embittered, annoyed, exasperated, peeved ‫ حانق‬ḥāniq furious, mad, angry; resentful, bitter, embittered, annoyed, exasperated, peeved │‫حانق على الحياة‬ (ḥayāh) weary of life, dispirited, dejected; ‫( حانق على النساء‬nisā’) misogynist ‫ محنق‬muḥannaq infuriated, enraged; embittered, bitter, angry, exasperated, resentful ‫ حنك‬ḥanaka i u, II and IV to sophisticate, make experienced or worldly-wise through severe trials (said of fate, time, age) ‫ حنك‬ḥanak pl. ‫ احناك‬aḥnāk palate ‫ حنكي‬ḥanakī palatal ‫ حنك‬ḥunk, ḥink and ‫ حنكة‬ḥunka worldly experience, worldly wisdom gained through experience, sophistication ‫ محنك‬muḥannak experienced, worldly wise, sophisticated │‫( محنك مبنك‬mubannak) shrewd, smart, sharp (‫ حنو‬and ‫ حنى( حنا‬ḥanā u and ‫ حنى‬ḥanā i to bend, curve, twist, turn; to lean, incline ( ‫ على‬or ‫ الى‬toward s.o.); to feel for s.o. ( ‫)على‬, sympathize (‫ على‬with s.o.), commiserate, pity (‫ على‬s.o.), feel compassion, feel pity (‫ على‬for s.o.); to bend, bow, flex, curve, crook (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to bend, bow, tilt, incline (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; e.g., ‫ رأسه‬ra’sahū one’s head); to sympathize ( ٢١٠ ‫ على‬with s.o.), feel compassion, feel pity (‫ على‬for s.o.), commiserate, pity (‫على‬ s.o.) VII to bend, curve, twist, turn; to be winding, be tortuous, wind, meander (e.g., a road); to turn, deviate, digress (‫عن‬

from); to bow (‫ ل‬to s.o.); to lean, incline ( ‫ على‬or ‫ ;فوق‬over s.th., ‫ الى‬toward s.o., toward s.th.); to devote o.s. eagerly (‫ على‬to s.th.); to contain, harbor (‫ على‬s.th.) │‫ان‬ ‫( ضلوعي ال تنحني على ضغن‬ḍulū‘ī, ḍign) I harbor no grudge, I feel no resentment ‫ حنو‬ḥanw bending, deflection, flexing, flexure, curving, curvature, twisting, turning ‫ حنو‬ḥinw pl. ‫ احناء‬aḥnā’ bend, bow, turn, twist, curved line, curve, contour; pl. ribs │‫ بين احنائھا‬in her bosom ‫ حنو‬ḥunuw sympathy, compassion, tenderness, affection ‫ حني‬ḥanīy bending, deflection, flexing, flexure, curving, ourvature, twisting, turning ‫ حنية‬ḥanya bend, turn, curve ‫ حنية‬ḥanīya pl. ‫ حنايا‬ḥanāyā arc; camber, curvature │‫ في حنايا صدره‬in his bosom; ‫في‬ ‫ حنايا نفسه‬in his heart, deep inside him ‫ حناية‬ḥināya curving, curvature, twisting, turning, bending ‫ حانوت‬see below ‫ محنى‬maḥnan pl. ‫ محان‬maḥānin curvature, bend, flexure, bow, turn, curve ‫ انحناء‬inḥinā’ bend, deflection, curvature; curve; arc; inclination, tilt; how, curtsy ‫ انحناءة‬inḥinā’a (n. vic.) bow, curtsy ‫ الحواني‬al-ḥawānī the longest ribs; (fig.) breast, bosom │‫ بملء حوانيھم‬bi-mil’i ḥ. (they shouted) at the top of their lungs, with all their might ‫ محنى‬maḥnīy bowed, inclined (head); bent, curved, crooked ‫ منحن‬munḥanin bent, curved, crooked, twisted; inclined, bowed ‫ منحنى‬munḥanan pl. ‫ منحنيات‬munḥanayāt bend, flexure, deflection, curvature; turn, twist, break, angle; curve (of a road, end math.); slope ‫ حانوت‬ḥānūt pl. ‫ حوانيت‬ḥawānīt2 store, shop; wineshop, tavern

‫ حانوتي‬ḥānūtī pl. -īya (eg.) corpse washer; undertaker, mortician, gravedigger ‫ حواء‬ḥawwā’2 Eve ‫ حوب‬V to abstain from sin; to lead ‫ ش‬pious life; to refrain, abstain (‫ من‬from s.th.) ‫ حوبة‬ḥauba sin, offense, misdeed, outrage

‫ حاجيات‬ḥājīyyāt everyday commodities, utensils, utilities, necessaries, necessities ‫ احوج‬in greater need (‫ الى‬of s.th.); more necessary ‫ احتياج‬iḥtiyāj want, need, requirement, (pre)requisite, necessity; pl. -āt needs, necessities, necessaries

‫ حوباء‬ḥaubā’2 soul

‫ محاويج‬maḥāwīj2 (pl. of ‫ محوج‬muḥwij) needy, poor, destitute people

‫ حوت‬pl. ‫ حيتان‬ḥītān, ‫ احوات‬aḥwāt fish; whale; Pisces, Fishes (astron.) │‫ حوت سليمان‬ḥ. sulaimān salmon

‫ محتاج‬muḥtāj in need, in want (‫ الى‬of s.th.), requiring (‫ الى‬s.th.); poor, destitute, indigent

‫ حوج‬IV aḥwaja to have need, stand in need, be in went (‫ الى‬of s.th.), need, require, went ( ‫ الى‬s.th.); to put (‫ ه‬s.o.) in need of (‫)الى‬, make necessary (‫ الى ه‬for s.o. s.th.), require (‫ الى ه‬of s.o. s.th.), compel, oblige (‫ الى ه‬s.o. to); to impoverish, reduce to poverty (‫ه‬ s.o.) │ ‫( ما احوجه الى‬aḥwajahū) how much he .tends in need of ...! how urgently he needs ...! VIII to have need, stand in need, be in went (‫ الى‬of; also ‫)ل‬, need, want, require (‫ الى‬s.th. s.o.) ‫ حوج‬ḥauj need, want, lack, deficiency, destitution ‫ حاجة‬ḥāja pl. -āt need (‫ الى‬or ‫ ب‬of); necessity, requirement, prerequisite; natural, bodily need; pressing need, neediness, poverty, indigence, destitution; object of need or desire; desire, wish, request; necessary article, requisite; matter, concern, business, job, work; thing, object; -- pl. ‫ حوائج‬ḥawā’ij2 needs 211 necessities, necessaries; everyday objects, effects, belongings, possessions, stuff; clothes, clothing │‫)كان في حاجة الى )ل‬ to stand in need, be in want of (s.th.), need, require (s.th.); ‫( )ال حاجة الى )ل‬ḥājata) … is not necessary, not required, there is no need of ...; ‫ ال حاجة لي به‬I don’t need it; ‫ عند الحاجة‬if (or when) necessary, if need be, in case of need; ‫( في غير حاجة‬gairi ḥājatin) unnecessarily; ‫ ما به الحاجة‬the essentials; ‫ محل الحاجة‬maḥall al-ḥ. the essential passage, the gist, the substance, the crux, the interesting part (of an exposition); ‫ سد حاجته‬sadda ḥājatahū to meet s.o.’s needs, provide for s.o.’s needs; ‫ قضى حاجته‬qaḍā ḥājatahū to fulfill s.o.’s wish; ‫ قضى الحاجة‬to relieve nature

‫ حوجلة‬ḥaujala pl. ‫ حواجل‬ḥawājil2 phial (chem.) ‫ )حاد )حود‬ḥāda u (ḥaud) to turn aside, turn away (‫ عن‬from), turn (‫ عن‬off) II to turn off, take a turning ‫( حودة‬ḥauda) turn, turning ‫ )حاذ )حوذ‬ḥāda u (ḥaud) to urge on, spur on (‫ھـ‬ animals) IV do. X ‫ استحوذ‬istaḥwada to overwhelm, overcome, overpower (‫على‬ s.o.; esp. emotions), get the better of ( ‫)على‬, gain mastery (‫ على‬over); to seize (‫على‬ on), take possession (‫ على‬of), usurp (‫على‬ s.th.) ‫ حوذي‬ḥūdī coachman, cabman, driver ‫ حوذية‬ḥūdīya coachman’s work or trade ‫ )حار )حور‬ḥāra u to return (‫ الى‬to); to recede, decrease, diminish, be reduced (‫ الى‬to) II to change, alter, amend, transform, reorganize, remodel, modify (‫ ھـ‬or ‫من‬ s.th.); to roll out (‫ ھـ‬dough); to make white, whiten (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to bleach (‫ ھـ‬a fabric) III to talk, convene, have a conversation (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to discuss, debate, argue IV (with ‫ جوابا‬jawāban) to answer, reply (with negations only) V to be altered, changed, amended, transformed, reorganized, remodeled, modified VI to carry on & discussion ‫ حور‬ḥawar white poplar (also pronounced ḥaur); bark-tanned sheepskin, basil; marked contrast between the white of the cornea and the black of the iris ‫ حارة‬hāra pl. -āt quarter, part, section (of & city); (Tun.) ghetto; lane, alley, side street (with occasional pl. ‫ حواري‬ḥawārī │ ‫ حارة السد‬ḥ. as-sadd blind alley, dead-end street

‫ احوار‬aḥwār2, f. ‫ حوراء‬ḥaurā’2, pl. ‫حور‬ ḥūr having eyes with a marked contrast of white and black, (also, said of the eye:) intensely white and deep-black

unite (‫ الى‬with); to side (‫ الى‬or ‫ ل‬with), take sides (‫ الى‬or J in favor of) VIII to possess, own, have (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to take possession (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to keep, prevent, hinder (‫ عن ه‬s.o. from)

‫ حوارة‬ḥawāra (ḥawarāt) cretaceous rook; chalk

‫ حوز‬ḥauz possession, holding, tenure; obtainment, attainment, acquisition; taking possession, occupation, occupancy; (jur.) tenancy; -- (pl. ‫ احواز‬aḥwāz) enclosed area, enclosure; precinct(s), boundary, city limits

‫ حواري‬ḥawārī pl. -ūn disciple, apostle (of Jesus Christ); disciple, follower ‫ حوارى‬ḥawārā cretaceous rock; chalk ‫ حورية‬ḥūrīya pl. -āt, ‫ حور‬ḥūr houri, virgin of paradise; nymph; (pl. -āt) young locust │‫ حورية الماء‬water nymph, nixie

‫ حوزي‬ḥauzī possessor, tenurial ‫ حوزة‬ḥauza possession, holding, tenure; property; area, territory │‫ في حوزه‬or ‫في‬ ‫ حوزة يده‬fī ḥ. yadihī in his possession; ‫الدفاع‬ ‫ عن حوزة مصر‬the defense of Egyptian territory

‫ حوران‬ḥaurān2 the Hauran, a mountainous plateau in SW Syria and N Jordan 212 ‫ محور‬miḥwar pl. ‫ محاور‬maḥāwir2 rolling pin; pivot, core, heart, center; axis; axle, axletree

‫ حيز‬ḥayyiz, ḥaiz pl. ‫ احياز‬aḥyāz scope, range, reach, extent, compass, confines, field, domain, realm; sphere │‫ال يدخل في‬ ‫( حيز المعقول‬yadkul) it is not within the bounds of reason; ‫( برز الى حيز المعقول‬to advance to the realm of fact, i.e.) to become a reality; ‫ في حيز االمكان‬fī ḥ. ilimkān within the realm of possibility, quite possible

‫ محار‬maḥār (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬oysters; shellfish, mussels; mother-of-pearl, nacre ‫ محارة‬maḥāra (n. un.) oyster; oyster shell, mussel; trowel ‫ تحوير‬taḥwīr alteration, change, transformation, reorganization, reshuffle, remodeling, modification

‫ حيازة‬ḥiyāza possession, holding, tenure; taking possession, occupation, occupancy; acquisition of title, acquisition of the right of possession; obtainment, attainment, acquisition

‫ حوار‬ḥiwār talk, conversation, dialogue; argument, dispute; text (of a play); script, scenario (of a motion picture) ‫ محاورة‬muḥāwara talk, conversation, dialogue; argument, dispute

‫ تحيز‬taḥayyuz partiality; prejudice, bias ‫ انحياز‬inḥiyāz isolation, seclusion, retirement; partiality; prejudice, bias

‫ تحاور‬taḥāwur discussion (‫ حوز‬and ‫ حيز( حاز‬ḥāza u (ḥauz, ‫ حيازة‬ḥiyāza) to possess, own, have (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to gain, win, get, receive, obtain, achieve, attain (‫ھـ‬ s.th., e.g., success, victory, etc.); to gain pos....ion. gain control (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), seize, monopolize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); -- ḥāza i (‫ حيز‬ḥaiz) to drive on, urge on (‫ ھـ‬camels) V taḥawwaza and taḥayyaza to writhe, twist, coil; -- taḥayyaza to stay away, keep away, seclude o.s., isolate o.s. (‫ عن‬from); to be disposed, incline, tend, lean (‫الى‬ toward); to join (‫ الى‬s.o. or s.th.); to side ( ‫ الى‬،‫ ل‬with), take sides (‫ الى‬،‫ ل‬in favor of) VII to isolate o.s., seclude o.s. separate, segregate,· disengage o.s., dissociate o.s., stay away, keep away, retire, withdraw ( ‫ عن‬or ‫ من‬from); to join (‫ الى‬S.o. or s.th.); to

‫ حائز‬ḥā’iz possessor, holder, tenant ‫ متحيز‬mutaḥayyiz partial, prejudiced, biased ‫ منحاز‬munḥāz secluded, retired, withdrawn, removed (‫ عن‬from); an outsider, a stranger (‫ عن‬to) ‫ حوس‬VIII (eg.) to be in a quandary, waver, hesitate 1

‫ )حاش )حوش‬ḥāša u (ḥauš) to round up, drive into a trap (‫ ھـ‬game); to stop, check, prevent, hinder (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), stand in the way (‫ ھـ‬of); to hold back, stem, stave off (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) II to gather, collect, amass, accumulate, pile up, hoard (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to

save, put by (‫ ھـ‬money); to find (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) 213 ‫ حوش‬ḥauš p1. ‫ احواش‬aḥwāš, ‫ حيشان‬ḥīšān enclosure, enclosed area; courtyard ‫ حوش‬ḥawaš mob, rabble, riffraff ‫ حوشي‬ḥūšī wild; unusual, odd, queer, strange ‫ اسبوع الحاش‬usbū‘ al-ḥāš Passion Week (Chr.) 2

‫ حاشى‬،‫ حاشا‬see

‫ حاش‬،‫ حشو‬ḥāša lillāh = ‫حاشى‬

‫ حوص‬ḥawaṣ squinting of the eye (caused by constant exposure to glaring light) ‫ احوص‬aḥwaṣ2 f. ‫ حوصاء‬ḥauṣā’2, pl. ‫ حوص‬ḥūṣ having narrow, squinting eyes ‫ حياصة‬ḥiyāṣa girth ‫ حوصل‬ḥauṣa, ‫ حوصلة‬ḥauṣala craw (of a bird); bladder; pelican │ ‫الحوصلة المرارية‬ (marārīya) gall bladder, bile (anat.) ‫ حويصل‬ḥuwaisil blister, bleb, vesicle; water blister ‫ حويصلة‬ḥuwaisila pl. -āt blister, bleb, vesicle ‫ حوض‬ḥauḍ pl. ‫ احواض‬aḥwāḍ, ‫ حياض‬ḥiyāḍ basin; water basin; trough, tank, cistern, reservoir, container; basin of a river or sea; pool; (in the Egyptian irrigation system) a patch of land surrounded by dikes, flooded by high water of the Nile; pond; pelvis (anat.); (garden) bed; dock; pl. ‫( حياض‬ḥiyāḍ) ground, area, domain (to be protected), sanctum │ ‫( حوض جاف‬jāff) dry dock; ‫ حوض حمام‬ḥammām bathtub; ‫‘( حوض عوام‬awwām) floating dock; ‫ذاد عن‬ ‫ حياضه‬to assume the defense of s.o., make o.s. the champion of s.o.; to defend o.s.; ‫( ذب حن حياض الدين‬dabba) to defend the faith; ‫ احواض الفم والحديد‬coal and iron deposits O ‫ حويضة‬ḥuwaiḍa renal pelvis (anat.) ‫ )حاط )حوط‬ḥāṭa u (ḥauṭ, ‫ حيطة‬ḥaiṭa, ‫حياطة‬ ḥiyāṭa) to guard, protect (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.), watch (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬over s.o., over s.th.), have the custody (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬of); to attend (‫ ھـ‬to), take care (‫ ھـ‬of), look after s.th. (‫ ;)ھـ‬to surround, encircle, enclose, encompass (‫ب‬ s.o., s.th.) II to build a wall (‫ ھـ‬around

s.th.), wall in (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to encircle, surround (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), close in from all sides ( ‫ ھـ‬on s.th.) III to try to outwit, dupe, or outsmart (‫ ه‬s.o.); to mislead, lead astray, seduce (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to surround (‫ ب‬s.o., s.th., also ‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th., y with); to encompass, enclose, embrace, comprise, contain (‫ب‬ s.th., also ‫ ;)ھـ‬to ring, encircle (‫ ب‬s.o., s.th., also ‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th., ‫ ب‬with s.th.), close in from all sides (‫ ب‬on); to know thoroughly, comprehend, grasp completely, understand fully (‫ ب‬s.th.), be familiar, be thoroughly acquainted (‫ب‬ with) │‫’( احاط به علما‬ilman) to know s.th. thoroughly, have comprehensive knowledge of s.th.; to take cognizance, take note of s.th.; ‫ اجاطه علما ب‬he informed him of ..., he let him know about ... ; he brought ... to his notice V to guard, protect (.., 6 s.o., s.th.); to take precautions (‫ھـ‬ with regard to), attend (‫ ھـ‬to); to be careful, be cautious, be on one’s guard VIII to be careful, be cautious, watch out, be on one’s guard; to take precautions, make provision (‫ ل‬for, so as to ensure ... ); to surround (‫ ب‬s.o., s.th.); to guard, protect, preserve (‫ على ب‬s.th. from), take care (‫ ب‬of), attend (‫ ب‬to), look after (‫)ب‬, see to it (‫ بأن‬that) ‫ حيطة‬ḥīṯa, ḥaṭa, ‫ حوطة‬ḥauṭa cautiousness, caution, provident care, prudence, circumspection │ ‫أخذ‬ ‫(حيطته‬ḥīṭatahu) to be on one’s guard, take precautions; ‫ بال حيطة‬thoughtlessly, unthinkingly, inadvertently ‫ حياطة‬ḥiyāṭa guarding, custody, protection, care 214 ‫ تحويط‬taḥwīṭ encirclement ‫ احاطة‬iḥāṭa encirclement, encompassment; comprehension, grasp, understanding, knowledge, cognizance (‫ب‬ of s.th.), acquaintance, familiarity (‫ب‬ with); information, communication ‫ تحوط‬taḥawwuṭ provision, care, attention, precaution, prudence; pl. -āt precautionary measures, precautions ‫ احتياط‬iḥtiyāṭ caution, cautiousness, prudence, circumspection, carefulness; provision, care, attention, precaution, prevention; pl. -āt precautionary measures, precautions │‫ على سبيل المثال‬as a

precaution, out of precaution, to be on the safe side ‫ احتياطي‬ihṭiyāṭī precautionary; prophylactic; preventive; replacement; spare- (in compounds); reserve- (in compounds); stand-by; reserve funds, capital reserves (fin.); reserve (mil.) │‫حبس‬ ‫( احتياطي‬ḥabs) detention pending investigation; ‫ تدابير احتياطية‬precautionary measures, precautions ‫( قوات احتياطية‬quwāt) reserves (mil.); ‫ مال احتياطي‬capital reserve, reserve fund; ‫( احتياطى الزيت الخام‬crude-)oil reserves ‫ حائط‬pl. ‫ حيطان‬ḥīṭān, ‫ حياط‬ḥiyāṭ, ‫حوائط‬ ḥawā’iṭ2 wall │‫ حائط المبكى‬ḥ. al-mabkā Wailing Wall (in Jerusalem); ‫ضرب( به‬ ‫ عرض الحائط‬or) ‫ القى‬alqā (ḍaraba) bihī ‘urḍa l-ḥā’iṭ to make little of s.th., scorn, disdain, despise s.th.; to reject s.th., discard s.th., throw s.th. overboard; to ruin, thwart, foil s.th. ‫ حويط‬ḥāwiṭ (eg.) clever, smart, shrewd ‫ محيط‬muḥīṭ surrounding (‫ ب‬s.th.); comprehensive; familiar, acquainted (‫ب‬ with); -- (pl. -āt) circumference, periphery; extent, range, scope, compass, reach, domain, area; milieu, environment, surroundings; ocean; pl. ‫محيطات‬ surroundings, environment │ ‫المحيط‬ ‫(االطلنطي‬aṭlanṭī) the Atlantic Ocean; ‫المحيط‬ ‫( الھادئ‬ḥādi’) the Pacific Ocean ‫ محاط‬muluiJ surrounded (‫ ب‬by) ‫ متحوط‬mutaḥawwiṭ cautious, prudent, provident, circumspect, careful, watchful ‫ حوف‬ḥauf edge, rim, brim, brink; border, hem, fringe ‫ حافة‬ḥāfa pl. -āt, ‫ حواف‬ḥawāfin border, rim, brim, brink, verge; edge; fringe, hem │‫ بين حوافيه‬within it, in it, therein ‫ )حاق )حوق‬ḥāqa u (ḥauq) to surround, enclose, infold, embrace (‫ ب‬s.o.. s.th.) II = I (‫على‬ s.o., s.th.) 1

‫ حوقل‬ḥauqala (‫ حوقلة‬ḥauqala) to pronounce the formula: ‫( ال حول وال قوة اال با‬see ‫حول‬ ḥaul) 2

‫حوقلة‬ḥauqala pl. ‫ حواقل‬ḥawāqil2 phial (chem.), Florence flask

‫ )حاك )حوك‬ḥāka u (ḥauk, ‫ حياك‬ḥiyāk, ‫حياكة‬ ḥiyāka) to weave (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to interweave ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to knit (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to braid, plait (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to contrive, devise, hatch, concoct ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.; e.g., ruses, intrigues, pretexts), think up, fabricate, create (‫ ھـ‬s.th. in one’s imagination) ‫ حياكة‬ḥiyāka weaving; knitting; braiding, plaiting ‫ حائك‬ḥā’ik pl. ‫ حاكة‬ḥāka weaver; -(mor.) an outer garment made of a long piece of white woolen material, covering body and head (‫ حول‬and ‫ حيل( حال‬ḥāla u to change, undergo a change, be transformed; to shift, turn, pass, grow (‫ الى‬into s.th., also ‫)ھـ‬, become (‫ الى‬s.th.); to deviate, depart (‫ عن‬from, e.g., a commitment), dodge, evade, fail to meet (‫ عن‬s.th.); to elapse, pass go by (time); -- ( ‫ حيلولة‬ḥailūla) to prevent (‫ دون‬s.th.); to intervene, interfere, interpose, come (‫بين‬ between) │‫‘( حال عن عھد‬ahd) to withdraw from a contract; ٢١٥ ‫حال بين فالن وبين األمر‬ to make s.th. inaccessible to s.o., impossible for s.o.; to bar or obstruct s.o.’s way to s.th.; to prevent s.o. from s.th., deny s.o. s.th.; ‫حال بين نفسه وبين اإلشفاق‬ (išfāq) to resist compassion, deny o.s. any sympathy II ḥawwala to change (‫ الى ھـ‬or ‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th. to s.th. else), transform, transmute, convert, turn, make (‫ الى ھـ‬or ‫ھـ‬ ‫ ھـ‬s.th. into s.th. else); to transplant (s.th.); to transfer (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to convert (‫ ھـ‬s.th., mathematically); to switch commutate (‫ھـ‬ current; el.); to convert, transform (‫ھـ‬ current; el.); to shunt (‫ ھـ‬a railroad car); to switch (‫ ھـ‬a railroad track); to remit, send, transmit (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., money by mail, ‫الى‬ to s.o.); to pass on, hand on (‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.); to forward (‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. to s.o. or to an address); to endorse (‫ ھـ‬a bill of exchange, a promissory note); to direct, turn (‫ ھـ‬s.th., also ‫ نظرة‬naẓratan a glance, ‫ الى‬to or toward); to divert, distract, keep (‫ عن ھـ‬or ‫ه‬ s.o. or s.th. from); to turn away, avert ( ‫ بصره عن‬baṣarahū one's eyes from); to turn off, switch off, disconnect (‫ ھـ‬current; el.) │‫( حول الدفة‬daffa) to turn the helm, change the course III (ḥāwala to try, attempt, endeavor (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ان‬to do s.th.), make an attempt, make an effort (‫ ان‬to do s.th.); to seek to gain (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) by artful

means; to deceive by pretenses, make excuses, hedge, dodge IV to change ‫ھـ ھـ‬ or ‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. to), transform, transmute, turn, make (‫ ھـ ھـ‬or ‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. into); to convert, translate (‫ ھـ ھـ‬or ‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. into); to transfer (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to remit, send (‫ ھـ‬s.th. ‫ الى‬or ‫ على‬to s.o.); to assign (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th., ‫ الى‬or ‫ على‬to s.o.); to turn over, hand over, pass on (‫ على ھـ‬or ‫ ه‬s.o. or s.th. to); to forward (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to); to refer (‫ الى ه‬s.o. to); to cede, transfer (‫ ھـ‬a debt, ‫ على‬to s.o.; jur.) │‫( احيل على )الى( المعاش‬uḥīla, ma‘āš) and ‫( احيل الى التقاعد‬taqā‘ud) he was pensioned off; ‫ احيلت الكمبيالة الى البروتستو‬the bill was protested (fin.) V taḥawwala to change, undergo a change; to be changed ( ‫ الى‬to), be transformed, be transmuted, be converted (‫ الى‬into), become (‫ الى‬s.th.), turn, grow (‫ الى‬into), transform (‫ الى‬--‫ من‬or ‫ عن‬from -- into), change, develop, evolve ( ‫ الى‬-- ‫ من‬from to); to withdraw, go away, leave; to move (‫ الى‬to a residence); to turn away (‫ من‬from), turn one’s back (‫ عن‬on); to deviate (‫ عن‬from); to depart, digress, stray (‫ عن الطريق‬from the way); to renounce, forgo, relinquish, disclaim (s.th.); to proceed slyly or cunningly │ ‫ تحول كل حيلة‬to employ every conceivable trick; -- taḥayyala to employ artful means; to ponder ways and means (‫ ل‬to an end, in order to attain s.th.) VI taḥāwala to try, endeavor, take pains (‫ على‬to do s.th.), strive (‫ على‬for); -- taḥāyala and VIII to employ artful means, resort to tricks, use stratagems (‫ على‬against s.o.); to deceive, beguile, dupe, cheat, outwit, outsmart (‫على‬ s.o.); to be out (‫ على‬for s.th.) or achieve ( ‫ على‬s.th.) by artful means, by tricks VIII to work or strive (on one’s own resources), make efforts (on one’s own) IX ‫احول‬ aḥwala to be cross-eyed, to squint X to change (‫ الى‬to, into), turn, be transformed, be converted (‫ الى‬into); to be transubstantiated (bread and wine, ‫ الى‬into the body and blood of Christ; Chr.); to proceed, pass on, shift, switch (‫ الى‬to s.th. new or s.th. different); to be impossible ( ‫ على‬for s.o.); to be inconceivable, absurd, preposterous ‫ حال‬ḥāl m. and f., pl. ‫ احوال‬aḥwāl condition, state; situation; position, status; circumstance; case; present, actuality (as opposed to future); circumstantial

expression or phrase (gram.); pl.: conditions, circumstances; matters, affairs, concerns; cases; ḥāla (prep.) during; immediately upon, right after; just at; in case of …, in the event of …; ٢١٦ ‫حاال‬ ḥālan presently, immediately, at once, right away, without delay; now, actually, at present │‫ في الحال‬and ‫ للحال‬on the spot, at once, immediately; ‫( على كل حال‬kulli ḥālin) and ‫( على أي حال‬ayyi ḥ.) in any case, at any rate, anyhow; ‫( يبقى على حاله‬yabqā) it remains unchanged, just as it is; ‫في حال من‬ ‫ األحوال‬in some case or other, anyway, if occasion should arise, possibly; (with neg.) by no means, under no circumstances, not at all, in no way; ‫على‬ ‫ بأي حال‬،‫ بحال‬،‫ حال‬bi-ayyi ḥ. with neg.: by no means, not at all, in no way; ‫كذلك الحال‬ ‫ في‬the same goes for ..., it is the same with …; it is also the case with ...; ‫كما ھو الحال في‬ as is the case with; ‫ كيف حالك‬how are you? ‫ شيء بحاله‬a thing in itself, a separate, independent thing; ‫( األحوال الجوية‬jawwīya) atmospheric conditions; ‫محاكم األحوال‬ ‫( الشخصية‬šakṣīya) courts dealing with vital statistics; ‫ األحوال الشخصية )نظام‬or) ‫قانون‬ personal statute; ‫ صاحب الحال‬noun referent of a circumstantial phrase (gram.); ‫عرض‬ ‫‘ حال‬arḍ ḥ. application, memorial, petition; ‫ لسان حاله‬,‫ لسان الحال‬see ‫لسان‬ ‫ حالما‬ḥālama (conj.) as soon as ‫ حالة‬ḥala pl. -āt condition, state; situation; (possible, actual) case; ḥālata (prep.) during │‫ حالة ان‬ḥālata an (conj.) whereas; ‫ والحالة ھذه‬under these circumstances, such being the case, things being as they are; ‫( في حالة‬ḥālati) in (the) case of ..., in the event of …, e.g., ‫في حالة‬ ‫( غيابه‬giyābihī) in case of his absence, ‫في‬ ‫( حالة الوفاة‬wafāh) in case of death; ‫في ھذه‬ ‫ الحالة‬in this (that) case; ‫ لحالة ان‬li-ḥālati an in case that …, in the event that …; ‫في حالة‬ ‫ ما اذا‬if; ‫ كما ھي الحالة في‬if as is the case with …; ‫( حالة اجتماعية‬ijtimā‘īya) marital status; ‫( الحالة الجوية‬jawwīya) atmospheric conditions; ‫ حالة الخطر‬ḥ. al-kaṭar stand-by, alert, state of alarm; ‫ الحالة الراھنة‬the status quo; ‫ حالة الطوارئ‬ḥ. aṭ-ṭawāri’ state of emergency; ‫( في حالة التلبس‬talabbus) flagrante delicto (jur.); ‫الحالة المدنية‬ (madanīya) civil status, legal status; ‫سوء‬ ‫ الحالة‬sū’ al-ḥ. predicament, plight

‫ حالي‬ḥālī present, current, actual, existing; momentary, instantaneous; ‫حاليا‬ ḥālīyan at present, actually │‫صورة حالية‬ (ṣūra) snapshot (phot.) ‫ حالية‬ḥālīya actuality, topicality, timeliness ‫ حول‬ḥaul pl. ‫ احوال‬aḥwāl year; might, power │ ‫ ال حول وال قوة اال با‬lā ḥaula wa-lā quwata illā bi-llāh there is no power and no strength save in God; ‫ال حول له وال حيلة‬ (wa-lā ḥīlata) he is completely powerless, he can do nothing, he is at the end of his resources ‫ حول‬ḥiwal change of place, change │‫ال‬ ‫( يبتغون عنه حوال‬yabtagūna) they don’t want it otherwise, they ask for it ‫ حول‬ḥaula (prep.) around, about; circa, about, some, approximately, roughly (with following number); about (esp. in news headings, approx. = re, concerning) │ ‫من‬ ‫( حوله‬ḥaulihī) (= ‫ )حوله‬around him (or it), about him (or it); ‫( من حوليھما‬ḥaulaihimā) around the two of them, about them; from their vicinity, from their surroundings (dual) ‫ حولي‬ḥaulī periodic, temporary, interim; one year old (animal), yearling; young animal; lamb, wether O ‫ حوليات‬ḥaulīyāt yearbook, annals (= Fr. annales, as a scientific publication) ‫ حيل‬ḥail strength, force, power, vigor │ ‫(على حيله‬standing) upright, erect; ‫ال قوة له وال‬ ‫( حيل‬qūwata) completely helpless and paralyzed ‫ حيلة‬ḥīla pl. ‫ حيل‬ḥiyal, ‫ احاييل‬aḥāyīl2 artifice, ruse, stratagem, maneuver, subterfuge, wile, trick; device, shift; a 217 means to accomplish an end; expedient, makeshift, dodge, way-out; legal stratagem (for the purpose of in fraudem legis agere) │‫ما‬ ‫ الحيلة‬what’s to be done! ‫( ال حيلة له في‬ḥīlata) I have no possibility to …, I am in no position to …; ‫( ما بيدي حيلة‬bi-yadī) I can do nothing, I can get nowhere; ‫لم يجد حيلة اال‬ lam yajid ḥīlatan illā he couldn’t do anything except …, he had no other choice than …; ‫( اعيته الحيلة‬a‘yathu) he was at a loss, he was at the end of his wits

‫ حيلي‬ḥiyalī cunning, crafty, wily, sly, tricky, foxy ‫ احيل‬aḥyal2 craftier, wilier ‫ حول‬ḥawal squinting, strabismus ‫ احول‬aḥwal2, f. ḥaula’2 ḥaulā2, pl. ‫حول‬ ḥūl squinting, squint-eyed, wall-eyed, walleyed ‫ حؤول‬ḥu’ūl change, transformation, transmutation; prevention (‫ دون‬of s.th.) ‫ حوال‬ḥiwāl obstacle; partition, screen ‫ حيال‬ḥiyāla (prep.) in view of ..., with regard to …, in the lace of, opposite, in front of, before ‫ حوالة‬ḥawāla pl. -āt assignment, cession (jur.); bill of exchange, (promissory) note, check, draft │‫ حوالة بريدية‬,‫ حوالة البريد‬money order; ‫ حوالة السفر‬ḥ. safar traveler’s check ‫ حوالى‬ḥawālā (prep.) around, about; circa, approximately, roughly, about, some (with following number) ‫ حيلولة‬ḥailūla separation, interruption, disruption; prevention (‫ دون‬of s.th.) ‫ ال محال‬lā maḥalla = ‫( ال محالة‬see below) ‫ محالة‬muḥāla roller, wheel (of a draw well) ‫ ال محالة منه‬lā maḥālata minhu it is inevitable; there is no doubt about it; (also ‫ ال محالة‬alone) most certainly, positively, absolutely, by all means ‫ تحويل‬taḥwīl transformation, transmutation, conversion (‫ الى‬into s.th.); change, alteration, modification; transplantation; transposition, reversal, inversion, translocation, dislocation, displacement; transfer, assignment; conversion (e.g., of currency); conversion, transformation (of electric current); O transfer (fin.; also ‫ تحويل الدين‬t. ad-dain); remittance (of money), transmittal, sending, forwarding; bill of exchange, promissory note, draft (com.); check; endorsement (com.); c.o.d., cash on delivery │‫قابلية العملة للتحويل الى العمالت االجنبية‬ (qābilīyal al-’mla, ajnabīiya) convertibility of currency

‫ تحويلة‬taḥwīla pl. ‫ تحاويل‬taḥāwīl2 branch, offshoot; siding, sidetrack (railroad); side canal (irrigation; Eg.); switch (railroad) ‫ محاولة‬muḥāwala pl. -āt attempt, try; effort, endeavor;. recourse to expedients, shifts, or dodges, dodging, hedging │ ‫(محاولة على حياته‬ḥayātihī) attempt on s.o.’s life, murderous assault ‫ احالة‬iḥāla transfer, conveyance, assignment; remittance; forwarding, referring (‫ الى‬or ‫ على‬to a competent authority); transmission, transmittal; O transfer (fin.); cession, assignment (Isl. Law); absurdity │ ‫ باالحالة على‬with reference to; ‫ قاضي االحالة‬magistrate sitting at defendant’s arraignment, trial judge; ‫( احالة الى )على( المعاش‬ma‘āš) and ‫احالة الى‬ ‫( التقاعد‬taqā‘ud) pensioning off ‫ تحول‬taḥawwul change, transformation, transmutation; abrupt change, sudden turn, reversal; shift, transition; departure, deviation, digression (‫ عن‬from); renunciation ( of) │‫ نقطة التحول‬nuqṭat at-t. turning point ‫ تحيل‬taḥayyul use of tricks, trickery 218 ‫ تحايل‬taḥāyul and ‫ احتيال‬iḥtiyāl use of tricks, trickery; cunning, craft, subtlety, artfulness; malice, treachery, perfidy; deception, fraud ‫ تحايلي‬taḥāyulī and ‫ احتيالي‬iḥtiyālī fraudulent, e.g., ‫( افالس احتيالي‬iflās) fraudulent bankruptcy ‫ استحالة‬istiḥāla change, transformation, transmutation, turn, shift, transition; transubstantiation (Chr.); impossibility, inconceivability, absurdity, preposterousness ‫ حائل‬ḥā’il pl. ‫ حوائل‬ḥawā’il obstacle, obstruction, impediment (‫ دون‬on the way to s.th., ‫ و‬-- ‫ بين‬see ‫ حال‬ḥāla I); barrier; partition, screen, folding screen; -- (pl. ‫ حول‬ḥuwwal) changeable, variable, frequently changing; feeble, languid, wan, pallid ‫ محول‬muḥawwil pl. -āt converter, transformer (el.); endorser ‫ محولة‬muḥawwila switch (railroad) ‫ محول عليه‬muḥawwal ‘alaihi c.o.d., cash on delivery; ‫ محول به‬collected on delivery

‫ محيل‬muḥīl transferor, assignor (Isl. Law) ‫ محال‬muḥāl inconceivable, unthinkable, impossible, absurd, preposterous, unattainable ‫ متحول‬mutaḥawwil changeable, variable, changing │ ‫(األعياد المتحولة‬a‘yād) the movable feasts (Chr.) ‫ محتال‬muḥtāl artful, cunning, deceitful, treacherous, perfidious, fraudulent; swindler, cheat, impostor, fraud; crook, scoundrel; assignee (Isl. Law) │ ‫محتال عليه‬ debtor of a ceded claim, transferee (Isl. Law) ‫ مستحيل‬mustaḥīl impossible, absurd, preposterous; ‫ مستحيالت‬impossible things, impossibilities, absurdities (‫ حوم( حام‬ḥāma u (ḥaum, ‫ حوم‬ḥawamān) to circle, hover. glide (in the air; of a bird, also of an aircraft); to hover, swarm, buzz (‫ حول‬and ‫ على‬around) │ ‫حامت الشبھة ضده‬ (šubha, ḍiddahū) suspicion concentrated on him, he was suspected II to circle in the air; to hover in circles, to circle; to go around, revolve (thoughts and images, in one’s head or mind); to browse (‫ في‬in a book) ‫ حومة‬ḥauma pl. -āt turmoil of battle, thick of the fray; main part, bulk, main body; (tun.) quarter, section (of a city) ‫ حان‬and ‫ حانة‬see ‫حين‬ ‫ حانوت‬see ‫حنو‬ ‫ حوى‬ḥawā i to gather, collect, unite (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to encompass, embrace, contain, hold, enclose, comprise, include (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to possess, own, have (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to clasp (‫ھـ‬ s.th., the hand) V to curl (up), coil (up) VIII to encompass, embrace, contain, hold, enclose, comprise, include (‫ ھـ‬or ‫على‬ s.th.); to possess, own, have (‫ ھـ‬or ‫على‬ s.th.) ‫ حوية‬ḥawīya convolution, coil, curl, roll; pl. ‫ حوايا‬ḥawāyā intestine, bowels, entrails ‫ حواية‬ḥiwāya pl. -āt (eg.) wase round pad to support a burden on the head or on the back

‫ حاو‬ḥāwin pl. ‫ حواة‬ḥuwāh snake charmer; juggler, conjurer, magician ‫ محتويات‬muḥtawayāt content(s) (of a book. of a receptacle) │‫ محتويات النفوس‬the innermost thoughts. the secrets of the heart (‫ حيو( حيي‬،‫ حى‬ḥayiya, ‫ حي‬ḥayya ‫ يحيا‬yaḥyā (‫حياة‬ ḥayāh) to live; ‫ حي‬ḥayya to live to see, experience, witness (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), live (‫ھـ‬ through a time) ‫ ليحي الملك‬li-yaḥyā 219 lmalik long live the king! ‫ حيي‬ḥayiya ‫يحيا‬ yaḥyā (‫ حياء‬ḥayā’) to be ashamed (‫ من‬of; because of) II ‫ حيا‬ḥayyā to keep (‫ ه‬s.o.) alive, grant (‫ ه‬s.o.) a long life; to say to s.o. (‫ حياك ﷲ‬:(‫ ه‬may God preserve your life!; to greet, salute (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV ‫ احيا‬aḥyā to lend life (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬to s.o., to s.th.), enliven, animate, vitalize, endow with life, call into being (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), give birth (‫ ھـ‬to); to revive, reanimate, revivify (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), give new life (‫ ھـ‬to); to put on, produce, stage, arrange (‫ ھـ‬e.g., a theatrical performance, a celebration, and the like); to celebrate (‫ھـ‬ s.th., also a festival) │‫( احيا الذكرى‬dikrā) to commemorate (a deceased person), observe the anniversary (of s.o.’s death); ‫( احيا الليل‬lail) to burn the midnight oil, ‫احيا‬ ‫( الليل صالة‬ṣalātan) to spend the night in prayer; ‫( احيا السھرة‬sahrata) to perform in the evening (of an artist); ‫احيا حفلة‬ (ḥaflatan) to give a performance; to perform at a celebration (artist); ‫قد احيت‬ ‫ الفرقة ثالث ليال‬qad aḥyat il-firqatu talāta layālin the theatrical troupe gave three evening performances X ‫ استحيا‬istaḥyā to spare s.o.’s (‫ )ه‬life, let live, keep alive (‫ه‬ s.o.); ‫ استحيا‬istaḥyā, ‫ استحى‬istaḥā to be ashamed (‫ ه‬to face s.o.; ‫ من‬of s.th., because of s.th.); to become or feel embarrassed ( ‫ من‬in front of s.o.), be embarrassed (‫من‬ by); to be bashful, shy, diffident ‫ حي‬ḥayy pl. ‫ احياء‬aḥyā’ living, live, alive; lively, lusty, animated, active, energetic, unbroken, undaunted, undismayed; living being, organism; tribe, tribal community; block of apartment houses; section, quarter (of a city) │‫علم‬ ‫‘ األحياء‬ilm al-aḥyā’ biology; ‫‘ حي العالم‬ilm al-‘ālam houseleek tree (Sempervivum arboreum L.; bot.) ‫ حي‬ḥayya: ‫ حي على الصالة‬ḥayya ‘alā ṣṣalāh come to prayer!

‫ حية‬ḥayya pl. -āt snake, serpent, viper O ‫ احيائي‬aḥyā’ī biologic(al); (pl. -ūn) biologist │‫( كيمياء احيائية‬kīmiyā’) biochemistry ‫ حيي‬ḥayīy bashful, shy, diffident, modest ‫ حياء‬ḥayā’ shame, diffidence, bashfulness, timidity; shyness │‫قليل الحياء‬ shameless impudent; ‫ قلة الحياء‬qillat al-ḥ. shamelessness, impudence ‫ حياة‬ḥayāh pl. ‫ حيوات‬ḥayawāt life; lifeblood; liveliness animation │‫ حياة الريف‬ḥ. ar-rīf country life, rural life; ‫الحياة العامة‬ (‘āmma) public life; ‫ الحياة العائلية‬family life; ‫ ميتوى الحياة‬mustawā l-ḥ. living standard; O ‫‘ علم الحياة‬ilm al-ḥ. biology ‫ حيوي‬ḥayawī lively, full of life, vital, vigorous; vital, essential to life ‫ حيوية‬ḥayawīya vitality, vigor, vim ‫ حيويات‬ḥayawīyāt: ‫مواد مضادة للحيويات‬ (mawādd muḍādda) antibiotics ‫ حيوان‬ḥayawān pl. -āt animal, beast; (coll.) animals, living creatures │‫حيوانات‬ ‫( ثدية‬tadyīya) mammals; ‫حيوانات مجترة‬ (mujtarra) ruminants; ‫( حيوان طفيلي‬ṭufailī) parasite; ‫‘ علم الحيوان‬ilm al-ḥ. zoology ‫ حيواني‬ḥayawānī animal (adj.); zoologic(al) ‫ حيوانية‬ḥayawānīya bestiality; animality, animal nature ‫ حوين‬ḥuwayyin pl. -āt minute animal, animalcule ‫ احيى‬aḥyā livelier; more vigorous, more vital ‫ تحية‬taḥīya pl. –āt, ‫ تحايا‬taḥāyā greeting, salutation; salute; cheer (= wish that God may give s.o. long life) │‫تحية لذكراه‬ taḥīyatan li-dikrāhu in order to keep his memory alive, in remembrance of him; ‫‘( التحية العسكرية‬askarīya) military salute ‫ احياء‬iḥyā’ animation, enlivening; revival, revitalization, revivification; arranging, staging. conducting, putting on, 220 holding (of a celebration) │‫ احياء الذكرى‬i. ad-dikrā commemoration (of a deceased person); ‫ احياء لذكرى‬I (iḥyā’an) (with foll. gen.) in commemoration of …, in

memoriam ...; ‫ احياء الموات‬i. al-mawāt cultivation of virgin land ‫ استحياء‬istiḥyā’ shame; diffidence, bashfulness, timidity; shyness ‫ محيا‬mūḥayyan face, countenance ‫ الست المستحية‬as-sitt al-mustahīya sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica; bot.) 1

‫ حيث‬ḥaitu (conj.) where (place and direction); wherever; since, as, due to the fact that; whereas; inasmuch as │‫( حيث ان‬anna) since, as, because, due to the fact that ... ; in that ... ; ‫ حيث كان‬wherever it be; in any case, at any rate; ‫ الى حيث‬ilā ḥaitu where (direction); to where …, to the place where ...; ‫ من حيث‬min ḥaitu from where, whence, wherefrom; where (place); whereas; (with foll. nominative) as to, as for, concerning, regarding, with respect to, in view of, because of; ‫ من حيث الثقافة‬min ḥ. taqāfatu with regard to education, as far as education is concerned; ‫من حيث يدري وال‬ ‫( يدري‬yadrī wa-lā yadrī) whether he knows it or not, knowingly or without his knowledge; ‫( من حيثالال‬with foll. perf.) without (being, doing, etc.); ‫من حيث ھو‬ such, in itself, ‫‘( العالم من حيث ھو‬ālam) the world in itself, the world as such; ‫من حيث‬ ‫( ان‬anna) inasmuch as; in view of the fact that; since, as, due to the fact that; ‫ بحيث‬biḥaitu inasmuch as; in such a manner that ..., so as to ...; so that ...; such as ...; (he found himself) at a point or degree where, e.g., ‫كان من البراءة بحيث ال ترى‬ (barā’a, tarā) = she was so naive that she couldn't see ...; ‫ بحيث ال‬insofar as ... not, provided that … not; ‫( بحيث ان‬anna) in such a manner that ..., so as to ..., so that ... ‫ حيثما‬ḥatumā wherever, wheresoever (place); wherever, no matter where ... (direction) │‫( حيثما اتفق‬ittafaqa) anywhere, wherever it was (or he), haphazardly, at random ‫ حيثية‬ḥaitīya pl. -āt standpoint; view, point, point of view, approach; aspect, respect, regard, consideration; high social standing, social distinction, dignity; pl. also: considerations, legal reasons on which the judgment is based, opinion (jur.) │‫( )ذوو الحيثية )البارزة‬dawū) or ‫اصحاب‬ ‫ اصحاب الحيثيات‬،‫ الحيثية‬people of (high)

social standing, prominent people, people of distinction; ‫من الحيثية الحيوانية‬ (ḥayawānīya) from a zoological viewpoint 2

‫ الحيثيون‬al-hātīyūn the Hittites

(‫ حيد( حاد‬ḥāda i (ḥaid, ‫ حيود‬ḥuyūd, ‫حيدان‬ ḥayadān, ‫ محيد‬maḥīd) to deviate, swerve, depart, desist (If from); to leave, quit, give up, abandon, relinquish (‫ عن‬s.th.); ‫حاد به عن‬ to dissuade or get s.o. away from ... ; to incline, tend (‫ نحو‬،‫ الى‬to, toward), sbade, blend (‫ نحو‬،‫ الى‬into) II to keep aside, put aside (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to stay away, keep apart (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬from s.o., from s.th.); to avoid, shun ( ‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) VII to depart, deviate, digress, swerve (‫ عن‬from) ‫ حيد‬ḥaid, ‫ حيدان‬ḥayadān deviation, digression, departure, swerving, turning aside, turning away ‫ حيدة‬ḥaida deviation, digression, swerving, departure (from a course); neutrality; impartiality │‫ على حيدة‬aside, apart, to one side ‫ محيد‬maḥīd avoidance (‫ عن‬of s.th.) │‫ال‬ ‫( محيد‬maḥīda) it is unavoidable ‫ حايد‬ḥiyād neutrality (pol.) │‫على الحياد‬ neutral; ‫( حياد عن الخط‬kaṭṭ) derailment (railroad) 221 ‫ حيادي‬ḥiyādī neutral (pol.) ‫ محايدة‬muḥāyada neutrality (pol.) ‫ حائد‬ḥā’id neutral (pol.) ‫ محايد‬muḥāyid neutral (pol.); ‫المحايدون‬ the neutrals (pol.) ‫ متحايد‬mutaḥāyid neutral (pol.) ‫ حيدراباد‬ḥaidarābād2 Hydarabad ‫ )حار )حير‬ḥāra (1st pers. perf. ‫ )حرت‬a (‫حيرة‬ ḥaira, ‫ حيران‬ḥayarān) to become confused; to become or be helpless, be at a loss, know nothing (‫ في‬of, about); to waver, hesitate, be unable to choose (‫ وبين‬-- ‫بين‬ between - and) │‫( حار في امره‬amrihi) to be confused. baffled, bewildered, dismayed to be at a loss, be at one’s wit’s end II to confuse, baffle, bewilder, nonplus, embarrass (‫ ه‬s.o.) V to become confused; to be or become dismayed, startled, baffled, perplexed (‫ في‬by), be at a loss (‫في‬ to); to waver (uncertainly) (‫ بين‬between) │ ‫( تحير في امره‬amrihi) to be confused,

baffled, bewildered, disconcerted, be at a loss, be at one’s wit’s end VIII = V ‫ حير‬ḥair fenced-in garden, enclosure │ ‫ حير الحيوان‬ḥ. al-ḥayawān zoological garden, zoo ‫ حيرة‬ḥaira confusion, perplexity, bewilderment, embarrassment, helplessness ‫ في حيرة‬embarrassed, at a loss, helpless

(‫ حيض( حاضت‬ḥāḍat i (ḥaiḍ, ‫ محيض‬maḥīḍ, ‫ محاض‬maḥāḍ) and V to menstruate, have a monthly period ‫ حيض‬ḥaiḍ (n. un. ‫ )حيضة‬and ‫ حياض‬ḥiyāḍ menstruation, monthly period ‫ حائض‬ḥā’iḍ (f.) and ‫ حائضة‬menstruating ‫ حياط‬،‫ حيطان‬،‫ حياطة‬،‫ حيطة‬see ‫حوط‬ 1

‫ حيران‬ḥairān2, f. ‫ حيرى‬ḥairā, pl. ‫حيارى‬ ḥayārā, ḥuyārā confused, perplexed, startled, dismayed, disconcerted, baffled, Nonplused, bewildered, appalled, taken aback, stunned; embarrassed, at a loss, at one’s wit’s end; uncertain, helpless, sheepish (smile, etc.), confused, incoherent (words, and the like) ‫ تحير‬taḥayyur confusion, perplexity, bewilderment, dismay; embarrassment, helplessness ‫ حائر‬ḥā’ir disconcerted, perplexed, startled. dismayed; embarrassed, helpless, at a lost, at one’s wit’s end; baffled, bewildered, confused, uncertain (‫في‬ about); straying, astray │‫حائر في امره‬ (amrihī) confused, baffled, bewildered, embarrassed, at a loss, helpless ‫ محير‬muḥayyar embarrassed, at a loss, helpless ‫ محير‬muḥayyir and ‫ محتار‬muḥtār = ‫حائر‬ ‫ حيز‬see ‫حوز‬

‫ حيف‬ḥaif wrong, injustice; harm, damage, prejudice │ ‫حيف عليه‬what a pity! too bad! ‫( ال حيف به‬ḥaifa) it is not out of place, it is quite appropriate 2

‫ حيص‬ḥaiṣ, ‫ حيصة‬ḥaiṣa flight, escape ‫ وقع في حيص بيص‬waqa‘a fī ḥaiṣa baiṣa to get into a bad fix, meet with difficulties ‫ حياصة‬see ‫حوص‬ ‫ محيص‬maḥīṣ flight, escape; place of refuge, retreat, sanctuary │‫ ما عنه محيص‬it is unavoidable; ‫ لم يكن لھم من محيص‬they couldn’t but ..., they had no other alternative but to ...

‫ حيفاء‬ḥaifā’ Haifa (seaport in NW Israel)

‫ )حاق )حيق‬ḥāqa i to surround, beset from all sides (‫ ب‬s.o.); to fall, descend, come (‫ب‬ upon s.o., punishment), befall, overtake, grip, seize, overcome (‫ ب‬s.o.), happen, occur (‫ ب‬to); to penetrate, pierce (‫ في‬the body; of a sword); to affect, influence (‫في‬ s.o., s.th.) IV to surround, beset from all sides (‫ ب‬s.o.); to bring down (‫ ھـ ب‬upon s.o. s.th.), cause s.th. (‫ )ھـ‬to descend (‫ھـ ب‬ upon s.o.) ‫ حيق‬ḥaiq consequence, effect (of a misdeed redounding upon the evildoer) ‫ حيك‬II to weave

‫ حيزبون‬see ‫حزب‬ ‫ )حاص )حيص‬ḥāṣa i (ḥaiṣ, ‫ حيصة‬ḥaiṣa, ‫محيص‬ maḥīṣ) to flee, escape (‫ عن‬s.th. or from s.th.), run away (‫ عن‬from), turn one’s back (‫ عن‬on) VII do.

‫ )حاف )حيف‬ḥāfa i (ḥaif) to deal unjustly (‫على‬ with s.o.), wrong, injure, harm (‫ على‬s.o.); to restrict, limit, curtail, impair (‫ على‬s.th.), encroach (‫ على‬upon) V to 222 impair, injure, prejudice, violate (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ من‬s.th.), encroach, infringe (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ من‬upon)

‫ حياكة‬see ‫حوك‬ ‫ حيك‬ḥaik = ‫ حائك‬see ‫حوك‬ 1

‫ حيل‬V, ‫ حيلولة‬,‫ حيال‬,‫ احيل‬,‫حيلة‬, etc., see ;‫حول‬ ‫ احيلي‬see ‫حلو‬

2

‫حايل‬ḥāyil2 Hail (town and oasis in N Nejd)

‫ )حان )حين‬ḥāna i to draw near, approach, come, arrive (time); to happen accidentally │‫حان‬ ‫ الوقت‬the (right) time has come; now is the time; ‫ حان له الوقت‬the time has come for him to …; ‫( اما حان لھم ان يفھموا‬amā, an yafhamū) haven’t they understood yet ...?; ‫( حانت مني التفاتة‬minnī iltifāta) I happened to turn around (‫ الى‬to), it just happened that my eyes fell on (‫ )الى‬II to set a time (‫ ه‬for s.o.) IV to destroy, wipe out (‫ ه‬s.o.) V to watch, wait (‫ ھـ‬fur a time or an

opportunity) │‫( تحين الفرصة‬furṣata) to wait for an opportunity, bide one's time X ‫ استحين‬istaḥyana to wait for the right time ‫ حان‬ḥān bar; cabaret ‫ حانة‬ḥāna pl. -āt bar, wineshop, wine tavern; pub, tavern, taproom ‫ حين‬ḥain death, destruction ‫ حين‬ḥīn pl. ‫ احيان‬aḥyān, ‫ احايين‬aḥāyīn2 time; propitious time, good time, opportunity; ḥīna (prep.) at the time of ..., at, upon; (conj.) at the time when, when; as soon as; ‫ حينا‬ḥīnan for some time; once, one day; ‫ احيانا‬aḥyānan occasionally, from time to time, sometimes │‫ حينا‬-- ‫حينا‬ sometimes -- sometimes, at times -- at times; ‫ في االحايين‬at times, sometimes, once in a while; ‫ )في بعض األحيان )األحايين‬fī ba‘ḍi l-a. and ‫ بعض األحيان‬ba‘ḍa l-a. sometimes, occasionally, now and then, once in a while, from time to time, at times; ‫في اغلب‬ ‫ األحيان‬fī aglabi l-a. mostly, most of the time, in most cases; ‫ الى حين‬for some time; meanwhile, for the time being; ‫في حينه‬ then, at the time, in his (its) time; in due time, at the appointed time; ‫ ذا الحين‬dā lḥīna just now, right now; ‫ من ذلك الحين‬from that time on, from then on; ‫الى ذلك الحين‬ until that time, till then; ‫( في حين‬with foll. verb) whereas; ‫ في حين ان‬and ‫على حين ان‬ (ḥīni) at the same time when ..., while; whereas, also without ‫ان‬, e.g., ‫على حين ھم‬ ‫‘ يزعمون‬alā ḥīni hum yaz‘umūna whereas they, on the other hand, claim; ‫من حين الى‬ ‫ من حين آلخر‬،‫ حينا بعد حين‬،‫ بين حين وحين‬،‫حين‬ (li-ākara) and ‫( بين حين وآلخر‬wa-ākara) from time to time, now and then, once in a while ‫ حينئذ‬ḥīna’idin at that time, then, that day ‫ حينذاك‬ḥīnadāka at that time, then, that day ‫ حينما‬ḥīnamā (conj.) while; when, as ‫ حيوي‬،‫ حيوان‬and ‫ حيوية‬see ٢٢٣ ‫حي‬

‫خ‬ ‫ خاء‬ḳā’ name of the letter ‫خ‬ ‫ خاتون‬ḳātūn pl. ‫ خواتين‬ḳawātīn2 lady, socially prominent woman│‫ زھرة الخاتون‬zahrat alḳ. little blue flower of the steppe (syr.)

‫ خاخام‬ḳāḳām (=‫ )حاخام‬rabbi ‫ خارصين‬ḳāriṣīn and ‫ خارصينى‬ḳāriṣīnī (eg.) zinc ‫ خازوق‬ḳāzūq pl. ‫ خوازيق‬ḳawāzīq2 post, stake, pole; dirty trick│ ‫ ھذا خازوق‬that’s tough luck! ‫ خاقان‬ḳāqān pl. ‫ خواقين‬ḳawāqīn2 overlord, ruler, sovereign, monarch, emperor ‫ خاكى‬ḳākī earth-colored, khaki ‫ خؤولة‬،‫ خؤول‬see ‫خول‬ ‫ خام‬ḳām raw, unworked, unprocessed; untanned; linen; calico; (pl. -āt) raw material; inexperienced, green, untrained, unskilled, artless, uncouth, boorish; pl. ‫ خامات‬raw materials│‫ جلود خام‬raw leather; ‫ خيوط خام‬raw fibers; ‫( زيت خام‬zait) crude oil; ‫( سكر خام‬sukkar) raw sugar; ‫المواد الخام‬ (mawādd) the raw materials ‫ خان‬ḳān pl. -āt hostel, caravansary; inn, pub, tavern│‫( الخان الخليلى‬ḳalīlī) district of Cairo (center of art trade and market activity); ‫ خان يونس‬Khan Yunis (town in Gaza sector) ‫ خانة‬pl. -at column (e.g., of a newspaper); square (e.g., on a chessboard) ‫ خب‬ḳabba u (ḳabb, ‫ خبب‬ḳabab, ‫ خبيب‬ḳabīb) to amble (animal); to trot (horse); to jog, saunter (person), to sink (‫ فى‬in sand); -- u (ḳabb) to surge, heave, be rough (sea) V and VIII to amble (animal); to trot (horse) ‫ خبب‬ḳabab amble; trot ‫ خب‬ḳabb, ḳibb heaving, surging (of the sea, rough sea ‫ خب‬ḳabb impostor. swindler ‫ خب‬ḳaba’a a and II to bide, conceal (‫ ھـ‬s.th) V to hide, conceal o.s.; to be hidden, be concealed VIII to hide, conceal o.s.; to disappear; to be hidden, be concealed ‫ خبء‬ḳib’ that which is hidden, a hidden thing ‫ خبيئة‬ḳabī’a pl. ‫ خبايا‬ḳabāyā that which is hidden; a hidden, secret thing; a cache│ ‫ خبايا االرض‬ḳ. l-arḍ that which is hidden in the earth; natural resources ‫ مخبأ‬maḳba’ pl. ‫ مخابئ‬maḳābi’2 hiding place; hide-out, refuge, haunt, retreat; cellar, shelter, air-raid shelter

‫ خباء‬ḳibā’ pl. ‫ اخبئة‬aḳbi’a, ‫ اخبية‬aḳbiya tent; husk, hull (of grain) ‫ خابئة‬ḳābi’a, ‫ خابية‬ḳāiya pl. ‫ خوابئ‬ḳawābī’2, ‫خواب‬ ḳawābin large vessel, cask, jar ‫ مخبآت‬muḳabba’āt hidden, secret things; secrets ‫ مختبئ‬muḳtabi’ hidden, concealed ‫ خبت‬IV to be humble (‫ الى‬before God( ‫ خبث‬ḳabuta u (ḳubt, ‫ )خباثة‬to be bad; to be wicked, evil, malicious, vicious, malignant VI to behave viciously, display malice; to feel awkward, feel embarrassed ‫ خبث‬ḳubt badness, wickedness; malignancy (e.g., of a disease); malice, malevolence, viciousness ‫ خبث‬ḳabat refuse, scum, dross, slag ‫ خبيث‬ḳabīt pl. ‫ خبث‬ḳubut, ‫ خبثاء‬ḳubatā’2, ‫ اخباث‬aḳbāt, ‫ خبثة‬ḳabata bad, evil, wicked; malicious, vicious, spiteful; noxious, injurious, harmful; malignant (disease); offensive, repulsive, nauseating, disgusting (odor) ‫ اخبث‬aḳbat worse; more wicked ‫ خباثة‬ḳabāta badness wickedness; malice, malevolence, viciousness, malignancy ‫ خبر‬ḳabara u (ḳubr, ‫ خبرة‬ḳibra) to try, test (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to experience (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to have tried, have experienced, know by experience (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to get to know thoroughly, know well (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ه‬s.o.); ḳabura u to know thoroughly (‫ ب‬or ‫ھـ‬ s.th.), be fully acquainted (‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ‬with s.th.) II to notify, advise, apprise, inform, tell (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ب‬of or about) III to write (‫ ه‬to s.o.). address (‫ ه‬s.o.), turn, appeal (‫ ه‬to s.o.), contact (‫ ه‬s.o.) in writing; to negotiate, treat, parley (‫ ه‬with s.o.) IV to notify, inform, apprise, advise (‫ ب ه‬s.o. of), let know, tell (‫ ب ه‬s.o. about); to communicate, report, relate (‫ ب ه‬to s.o. s.th.), tell (‫ ب ه‬s.o. s.th.) V to inquire (‫ ه‬of s.o.), ask (‫ ه‬s.o.) VI to inform one another, notify one another; keep one another informed; to correspond, write each other; to negotiate, treat, parley (‫ مع‬with s.o., ‫في‬ about) VIII to explore (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), search (‫ھـ‬ into), seek information (‫ ھـ‬about); to test, examine (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to try, put to the

test (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to have tried, have experienced, know by experience (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to know well (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) X to inquire ( ‫ عن ه‬of s.o. about), ask (‫ عن ه‬s.o. about) ‫ خبر‬ḳabar pl. ‫ اخبار‬aḳbār news; information, intelligence: report, communication, message; notification; rumor; story; matter, affair; (gram.) predicate of a nominal clause; pl. annals │ ‫ سأله عن أخباره‬to inquire of s.o. about s.o. else; ‫ كان في خبر كان‬or ‫دخل في خبر كان‬ (ḳabari kana) to belong to the past, be passé, be no longer existent ‫ خبرة‬ḳibra, ‫ خبر‬ḳubr experience; knowledge ‫ خبير‬kabīr experienced, expert (‫ ب‬in); familiar, conversant, well-acquainted (‫ب‬ with), cognizant (‫ ب‬of); ‫ الخبير‬the Knowing (one of the attributes of God); (pl. ‫خبراء‬ kubarā’2) expert, specialist │ ‫خبير‬ ‫الضرائب‬tax expert, tax adviser ‫ خابور‬kābūr pl. ‫ خوابير‬kawābīr2 peg; pin; wedge ‫ مخبر‬makbar sense, intrinsic significance; (pl: ‫ مخابر‬makābir2) laboratory ‫ مخبار‬mikbār pl. ‫ مخابير‬makābīr2 test tube (chem.) ‫ مخابرة‬mukābara pl. -āt correspondence, (esp. written) information (in classified ads: ‫ المخابرة ب‬please write to ..., please contact ...), notice, notification, communication │ ‫ مخابرة تلفونية‬telephone call, telephone conversation; ‫مخابرة خارجية‬ (kārijīya) long-distance call; ‫مخابرة سرية‬ (sirriya) secret communiqué; ‫قلو المخابرات‬ qalam al-m. intelligence bureau; ‫المخابرة‬ ‫( حضوريا‬ḥuḍūrīyan) apply in person (in classified ads) ‫ اخبار‬ikbār notification, information, communication, note, message; report; indirect discourse, oratio obliqua (gram.) ‫ اخباري‬ikbārī news-, information- (in compounds) ‫ تخابر‬takābur negotiation; correspondence ‫ اختبار‬iktibār pl. -āt exploration, study; examination; test; test item (of an examination); trial, testing; (scientific)

investigation, research, experiment; experience, empirical knowledge; practical experience │‫اختبارات تحريرية‬ (taḥrīrīya) written examination items; ٢٢٥ ‫( اختبار ذاتي‬dātī) personal experience; ‫ على سبيل االختبار‬experimentally; ‫تحت االختبار‬ on probation, on trial; ‫حقول االختبار‬ experimental fields ‫ اختباري‬iktibārī experimental; experiential; empirical ‫ اختبارية‬ihtibārīya empiricism ‫ استختبار‬istikbàr pl. -āt inquiry │ ‫دائرة‬ ‫االستختبارات‬information bureau ‫ مخبر‬mukbir pl. -ūn reporter; detective ‫ مختبر‬muktabar pl. -āt laboratory ‫ خبز‬kabaza i (kabz) to bake (‫ ھـ‬bread) VIII do. ‫ خبز‬kubz pl. ‫ اخباز‬akbāz bread ‫ خبزة‬kubza loaf of bread ‫ خباز‬kubza pl. -ūn, ‫ خبازة‬baker ‫ خباز‬kubbaz, ‫ خبيز‬kubbaiz, ‫خبازى‬ kubbazā mallow (bot.) ‫ خبازة‬kibāza baker’s trade, art of baking ‫ مخبز‬makbaz, ‫ مخبزة‬pl. ‫ مخابز‬makābiz2 bakery ‫ خبص‬kabaṣa i (kabṣ) to mix, mingle, intermix (‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. with) II to mix, mingle, intermix (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to muddle, jumble, confuse (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), make a mess (‫ ھـ‬of) ‫ خبيص‬kabīl, ‫ خبيصة‬medley, mess, mishmash, hodgepodge; ‫ خبصة‬a jellylike sweet ‫ خباص‬kabbāṣ one who causes confusion, who messes things up; an irresponsible, light-minded person ‫ خبط‬kabaṭa i (kabṭ) to beat, strike (‫ ھـ‬s.th., against s.th.); to knock, rap (‫ ھـ‬on, ‫ الباب‬on the door); to stamp (‫ االرض‬the ground; of animals) │ ‫( يخبط خبط عشواء‬kabṭa ‘ašwā’) he acts haphazardly, he proceeds rashly or at random V to beat, strike, hit (‫ ه‬s.o.); to bring down, fell, knock out, throw to the ground (‫ ه‬s.o.); to bump, hit (‫ ھـ‬against), collide (‫ ھـ‬with), stumble (‫ ھـ‬over); to be lost, wander about, stray; to grope about, fumble about; to struggle, resist; to clatter over the ground, gallop (horse) VIII to

bump (against); to struggle, resist; to grope about, fumble about; to be lost, wander around, stray; to stir, bustle ‫ خبطة‬kabta blow, stroke; rap, knock; noise, din, uproar ‫ خباط‬kubāṭ insanity, madness, mental disorder ‫ خبل‬kabala u (kabl) to confound, confuse, mess up, complicate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to hinder, impede, handicap, stop, hold back (‫ ه‬s.o.); to befuddle (‫ ه‬s.o.), confuse s.o.’s (‫ )ه‬mind, rob (‫ ه‬s.o.) of his senses make (‫ ه‬s.o.) crazy; -- kabila a (kabal, ‫ خبال‬kabal) to get confused; to be or become mentally disturbed, crazy, insane II to confound, confuse (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ه‬s.o.); to complicate, entangle, mess up, muddle, throw into disorder (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to rob of his senses, drive insane (‫ ه‬s.o.) VIII to become muddled, disordered (mind) ‫ خبل‬kabl, kabal confusion; mental disorder, insanity ‫ خبل‬kabil mad, crazy, insane; feebleminded, dim-witted ‫ اخبل‬akbal 2 mad, crazy, insane; feebleminded, dim-witted ‫ اختبال‬iktibāl mental disorder ‫ مخبول‬makbūl mad, crazy, idiotic, imbecilic, mentally deranged, insane; muddlehead, dolt, fool ‫ مخبل‬makbal confused. baffled, perplexed, dismayed; muddled, confused, mixed up (‫ خبو( خبا‬kabā u (kabw, kubūw) to go out, die (fire) ‫ خبايا‬and ‫ خباء‬pl. ‫ اخبية‬see ‫خبأ‬ ‫ خابية‬pl. ‫ خواب‬see ٢٢٦ ‫خبأ‬ ‫ خبياري‬kibyārī caviar ‫ ختر‬katara i (katr) to betray (‫ ه‬s.o.), act perfidiously, disloyally (‫ ه‬toward s.o.); to deceive, cheat, dupe (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ ختر‬katr disloyalty, breach of confidence, perfidy, treachery, betrayal, deception ‫ ختار‬kattār traitor, disloyal person, cheat, swindler

‫ خاتر‬kātir treacherous, perfidious, disloyal

termination; epilogue (of a book); ‫خواتيم‬ final stage

‫ ختل‬katala i u (katl, ‫ ختال‬katalan) to dupe, gull, cheat, double-cross, deceive (‫ ه‬s.o.) III to deceive, cheat, dupe (‫ ه‬s.o.); to behave hypocritically VIII = I

‫ مختم‬mukattam ringed, adorned with a ring or rings (hand)

‫ ختل‬katl and ‫ مخاتل‬mukātala deception, trickery, double-dealing, duplicity, duping, gulling

‫ مختتم‬muktatam end, close, conclusion, termination 1

‫ ختن‬katn circumcision

‫ مخاتل‬mukātil deceitful, crafty, wily, foxy ‫ ختم‬katama i (katm, ‫ ختام‬kitām) to seal, provide with a seal or signet (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to stamp, impress with a stamp (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to seal off, close, make impervious or inaccessible (‫ھـ‬ s.th.; also ‫ على‬the hearts, said of God); to put one’s seal (‫ ھـ‬on), conclude, terminate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to wind up, finish, complete (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to close, heal, cicatrize (wound) V to put on or wear a ring (‫ب( │ تختم بالذھب‬ (dahab) to wear a golden ring VIII to conclude, finish, terminate, wind up (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) ‫ ختم‬katm sealing; -- (pl. ‫ اختام‬aktām, ‫ختوم‬ kutūm) seal, signet, seal imprint; stamp, stamp imprint; also = ‫( ختمة‬see below) │ ‫ختم البريد‬postmark, (postal) cancellation stamp; ‫ شمع الختم‬šam‘ al-k. sealing wax ‫ ختمة‬katma pl. katamāt recital of the entire Koran, esp. on festive occasions 2

‫ خاتم‬kātam, kātam pl. ‫ خواتم‬kawātim seal ring, signet ring; ring, finger ring; seal, signet; stamp │‫ خاتم الزواج‬k. zawāj wedding ring; ‫ خاتم النبيين‬k. an-nabīyīn the Seal (i.e., the last) of the Prophets = Mohammed 2

‫ خاتام‬kātām pl. ‫ خواتيم‬kawātīm seal ring, signet ring; ring ‫ ختام‬kitām sealing wax; end, close, conclusion, termination │‫ في الختام‬at the end, at last, finally, eventually ‫ ختامي‬kitāmī final, concluding │‫كلمة‬ ‫( ختامية‬kalima) concluding speech ‫ اختتام‬iktitām end, close, conclusion, termination ‫ خاتمة‬kātima pl. ‫ خواتم‬kawātim2, ‫خواتيم‬ kawātīm2 end, close, conclusion,

‫ختن‬katana i (katn) to circumcise (‫ ه‬a boy) VIII pass ‫ ختن‬katan pl. ‫ اختان‬aktān son-in-law bridegroom ‫ ختان‬kitān, ‫ ختانة‬kitāna circumcision

2

‫ خاتون‬look up alphabetically

‫ خثر‬katara u and katira a to become solid, become thick, solidify, thicken; to be or become viscous, syrupy; to clot, coagulate (liquid); to curdle (milk) II and IV to thicken, inspissate, condense, coagulate (‫ھـ‬ liquid); to curdle (‫ ھـ‬milk) V = I O ‫ خثرة‬katra thrombosis (med.) ‫ خثار‬kutar dregs (of a liquid); scum of the earth, riffraff, mob ‫ خثارة‬kutāra dregs (of a liquid); sediment, lees 227 ‫ تخثر‬takattur coagulation │O ‫( تخثر المخ‬mukk) cerebral thrombosis ‫ خاثر‬kātir thickened, inspissated, condensed; viscous, ropy, sirupy; curdled, coagulated, clotted; yoghurt, curd ‫ مخثر‬mukattar thickened, inspissated, condensed; viscous, ropy, sirupy; curdled, coagulated, clotted ‫ خجل‬kajila a (kajal) to become embarrassed; to be ashamed (‫ من‬of s.th. or to face s.o.), be abashed ( by s.th.), feel embarrassed (‫من‬ about s.th. or in front of s.o.) II and IV to shame (‫ ه‬s.o.); to embarrass, abash, put to shame (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ خجل‬kajal shame (‫ من‬at); bashfulness diffidence, timidity, shyness; abashment; disgrace, shame, ignominy │‫( يا للخجل‬la-lkajal) O disgrace! the shame of it! ‫ خجل‬kajil abashed, embarrassed; bashful, diffident, shy, timid; overgrown with luxuriant, profuse vegetation; long and flowing (garment)

‫ خجول‬kajūl abashed, ashamed, shamefaced; shy, bashful, diffident, timid ‫ خجالن‬kajalān abashed, ashamed, shamefaced; shy, bashful, diffident, timid; bewildered with shame, embarrassed ‫ مخجول‬makjūl ashamed, shamefaced ‫ مخجل‬mukjil arousing shame, shameful; shocking, disgraceful, ignominious │ ‫( اعضاء المخجلة‬a‘ḍā’) the pudenda ‫ خد‬kadda u to furrow, plow (a the ground) V to be furrowed; to become wrinkled (akin) ‫ خد‬kadd pl. ‫ خدود‬kudūd cheek; lateral portion, side │‫ صعر خده‬ṣa‘‘ra kaddahū to put on a contemptuous mien ‫ خد‬kadd and ‫ خدة‬kudda pl. ‫ خدد‬kudad furrow, ridge, groove, rut ‫ اخدود‬ukdūd pl. ‫ اخاديد‬akādīd2 furrow, ridge, groove, rut; trench, excavation ‫ خد‬mikadda pl. ‫ مخاد‬makadd2 cushion, pillow; seat cushion ‫ خديج‬kadīj premature child ‫ خداج‬kidāj abortion, miscarriage ‫ خدر‬kadira a (kadar) to be numb, prickle, tingle (leg, arm); to be or become limp, benumbed, paralyzed; -- kadara u to confine to women’s quarters, keep in seclusion (‫ ھا‬a girl) II to numb, benumb, stupefy (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬a s.th.); to anesthetize, narcotize, put to sleep (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.; med.); to confine to women’s quarters, keep in seclusion (la a girl) IV to make torpid, stupefy, benumb, deprive of sensation, narcotize (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to be numbed. be stunned, be stupefied, be deprived of sensation; to come to rest, calm down ‫ خدر‬kidr pl. ‫ خدور‬kudūr, ‫ اخدار‬akdār, ‫ اخادير‬akādīr2 curtain, drape; women’s quarters of a tent; boudoir, private room (of a lady)

‫ خادر‬kādir limp, languid; benumbed, torpid, dazed; hidden in his den, lurking (lion) ‫ خادرة‬kādira chrysalis (of a caterpillar; zool.) ‫ مخدر‬mukaddir anesthetic, painkilling, tranquilizing; (pl. -āt) an anesthetic; a narcotic, drug, dope ‫ مخدر‬mukaddar numb, torpid, insensible; (eg.) tipsy, fuddled, drunk ‫ مخدرة‬mukaddira girl kept in seclusion from the outside world 228 ‫ خدش‬kadaša i (kadš) to scratch (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to maul, lacerate, tear to pieces (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to violate (‫ ھـ‬the rules of decency, s.o.’s honor, and the like); to disturb (‫ ھـ‬the peace); to ruin, sully, run down (‫سمعته‬ sum‘atahū s.o.’s reputation) II to scratch ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) j to maul, lacerate, tear to pieces ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to violate (‫ ھـ‬the rules of decency, s.o.’s honor, etc.); to ruin, sully, run down (‫ سمعته‬sum‘atahū s.o.’s reputation) ‫ خدش‬kadš pl. ‫ خدوش‬kudūš, ‫ اخداش‬akdāš scratch, scratch mark; graze, abrasion ‫ خدع‬kada‘a a to cheat (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ عن‬out of s.th.); to deceive, mislead, dupe, gull (‫ ه‬s.o.); pass. kudi‘a to be mistaken, be wrong (‫عن‬ about); to fail to see clearly (‫ عن‬with regard to), get the wrong impression (‫عن‬ of s.th.) III to cheat, dupe, deceive, take in (‫ ه‬s.o.); to try to deceive or double-cross (‫ه‬ s.o.) VII to let o.s. be deceived, be deceived, deluded, misled (‫ ب‬by); to be mistaken, be wrong ‫ خدع‬kud‘a pl. ‫ خدع‬kuda‘, -āt deception, cheating, swindle ‫ خدعة‬kuda‘a impostor, swindler, cheat, sharper ‫ سوى خدع‬sawwā akda‘ahū to crush s.o.’s pride, humble s.o.

‫ خدر‬kadar and ‫ خدرة‬kudra numbness, insensibility (esp. of a limb gone to sleep); daze. torpor, stupor

‫ خديعة‬kadī‘a pl. ‫ خدائع‬kadā’i‘2 deception, deceit, betrayal, treachery, perfidy, trickery, imposture

‫ خدر‬kadir numb (limb); benumbed, torpid, dazed

‫ خداع‬kaddā‘ impostor, swindler, sharper, cheat, crook; deceptive, delusive

‫ خدر‬takdīr anesthetization, narcotization

‫ خيدع‬kaida‘ fata morgana, mirage

‫ اخاديع‬akādi‘2 swindles, underhand dealings, crooked practices; phantoms, phantasms, delusions

‫ خدام‬kaddām pl. ‫ ة‬manservant, servant, attendant; woman servant, female domestic servant, maid

‫ مخدع‬mika‘, mukda‘, makda‘ pl. ‫مخادع‬ makādi2 small room, chamber, cabinet; bedchamber

‫ خدام‬kadāma attendance, service; employment, occupation, office, job

‫ خداع‬kidā‘ deception, deceit, swindle, imposture, betrayal, treachery, perfidy, trickery, duplicity ‫ خداعي‬kidā‘ī deceitful, fraudulent; deceptive, delusive, fallacious ‫ مخادع‬mukādi‘ swindler, impostor, cheat, sharper, crook ‫ خدل‬kadala a to stiffen, become rigid; to become numb, torpid, limp ‫ خدم‬kadama i u (‫ خدم‬kidma) to serve, be at service, do service; to have a job; to work; to wait (‫ ه‬on s.o.); to serve (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to render a service (‫ ه‬to s.o., ‫ ھـ‬to s.th.), stand up (‫ ه‬for s.o.) │ ‫ خدم األرض‬to till or cultivate the soil; ‫خدمه خدمات كثيرة‬ (kidamātin katīratan) he rendered him many services; ‫( خدم ركاب فالن‬rikāba) to be at s.o.’s beck and call; ‫خدم مصالح فالن‬ (maṣāliḥa) to serve s.o.’s interests; ‫خدم‬ ‫( القداس‬quddāsa) to celebrate Mass (Chr.) II to employ, hire (‫ ه‬s.o.), engage the services (‫ ه‬of s.o.); to give work (‫ ه‬to s.o.), provide work (‫ ه‬for) X to employ, hire, take on (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ل‬for s.th.), engage the services (‫ ل ه‬of s.o. for s.th.); to put in operation, operate (‫ ھـ‬e.g., a public utility); to employ, use (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ل‬for), make use, avail o.s. (‫ ھـ‬of s.th., ‫ ل‬for a purpose) ‫ خدم‬kadam servants, attendants ‫ خدمة‬kidma pl. ‫ خدم‬kidam, -āt a service (rendered); attendance, service; operation; office, employment, occupation, job; work │ ‫في خدمة شيء‬in the service of s.th.; ‫في‬ ‫ خدمتكم‬at your service; ‫خدم للحقيقة‬ (kidmatan) in the interest of truth, for the sake of truth; ‫'( خدمة عسكرية‬askarīya) military service; ‫( الخدمة االجبارية‬ijbārīya) conscription, compulsory service; ‫الخدمة‬ ‫( السرية‬sirrīya) secret service (pol.); ‫خدمة‬ ‫ القداس‬k. al-quddās celebration of Mass (Chr.) 229

‫ خدام‬kaddāma pl. -āt woman servant, female domestic servant, maid ‫ تخديم‬takdīm work, occupation or duty of an employment agent (‫ مخدم‬mukaddim see below) │ ‫ مكتب التخديم‬maktab at-t. labor office, employment bureau ‫ استخدام‬istikdām (putting into) operation; use, utilization; employment, hiring (of an employee); service, occupation, position, job ‫ خادم‬kādim pl. ‫ خدام‬kuddām, ‫خدمة‬ kudama domestic servant, help; manservant; woman servant; employee; attendant; waiter; deacon (Chr.) ‫ خادمة‬kādima woman servant; female domestic servant, maid; woman attendant ‫ خادمية‬kādimīya status of a servant ‫ مخدوم‬makdūm pl. -ūn, ‫ مخاديم‬makādīm2 master, employer ‫ مخدومة‬makdūma mistress, lady (of the house), woman employer ‫ مخدومية‬makdūmīya status of the master or employer ‫ مخدم‬mukaddim pl. -ūn employment agent ‫ مستخدم‬mustakdim pl. -ūn employer; -mustakdam (colloq. mustakdim) pl. -ūn employee, official ‫ خدن‬III to befriend (‫ ه‬s.o.), make friends (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to associate socially (‫ ه‬with) ‫ خدن‬kidn pl. ‫ اخدان‬akdān (intimate) friend, companion, confidant ‫ خدين‬kadīn (intimate) friend, companion, confidant ‫ خديو‬kidīw, ‫ خديوي‬kudaiwī khedive ‫ خديوي‬kidīwī khedivial ‫ خذأ‬X to submit, subject o.s. ‫ مستخذئ‬mustakdi’ submissive, servile, subservient, obedient

‫ خذروف‬kūdrūf pl. ‫ خذاريف‬kadārīf2 (spinning) top

1

‫ خذروفي‬kudrūfī turbinate, toplike ‫ خذف‬kadafa i (kadf) to hurl away (‫ ب‬،‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ مخذفة‬mikdafa sling, slingshot, catapult ‫ خذل‬kadala u (kadl, ‫ خذالن‬kidlān) to leave, abandon, forsake, desert, leave in the lurch (‫ ه‬or ‫ عن‬s.o.); to stay behind; to disappoint; pass. kudila to fail, suffer a setback, meet with disappointment III to leave, abandon, forsake, desert, leave in the lurch (‫ ه‬s.o.) VI to let up, flag, grow slack, languish, wane, decrease, fade, grow feeble VII to be left in the lurch; to be helpless; to be defeated; to meet with disappointment

‫ خرب‬karb destruction, devastation ‫ خرب‬kurb hole; eye of a needle; anus ‫ خرب‬karib destroyed, demolished, wrecked, devastated, waste; dilapidated, tumble-down, ramshackle; broken, ruined, out of order ‫ خربة‬kirba pl. ‫ خرب‬kirab (site of)

‫ خذل‬kidlān disappointment

ruins; ruin, disintegrating structure

‫ تختذل‬ta!:d4u.l fatigue, languor, weakness, feebleness; relaxation, lessening of tension; disagreement, dissent, disunion

‫ خربة‬karba, kurba irreligion, lawlessness ‫ خربة‬kurba pl. ‫ خرب‬kurab hole; eye of a needle; anus

‫ انخذال‬inkidāl forsakenness, desertedness, abandonment; defeat

‫ خربة‬kariba (site of) ruins ‫ خراب‬karàb ruin, ruination; state of destruction or dilapidation; desolation; (pl. ‫ اخربة‬akriba) (site of) ruins

‫ خذل‬mutakādil languid, weak, exhausted, spent, effete ‫ خذو‬X to submit, subject o.s.

‫ خرابة‬karāba pl. -āt, ‫ خرائب‬karā’ib2 disintegrating structure, ruin, ruins

‫ استخذاء‬istikdā’ subservience, submissiveness, servility

‫ خربان‬karbān, kirbān destroyed, wrecked, demolished, devastated, waste; ruined, broken, out of order

‫ مستخذ‬mustakdin submissive, servile, subservient, obedient ‫ خر‬karra i (‫ خرير‬karīr) to murmur, bubble, gurgle, purl (of running water); to ripple, trickle; to snore; -- (karr, ٢٣٠ ‫ خرور‬kurūr) to fall, fall down, drop; to sink to the ground, prostrate o.s. │ ‫خر على األرض‬fall to the ground; ‫( خر بين يديه‬baina yadaihi) he prostrated himself before him; ‫خر تحت‬ ‫( قدميه‬taḥta qadmnaihi) he fell at hill feet

‫ تخريب‬takrīb pl. -āt devastation, destruction, wrecking, demolition; sabotage ‫‘ عمل تخريبي‬amal takrībī act of sabotage ‫ خارب‬kārib annihilator, destroyer ‫ مخرب‬mukarrib pl. -ūn annihilator, destroyer; saboteur

‫ خرير‬karīr purl, murmur, ripple (of water) ‫ خرئ‬kari’a a (‫ خرء‬kar’) to evacuate the bowels, defecate ‫ خرء‬kur’ and ‫ خراء‬karā’ excrement, feces ‫ خراسان‬kurāsān2 Khurasan (province in NE Iran)

‫ خرب‬karaba i (karb) to destroy, wreck, demolish, shatter, devastate, lay waste (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); -- kariba a (‫ خراب‬karāb) to be or become destroyed, ruined, waste, go to ruin, fall apart, disintegrate II to devastate, lay waste, destroy, wreck, demolish, ruin, lay in ruins (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV = II; V to be or become destroyed, ruined, waste, go to ruin, Call apart, disintegrate

‫ مخرب‬mukrib annihilator, destroyer 2

‫ خروب‬karrūb (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬carob, locust; carob bean, locust pod, St.-John’s-bread

‫ خروبة‬karrūba pl. -āt kharouba, a dry measure (Eg.; = 1/16 ٢٩١. = ‫ قدح‬l) ‫ خربش‬karbaša to scratch; to scrawl, scribble ‫ خربوش‬karbuš pl. ‫ خرابيش‬karābīš (syr.) tent

O ‫ مخربشات‬mukarbašāt graffiti ‫ خربط‬karbaṭa to throw into disorder, disarrange, confuse (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ خربق‬karbaqa to perforate, riddle (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to spoil, mar (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ خربق‬karbaq hellebore (bot.) ‫ خرت‬karata u (kart) to pierce, bore, perforate ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), make a hole (‫ ھـ‬in) ‫ خرت‬kurt, kart pl. ‫ اخرات‬akrāt, ‫خروت‬ kurūt hole; bore, drill hole; ring, eye, eyelet ‫ حريت‬kirrīt experienced, practiced, skilled; guide ‫ خرتيت‬kartīt rhinoceros ‫ خرج‬karaja u (‫ خروج‬kurūj) to go out, walk out; to come out (‫ من‬of), emerge (‫ من‬from); to drive or ride out, go out (in a vehicle); to flow out, exude, effuse; to go away, depart, leave, retire; to protrude, 231 project, stick out; to leave (‫ من‬s.th.); to dismount, alight, disembark (‫ من‬from), get out, step out (‫ من‬of); to emanate, issue, arise, originate, result (‫ من‬from); to draw away, segregate, separate, secede, dissent (‫ عن‬from), disagree (‫ عن‬with); to deviate, depart (‫ عن‬from an arrangement, from a principle); to be an exception (‫ عن‬to); to be outside a given subject (‫)عن‬, go beyond a topic (‫)عن‬, exceed (‫ عن‬a topic); to be alien (‫ عن‬to), be extraneous (‫ عن‬from), not to belong (‫ عن‬to), be not included (‫ عن‬in), have nothing to do with (‫ عن(؛ ال يخرج عن‬it is limited to ..., it is nothing but ... ; to go forth (into battle); to attack (‫ على‬s.o., s.th.), rise, fight (‫ على‬against); to rebel, revolt ( ‫ على‬against); to violate, break, infringe ( ‫ على‬a rule, a regulation); ‫ خرج عليه ب‬to come up to s.o. with …, confront s.o. with ... ; to get out, bring out, take out (‫ ب‬s.o.); to turn out, oust, dislodge (‫ ب‬s.o.); to lead away, dissuade (‫ عن ب‬s.o. from); to find out, discover (‫ ب‬s.th.) │‫( خرج عن الخط‬kaṭṭ) to be derailed, run off the track (train) II to move out, take out, dislodge (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to turn out, oust, expel, evict, drive out (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to remove, eliminate (‫ه‬ s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to exclude, except (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to train (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ في‬in a skill, and the like); to educate, bring up (‫ ه‬s.o.); to distill (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to pull out, extract (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to

gather, deduce, infer (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to explain, interpret, expound, elucidate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to move out, take out, get out, bring out, dislodge (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to unload (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), disembark, detrain, etc. (‫ ه‬s.o., e.g., troops); to turn out, oust (‫ ه‬s.o.); to emit, send out (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., electric waves); to stick out (‫ ھـ‬e.g., the tongue); to fish out ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th. from the pocket); to bring out into the open, make public (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to remove, extract (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to eliminate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to expel, evict, exile, expatriate (‫ه‬ s.o., ‫ من‬from a country); to dismiss, fire, remove (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ من‬from an office); ‫اخرجه من‬ ‫( ثروته‬tarwatihī) to rob s.o. of his property, dispossess, expropriate s.o.; to give off, sound, emit (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., a tone; said of a musical instrument); to set forth, state, express, utter, voice (‫ ھـ‬an opinion); to break (‫ ريحا‬rīḥan wind); to educate, bring up (‫ ه‬s.o.); to train (‫ ه‬s.o.); to stage, produce (‫ ھـ‬a play; theat.); to bring out, make, shoot (‫ رواية‬riwāyatan a film, said of a director); to except, exclude (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ عن‬from); to pull out, extract (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to select (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to be educated; to be trained (‫ في‬in a school, college, also ‫من؛ في‬ in a field); to graduate (‫ في‬from a school, from a college, also ‫ )من‬VI to part company, separate; to disengage, disassociate, withdraw from one another; to cede, assign, transfer, make over (‫ل عن‬ s.th. to s.o.) X to get out, move out, remove (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ من‬from); to take out, draw (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ من‬from); to pull out, extract (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ من‬from); to mine, extract, recover (‫ ھـ‬mineral resources); to win, gain, make (‫ ھـ‬a product, ‫ من‬from); to copy, excerpt (A s.th., ‫ من‬from a book or document); to derive, draw, deduce, figure out, compute (‫ من ھـ‬s.th. from); to elicit (‫ھـ‬ s.th., e.g., astonishment, ‫ من‬from s.o.); to find out, discover (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ خرج‬karj expenditure, outlay, expense(s), costs; land tax; s.th. appropriate or suitable, that which is s.o.’s due, which s.o. deserves, which s.o. needs; (eg.) ration (food); (pl. ‫ خروجات‬kurūjāat) trimming; edge, edging, piping; pl. lace; trimmings │‫ ھذا خراجك‬that’s what you need, what you deserve; ‫ خرج المشنقة‬k. almašnaqa one who deserves to be hanged

‫ خرج‬kurj pl. ‫ خرجة‬kiraja saddlebag, portmanteau 232

‫ تخرج‬takarruj graduation (from a school or college)

‫ خرجة‬karja pl. karajāt exit, departure; protrusion, protuberance, projection, salient part; (eg.) funeral

‫ تخارج‬takāruj separation, disassociation, disengagement, (mutual) withdrawal ‫ استخراج‬istikrāj taking out, moving out, pulling out, removal; withdrawing; extraction, derivation, gaining (of industrial products, etc.), mining, recovery (of mineral resources); preparation of an extract; excerpting, copying; deduction, inference; solution (of a problem)

‫ خراج‬karāj tax; kharaj, land tax (Isl. Law) ‫ خراجي‬karājī of or pertaining to land tax; of or pertaining to the taxed and cultivable area ‫ خرج‬kurāj (coll.; n. un. ‫ة‬, pl. -āt) skin eruption; tumor, abscess

‫ خارج‬kārij outer, outside, outward, exterior; external, foreign j outside, exterior (n.); foreign country or countries; quotient (arith.); karija (prep.) outside, out of ‫ خارجا‬kārijan outside │‫خارجا عن‬ outside of, apart from; ‫ في الخارج‬abroad, in foreign countries; outside; ‫الى الخارج‬ abroad, to foreign countries; to the outside, outward, out

‫ خروج‬kurūj exit; egression, emergence; departure; exodus; emigration; raid, foray, sortie (‫ على‬against), attack, assault (‫ على‬on) │ ‫( خروج عن الخط‬kaṭṭ) derailment (of a train) ‫ خريج‬kirrīj pl. -ūn graduate (of a school, college, or university) │‫مؤتمر الخريجين‬ ‫ العرب‬mu’tamar al-k. al-‘arab Congress of Arab Graduates (a supra-national organization of university graduates advocating a unified Arab world)

‫ الخارجة‬El Khārga (town in central Egypt, in Khārga oasis) ‫ خارجي‬kārijī outer, out- (in compounds), outside, outward, exterior, external; foreign; nonresident │‫عيادة خارجية‬ (‘iyāda) policlinic; ‫ وزارة خارجية‬ministry of foreign (external) affairs, foreign ministry; ‫( تلميذ خارجي‬tilmīd) a student not living at a boarding school, a day student

‫ مخرج‬makraj pl. ‫ مخارج‬makārij2 (place of) exit; way out (of a difficult situation), outlet, escape, loophole, shift, dodge, excuse; articulation (of a sound); O cathode (el.) │‫ علم مخارج الحروف‬phonetics

‫ خوارج‬kawārij2 the Khawarij, Kharijites (the oldest religious sect of Islam); dissenters, dissidents, backsliders, rebels

‫ تخريج‬takrīj education, training (in schools, colleges); raising, upbringing, rearing (of children); extraction; derivation, deduction; interpretation, exegesis ‫ اخراج‬ikrāj taking out, moving out, removal; unloading, disembarkment, detrainment; emission; moving, carting away, hauling off; evacuation; publication, publicizing, bringing before the public; extraction, removal; elimination; dismissal, removal (from an office); ousting, expulsion, eviction, expatriation, banishment (from a country); excretion (biol.); finding out, discovery, figuring out; training, formation, education; direction, production, staging (motion pictures, theater) │‫تولى االخراج‬ (tawallā) to have the, direction (motion pictures, theater); ‫ من اخراج‬... directed by (motion picture)

‫ مخرج‬mukrij pl. -ūn (screen or stage) director ‫ مخرج‬mukraj excerpt, extract (from a book); ‫ مخرجات‬excretions (biol.) 233 ‫ متخرج‬mutakarrij pl. -ūn graduate (‫ في‬or ‫ من‬of a school or college) ‫ مستخرج‬mustakraj pl. -āt extract; excerpt (‫ من‬from), partial copy (‫ من‬of) ‫ خرخر‬karkara to snore 1

‫ خرد‬karida a to be a virgin, be untouched, innocent, chaste ‫ خريدة‬karida pl. ‫ خرائد‬karā’id2, ‫خرد‬ kurud virgin; unbored pearl

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‫ خردة‬kurda scrap metal, scrap iron; pl. ‫خردوات‬ kardawāt notions, smallwares; small

goods, smalls, miscellaneous small articles; (eg. also) novelties, fancy goods for ladies ‫ خردجي‬kurdajī dealer in miscellaneous smallwares ‫ خردق‬kurdaq, kurduq small shot, buckshot ‫ خردل‬kardal (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬mustard seeds; mustard ‫ خرز‬karaza I u to pierce, bore (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ خرز‬karaz (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬pearls ‫ مخرز‬mikraz pl. ‫ مخارز‬makāriz2 awl; punch ‫ مخراز‬mikrāz awl; punch 1

‫ خرس‬karisa a (karas) to be dumb mute; to become silent, keep silent, hold one’s tongue IV to silence, reduce to silence, gag (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ خرس‬karas dumbness, muteness ‫ اخرس‬akras2, f. ‫ خرساء‬karsā’2 pl. ‫خرس‬ kurs, ‫ خرسان‬kursān dumb, mute ‫ خرسان‬karsān2 dumb, mute

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‫ خرسان‬karasān, ‫ خرسانة‬karasāna concrete (béton) │O ‫( خرسانة مسلحة‬musallaḥa) armored (or reinforced) concrete

‫ خرشوف‬kuršūf (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. ‫خراشيف‬ karāšīf artichoke ‫ خرص‬karaṣa u (karṣ) to guess estimate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to conjecture, surmise (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), form conjectures (‫ ھـ‬about); to tell an untruth, a falsehood, to lie V to fabricate lies (‫ على‬against s.o.); to raise false accusations (‫ على‬against s.o.) ‫ خرص‬kirṣ, kurṣ, pl. ‫ خرصان‬kirṣān, kurṣān earring ‫ خراص‬karrāṣ pl. -ūn Ii&!', slanderer, calumniator ‫ خرط‬karaṭa u i (karṭ) to pull off, strip (‫ھـ‬ leaves from a tree); to turn, lathe, shape with a lathe (‫ ھـ‬wood, metal); to exaggerate, boast, brag, lie; -- u (eg.) to cut into small pieces; to mince, chop, dice (‫ ھـ‬meat, carrots, etc.) II (eg.) to cut into small pieces, mince, chop (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VII to be turned. be lathed. be shaped with a lathe; to join, enter (‫ في سلك‬،‫ في‬fī silk an organization, a community), affiliate (،‫في‬

‫ في سلك‬with an organization, a community); to penetrate (‫ في‬s.th. or into); to plunge headlong (‫ في‬into), embark rashly (‫ في‬upon); to labor, slave, toil │ ‫( انخرط في البكاء‬bukā’) to break into tears ‫ خرط‬karṭ pulling-off (of leaves); ‫دون ذلك‬ ‫ خرط القتاد‬see ‫ دون‬turning, turnery ‫ خراط‬karrāṭ pl. -ūn turner, lather; braggart, bluffer, storyteller ‫ خراطة‬kirāṭa turner’s trade, turnery, art of turning ‫ خراطة‬karrāta skirt (syr.) ‫ خريطة‬karīṭa pl. ‫ خرائط‬karā’iṭ, ‫خرط‬ kuruṭ map, chart ‫ مخرطة‬mikraṭa, makraṭa pl. ‫مخارط‬ makāriṭ2 lathe ‫ خارطة‬kāriṭa pl. -āt map, chart ‫ مخروط‬makrūṭ cone (math.); conic 234 ‫ مخروطي‬makrūṭī conic ‫ خرطوش‬karṭūš, ‫ خرطوشة‬karṭūša pl. ‫خراطيش‬ karāṭīš 2 cartridge; lead (of a pencil); cartouche (arch.); daybook ‫ خرطال‬karṭāl oats ‫ خرطوم‬karṭūm pl. ‫ خراطيم‬karāṭīm2 proboscis, trunk (of the elephant); hose ‫ الخرطوم‬al-karṭūm Khartoum (capital of the Sudanese Republic) ‫ خراطين‬karāṭīn2 a kind of earthworm ‫ خراطيني‬karāṭīnī wormlike, vermiform ‫ خرطيط‬karṭīṭ rhinoceros ‫ خرع‬karu‘a u (kur‘, ‫ خراعة‬kurā‘a) and kari‘a a (kara‘) to droop, be or become slack, limp, flabby; to be or become languid, soft, spineless, yielding VII do. VIII to invent, devise, contrive (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to create. originate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ خرع‬kari‘ and ‫ خريع‬karī‘ soft, languid, yielding, spineless, devoid of energy, nerveless ‫ خروع‬kirwa‘ castor-oil plant, palma Christi (Ricinus communis; bot.) ‫ اختراع‬iktirā‘ pl. -āt invention ‫ مخترع‬muktari‘ pl. -ūn inventor ‫ مخترع‬muktara‘ pl. -at invention

‫ خرف‬karifa a (karaf) to dote, be senile and feeble-minded; to drivel, talk foolishly ‫ خرف‬karaf feeble-mindedness, dotage, senility; childishness (of an old man) ‫ خرف‬karif and ‫ خرفان‬karfān feebleminded, doting; childish; dotard ‫ خريف‬karīf autumn, fall ‫ خريفي‬karīfī autumnal ‫ خروف‬karūf pl. ‫ خراف‬kirāf, ‫ اخرفة‬akrifa, ‫ خرفان‬kirfān young sheep, lamb, yearling; wether ‫ خرافة‬kurāfa pl. -āt superstition; fable, fairy tale

crossing, transit; violation, breach; (pl. ‫ خروق‬kurūq) hole, aperture, opening │‫خرق‬ ‫ األمن من العام‬k. al-amn al-‘āmm violation of public security; ‫ خرق العادة‬offense against common usage, violation of mores; ‫اتسع‬ ‫( الخرق على الراقع‬ittasa‘a) the rent is beyond repair 235 ‫ خرق‬kurq and ‫ خرقة‬kurqa awkwardness, clumsiness; stupidity │ ‫( خرق في الرأي‬ra’y) stupidity; folly, madness; ‫من الخرق في الرأي‬ ‫ ان‬... it would be very unwise to ... ‫ خرقة‬kirqa pl. ‫ خرق‬kiraq tatter, shred; rag; scrap (of paper); polishing cloth; eraser (cloth)

‫ خرافي‬kurāfī fabulous, fictitious, legendary

‫ اخرق‬akraq2 f. ‫ خرقاء‬karqā’2, pl. ‫خرق‬ kurq clumsy, awkward; stupid; irregular; illegal, illicit, unlawful

‫ مخرفة‬makrafa prattle, drivel, twaddle, bosh

‫ مخرقة‬makraqa trickery, sleight of hand, legerdemain, hocus-pocus, swindle

‫ تخريف‬takrīf folly, delusion; foolish talk, drivel, twaddle, bosh, buncombe ‫ مخرف‬mukarrif childish, foolish; (pl. -ūn) prattler, chatterbox, windbag; charlatan ‫ خرفش‬kartaša to shuffle, mix (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ خرفوشة‬karfūša pl. ‫ خرافيش‬karāfīš2 card of low value, discard (in card playing) ‫ خرق‬karaqa I u (karq) to tear, rend, tear apart ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make a hole (‫ ھـ‬in); to perforate, pierce, bore (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to penetrate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), break, pass (‫ ھـ‬through s.th.); to traverse, cross, transit (‫ ھـ‬s.th., a country); to violate, impair, infringe (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), encroach (‫ ھـ‬upon); to break (‫ ھـ‬a vow, and the like), commit a breach of ( ‫ ;)ھـ‬to exceed the ordinary, be unusual, extraordinary, unprecedented, unheard-of │‫ خرق العادة‬to go beyond what is ordinary or customary IV to lurk, lie in wait V and VII to be torn, be rent, be pierced, be broken VIII to pierce (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to cut, break, pass' (‫ ھـ‬through s.th.), penetrate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to traverse, cross, transit (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), travel through s.th. (‫ ;)ھـ‬to exceed (‫ ھـ‬e.g., a limit), go beyond s.th. (‫ھـ( │اخترق مسامعه‬ (masāmi‘ahū) to shrill in s.o.’s ears ‫ خرق‬karq tearing, rending, laceration; piercing, boring, perforation; penetration; disruption; breakthrough; traversion,

‫ مخارق‬makāriq2 a kind of pastry (tun.) ‫ اختراق‬iktirāq penetration; piercing, disruption; traversion, crossing, transit ‫ خارق‬kāriq and (‫ للعادة‬or) ‫خارق العادة‬ exceeding the customary, unusual, extraordinary, unprecedented, unheard-of; pl. ‫ خوارق‬kawāriq2 preternatural phenomena. miracles; that which transcends the conceivable or the rational │ ‫ خارق الطبيعة‬supernatural; ‫خوارق المصادفات‬ k. al-muṣādafāt miraculous coincidences ‫ مخترق‬muktaraq passage, passageway ‫ خرم‬karama i (karm) and II to pierce (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), make a hole or holes (‫ ھـ‬in); to perforate ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VII to be pierced, be riddled, be torn; to be deranged, unsettled, disorganized; to come to an end, run out, peter out, get lost VIII to destroy, annihilate (‫ ه‬s.o.); to carry off, carry away (‫ ه‬s.o., of death); to break (‫ الصفوف‬the ranks), pass through s.th. (‫)ھـ‬ ‫ خرم‬karm pl. ‫ خروم‬kurūm gap, blank (e.g., in a manuscript, or the like) ‫ خرم‬kurm hole │ ‫ خرم االبرة‬k. al-ibra eye of the needle ‫ خرامة‬karāma drill, bit, auger, gimlet; punch, perforator ‫ خرم‬akram2 having a perforated nasal septum

‫ تخريم‬takrīm piercing, boring, drilling; perforation; punching; lace-making, lacework ‫ تخريمة‬takrīma lace, lace-work, openwork, filigree ‫ انخرام‬inkirām state of unsettlement, disturbance, disorganization, derangement │‫( انخرام في التوازن‬tawāzun) disturbance of equilibrium ‫ مخروم‬makrūm defective, incomplete (e.g., a manuscript) ‫ مخرم‬mukarram perforated; done in openwork, in filigree ‫ خرماشة‬kurmāša pl. -āt (ir.) harrow ‫ خرنوب‬kurnūb carob, locust; carob bean, locust pod, St.-John’s-bread ‫ خرنق‬kirniq pl. ‫ خرانق‬karāniq2 young hare, leveret ‫ خروع‬kirwa‘ castor-oil plant, palma Christi (Ricinus communis; bot.) 1

‫ خز‬kazza u to pierce, transfix (‫ ه‬s.o.); to stab ( ‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ب‬with) VIII to pierce, transfix (‫ه‬ s.o., ‫ ب‬with)

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‫ خز‬pl. ‫ خزوز‬kuzūz silk fabric

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‫ خزر‬kazara uto look askance (‫ ه‬at s.o.), give s.o. (‫ )ه‬a sidelong glance

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‫ بحر الخزر‬baḥr al-kazar the Caspian Sea

‫ خيزران‬kaizurān pl. ‫ خيازر‬kayāzir2 cane, reed; rattan; bamboo ‫ خيزرانة‬kaizurāna cane, stick ‫ خزع‬kaza‘a a (kaz‘) to cut, sever (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ خزعبل‬kuza‘bal idle talk, bosh ‫ خزعبل‬kuza‘bala pl. -āt idle talk, bosh; joke, jest, hoax; fib, yarn; cock and bull story 236 ‫ خزف‬kazaf pottery, earthenware; porcelain, china; ceramics ‫ خزفي‬kazafī (made of) porcelain; porcelaneous, porcelain, china (adj.) ‫ خزاف‬kazzāf dealer in chinaware; potter ‫ خزافة‬kizāfa potter’s trade, pottery ‫ خزق‬kazaqa i to pierce, stab, transfix (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to drive, ram ‫ ھـ في األرض‬s.th. into the ground); to tear, rend, rip apart (‫ھـ‬

s.th.) II to tear, rend, rip apart (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V and VII pass of I and II ‫ خزق‬kazq rip, rent, tear, hole (in a garment) ‫ خازوق‬kāzūq pl. ‫ خوازق‬kawāziq2 post, stake, pole; dirty trick │‫ ھذا خازوق‬that’s tough luck! 2

‫ خوزق‬look up alphabetically

‫ خزل‬kazala i (kazl) to cut off, sever (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to hinder, prevent, hold back, restrain, keep ( ‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ عن‬from) VIII to cut off, cut short, end abruptly (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to shorten, abridge, abbreviate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to stand alone (‫ ب‬with an opinion) ‫ اختزال‬iktizāl abridgment, abbreviation; shorthand, stenography ‫ مختزل‬muktazil stenographer ‫ خزم‬kazama i (kazm) to string, thread (‫ھـ‬ pearls) │ ‫( خزم انفه‬anfahū) to pierce the nasal septum (of a camel) and insert the nose ring for the bridle; to make s.o. subservient to one’s will ‫ خزام‬kizām, ‫ خزامة‬kizāma pl. ‫خزائم‬ kazā’im2 nose ring ‫ خزامى‬kuzāmā lavender (bot.) ‫ خزن‬kazana u (kazn) to store, stock, lay up, hoard, amass, accumulate; to keep secret, keep (‫ ھـ‬a secret) II and VIII to store, stock, lay up, warehouse (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to store up, accumulate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to dam (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to put in safekeeping, keep (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ خزن‬kazn storing; accumulation, hoarding, amassing; storage, warehousing ‫ خزنة‬kazna treasure house; safe, coffer, vault; wardrobe, locker; cupboard ‫ خزانة‬kizāna pl. -āt, ‫ خزائن‬kazā’in2 treasure house; vault, coffer, safe; treasury, treasury department (of an official agency), any office for the deposit and disbursement of funds; locker, wardrobe, closet; cupboard; library │‫خزانة‬ ‫ الدولة‬k. ad-daula and ‫‘( خزانة عامة‬āmma) public treasury, exchequer; ‫ خزانة الثلج‬k. attalj icebox, refrigerator; ‫ خزانة الكتب‬k. alkutub bookcase; library; ‫خزانة خصوصية‬ (kuṣūṣīya) private library; ‫خزانة المالبس‬ wardrobe, closet, locker

‫ خزينة‬kazīna pl. ‫ خزائن‬kazā’in2 treasure house; public treasury, exchequer; treasury, treasury department (of an official agency), any office for the deposit and disbursement of funds; cashier’s office; vault, coffer, safe; cashbox, till (of a merchant) │ ‫( الخزينة الخاصة‬kāṣṣa) (formerly) the Royal Privy Purse (Ir.); ‫ خزينة الدولة‬k. ad-daula public treasury, exchequer; ‫ خزينة نقود راصدة‬،‫خزينة راصدة‬ cash register ‫ خزان‬kuzzān pl. -āt, ‫ خزازين‬kazāzīn2 dam; reservoir; basin, sump, pool; storage tank (also for oil); - (pl. -ūn) storehouseman, warehouseman ‫ مخزن‬makzan pl. ‫ مخازن‬makāzin2 storeroom, storehouse; depository; stockroom, storage room; depot, magazine, warehouse; store, shop, department store; ‫ المخزن‬al-makzan the Makhzan, the Moroccan government (formerly: govemmental finance department; Mor.) │ ‫ مخزن ادوية‬m. adwiya drugstore; ‫مخزن‬ ‫ االصدار‬m. al-iṣdār shipping room (com.); ‫ مخزن العفش‬m. al-‘afš trunk (of an automobile) 237 ‫ مخزني‬makzanī being under government control or administration. belonging to the government (Mor.) │‫( امالك مخزنية‬amlāk) government land (Mor.) ‫ مخازني‬makāzinī pl. -īya native gendarme (Mor.)

(‫ ه‬s.o.); to shame, abash, embarrass (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to humiliate, degrade, dishonor (‫ ه‬s.o.); to shame, put to shame (‫ ه‬s.o.) X to be ashamed ‫ خزى‬kizy, kazan shame, disgrace, ignominy │‫ !يا للخزى‬yā la-l-kazā what a shame! ‫ خزيان‬kazayān2 f. ‫ خزيا‬kazyā, pl. ‫خزايا‬ kazāya ashamed, shamefaced, abashed; shameful, disgraceful, scandalous, infamous, base, mean, vile ‫ مخزاة‬makzāh pl. ‫ مخاز‬makāzin a shameful thing, a disgrace; reason for shame; pl. shameful things, disgraceful acts, infamies ‫ مخزي‬makzīy ashamed, shamefaced, abashed; embarrassed, confused; ‫المخزي‬ the Devil ‫ مخز‬mukzin disgraceful, shameful, scandalous, infamous ‫ مخزية‬mukziya pl. -at disgraceful act, infamy ‫ خس‬kassa (1st pers. perf. kasistu) a (‫ خسة‬kissa, ‫ خساسة‬kasāsa) to be mean, base, vile; to become less, decrease, diminish, depreciate, fall in value; -- kassa u to lessen, reduce, diminish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to lessen, reduce, diminish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ خس‬kass lettuce (Lactuca sativa; bot.) ‫ خس‬kassa (n. un.) head of lettuce

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‫ مخازن‬makāzin , ‫ مخازن الطريق‬m. aṭ-ṭarīq the nearest, shortest way, a short cut

‫ خس‬kissa and ‫ خساسة‬kasāsa meanness, baseness, vileness

‫ مخزنجي‬makzanjī storehouseman, warehouseman

‫ خسيس‬kasīs pl. ‫ اخساء‬akissā’2 mean, base, low, vile, despicable, contemptible, miserable

‫ خزندار‬kazandār, kaznadār treasurer ‫ تخزين‬takzīn storage, storing, warehousing; storing up, accumulation; damming ‫ خازن‬kāzin pl. ‫ خزنة‬kazana, ‫ خزان‬kuzzān treasurer ‫ مخزون‬makzūn stored, stored up, deposited, warehoused; (pl. -āt) stock, supply, stock in trade ‫ خزي‬kaziya a (kizy, kazan) to be or become base, vile, despicable, contemptible; (‫خزاية‬ kazāya) to be ashamed (‫ من‬of); -- kazā i to disgrace, dishonor, discredit, put to shame

‫ خسيسة‬kasīsa pl. ‫ خسائس‬kasā’is mean trick, infamy ‫ خسأ‬kasa’a a (kas’) to chase away (‫ ه‬s.o.); -‫ خسئ‬kasi’a a to be driven away, make off │‫ خسئت‬kasi’ta beat it! scram! ‫اخسأ اليك‬ iksa’ ilaika do. ‫ اخسأ‬aksa’2 baser, meaner, more despicable; weaker ‫ خاسئ‬kāsi’ spurned, rejected, outcast; low, base, vulgar, despicable, contemptible; disgraceful, shameful,

scandalous, infamous; futile, vain (attempt); weak, feeble, languid ‫ خستكة‬kastaka indisposition ‫ مخستك‬mukastak indisposed, unwell, sickly

‫ خشب‬II to lignify, become woody or woodlike; to line, face or cue with wood, to panel, wainscot (٨ ‫ھـ‬.tb.) V to lignify, become woody or woodlike; to become bard, still, firm, rigid; to stiffen, freeze (e.g., with panic)

‫ خسر‬kasara a (kusr, ‫ خسار‬kasār, ‫ خسارة‬kasāra, ‫ خسران‬kusrān) to incur a loss, suffer damage; to lose, forfeit (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to go astray, lose one’s way, get lost; to perish II to cause loss or damage (‫ ھـ‬to s.o.); to do harm (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to destroy, 238 ruin (‫ھـ‬ s.o.); to corrupt, deprave (‫ ه‬s.o.)

‫ خشب‬kašab pl. ‫ خشب‬akšāb wood, lumber, timber │‫ خشب األنبياء‬k. al-anbiyā’ guaiacum wood, lignum vitae ‫ خشبة‬kašaba pl. –āt, ‫ اخشاب‬akšāb piece of wood; a timber; pale, post; plank, board │‫ خشب الميت‬al-mayyit coffin; ‫خشبة المسرح‬ al-masraḥ stage (of a theater), ‫على خشبة‬ ‫ المسرح‬on the “boards”

IV to cause a loss (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to shorten, cut, reduce (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) X to grudge (‫ على‬or ‫في‬ s.o., s.th.), envy s.o. (‫ على‬or ‫ )في‬the possession of (‫)ھـ‬

‫ خشبي‬kašabī wooden, woody, ligneous, made of wood; timber-, lumber- (in compounds)

‫ خسر‬kur loss, damage

‫ خشاب‬kaššāb pl. ‫ ة‬lumber merchant

‫ خسران‬kusrān loss, damage, forfeiture; decline, deterioration; depravity, profligacy

‫ تخشيب‬takšīb paneling, wainscoting ‫ تخشيبة‬takšība pl. -āt, ‫ تخاشيب‬takāšīib2 barrack, wooden shed

‫ خسارة‬kasāra pl. ‫ خسائر‬kasā’ir2 loss, damage; pl. losses, casualties (‫ في‬in; mil.) │ ‫ يا خسارة‬what a pity! too bad!

‫ تخشب‬takaššub stiffness, rigor, rigidity; stiffening

‫ خسران‬kusrān (eg.) loser; affected by damage or loss ‫ خاسر‬kāsir lost, hopeless; involving substantial losses; loser; depraved, corrupted; profligate, disreputable person, scoundrel ‫ مخسر‬mukassir causing damage, harmful, noxious, injurious, detrimental ‫ خسف‬kašafa i (kasf, ‫ خسوف‬kusūf) to sink, sink down, give way, cave in, disappear, go down; to be eclipsed (moon); -- i (kasf) to cause to sink, cause to give way │ ‫خسف ﷲ‬ ‫ به األرض‬k. llāh bihī l-arḍa God made him sink into the ground, God made the ground swallow him up VII to sink, sink down, go down ‫ خسف‬kasf baseness, ignominy, disgrace, shame; inferiority │ ‫ سام خسفا‬sāma kasfan to humiliate, abase, degrade (.s.o.) ‫ خسوف‬kusūf occultation (astron.); lunar eclipse ‫ خش‬kašša i u (kašš) to enter (‫ في‬s.th.) ‫ خشاش‬kišāš vermin, insects

‫ متخشب‬mutakaššib frozen, rigid; stiff, bard, firm ‫ خشت‬kušt pl. ‫ خشوت‬kušūt javelin 1

‫ خشخاش‬kaškāš (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. ‫خشاخيش‬ kašākīš2 poppy

‫ خشخش‬kaškša to clank, clatter, rattle; to rustle ‫ خشخشة‬kaškaša pl. -āt noise; clank, clatter, rattle; rustle, rustling; crash ‫ )خشخشية )= شخشيخة‬rattle (toy) ‫ خشارة‬kušāra leftover (of a meal); offal, refuse; a discard, a worthless thing ‫ خشع‬kaša‘a a (‫ خشوع‬kušū‘) to be submissive, be humble; to humble o.s.; to fade (voice) │ ‫( خشع ببصره‬baṣarihī) to lower one’s eyes II to humble, reduce to submission (‫ ه‬s.o.) V to display humility; to be humble; to be moved, be touched ‫ خشوع‬kušū‘ submissiveness, submission, humility ‫ خاشع‬kaši‘ pl. ‫ خشعة‬kaša‘a submissive, humble 239

‫ خشاف‬kušāf various fruits, stewed and waked in syrup or rose water, compote ‫ خشكار‬kuškār coarsely ground grain, grits ‫ خشكريشة‬kaškarīša scab, slough, scurf ‫ خشم‬II to intoxicate, make drunk (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ خشم‬kašm nose; mouth; vent, outlet ‫ خيشوم‬kaišūm pl. ‫ خياشم‬kayāšim2 nose; gills; also pl. ‫ خياشيم‬nose ‫ خشن‬kašuna u (‫ )خشونة‬to be rough, coarse, crude; to be raw, uncut, unpolished II to roughen, coarsen, make crude (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to be rude, uncivil, boorish (‫ ه‬to s.o.) V to display rough, rude, or coarse, manners; to be rough, uneven; to lead as rough life XII ‫ اخشوشن‬ikšaušana to be rough, coarse, crude; to lead a rough life ‫ خشن‬kašin pl. ‫ خشان‬kišān rough, crude; coarse (as opposed to ‫ ناعم‬nā‘im); rude, unpolished, uncouth; tough, harsh (life); hoarse, raucous (voice) │‫ خشن اللمس‬k. allams coarse to the touch, rough, uneven, wrinkled; ‫ خشن الخلق‬k. al-kulq uncouth, boorish; ‫ خشن القشرة‬k. al-qišra thickshelled; ‫( الجنس الخشن‬jins) the strong sex ‫ اخشن‬akšan2, f. ‫ خشناء‬kašnā’2, pl. ‫خشن‬ kušn rough, tough, harsh, rude, uncouth ‫ الخشناء‬al-kašnā’ the vulgar, uneducated people ‫ خشونة‬kušūna roughness, coarseness; crudeness; rudeness ‫ خشي‬kašiya a (kašy, ‫ خشية‬kašya) to fear, dread ( ‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ على‬for s.o. or s.th.), be afraid (‫ ه‬of) II to frighten, scare, terrify, alarm (‫ ه‬s.o.) V = I; VIII to be embarrassed; to be ashamed ‫ خشية‬kašya fear, anxiety, apprehension │‫ خشية من‬kašyatan min for fear of ‫ اخشى‬akšā more timorous, more fearful; more to be feared. more frightening ‫ خشيان‬kašyān2. f. ‫ خشيا‬kaāyā, pl. ‫خشايا‬ timorous, timid, anxious, apprehensive ‫ خاش‬kāšin timorous, timid, anxious, apprehensive ‫ خص‬kašša u to distinguish, favor (especially, before others), single out (‫ ه‬s.o.), bestow special honors (‫ ه‬upon s.o., in preference

to others); to endow (‫ ب‬s.o. with), confer, bestow (‫ ب‬upon s.o. s.th.); to apportion, allot, assign, accord, give, dedicate, devote (‫ ب ه‬to s.o. s.th., in preference to others); with ‫ لنفسه‬to take possession (‫ھـ‬ of), demand (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; also ‫خص به نفسه‬ nafsahū); to be specifically associated (‫ه‬ with s.o.), be characteristic (‫ ه‬of s.o.), be peculiar (‫ ه‬to); to apply in particular (‫ھـ‬ to), be especially valid (‫ ھـ‬for); to concern, regard (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), have special relevance (‫ ھـ‬to), bear (‫ ھـ‬on) │‫خصه بعنايته‬ (bi-‘ināyatihī) to devote one’s attention to s.o., favor s.o. with one’s attention; ‫خصه‬ ‫( بالذكر‬bi-d-dikr) to make special mention of s.o. or s.th.; ‫( واخص منھم‬akuṣṣu) I mention, among them, especially (with foll. acc.); ‫ ھذا ال يخصني‬this does not concern me, this is none of my business II to specify, particularize, itemize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to specialize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), narrow, restrict (‫ل ھـ‬ s.th. to); to designate, destine, set aside, earmark, single out (‫ ل ھـ‬or ‫ ه‬s.o. or s.th. for a purpose); to devote in particular, dedicate, assign (‫ ل ھـ‬s.th. to); to allocate, allot, apportion (‫ ل ھـ‬s.th. to); to appropriate (‫ ل ھـ‬funds for); to reserve, held, withhold (‫ ل ھـ‬s.th. for); to tie down ( ‫ ب ه‬s.o. to a special field) V to specialize ( ‫ ل‬in, also ‫ ب‬or ‫ في‬in a scientific field); to devote all one’s attention (‫ ل‬to s.th.); to apply o.s. (‫ ل‬to), go in for s.th. (‫ ;)ل‬to be peculiar (‫ ب‬to); to be chosen, destined, earmarked (‫ ل‬for) VIII to distinguish, favor (‫ ب ه‬s.o. with), confer distinction (‫ب‬ ‫ ه‬upon s.o. by); to devote, give, accord, afford (‫ ب ه‬to s.o. s.th., in preference to others); to dedicate (‫ ب ه‬to s.o. s.th., e.g., one’s services); (with ‫ )لنفسه‬to take exclusive possession (‫ ھـ‬of), claim, demand (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), lay special claim (‫ ھـ‬to; also ‫ اختص به نفسه‬nafsahu); to be distinguished, be marked (‫ ب‬by); to possess alone, in distinction from all others, have above others (‫ ب‬s.th.), have the advantage over others (‫ ب‬that); to be peculiar (‫ ب‬to); to concern, regard (‫ب‬ s.th.), bear (‫ ب‬on); to be pertinent, have relevance (‫ ب‬to), have to do (‫ ب‬with); to be duly qualified, be competent, have jurisdiction (‫ ب‬in; e.g., an authority); to have as a special function or task (‫ ب‬s.th.) ‫ خص‬lettuce (bot.)

‫ خص‬kuṣṣ pl. ‫ خصاص‬kiṣāṣ, ‫اخصاص‬ akṣāṣ, ‫ خصوص‬kuṣūṣ, hut, shack, shanty, hovel ‫ خصة‬kaṣṣa jet of water ‫ خصاص‬kaṣāṣ interstice, interval, crevice, crack, gap ‫ خصاصة‬kaṣāṣa crevice, crack, interval, gap ‫ خصيصة‬kaṣīṣa pl. ‫ خصائص‬kaṣā’iṣ2 special characteristic or quality, specialty, particularity, peculiarity ‫ خصيصا‬kiṣṣīṣan particularly, especially, specifically ‫ خصوص‬kuṣūṣ specialness; ‫خصوصا‬ kuṣūṣan especially, in particular, specifically │‫ في خصوص‬،‫ بخصوص‬and ‫من‬ ‫( خصوص‬with foll. genit.) as to, concerning, regarding, with respect to, as regards; ‫ بھذا الخصوص‬and ‫ من ھذا الخصوص‬in this connection, in this matter, in this respect, about this, concerning this; ‫على‬ ‫ الخصوص‬and ‫( على وجه الخصوص‬wajhi l-k.) especially, particularly, in particular, specifically ‫ خصوصي‬kuṣūṣī; special; private, personal ‫ خصاصة‬kaṣāṣa poverty, penury, privation, destitution, want ‫ اخص‬akaṣṣ2 more special, more specific │‫ على األخص‬especially; ‫في األخص‬ do. ‫ اخصاء‬akiṣṣā’2 intimate friends, confidante ‫ اخصائي‬ikṣā’ī see 2‫خصى‬ ‫ تخصيص‬takṣīṣ specialization; specification, particularization, itemization; designation, destination (for a purpose); allotment, apportionment, allocation; reservation; (pl. -āt) appropriation, financial allocation; credit │‫ على تخصيص‬and ‫على وجه التخصيص‬ specifically ‫ تخصص‬takaṣṣuṣ specialization (esp., in a scientific field) ‫ اختصاص‬iktiṣāṣ pl. -āt jurisdiction, competence; special province or domain, bailiwick (fig.); pl. prerogatives,

privileges, monopolies; concessions (Intern. Law); ‫ ( ذو )ذات( االختصاص‬duly qualified, authorized, responsible, competent; ‫ دائرة االختصاص‬scope of competence, sphere of authority, jurisdiction, province, domain, field ‫ اختصاصي‬iktiṣāṣī pl. -ūn specialist ‫ خاص‬kaṣṣ special, particular; specific, peculiar; relative, relevant, pertinent (‫ب‬ to), concerning (‫ ب‬s.th.); earmarked, Designated, destined, set aside (‫ ب‬for); especially valid or true (‫ ب‬for), especially applicable (‫ ب‬to), characteristic (‫ ب‬of); distinguished; private; exclusive, not public │‫ جريدة خاصة ب‬professional journal for ...; ‫‘( الخاص والعام‬āmm) the special and the general; high and low, all people; ‫ الطبيب الخاص‬physician in ordinary 241 ‫ خاصة‬kāṣṣa pl. ‫ خواص‬kawāṣ2 exclusive property; private possession; specialty, particularity, peculiarity, characteristic, property, attribute; essence, intrinsic nature; leading personalities, people of distinction, ‫ الخاصة‬the upper class, the educated; kāṣṣatan and ‫ بخاصة‬bi-kāṣṣatin especially, in particular │‫ في خاصة انفسھم‬fī k. anfusihim at the bottom of their hearts, deep inside ‫ خاصية‬kāṣṣīya pl. -āt, ‫ خصائص‬kaṣā’iṣ2 specialty, particularity, characteristic, peculiarity, property, special attribute, feature, trait, qualification; prerogative, privilege; jurisdiction, competence ‫ خويصة‬kuwaṣṣa (dimin. of ‫ )خاصة‬one’s own business, private affair │‫يدخل في‬ ‫ خويصة امري‬he meddles in my private affairs ‫ مخصوص‬makṣūṣ special ‫ مخصص‬mukaṣṣaṣ chosen, set aside, earmarked, designated, destined (‫ ل‬for); allotted, apportioned, allocated; -- pl. ‫( مخصصات‬financial) allocations; appropriations, credits; (daily) allowance; (food) rations │ ‫( مخصصات اضافية‬iḍāfīya) extra allowances; ‫ مخصصات الملك‬m. almalik civil list ‫ مختص‬muktaṣṣ pertaining, pertinent, relevant, relative (‫ ب‬to); duly qualified, authorized, responsible, competent; special; pl. ‫ مختصات‬muktaṣṣāt

competences │ ‫المقامات المختصة‬the competent authorities; ‫الدوائر المختصة‬ competent (or authoritative) quarters ‫ خصب‬kaṣaba i and kaṣiba a (kiṣb) to be fertile (soil) II to make fertile (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to fructify, fertilize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV = I ‫ خصب‬kaṣib fertility; abundance, plenty; superabundance, profusion ‫ خصب‬kaṣib and ‫ خصيب‬kaṣīb fertile, productive, fat

‫ خصم‬kaṣama i to defeat (‫ ه‬an opponent) in argument; to deduct, subtract (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫من‬ from): to discount (‫ ھـ‬a bill, a note III to argue, quarrel, dispute (‫ ه‬with s.o. 242 to bring legal action (‫ ه‬against s.o.), sue (‫ه‬ s.o.), litigate (‫ ه‬with); VI to quarrel, argue, have a fight; to go to law, carry on a lawsuit, litigate (‫ مع‬with s.o.) VII to be deducted, be subtracted VIII to quarrel, argue, have a fight ‫ خصم‬kaṣm pl. ‫ خصوم‬kuṣūm, ‫اخصام‬ akṣām adversary, antagonist, opponent; opposing party (in a lawsuit)

‫ خصوبة‬kuṣūba fertility ‫ تخصيب‬takṣīb fructification, fertilization

‫ خصم‬deduction; subtraction; rebate; discount; pl. ‫ خصوم‬kuṣūm

‫ اخصاب‬ikṣāb fertility ‫ مخصبات‬mukaṣṣibāt fertilizers

liabilities (fin.) │‫ سعر الخصوم‬si‘r al-k. discount rate, bank rate; ‫ خصم الكمبياالت‬k. al-kambiyālāt bill discount

‫ مخصب‬mukṣib fertile, productive, fat ‫ خصر‬kaṣira a (kaṣar) to become cold; to suffer from the cold III to clasp (‫ ه‬s.o.) around the waist, put one’s arm around s.o.’s (‫)ه‬ waist VIII to shorten, condense, abridge, epitomize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to summarize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)

‫ خصيم‬kaṣīm pl. ‫ خصماء‬kuṣamā’2, ‫خصمان‬ kuṣmān adversary, antagonist, opponent ‫ خصومة‬kuṣūma quarrel, argument, dispute, controversy, feud; lawsuit

‫ خصر‬kaṣr pl. ‫ خصور‬kuṣūr hip, haunch, waist

‫ خصام‬kiṣām quarrel, argument, dispute, controversy, feud; lawsuit

‫ مخصرة‬mikṣara pl. ‫ مخاصر‬makāṣir2 stick, baton, wand; mace, scepter ‫ اختصار‬iktiṣār shortening, condensation, abridgment, summarization, epitomizing (of a statement); brevity │‫ باالختصار‬and ‫ باختصار‬briefly, in short, in a few words

‫ مخاصم‬mukāṣim adversary, opponent, opposing party (in a lawsuit); antagonist; litigant 1

‫ خصى‬kasīy pl. ‫ خصيان‬kiṣyān, ‫ خصية‬kiṣya a castrate, eunuch

‫ مختصر‬muktaṣar shortened, condensed, abridged; brief, short; concise, terse, succinct; (pl. -āt) short excerpt, brief exposition, synopsis, outline, summary, abstract, epitome, compendium ‫ خاصرة‬kāṣira pl. ‫ خواصر‬kawāṣir2 hip, haunch, waist │ ‫( شوكة في خاصرته‬šauka) a thorn in his side ‫ خصف‬kaṣafa i (kaṣf) to mend, repair, sew (‫ ھـ‬a shoe) ‫ خصفة‬kaṣfa pl. ‫ خصاف‬kiṣāf basket (made of palm leaves) ‫ خصلة‬kuṣla pl. ‫ خصل‬kuṣal, -āt tuft; bunch, cluster; lock, wisp (of hair) ‫ خصلة‬kaṣla pl. ‫ خصال‬kiṣāl quality, property, characteristic, peculiarity, trait; (natural) disposition

‫ خصى‬kaṣā (‫ خصاء‬kiṣā’) to castrate, emasculate (‫ ه‬s.o.)

‫ خصية‬kuṣya pl. ‫ خصى‬kuṣan testicle ‫ مخصى‬makṣīy castrated, emasculated ‫( فرس مخصى‬faras) gelding 2

‫ اخصائي‬ikṣā’ī pl. -ūn specialist; expert (of a specialized field)

‫ خض‬kaḍḍa (kaḍḍ) to jolt, jog (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to shake (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to frighten, scare (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ لبن خض‬laban kaḍḍ buttermilk ‫ خضة‬kaḍḍa concussion, shock, jolt; fright, terror, fear ‫ خضب‬kaḍaba i (kaḍb) to dye, color, tinge (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); -- kaḍaba i and kaḍiba a ( ‫ خضوب‬kuḍūb) to be or become green (plant) II to color, tinge (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to dye (

‫ ھـ‬s.th) XII ‫ اخضوضب‬ikḍauḍaba to be or become green (plant) O ‫ خضب‬kaḍb chlorophyll (biol.) ‫ خضاب‬kiḍāb dye, dyestuff │O ‫خضاب الدم‬ k. ad-dam hemoglobin (biol.) ‫ خضوب‬kuḍūb green, greenness, green color ‫ خضيب‬kaḍīb dyed ‫ خضخض‬ḳaḍkaḍa (‫ خضخض‬ḳaḍkaḍa) to set in motion, upset, rock, shake (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ خضخض‬kaḍkaḍa concussion, shock, jolt

‫ مخضرة‬makḍara meadow, lawn, turf, sod, greens, verdant land ‫ مخضرات‬mukaḍḍarāt vegetables ‫ خضرم‬kiḍrim pl. ‫ خضارم‬kaḍārim2 abundant, copious; well-watered, abounding in water; openhanded, generous, liberal, munificent ‫ مخضرم‬mukaḍram designation of such contemporaries of Mohammed, esp. of poets, whose life span bridges the time of paganism and that of Islam; an old man who has lived through several generations or historical epochs

‫ خضر‬kaḍira a (kaḍar) to be green II to make green, dye or color green (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │ ‫خضر‬ ‫( األرض‬arḍ) to sow the land, till the earth IX to be or become green XII ‫اخضوضر‬ ikḍauḍara = IX

‫ خضع‬kaḍa‘a a (‫ خضوع‬kuḍū‘) to bow, defer, submit, yield, surrender (‫ ل‬to s.o., to s.th.), humble o.s. (‫ ل‬before), obey, follow (‫ل‬ s.o. or s.th.); to be subject (‫ ل‬and ‫ الى‬to a law, to a power, etc.), be under s.o.’s (‫ ل‬or ‫ )الى‬control II and IV to humble, subjugate, subdue, make tractable (‫ ه‬s.o.); to submit, subject, expose (‫ ل ه‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th. or s.o. to s.th.)

‫ خضر‬kaḍir green, verdant; verdure, greenery; young green crop (of grain)

‫ خضوع‬kuḍū‘ submission, obedience, humility, subjection

‫ الخضر‬al-kaḍir, al-kiḍir a well-known legendary figure

‫ خضوع‬kaḍū‘ pl. ‫ خضع‬kuḍu‘ submissive, humble

‫ خضرة‬kuḍra green, greenness, green color; - (pl. ‫ خضر‬kuḍar) vegetation, verdure, greenery, greens; meadow; ‫خضر‬ vegetables

‫ اخضاع‬ikḍā‘ subjugation, subdual; subjection

‫ خضد‬kaḍada i (kaḍd) to cut off, break off (‫ھـ‬ thorns) │ ‫( خضد شوكته‬šaukatahū) to tame s.o., hold s.o. in check, curb s.o.’s power

‫ خضري‬kuḍarī greengrocer ‫ خضار‬kaḍār green, greenness, green color; greens, herbs, potherbs ‫ خضير‬kadīr green ‫ خضارة‬kaḍāra greens, herbs, potherbs ‫ خضار‬kaḍḍār greengrocer ‫ اخضر‬akḍar f. ‫ خضراء‬kaḍrā’ pl. ‫خضر‬ kuḍr green │‫( اتى على االخضر واليابس‬atā) to destroy everything, wreak havoc ‫ الخضراء‬al-kaḍrā’ “the Verdant” (epithet of Tunis); the sky 243 ‫ خضراوات‬kaḍrāwāt vegetables; greens, herbs, potherbs ‫ الخضيراء‬al-kuḍairā’ Paradise O ‫ يخضور‬yakḍūr chlorophyll (biol.)

‫ خاضع‬kāḍi‘ pl. ‫ خضع‬kuḍa‘, ‫خضعان‬ kuḍ‘ān, kiḍ‘ān submissive, humble; obedient, pliant, tractable; subject, liable, prone (‫ ل‬to s.th.) ‫ خضل‬kaḍila a to be or become moist II and IV to moisten, wet (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IX = I ‫ خضل‬kaḍil moist, wet; juicy, succulent; refreshing, gay, lighthearted ‫ خضم‬kaḍama i (kaḍm) to munch (‫ ھـ‬s.th., with a full mouth), bite (‫ ھـ‬into s.th.) ‫ خضم‬kiḍamm vast (said of the sea); sea, ocean ‫ خط‬kaṭṭa u (kaṭṭ) to draw or trace a line (‫على‬ on); to draw, trace, sketch, design (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to write, pen (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to carve, engrave, inscribe (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to outline, mark, trace out, prescribe (‫ ھـ ل‬for s.o. s.th.) │ ‫( )خط خطا )سطرا‬kaṭṭan, satran) to draw a line; ‫( خطه الشيب‬šaibu) his hair turned gray II to draw lines; to rule (‫ھـ‬

s.th.); to furrow, ridge (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to mark with lines or stripes, stripe, streak (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to pencil (‫ ھـ‬the eyebrows); to mark, designate, earmark, indicate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to demarcate, delimit, delineate, stake out, survey (‫ ھـ‬land, real estate); to layout, map out (‫ ھـ‬roads) VIII to trace out, mark, outline, prescribe (‫ ھـ‬a way); to mark, demarcate, delimit, stake out, delineate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to map out, plan, project (‫ ھـ‬e.g., the construction of a city); to make, design, devise (‫ ھـ‬a plan); to plan (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), make plans (‫ ھـ‬for) ‫ خط‬kaṭṭ pl. ‫ خطوط‬kuṭūṭ line; stroke; stripe, streak; (railroad) line, line of communication; telephone line; frontline (mil.); furrow, ridge; handwriting; writing, script; calligraphy, penmanship │O ‫خط‬ ‫( ارضي‬arḍī) ground wire (radio); O ‫الخط‬ ‫( االسفيني‬isfīnī) cuneiform writing; ‫الخطوط‬ ‫( األمانية‬amāmīya) the foremost lines, battle lines (mil.); ‫( خط بارز‬bāriz) relievo script; ‫ خط تلفوني‬telephone line; ‫خطوط جوية‬ (jawwīya) airlines; ‫( خط حديدي‬ḥadīdī) and ‫ خط سكة الحديد‬k. sikkat al-ḥadīd railroad line, railroad track; ‫ خط الزوال‬k. az-zawāl meridian (astron.; = ‫ خط نصف النھار‬k. niṣf an-nahār); O ‫( الخط المسماري‬mismārī) cuneiform writing; ‫ خط االستواء‬k. al-istiwā’ equator; ‫ خط الطول‬k. aṭ-ṭūl or ‫( خط طولي‬ṭūlī) circle of longitude, meridian (geogr.); ‫خط‬ ‫ العرض‬k. al-‘arḍ or ‫‘( خط عرضي‬arḍī) parallel (of latitude) (geogr.); ‫خط تقسيم المياه‬ k. taqsīm al-miyāh divide, watershed; ‫خط‬ ‫ القوة الكھربائية‬k. al-qūwa al-kahrabā’īya power lines; ‫ خط الھاجرة‬meridian (grogr.); ‫ خرج عن الخط‬to derail, run off the rails (train); ‫( على خط مستقيم‬mustaqīm) straightaway, in a straight line; outright, out and out; ‫( على طول الخط‬ṭūl al-k.) all along the line ‫ خط‬kuṭṭ section, district, quarter (of a city) ‫ خطي‬kaṭṭī handwritten; linear; spear ‫ خطة‬kuṭṭa matter, affair; condition, state; office, function, position ‫ خطة‬kiṭṭa, kuṭṭa pl. ‫ خطط‬kiṭaṭ, kuṭaṭ a place of land acquired for the purpose of building a house; a place of real estate, lot; district; map or plan of a place of real estate, layout; plan, project, design,

intention; line of action, course, policy, rule, precept, guiding principle │‫خط العمل‬ k. al-‘amal operation plan, work plan; ‫طبقا‬ ‫( لخطة مرسومة‬ṭibqan) according to schedule, as scheduled or planned ‫ خطاط‬kaṭṭāṭ pl. -ūn penman, calligrapher; -- tracing lines, leaving straight trace │‫( فشك خطاط‬fašak) or ‫قذيفة‬ ‫ خطاطة‬tracer bullet, tracer (mil.) ‫ تخطيط‬takṭīṭ ruling, drawing of, or marking with, lines; lineation; designation, marking, earmarking; surveying, survey (of land); planning; projecting, mapping out, laying out (of cities, of roads); plan, design ‫( رسم تخطيطي‬rasm) rough draft, first sketch, design ‫ مخطوط‬makṭūṭ handwritten; manuscript ‫ مخطوط‬makṭūṭa pl. -āt manuscript ‫ مخطط‬mukaṭṭaṭ striped, streaked, ruled; furrowed; designated, marked, earmarked; planned, guided, controlled; (pl. -āt) sketch, design, plan, layout; map (of a city) ‫ خطئ‬kaṭI’a a (‫ خطأ‬kaṭa’) to be mistaken; to commit an error, make a mistake; to sin II to charge with an offense, incriminate, declare guilty (‫ ه‬s.o.); to accuse (‫ ه‬s.o.) of an error or mistake; to fine (‫ ه‬s.o.; tun.) IV to be mistaken, to err, commit an error, be at fault (‫ في‬in); to be wrong (‫ في‬about, in); to make a mistake (‫ في‬in, with); to miss (‫ه‬ s.o., e.g., a shot; ‫ ھـ‬the target); to escape (‫ه‬ s.o. or s.o.’s notice; a fact) │ ‫أخطأ‬ ‫(فأله‬fa’luhū) (his omen was wrong, i.e.) his expectations do not come true, are not fultilled; that’s where he is wrong, that’s where he made a mistake! ‫أخطأه الشيء‬ (šai’u) (lit.: the thing escaped him, missed him, i.e.) he lacked it; ‫ أخطأه التوفيق‬he failed, was unsuccessful; ‫أخطأ في استنتاجاته‬ he drew the wrong conclusions; ‫أخطأ بين‬ ‫ الشيئين‬he confused the two things, he mistook one thing for the other ‫ خطء‬kiṭ’ slip, lapse, fault, offense, sin ‫ خطأ‬kaṭa’ and ‫ خطاء‬kaṭā’ error; mistake, incorrectness; offense, fault; kaṭa’an erroneously, by mistake │ ‫ من الخطأ ان‬...it is (would be) wrong to …; ‫اصالح الخطأ‬

iṣlāḥ al-k. corrigenda, errata, list of corrections; ‫ قتل الخطأ‬qatl al-k. accidental homicide (jur.) ‫ خطيئة‬kaṭī’a pl. -āt, ‫ خطايا‬kaṭāyā mistake, blunder; slip, lapse; fault, offense; crime, sin; fine (tun.) ‫ خاطئ‬kāṭi’ wrong, incorrect, erroneous; mistaken, at fault; (pl. ‫ خطاة‬kuṭāh, actually, pl. of colloq. kāṭī), f. ‫ خاطئة‬kāṭi’a pl. ‫خواطئ‬ kawāṭ’2 sinner ‫ مخطئ‬mukṭi’ mistaken, at fault, wrong; incorrect, wrong, erroneous ‫ خطب‬kaṭaba u (‫ خطبة‬kuṭba, ‫ خطابة‬kaṭāba) to deliver a public address, make a speech; to preach, deliver a sermon (‫ في الناس‬and ‫الناس‬ an-nāsa to the people); -- (kaṭb, 245 ‫خطبة‬ kiṭba) to propose (‫ ھا‬to a girl; said of the man), ask for a girl’s hand (‫ )ھا‬in marriage (‫ ل‬on behalf of s.o.; said of the matchmaker); to give in marriage, betroth, affiance, engage (‫ على‬or ‫ بنته ل‬one’s daughter to s.o.) │‫( خطب ودھا‬wuddahā) and ‫( خطب مودتھا‬mawaddatahā) he courted her love III to address (‫ ه‬s.o.), speak, talk, direct one's words (‫ ه‬to s.o.), turn (‫ ه‬to s.o., orally or in writing) │‫ خاطبه بالتليفون‬to telephone s.o., call s.o. up; ‫( خاطبه بالكاف‬bil-kāf) to address s.o. on an intimate firstname basis VI to talk to one another; to converse, confer, have a talk, carry on a conversation; to write each other, correspond, carry on a correspondence VIII to seek a girl’s (‫ )ھا‬hand in marriage, ask for a girl’s hand ‫ خطب‬kaṭb pl. ‫ خطب‬kuṭb matter, affair, concern, business; situation, conditions, circumstances; misadventure, mishap │ ‫ما‬ ‫خطبك‬what do you want? what’s the trouble? what’s the matter with you? ‫ما‬ ‫ خطبه في‬what concern of his is ...? what has he to do with ...? ‫ ما خطب ذلك‬what’s it all about? ‫ خطبة‬kiṭba courtehip; betrothal, engagement ‫ خطبة‬kuṭba pl. ‫ خطب‬kuṭab public address; speech; lecture, discourse; oration; sermon, specif., Muslim Friday sermon, khutbah │ ‫خطبة االفتتاح‬opening address

‫ خطاب‬kiṭāb pl. -āt, ‫ اخطبة‬akṭiba public address, speech; oration; letter, note, message │ ‫ خطاب ترحيب‬welcoming address; ‫ خطاب العرش‬k. al-‘arš speech from the throne; ‫( خطاب مستعجل‬musta‘jil) express letter, special-delivery letter; ‫خطاب‬ ‫ تقدمة‬taqdima letter of introduction; O ‫( خطابات ذات القيمة المقررة‬dāt al-qīma almuqarrara) (= lettres avec valeur declarée) registered, insured letters (eg.); ‫ فصل الخطاب‬faṣl al-k. (in letters:) conclusion of the formal greetings by the words ‫ اما بعد‬amma ba‘du; conclusion, termination, end; decision; unmistakable judgment; ‫ بيني وبينك فصل الخطاب‬we’re through with one another once and for all ‫ خطابي‬kiṭābī oratorical, rhetorical, speech-, lecturing (in compounds) ‫ خطيب‬kaṭīb pl. ‫ خطباء‬kuṭabā’ (public) speaker; orator; lecturer; preacher, khatib; suitor (for the hand of a girl); fiancé ‫ خطيبة‬kaṭība fiancée ‫ خطابة‬kaṭāba preaching, sermonizing, oratory ‫ خطابة‬kiṭāba rhetoric, oratory; speech, lecture, discourse ‫ خطوبة‬kūṭūba courtship; betrothal, engagement ‫ مخاطبة‬mukāṭaba pl. -āt address; public address, speech; proclamation; conversation, talk; conference, parley │ ‫ مخاطبة تليفونية‬telephone conversation, telephone call ‫ تختطب‬takāṭub conversation; talk, discussion; (inter)communication (also, e.g., telephonic, by radio, etc.) │‫لغة التخطاب‬ lugat it-takāṭub colloquial language ‫ خاطب‬kāṭib pl. ‫ خطباء‬kuṭabā’2, ‫خطا‬kuṭṭāb suitor; matchmaker ‫ خاطبة‬kāṭiba pl. ‫ خطاب‬kuṭṭāb woman matchmaker ‫ مخطوبة‬makṭūba fiancée ‫ مخاطب‬mukāṭab addressed, spoken to; (gram.) second person ‫ اخطبوط‬look up alphabetically ‫ خطر‬kaṭara i (‫ خطران‬kaṭarān) to swing, wave, brandish (‫ ب‬s.th.); to shake, tremble,

vibrate; to walk with a (proud) swinging gait; to strut, parade haughtily; -- i u (‫خطور‬ kuṭūr) to occur (‫ ل‬to s.o.), come 246 to s.o.’s (‫ )ل‬mind │ ‫( خطر على باله‬bālihī) the matter came to his mind, occurred to him, he recalled the matter (also ‫ في باله‬and ‫بباله‬ or. ‫ على باله(؛ خطر له خاطر‬he had an idea; ‫امر‬ ‫( لم يخطر ببال‬lam yakṭur bi-bālin) an unexpected matter, s.th. one wouldn’t dram of; -- kaṭura u (‫ خطورة‬kuṭūra) to be weighty; to be important, significant; to be grave, serious, momentous, dangerous, perilous, risky, hazardous III to risk, hazard, stake (‫ ب‬s.th. ‫ بنفسه‬one’s life); to incur the danger, run the risk (‫ ب‬of), risk ( ‫ ب‬s.th.); to bet, wager (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ على‬a stake) IV to notify, inform (‫ ه‬s.o.), let (‫ ه‬s.o.) know (‫ ب‬about s.th.); to warn, caution (‫ه‬ s.o.) V to walk with a lofty, proud gait; to stride, strut (with a swinging gait); to pendulate, oscillate, vibrate VI to make a bet (‫ على‬against stake) ‫ خطر‬kaṭar weightiness, momentousness; importance, consequence, significance; seriousness, gravity; -- (pl. -āt, ‫ اخطار‬akṭār) danger, peril, menace (‫ على‬to); riskiness, dangerousness; risk; hazard; (pl. ‫خطار‬ kiṭār) stake, bet, wager │‫ جليل الخطر‬of very great importance, momentous; ‫ذو خطر‬ dangerous, perilous; ‫معرض للخطر‬ (mu‘arraḍ) endangered, jeopardized; ‫اشارة‬ ‫ الخطر‬išārat al-k. alarm signal ‫ خطر‬kaṭir dangerous, perilous, risky, hazardous; serious, grave, weighty, important, significant ‫ خطر‬kaṭara pl. kaṭarāt pompous walk, strut; swinging gait; idea, thought, notion ‫ خطار‬kaṭṭār pendulum (phys.) ‫ خطير‬kaṭīr pl. ‫ خطر‬kuṭr weighty, momentous; important, significant; grave, serious │‫ خطير الشأن‬of great importance ‫ خطورة‬kuṭūra weight(iness), importance, moment(ousness); consequence, significance; gravity, seriousness ‫ خطران‬kaṭarān swinging, oscillation, vibration

‫ اخطر‬akṭar2 more dangerous, riskier; weightier, of greater consequence; more serious, graver ‫ مخطرة‬look up alphabetically ‫ مخاطر‬makāṭir2 dangers, perils ‫ مخاطرة‬mukāṭara pl. -āt venture, risk, hazard ‫ اخطار‬ikṭār notification, information; warning ‫ خاطر‬kāṭir pl. ‫ خواطر‬kawāṭir2 ideas, thought, notion; mind; desire, inclination, liking │‫( ألجل خاطرك‬li-ajl) for your sake; ‫ من كل خاطر‬min'n kulli kāṭirin with all one’s heart, most gladly; ‫‘ عن طيبة خاطر‬an ṭībati kāṭirin gladly, with pleasure; of one’s own free will, voluntarily; ‫على‬ ‫ خاطرك‬as you like; ‫ اخذ بخاطره‬to afford satisfaction to s.o., to comfort, reassure s.o.; ‫ اخذ على خاطر من‬to feel offended by, to take offense at; ‫ صدع خاطره‬ṣadda‘a kāṭirahū to trouble, bother s.o.; ‫طمن‬ ‫( الخواطر‬ṭammana) to calm the excitement; ‫( مر بخاطره ان‬marra) the thought crossed his mind that ...; ‫( اكراما لخاطرك‬ikrāman) for your sake, to please you; ‫سرعة الخاطر‬ sur‘at al-k. presence of mind; ‫سريع الخاطر‬ quick-witted ‫ مخاطر‬mukāṭir one who risks s.th., who takes a chance; daring, bold, venturesome ‫ مخطر‬mukṭir dangerous, perilous, risky, hazardous ‫ خطرف‬kaṭrafa (eg.) to be delirious,. to rave, to talk irrationally ‫ خطرفة‬kaṭrafa delirium, raving ‫ خطف‬kaṭifa a, kaṭafa i (kaṭf) to snatch, wrench or wrest away, seize, grab (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make off (‫ ھـ‬with s.th.); to abduct, kidnap (‫ ه‬s.o.); to dazzle (٢٤٧ ‫ البصر‬al-baṣara the eyes) V to carry away, sweep away (. s.o.) VI to snatch or seize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) from one another VII to be snatched away, be wrested away; to be carried away, be swept away VIII to grab, seize, take forcibly (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to snatch, wrest, wrench (‫ من ھـ‬s.th. from s.o.); to abduct, kidnap (‫ه‬ s.o.); to run away, elope (‫ ھا‬with a woman); to make off (‫ ھـ‬with s.th.); to dazzle (‫ البصر‬al-baṣara the eyes)

‫ خطف‬kaṭf grabbing, forcible seizure, rape; abduction, kidnapping; ‫ خطفا‬kaṭfan rapidly, quickly ‫ خطفة‬kaṭfa pl. kaṭafāt (n. vic.) a snatching away, a grab; sudden stirring, flash │‫( في خطفة البرق‬barq) instantly, in a trice, like a streak of lightning; ‫خطفة من‬ ‫ خطفات الشعور‬an impulse, a sudden emotion ‫ خطاف‬kaṭṭāf rapacious; robber ‫ خطاف‬kuṭṭāf pl. ‫ خطاطيف‬kaṭāṭīf2 (iron) hook; fishhook; (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬swift, a variety of swallow ‫ خطيف‬kaṭīf pl. ‫ خطاطيف‬kaṭāṭīf2 iron hook ‫ اختطاف‬iktiṯāf grabbing, forcible seizure, rape; abduction, kidnapping ‫ خاطف‬kāṭif pl. ‫ خواطف‬kawāṭif2 ravenous; rapacious; rapid, prompt; quick, sudden; lightninglike; fleeting; short, brief │‫ذئاب‬ ‫ خاطفة‬ravenous wolves; ‫( صورة خاطفة‬ṣūra) snapshot; ‫( حرب خاطفة‬ḥarb) Blitzkrieg ‫ خطل‬kaṭila a (kaṭal) to talk nonsense IV do. V to strut, walk with a pompous gait; to walk with a proud, swinging gait ‫ خطل‬kaṭal idle talk, prattle ‫ خطل‬kaṭil garrulous, chattering, given to silly talk; stupid, foolish ‫ خطم‬kaṭm nose, snout, muzzle (of an animal); front part (nose and mouth); foremost or first part; important matter │‫اطل مخطمة‬ (aṭalla) approx.: to manifest its force, set in (e.g., of a disaster) ‫ خطمي‬kiṭmī, kaṭmī (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬marsh mallow (Althaea officinalis; bot.) ‫ خطام‬kiṭām pl. kuṭum noseband, halter (of a camel) ‫ )خطا )خطو‬kaṭā u (kaṭw) to step, pace, walk; to proceed, advance, progress │‫خطا خطوات‬ ‫( واسعة‬kaṭawātin) to take large strides, also fig. = to make extraordinary progress II and V to overstep, transgress (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), to cross (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), go or walk through s.th. ( ‫ ;)ھـ‬to ford (‫ ھـ‬a river); to leave its banks, overflow (river); to cross, traverse (‫البحار‬ the seas); to omit, disregard, ignore, pass by (‫ ه‬so.); to go beyond s.th. (‫ ;)ھـ‬to extend (‫ الى‬to); to exceed, transcend (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to excel, surpass, outstrip, outdo (‫ ه‬s.o.); to proceed, pass (‫ ھـ‬through s.th., ‫ الى‬to),

leave s.th. (‫ )ھـ‬behind and turn to s.th. else (‫ ;)الى‬to disregard (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) in order to turn one’s attention to (‫الى( │تخطى به الى‬ ‫( االمام‬ilā l-amāmi) to promote, advance s.th. VII to step, pace, walk; to proceed, advance, progress ‫ خطوة‬kaṭwa pl. kaṭawāt and kuṭwa pl. kuṭwāt, kuṭuwāt, ‫ خطى‬kuṭan step, pace, stride │‫( سار في خطاه‬kuṭāhū) to walk, or follow, in s.o.’s footsteps; ‫تقدم خطوة فخطوة‬ taqaddama kutwatan fa-kutwatan to proceed or advance step by step; ‫اتخذ خطوة‬ ‫( حاسمة‬ittakada) to take a decisive step; ‫ خطوتان وقفزة‬kaṭwatan wa qafza hop, skip and jump (athlet.) ‫ خطية‬kaṭīya (= ‫ )خطيئة‬slip, lapse, transgression, fault, offense, sin ‫ خطاة‬kuṭāh pl. of ‫ خاطئ‬kāṭi’ sinner ‫ خف‬kaffa i to be light (of weight); to be slight, insignificant; to become lighter, decrease in weight, lose weight; to decrease in intensity, grow lighter (color); to be nimble, agile, quick; to hasten, hurry, rush (‫ الى‬to) II to make lighter (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), reduce the weight of (‫ ;)ھـ‬to ease, lighten, relieve, soften (‫ ھـ عن‬for s.o. s.th. difficult or oppressive, also ‫ ھـ على؛ من‬s.th., e.g., s.o.’s situation); to lessen, decrease, reduce, diminish (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ من‬s.th.); to mitigate, alleviate, moderate, temper (‫ ه‬or ‫ من‬s.th.); to thin, dilute (‫ ھـ‬e.g., a liquid); (gram.) to pronounce (‫ ھـ‬a consonant) without tašdīd │‫ خفف عنك‬kaffif ‘anka! cheer up! be of good cheer! ‫ خفف من سرعتك‬kaffif min su‘atika! slow down! ‫ خفف اآلالم عنه‬to soothe s.o.’s pains V to dress lightly; to disburden, relieve o.s. (of a burden); to rid o.s., free o.s. (‫ من‬of s.th.); to hurry away ( ‫ من‬from), leave (‫ من‬s.th.) in a hurry X to deem (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) light; to value lightly, disdain, scorn, despise (‫ ب‬s.o. or s.th.), look down (‫ ب‬upon), think nothing (‫ ب‬of), make light (‫ ب‬of), set little store (‫ ب‬by); not to take seriously (‫ ب‬s.th.), attach no importance (‫ ب‬to); to carry away, transport (‫ ه‬s.o., e.g., joy) ‫ خف‬kuff pl. ‫ خفاف‬kifāf, ‫ اخفاف‬akfāf shoe, slipper; -- (pl. ‫ اخفاف‬akfāf) camel hoof; foot (of the ostrich); sole (of the foot) │ ‫ رجع بخفي حنين‬raja‘a bi-kaffai ḥunain to return with empty hands, without having

achieved one’s mission; to accomplish nothing, fail, be unsuccessful ‫`خفة‬kiffa lightless (of weight); slightness, insignificance, triviality; sprightliness, buoyancy; agility, nimbleness; inconstancy, fickleness, flightiness, levity, frivolity │ ‫ خفة الحركة‬k. al-ḥaraka, ‫ خفة في الحركة‬nimbleness, agility, quickness; ‫ خفة الدم‬k. ad-dam amiability, charm; ‫ خف الروح‬k. ar-rūḥ do.; ‫ خفة اليد‬k. al-yad manual skill, dexterity, deftness ‫ اخف‬akaff2 lighter; lesser, slighter; weaker │ ‫ اخف الضررين‬a. ad-ḍararain the lesser of two evils ‫ خفاف‬kafāf, ‫ حجر الخفاف‬ḥajar al-k. pumice, pumice stone ‫ خفان‬kuffān pumice, pumice stone ‫ خفيف‬kafīf pl. ‫ خفاف‬kifāf, ‫ اخفاف‬akfāf, ‫ اخفاء‬akiffā’2 light (of weight); slight, little, trivial, insignificant; thin, scanty, sparse; nimble, agile, sprightly, lively; -- ‫الخفيف‬ name of a poetic meter │‫ خفيف الحركة‬k. alḥaraka easily movable, very mobile; nimble, agile; ‫ خف الدم‬k. ad-dam amiable, charming; ‫ خفيف الروح‬k. ar-rūḥ likable, charming, winning, amiable; gay, in high spirits, cheerful; ‫ خفيف الظل‬k. az-zill likable, nice (person); ‫ خفيف العارضين‬k. al-‘āriḍīn having a thin beard; ‫ خفيف العقل‬k. al-‘aql feeble-minded, dimwitted; ‫خفيف اليد‬ k. al-yad nimble-fingered, deft; ‫شاي خفيف‬ weak tea ‫ تخفيف‬takfīf lightening, easing; lessening, decrease, diminution; reduction; allaying, mitigation, alleviation, palliation, moderation; commutation (jur.); relief; thinning. dilution (e.g., of a liquid) │‫ ظروف التخفيف‬extenuating circumstances (jur.) ‫ استخفاف‬istikfāf disdain, scorn, contempt; levity, frivolity ‫ ظروف مخففة‬ẓurūf mukaffafa extenuating circumstances (jur.) ‫ مخفف‬mukaffaf thin, diluted ‫ خفت‬kafata u (‫ خفوت‬kufūt) to become inaudible, die down, die away (sound, voice); to become silent, become still III ،‫خافت بكالمه‬ ‫( بصوته‬bi-kalāmihī, bi-ṣautihī) to lower

one’s voice IV to silence, reduce to silence (‫ ه‬s.o.) VIII = I ‫ خفوت‬kufūt fading (radio) ‫ خفت‬kāfit dying away, dying down, becoming silent; inaudible; faint, dying, fading, trailing off (sound, voice); soft, subdued (light, color) ‫ مختفت‬muktafit soft, low, subdued 249 ‫ خفر‬kafara u (kafr, ‫ خفارة‬kifāra) to watch (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ s.o., s.th. or over s.o., over s.th.), guard, protect (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); -- kafira a (kafar, ‫ خفارة‬kafāra) to be timid, shy, bashful II = I kafara V = I kafira ‫ خفر‬kafr watching, watch, guard(ing) ‫ خفر‬kafar guard detachment, guard; escort │ ‫ خفر السواحل‬coast guard (Eg.) ‫ خفر‬kafar timidity, shyness, bashfulness, diffidence ‫ خفر‬kafir bashful, diffident, timid, shy, embarrassed, coy ‫ خفير‬kafīr pl. ‫ خفراء‬kufarā’2 watchman; protector, guardian; guard, sentry, sentinel ‫ خفارة‬kafāra watch(ing), guard(ing), protection; guard duty ‫ مخفر‬makfar pl. ‫ مخافر‬maḳāfir 2 guardhouse, guardroom; guard, control post │ ‫ مخفر الشرطة‬m. aš-šurṭa police station ‫ خافرة‬kāfira: ‫ خافرة السواحل‬k. as-sawāḥil coastguard cruiser (Eg.) ‫ مخفور‬makfūr under escort, escorted; covered, sheltered, protected ‫ خفس‬kafasa u (kafs) to ridicule, scorn (‫ ه‬s.o.), laugh, mock (‫ ه‬at); to destroy, demolish, tear down (‫ ه‬a house) ‫ خفش‬kafaš day blindness, hemeralopia ‫ اخفش‬akfaš2, f. ‫ خفشاء‬kafšā’2, pl. ‫ خفش‬kufš day blind, hemeralopic; weak-sighted, afflicted with defective vision ‫ خفاش‬kuffāš pl. ‫ خفافش‬kafāfiš2 bat (zool.) ‫ خفض‬kafada i (kafḍ) to make lower (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to lower, decrease, reduce, lessen, diminish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to lower, drop (‫ من‬،‫ھـ‬ s.th., also, e.g., the voice); (gram.) to pronounce the final consonant of a word

with i; to put (‫ ھـ‬a word) in the genitive │ ‫( خفض جناحه‬janāḥahū)to unbend toward s.o., show o.s. open-minded, responsive, accessible to; -- kafuḍa u to be carefree, easy, comfortable (life); to sink, dip, drop, settle, subside; to become low, drop to an undertone (voice) II to lower, decrease, reduce (‫ ھـ‬s.th., price) │‫ خفض عليك‬kaffiḍ ‘alaika! take it easy! ‫خفض عليك جأشك‬ (ja’šaka) cool off! calm down! relax! IV ‫( اخفض صوته‬ṣautahū) he lowered his voice V and VII to sink, dip, drop, settle, subside; to be lowered, be reduced (price); to decrease, grow less; to be diminished ‫ خفض‬kafḍ lowering, lessening, decrease, diminution, reduction; subduing, lowering, muffling (of the voice); curtailment, limitation, restriction; ease (of life); (gram.) pronunciation of the final consonant with i │‫ خفض القيمة‬k. al-qīma devaluation (of a currency); ‫ خفض العيش‬k. al-‘aiš carefree, easy life; ‫ھو في خفض من‬ ‫ العيش‬he lives in ease and comfort; ‫خفض‬ ‫ الصوت‬k. aṣ-ṣaut lowering of the voice; ‫ حرف الخفض‬ḥarf al-k. preposition (gram.) ‫ خفض‬kafiḍ low, soft, subdued (voice) ‫ تخفيض‬takfīḍ lowering, cutback, reduction (esp. of prices); diminution, decrease, lessening, curtailment, restriction, limitation ‫ انخفاض‬inkifāḍ sinking, dropping, subsidence; lowering, reduction; lessen ing, decrease. diminution, decrement; dropping of the water level, low water │‫انخفاض جوي‬ (jawwī) low-pressure area (meteor.) ‫ مخفض‬mukaffaḍ lowered, reduced, low, moderate (price, rate); lower ‫ منخفض‬munkafiḍ low (altitude, frequency, price, etc.); soft, low, subdued, muffled (voice) │‫ األراضي المنخفضة‬the Netherlands; -- munkafaḍ pl. -āt low ground; depression (geogr.) 250 ‫ خفق‬kafaāqa i u (kafq, ‫ خفقان‬kafaqān, ‫خفوق‬ kufūq) to vibrate; to tremble, shake; to beat, throb, palpitate (heart); to flutter, wave, stream (flag); to flap the wings, flutter (bird); to waver, flicker; -- (kafq) to flash (lightning); to beat, whip (‫ ه‬s.th.; eggs, cream, etc.); to make the sound of footsteps (shoe); - (‫ خفوق‬kufūq) to drop

one’s head drowsily, nod off, doze off ( ‫ خفق خفقة‬k. kafqatan); -- i (‫ خفوق‬kufūq) to set, go down (celestial body) II to roughcast, plaster, stucco (‫ ھـ‬a wall) IV to flap the wings, flutter (bird); to set, go down (celestial body); to be unsuccessful, go wrong, fail, miscarry, come to nothing, be abortive; to fail, be unsuccessful (‫ في‬in s.th.) ‫ خفق‬kafq throb(bing) palpitation; beating, beat; footfall, footstep, tread (of a boot, of the foot) ‫ خفقة‬kafqa pl. kafaqāt (n. vic.) beat, throb; tap, rap, knock; ticking noise, tick ‫ خفقان‬kafaqān palpitation of the heart, heartbeat; throb(bing), beat(ing); f1uttering, flutter ‫ خفاق‬kaffāq palpitant, throbbing (heart); fluttering, waving, streaming (flag) O ‫ مخفقة‬mikfaga whisk, eggbeater ‫ اخفاق‬ikfāq failure, fizzle, flop, fiasco ‫ خافق‬kāfiq palpitant, throbbing (heart); fluttering, waving, streaming (flag); ‫الخفقان‬ al-kafaqān East and West; ‫ الخوافق‬alkawāfiq the cardinal points, the four quarters of the world ‫ خافقي‬kāfiqī mortar, plaster, rough-cast; stucco ‫ خفان‬see ‫خف‬ ‫ خفى‬kafiya a to be hidden, be concealed; to be unknown (a fact; ‫ على‬to s.o.); to disappear, hide │‫ ال يخفى ان‬it is well known that ...; as everybody knows ..., it is obvious that ... ; ‫ ال يخفى عليك‬you know very well ..., you are well aware (of it); -- kafā i to hide, conceal (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to keep secret (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to hide, conceal (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to afford (‫ھـ‬ s.o.) a place to hide, shelter, hide (‫ ھـ‬s.o.); to keep secret (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to disguise, conceal (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ على‬or ‫ عن‬from s.o.) │ ‫ اخفى الصوت‬to lower the voice, speak in an undertone V to hide, keep o.s. out of view; to disguise o.s. VIII to hide, keep o.s. out of view; to disappear, vanish; to be hidden, be unknown; to be lacking, be missing, be absent │‫ اختفى عن األنظار‬to be hidden or disappear from sight X to hide, keep o.s. out of view; to be hidden, be concealed; to be hidden from s.o.’s (‫)عن‬

view, become invisible (‫ عن‬to s.o.), disappear from sight ‫ خفي‬kafīy hidden, concealed; secret, unknown; unseen, invisible; mysterious │ ‫ خفي االسم‬k. al-ism anonymous; O ‫انوار خفية‬ (anwār) indirect lighting ‫ خفية‬kufyatan, kifyatan secretly, clandestinely, covertly; ‫ خفية عنه‬without his knowledge ‫ خفية‬kafīya pl. ‫ خفايا‬kafāyā a secret, a secret affair ‫ خفاء‬kafa’ secrecy, hiddenness │‫في الخفاء‬ secretly, clandestinely, covertly; ‫ال خفاء في‬ ‫( ان‬kafā’a) it is quite evident, it is quite obvious that ... ‫ اخفاء‬ikfā’ hiding, secretion; concealment; lowering of the voice ‫ تخف‬takaffin disguise ‫ اختفاء‬iktifā’ disappearance ‫ خاف‬kāfin hidden, concealed; secret, unknown; unseen, invisible ‫ خافية‬kāfiya pl. ‫ خواف‬kawāfin a secret; -pl. ‫ الخوافى‬al-kawāfī the coverts, the secondaries (of a bird’s wing) ‫ مخفي‬makfīy hidden, concealed 251 ‫ متخف‬mutakaffin disguised, in disguise ‫ مختف‬muktafin hidden. Concealed, clandestine, covert, secret; disappearing, vanishing ‫ مختفى‬muktafan hiding place, hide-out ‫ خاقان‬look up alphabetically ‫ خل‬kalla u (kall) to pierce, transfix (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to turn sour; to make sour, to sour, acidify (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to pickle, marinate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to salt. cure with salt or in brine (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to pick (‫ ھـ‬the teeth); to run the fingers (‫ه‬ through s.th.), part, comb (‫ ھـ‬the hair, the beard, also with the fingers) III to treat (‫ه‬ s.o.) as a friend IV to offend (‫ ب‬against), infringe, transgress (‫ ب‬s.th.); to violate, break (‫ ب‬s.th., e.g., a rule, a custom); to fail to fulfill, fail to meet (‫ ب‬an agreement); to forsake, desert, abandon (‫ب‬ s.o., s.th.); to disturb, upset, harm, prejudice (‫ ب‬s.th.) V to be, lie or come between s.th. (‫ ;ھـ‬also in time), intervene ( ‫ ھـ‬between); to be located or situated, be

Interposed, be placed (‫ ھـ‬between); to Permeate, pervade, interpenetrate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), mix, mingle, blend (‫ ھـ‬with) VIII to be or become defective; to be in disorder, be faulty, deficient, imperfect; to become disordered; to be upset, be unbalanced; to be disturbed (order, system) │‫اختلت الشروط‬ the conditions are not fulfilled; ‫اختل توازنه‬ (tawāzunuhū) to lose one’s balance, become unbalanced; ‫‘( اختل عقله‬aqluhū) to be mentally deranged ‫ خل‬kall vinegar ‫ خل‬kill, kull pl. ‫ اخالل‬aklāl friend, bosom friend ‫ خلل‬kalal pl. ‫ خالل‬kilāl gap, interval, interstice; cleft, crack, rupture, fissure; a defective, unbalanced state, imbalance; defectiveness, imperfection; fault, flaw, defeat, shortcoming; disturbance, upset, disorder; damage, injury, harm (that s.th. suffers or suffered); ‫ خالل‬kilāla during; between; through │‫ في خلل‬fī kalali and ‫في‬ ‫ خالل‬fī kilāli during; in the course of, within, in a given period of; ‫في خالل ذلك‬ meanwhile, in the meantime; ‫ من خالل‬min kilāli across, through, right through the middle of; out of, from within; (to judge, reason, draw conclusions, etc.) by, on the basis of, on the strength of, (to recognize) from ‫ خلة‬kalla need, want, luck; -- (pl. ‫خالل‬ (kilāl) property, attribute, peculiarity; characteristic; natural disposition ‫ خلة‬kulla pl. ‫ خلل‬kulal friendship ‫ خالل‬kilāl pl. ‫ اخلة‬akilla boring or drilling implement; peg, pin; spit, skewer; (also ‫ خاللة‬pl. -āt) toothpick; see also ‫خلل‬ kalal ‫ خليل‬kalīl pl. ‫ اخالء‬akillā’2, ‫ خالن‬kullān friend, bosom friend; lovers; ‫ الخليل‬Hebron (town in Jordanian Palestine) │‫خليل ﷲ‬ epithet of Abraham ‫ خليلة‬kalīla pl. -āt girl friend, woman friend; sweetheart, paramour ‫ ام الخلول‬umm al-kulūl river mussel (zool.) ‫ اخالل‬iklāl pl. -āt breach, infraction, violation (of a law, of a treaty, and the like); offence (against), transgression,

infringement (of); disturbance (of an order, of a system); impairment, injury, harm (to); average, damage, by sea │‫مع‬ ‫‘( عدم االخالل ب‬adami l-i.) without prejudice to, without detriment to ‫اختالل‬ iktilāl deficiency, defectiveness, imperfection; (a falling into) disrepair, deterioration; faultiness; disturbance (of a system, of a function, of the equilibrium, etc.); disorder, confusion

s.o.’s mind; said of worries, doubts, etc.); to pervade, fill (‫ ه‬s.o.; said of a feeling) │ ‫( خالج قلبه‬qalbahū) to be uppermost in s.o.’s heart V to be shaken, be convulsed, be rocked VIII to quiver, tremble, quake, shake; to twitch (eye, limb, body); to animate, move, stir, inspire, fill, pervade, possess (‫ في‬،‫ ھـ‬the heart; said of a feeling) │ ‫( اختلج غما‬gamman) to be filled with sorrow, with grief (heart)

‫ مخلل‬mukallal pickled; salted; (pl. -āt) pickles, pickled vegetables

‫ خلجة‬kalja pl. ka1ajāt emotion, sentiment; scruple, qualm, misgiving

‫ مخل‬mukill disgraceful, shameful │‫مخل‬ ‫ باآلداب‬immoral, indecent, improper 252

‫ خليج‬kalīj pl. ‫ خلج‬kulj, ‫ خلجان‬kuljān bay, gulf; canal; ‫ الخليج‬name of Cairo’s ancient city canal which was abandoned and leveled at the end of the 19th century │ ‫ الخليج الفارسي‬the Persian Gulf

‫ خلب‬kalaba i u (kalb) to seize with the claws, clutch (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), pounce (‫ ھـ‬on); -- u (‫خالبة‬ kilāba) to cajole, coax, wheedle (‫ ه‬s.o.); to inveigle, beguile, bewitch, enchant (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫‘ عقله‬aqlahū s.o.’s mind); to charm, fascinate, captivate (‫ ه‬s.o.) III to cajole, wheedle, coax. inveigle, beguile, bewitch, enchant (‫ ه‬s.o.) VIII to seize with the claws, clutch (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), pounce (‫ ھـ‬on); to cajole, inveigle, beguile, bewitch, enchant (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ خلب‬kilb pl. ‫ اخالب‬aklāb fingernail, claw, talon ‫ برق خلب‬barqun kallābun and barqu kullabin lightning without a downpour; a disappointing, disillusioning matter; ‫خلب‬ and ‫ خلب من برق‬delusion, illusion ‫ خلبي‬kullabī: ‫( فشك خلب‬fašak) blank cartridges (Syr.; mil.) ‫ خالب‬kallāb gripping, captivating, fascinating; attractive, engaging, winning; tempting, enticing; fraudulent, deceitful; deceptive, delusive, fallacious ‫ خالبة‬kilāba engaging manners, attractiveness, charm ‫ مخلب‬miklab pl. ‫ مخالب‬makālib claw, talon ‫ خالب‬kālib = ‫ خالب‬kallāb ‫ خلبص‬II kalbaṣa (eg.) to clown ‫ خلبوص‬kalbūṣ pl. ‫ خالبيص‬kalābīṣ2, ‫ خالبصة‬kalābiṣa (eg.) clown, buffoon, harlequin ‫ خلج‬kalaja i and III to be on s.o.’s (‫ )ه‬mind, trouble, preoccupy, prepossess (‫ ه‬s.o.,

‫ خالج‬kilāj misgiving, doubt, scruple, qualm ‫ اختالجة‬iktilāja (n. vic.) convulsion, jerk, twitch; tremor ‫ خالجة‬kālija pl. ‫ خوالج‬kawālij2 emotion, sentiment; scruple, qualm; idea ‫ خلخل‬kalkala to shake, convulse, rock (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to rarefy (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., air; chem.- phys.) II takalkala to be shaken, be rocked; to come off, become disjointed, become detached; to become loose, work loose; to be or become rarefied (chem.- phys.) ‫ خلخل‬kalkal pl. ‫ خالخل‬kalākil2 anklet ‫ خلخال‬kalkāl pl. ‫ خالخيل‬kalākīl 2 anklet ‫ تخلخل‬takalkul rarefication ‫ مخلخل‬mukalkal and ‫ متخلخل‬mutakalkil rarefied ‫ خلد‬kalada u (‫ خلود‬kulūd) to remain or last forever, be everlasting; to be immortal, deathless, undying; to abide forever (‫ الى‬or ‫ ب‬in, with); to remain, stay (‫ الى‬or ‫ ب‬or ‫ل‬ at a place) │ ‫خلد الى الراحة‬to rest, relax; ‫خلد‬ ‫ الى النوم‬to lie down to sleep II to make eternal or everlasting, perpetuate, eternalize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), make immortal, immortalize (‫ ھـ‬s.o.); to make ineffaceable, unforgettable (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; a memory); to remain, stay, abide, linger (‫ب‬ at, in a place); to grow very old, enjoy a long life, be long-lived IV to eternize, immortalize, make immortal (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to perpetuate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to remain,

stay, abide, linger (‫ الى‬or ‫ ب‬at, in a place) 253 to be disposed, incline, lean, tend (‫الى‬ to) V to become eternal or immortal, perpetuate o.s. j to be or become long, lasting, perpetual ‫ خلد‬kuld infinite duration, endless time, perpetuity, eteruity │ ‫دار الخلد‬Paradise, the hereafter ‫ خلد‬kuld mole (zool.) ‫ خلد‬kalad, pl. ‫ اخالد‬aklād mind, heart, spirit, temper ‫ خلود‬kulūd infinite duration, endless time, perpetuity, eternity; eternal life, immortality; abiding, remaining, staying ‫ تخليد‬taklīd perpetuation, eternization, immortalization ‫ خالد‬kālid everlasting, perpetual, eternal; immortal, deathless, undying; unforgettable, glorious; pl. ‫ خوالد‬kawālid2 mountains │‫ الجزائر الخالدات‬the Canary Islands ‫ مخلد‬muklid disposed, inclined, tending (‫ الى‬to) ‫ خلس‬kalasa i (kals) to steal (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to pilfer, filch, swipe, purloin (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III ‫خلسه النظر‬ (naẓara) to glance furtively at s.o. VIII to steal, pilfer, filch, swipe (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to get under false pretenses or by crooked means (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to embezzle, misappropriate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to spend secretly (‫ ھـ‬hours) │‫اختلس‬ ‫( الخطى الى‬kuṭā) to sneak up on s.o.; ‫اختلس‬ ‫ )النظر الى )في‬to glance furtively at s.o. ‫ خلسة‬kulsatan by stealth, stealthily, surreptitiously, furtively ‫ خالسي‬kilāsī mulatto, bastard ‫ اختالس‬iktilās pl. -āt embezzlement, misappropriation, defalcation ‫ مختلس‬muktalis embezzler, defalcator ‫ خلص‬kalaṣa u (‫ خلوص‬kulūṣ) to be pure, unmixed, unadulterated; to belong (‫ ل‬to s.o.); to get, come (‫ الى‬to), arrive (‫ الى‬at); -(‫ خالص‬kallāṣ) to be or become free, be freed, be liberated (‫ من‬from), be cleared, get rid (‫ من‬of); to be saved, be rescued, escape (‫ من‬from); to be redeemed, be delivered, attain salvation (Chr.); -(colloq.) to be finished, be done, be through, be over; to be all gone II to clear,

purify, refine, purge, rectify (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to clarify (‫ ھـ‬a situation); to liberate, free, save, rescue (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ من‬from), rid (. s.o., ‫من‬ of); to redeem, deliver (Chr.); to prepay the postage (‫ على‬on); to pay duty (‫على‬ ‫ البضائع‬on merchandise), clear (‫ على‬goods); to settle (‫ ھـ‬a bill); (colloq.) to finish (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) │‫( خلص حقه‬ḥaqqahū) to restore one’s right, secure one’s due III to act with integrity, with sincerity (‫ ه‬toward s.o.), treat (‫ ه‬s.o.) fair and square; to get even, become quits (‫ ه‬with s.o.) IV to dedicate ( ‫ ھـ ل‬to s.o. s.th.); to be loyal (‫ ل‬to s.o.); to be devoted, be faithful (‫ ل‬to) │‫اخلص له‬ ‫( الحب‬ḥubba) to love s.o. dearly; ‫اخلص‬ ‫( دينه‬li-llāhi dīnahū) to worship God faithfully and sincerely V to rid o.s. (‫من‬ of), free o.s. (‫ من‬from), get rid (‫ من‬of); to be freed, be delivered, be saved, be rescued, escape (‫ من‬from) VI to act with reciprocal integrity and sincerity; to be quits, be even X to extract (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫من‬ from); to copy, excerpt (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ من‬from); to abstract, take, gather, work out (‫ ھـ‬s.th., as the quintessence, ‫ من‬of); to deduce, infer, derive (‫ من‬s.th., ‫ من‬from); to discover, make out, find out (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to select, choose (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ; to demand payment of a sum (‫ )ھـ‬and get it (‫ من‬from s.o.) │‫ استخلص فائدة من‬to derive profit from, profit, benefit from; ‫استخلص منه وعدا‬ (wa‘dan) to exact a promise from s.o. ‫ خالص‬kalāṣ liberation, deliverance, riddance; rescue, salvation (‫ من‬from); redemption (Chr.); payment, settlement, liquidation (of a bill); receipt; placenta, afterbirth 254 ‫ خالصة‬kulāṣa pl. -āt excerpt; extract, essence; quintessence, substance, gist (of s.th.); abstract, resume, summary, epitome; synopsis │‫( خالصة نھائية‬nihā’īya) summation (jur.); ‫( الخالصة الالھوتية‬allāhītīya) the “summa theological” (of Thomas Aquinas); ‫‘( خالصة عطرية‬iṭrīya) perfume essence; ‫ والخالصة‬in short, briefly, in a word (introducing a summary of the basic ideas) ‫ خليص‬kalīṣ, pl. ‫ خلصاء‬kulaṣā’2 pure, clear, unmixed, unadulterated; sincere, faithful, loyal; loyal adherent ‫ خلوص‬kulūṣ clearness, purity; sincerity, candor; frankness

‫ خالص‬kallāṣ (magr.) tax collector ‫ مخلص‬maklaṣ safe place; refuge, escape, rescue, salvation, deliverance ‫ تخليص‬taklīṣ clearing, purification, refining, rectification; clarification; liberation, extrication, deliverance, rescue, salvation; payment, settlement, liquidation; prepayment of postage (‫على‬ on); customs clearance, payment of duty ( ‫ على البضائع‬on merchandise; also ‫تخليص‬ ‫)البضائع‬ ‫ مخالصة‬mukālaṣa pl. -āt receipt ‫ اخالص‬iklāṣ sincere devotion, loyal attachment, sincere affection; sincerity, frankness, candor; loyalty, faithfulness, fidelity, allegiance (‫ ل‬to) ‫ تخلص‬takalluṣ freedom, liberation, release, extrication, escape (‫ من‬from) ‫ استخالص‬istiklāṣ extraction; excerption; derivation, deduction; selection; collecting (of a sum of money) ‫ خالص‬kāliṣ pl. ‫ خلص‬kullaṣ clear; pure, unmixed, unadulterated; sincere, frank, candid, true; free, exempt (‫ من‬from) │ ‫ خالص األجرة‬k. al-ujra post-free; ‫خالص الرد‬ k. ar-radd prepaid, reply paid for (telegram); ‫( خالص من الكمرك‬gumrug) dutyfree; ‫ خالص الضريبة‬tax-exempt ‫ مخلص‬mukalliṣ liberator; Savior, Redeemer (Chr.) ‫ )مخلص )عليه‬mukallaṣ (‘alaihi) postage paid ‫ مخلص‬mukliṣ devoted; sincere, frank, candid; loyal; faithful (‫ ل‬to s.o., to s.th.); purehearted, virtuous, righteous; ‫المخلص‬ (in letters) approx.: yours truly …, sincerely yours ... ‫ مستخلص‬mustaklaṣ pl. -āt extract, excerpt ‫ خلط‬kalaṭa i (kalṭ) to mix, mingle, commingle, blend (‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. with); to confuse, confound, mix up (‫ بين‬two things; ‫بين – وبين‬ s.th. with), mistake (‫ و‬-- ‫ بين‬s.th. for) II to mix, mingle, commingle, blend (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to cause confusion III to mix, mingle, blend, merge, fuse (‫ ھـ‬with s.th.); to meddle (‫ ھـ‬in), interfere (‫ ھـ‬with); to mix, associate (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to have to do (‫ ه‬with

s.o.) │‫( خالط نفسه‬nafsahū) to befall, attack s.o. (pain, etc.); ‫ خولط في عقله‬kūliṭa fī ‘aqlihi to be or become disordered in mind VIII to be mixed, mix, mingle, form a mixture or blend; to consist of a heterogeneous mixture, be motley, promiscuous; to associate, be on intimate terms (‫ ب‬with); to be or become confused, get all mixed up ‫ خلط‬kalṭ mixing, blending; combination; mingling, commingling (‫ب‬ with); confusing, confounding, mistaking, mix-up, confusion ‫ خلط‬kilṭ pl. ‫ اخالط‬aklāṭ component of a mixture; ingredient; pl. mixture, blend │ ‫ اخالط االنسان‬the four humors of the human body (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile); ‫ اخالط من الناس‬common people, populace, rabble, riffraff, mob; ‫ خلط ملط‬kilṭ milṭ, kalṭ malṭ motley, pell-mell, promiscuously 255 ‫ خلطة‬kalṭa mixture, blend, medley ‫ خلطة‬kulta company; mixture ‫ خالط‬and ‫ خالطة‬kallāṭa pl. -āt mixer, mixing machine ‫ خليط‬kalīṭ mixed, blended; motley, heterogeneous, promiscuous; mixture, blend (‫ من‬of); medley, hodgepodge; (pl. ‫ خلطاء‬kulaṭā’2) associate, companion, comrade ‫ تخليط‬taklīṭ pl. -āt insanity; delirium ‫ مخالطة‬mukālaṭa company, intercourse, association ‫ اختالط‬iktilāṭ (process of) mixing, blending; mingling, commingling; confusion; mental disorder; (social) intercourse, association, dealings (‫ ب‬with) ‫ مخلوط‬maklūṭ pl. ‫ مخاليط‬makālīṭ2 mixture, blend; alloy ‫ مخلط‬mukallaṭ confused, disordered ‫ مخالط‬mukālaṭ stricken, afflicted (‫ ب‬e.g., by a disease) ‫ مختلط‬muktaliṭ mixed │ ‫المحاكم المختلطة‬ the mixed courts, see ‫محكمة؛ تعليم مختلط‬ coeducation ‫ خلع‬kala‘a a (kal‘) to take off, put off, slip off ( ‫ ھـ‬a garment); to doff, take off (‫طربوشة‬

one’s tarboosh); to extract, pull (‫ ھـ‬a tooth); to wrench, dislocate, luxate (‫ ھـ‬a joint); to depose, remove, dismiss, discharge (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ من‬from an office); to renounce, forgo, give up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), withdraw (‫ ھـ‬from); to throw off, cost off ( ‫‘ عذاره‬idārahū one’s restraint, one’s inhibitions); to refuse (‫ الطاعة‬obedience); to disown, repudiate (‫ ابنه‬one’s son); to divorce (‫ ھا‬one’s wife) in return for a compensation to be paid by her; to get through, have done (‫ ھـ‬with s.th.), be through, have gone through s.th. (‫ھـ‬, e.g., a hard day); to impart (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to); to confer, bestow (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. upon s.o.), grant, award (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to s.o.) │ ‫خلع ثيابه‬ (tiyābahū) to undress; ‫‘( خلعه من العرش‬arš) to dethrone s.o.; ‫( خلع عليه خلعة‬kil‘atan) to bestow a robe of honor upon s.o.; ‫خلع على‬ ‫( نفسه حق‬ḥaqqa) to arrogate to o.s. the right of ...; -- kalu‘a u (‫ خالعة‬kalā‘a) to be dissolute, morally depraved II to take away, remove, displace, dislocate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to knock out of joint, take or break apart (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); pass. kulli‘a to fall to pieces, get out of joint III to divorce (‫ھا‬ one’s wife, in return for a compensation to be paid by her) V to go to pieces, fall apart, break; to become or be luxated, dislocated (joint); to take a vacation in the country (tun.) │ ‫(تخلع في الشراب‬šarāb) to be addicted to drinking, drink heavily VII to be displaced, be dislocated, be removed; to be divested, be deprived, be stripped ( ‫ من‬of s.th.), forfeit, lose (‫ من‬s.th.) │ ‫انخلع‬ ‫( قلبه‬qalbuhū) he was completely taken aback, he was alarmed, startled ‫ خلع‬kal‘ slipping off, taking off (of clothes); deposition (e.g., of a ruler); dislocation, luxation │‫ خلع األسنان‬extraction of teeth ‫ خلع‬kul‘ khula, divorce at the instance of the wife, who must pay a compensation (Isl. Law) ‫ خلعة‬kil‘a pl. ‫ خلع‬kila‘ robe of honor ‫ خليع‬kalī‘ pl. ‫ خلعاء‬kula‘a’2 deposed, dismissed, discharged (from an office); repudiated, disowned; wanton, dissolute, dissipated, profligate, morally depraved ‫ خالع‬kallā‘ wild, unruly, wanton, shameless, impudent

‫ خالعة‬kalā‘a dissoluteness, dissipation, profligacy, wantonness, licentiousness, moral depravity; (tun.) recreation in the country, summer vacation ‫ خولع‬kaula’ fool, dolt, simpleton 256 ‫ خالع‬kāli‘: ‫ خالع العذار‬k. al-‘idār unrestrained, ;uninhibited, wanton; libertine, debauchee, roué, rake ‫ مخلوع‬maklū‘ unrestrained, uninhibited, wanton; wild, unruly; reckless, heedless, irresponsible; crazy, mad ‫ خلف‬kalafa u to be the successor (‫ ه‬of s.o.), succeed (‫ ه‬s.o.): to follow (‫ ه‬s.o.), come after s.o. (‫)ه‬: to take the place of s.o. (‫)ه‬, substitute (. for s.o.): to replace (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ھـ‬ s.th.): to lag behind s.o. (‫)عن‬: to stay behind (‫ عن‬after s.o.’s departure); to be detained, be held back, be kept away, stay away (‫ من‬from) II to appoint as successor ( ‫ ه‬s.o.); to leave behind, leave (‫ ه‬,‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to have descendants, have offspring III to be contradictory, contrary, opposed ( ‫ ھـ‬to): to conflict, clash, be at variance (‫ھـ‬ with); to contradict (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to be different, differ, diverge (‫ ھـ‬from), be inconsistent, incompatible, not in keeping, not to harmonize (‫ ھـ‬with); to offend (‫ھـ‬ against a command, a rule), break, violate, disobey (‫ ھـ‬a command, a rule) IV to leave (‫ ه‬offspring, children); to compensate, requite, recompense (‫ على‬s.o.; said of God): to break, fail to keep (‫ وعده‬wa‘dahū one’s promise), go back on one’s word; to disappoint (‫ الرجاء‬ar-rajā’a the hopes) V to stay behind; to lag or fall behind (‫;)عن‬ to stay, stay on, remain; to fail to appear or show up; to play truant; to be absent; to stay away (‫ عن‬from), not go (‫ عن‬to), not attend (‫ عن‬s.th.) │‫( تخلف عن المجيء‬majī’) to fail to come or arrive; ‫تخلف عن العودة‬ (‘auda) not to return VI to disagree, differ, be at variance; to differ in opinion, be of a different mind VIII to differ, be different, vary (‫ عن‬from); to be varied, varying, variable, various, diverse, dissimilar; to vary (‫ بين‬between); to disagree, differ in opinion, be at variance, argue, quarrel, dispute (‫ في‬about); to come or go frequently (‫ الى‬to), frequent, patronize (‫الى‬ a place), visit frequently (‫ الى‬s.o., s.th.), come and go (‫ الى‬at); to come, descend ( ‫ على‬upon s.o.; said of afflictions), befall,

overtake (‫ على‬s.o.) X to appoint as successor or vicar (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ خلف‬kalf back, rear, rear part or portion; successors; kalfu and ‫ من خلف‬min kalfu (adv.) at the back, in the rear; kalfa (prep.) behind, after, in the rear of │ ‫ جرى خلفھا‬he ran after her: ‫ من خلف‬min kalfi behind, in the rear of; ‫ من الخلف‬from behind, from the rear; ‫ الى الخلف‬to the rear, backward, back; ‫ الى خلف الشيء‬in the wake of s.th.; ‫في الخلف‬ in the rear; at the back, in the background ‫ خلفي‬kalfī rear, hind, hinder, back ‫ خلف‬kilf pl. ‫ اخالف‬aklāf test, nipple, mammilla ‫ خلف‬kulf dissimilarity, disparity, difference, contrast, variance, discrepancy ‫ خلف‬kalaf pl. ‫ اخالف‬aklāf substitute; successor; descendant, offspring, scion ‫ خلفة‬kilfa dissimilarity, disparity, difference; that which follows s.th. and replaces it (e.g., second growth of plants, day and night, etc.) ‫ خليفة‬kalīfa pl. ‫ خلفاء‬kulafā’2, ‫خالئف‬ kalā’if2 vicar, deputy; successor; caliph; (formerly) senior official of the native administration in Tunis, assigned to a ‫قائد‬ (formerly) title of the ruler of Spanish Morocco ‫ المنطقة الخليفية‬al-minṭaqa al-kalīfīya the Caliphate Zone (formerly, designation of Spanish Morocco) ‫ خالفة‬kilāfa vicarship, deputyship; succession; caliphate, office or rule of a caliph: (formerly) administrative department of a ‫( خليفة‬Tun.), see above ‫ مخالف‬miklāf pl. ‫ مخاليف‬makālīf2 province (Yemen) 257 ‫ خالف‬kilāf pl. -āt difference, disparity, dissimilarity; divergence, deviation; contrast, contrariety, incongruity, contradiction, conflict; disagreement, difference of opinion (‫ على‬or ‫ في‬about); dispute, controversy; kilāfa (prep.) beside, apart from, aside from │‫ خالفه‬kilāfuhū (= ‫ )غيره‬other, the like, ‫ خالفھم‬others (than those mentioned), ‫ وخالفه‬and the like (after an enumeration); ‫ بخالف‬bi-kilāfi beside, apart 'from, aside from; contrary to, as opposed to, unlike; ‫ خالفا ل‬kilāfan li

contrary to, against, in contradiction to; ‫ على خالف ذلك‬unlike that, contrary to that, on the contrary, on the other hand ‫ خالفي‬kilāfī controversial, disputed ‫ مخالفة‬mukālafa pl. -āt contrast, contrariety; contradiction, inconsistency; contravention, infringement, violation; misdemeanor (jur.; as distinguished from ‫ جنحة‬and ‫ ;)جناية‬fine (for a misdemeanor) ‫ تخلف‬takalluf staying away, nonappearance, nonattendance, nonpresence, absence, truancy (also ‫تخلف‬ ‫ ;)عن الحضور‬staying behind, staying on; stopover (railroad); backwardness ‫ اختالف‬iktilāf pl. -āt difference, dissimilarity, disparity; diversity, variety; variant, variation; difference of opinion, disagreement; controversy │‫الرعية على‬ ‫( اختالف المذاھب الدينية‬ra‘īya, dīnīya) the subjects of every (= irrespective of their) religious denomination; ‫على اختالف احزابھم‬ whichever party they may belong to; ‫الفواكه‬ ‫ على اختالفھا‬all the different fruits, fruits of every kind ‫ مخلوفة‬maklūfa pl. -āt camel saddle ‫ مخلف‬mukallaf left, left behind; left over; pl. ‫ مخلفات‬heritage, legacy, estate; scraps, leftovers ‫ مخالف‬mukālif divergent, varying, different; inconsistent, incompatible, contradictory, contrasting, conflicting; transgressor (of a command) ‫ متخلف‬mutakallif residual; left over; retarded, backward, underdeveloped (mentally, in growth, etc.); pl. -ūn one left behind; straggler; pl. ‫ متخلفات‬heritage, legacy, estate; leftovers; scraps, refuse, offal │‫( اتربة متخلفة‬atriba) waste material, overburden, superstratum (in mining); ‫المياه‬ ‫( المتخلفة‬miyāh) waste water, sewage ‫ مختلف‬muktalif different, varying, divergent (‫ من‬from); varied, various, diverse; having a different opinion, disagreeing (‫ في‬or ‫ على‬about) ‫ )مختلف فيه )عليه‬muktalaf fīhi (‘alaihi) controversial, disputed ‫ خلق‬kalaqa u (kalq) to create, make, originate ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to shape, form, mold (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); -kaliqa a and kaluqa u to be old, worn,

shabby (garment); -- kaluqa u (‫خالقة‬ kalāqa) to be fit, suitable, suited II to perfume (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to wear out (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), let (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) become old and shabby V pass. of II; to be molded, be shaped (‫ ب‬by a model or pattern), change (‫ ب‬with a model); to become angry VIII to invent, contrive, devise (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to fabricate, concoct, think up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to attribute falsely (‫ ھـ على‬to s.o. s.th.)

natural for him that he ...; ‫خليق بھذا ان يكون‬ ‫( مؤلما‬mu’liman) this is apt to be paicful. it is only natural that this is painful; ‫نظرة‬ ‫( يسيرة خليقة ان تقنعنا بأن‬tuqni‘anā) no more than a quick glance is apt to convince us that ... ‫ خلوق‬kalūq of firm character, steadfast, upright ‫ اخلق‬aklaq more adequate, more appropriate, more natural

‫ خلق‬kalq creation; making; origination; s.th. which is created, a creation; creatures; people, man, mankind; physical constitution

‫ خالق‬kallāq Creator, Maker (God) ‫ خليقة‬kalīqa the creation, the universe created by God; nature; natural disposition, trait, characteristic; creatures, created beings; pl. ‫ خالئق‬kalā’iq2 creatures, created beings

‫ خلق‬kulq, kuluq pl. ‫ اخالق‬aklāq innate peculiarity; natural disposition, character, temper, nature; -- pl. ‫ اخالق‬aklāq character (of a person); morals; morality │ ‫سوء الخلق‬ sū’ al-k. ill nature; ‫ سيئ الخلق‬sayyi’ al-k. illnatured; ‫ سھل الخلق‬sahl al-k. complaisant, obliging; ‫ ضيق الخلق‬ḍayyiq al-k. impatient, restless; ‫‘ علم األخالق‬ilm al-a. ethics; moral science, morals; 258 ‫ سمو األخالق‬sumūw ala. nobility of character; ‫ مكارم األخالق‬noble manners, high moral standards; ‫شرطة‬ ‫ األخالق‬šurṭa al-a. vice squad

‫ اخالقي‬aklāqī moral; ethic(al); ethicist, moral philosopher │‫( جرم اخالقي‬jurm) offence against public morals; ‫الفلسفة‬ ‫( األخالقية‬falsafa) moral science, moral philosophy; ethics ‫ أخالقية‬aklāqīya morality, moral practice ‫ خلقاني‬kulqānī dealer in old clothes ‫ خالق‬kāliq creative; Creator, Maker (God)

‫ خلقي‬kulqī ethic(al), moral │ ‫جرائم خلقية‬ offenses against public morals

‫ مخلوق‬maklūq created; (pl. -āt. ‫مخاليق‬ makālīq2) creature, created being

‫ خلق‬kalaq (m. and f.) pl. ‫ خلقان‬kulqān, ‫ اخالق‬aklāq shabby, threadbare, worn (garment)

‫ مختلق‬muktaliq inventor, fabricator (of untruths)

‫ خلقة‬kilqa pl. ‫ خلق‬kilaq creation; innate peculiarity of character, natural disposition, nature; constitution; physiognomy; kilqatan by nature

‫ مختلق‬muktalaq fabricated, trumped up, invented, fictitious; apocryphal; pl. -āt lies, falsehoods, fabrications, fictions ‫ خلقين‬kalqīn pl. ‫ خالقين‬kalāqīn2 caldron, boiler, kettle

‫ خلقي‬kilqī natural, native, congenital, innate, inborn, inbred ‫ خلقة‬kalaqa rag, tatter ‫ خالق‬kalāq share (of positive qualities, of religion) │ ‫( ال خالق له‬kalāqa) disgraceful, ignominious, despicable; a worthless fellow, a good-for-nothing ‫ خليق‬kalīq pl. ‫ خلقاء‬kulaqā’2 fit, qualified, suitable, appropriate (‫ ل‬،‫ ب‬for s.th., ‫ ان‬to do s.th.); apt (‫ ان‬to do s.th.); in keeping with (‫)ب‬, adequate (‫ ب‬to), worthy (‫ ب‬of) │‫ نحن خليقون ان‬it is (would be) only fair that we ..., we should ..., we ought to ...; ‫ ھو خليق ان‬he is apt to ..., it is only

1

‫ خلنج‬kalanj heath, erica (bot.)

2

‫ خلنجان‬kulungān (eg.) (rhizome of) galingale (Polypodium Calaguala Kz.; bot.)

‫ )خال )خلو‬kalā u (kulūw, ‫ خالء‬kalā’) to be empty, vacant; -- (kuluw) to be free (‫ من‬or ‫ عن‬from); to be devoid (‫ من‬of s.th.), lack, want (‫ من‬s.th.), be in need (‫ من‬of); to be vacant (office); -- (‫ خلوة‬kalwa) to be alone (‫ مع‬،‫ الى‬،‫ ب‬with s.o., ‫ الى‬also: with or in s.th.); to isolate o.s., seclude o.s.; to withdraw, retire (‫ للمداولة‬li-l-mudāwala for deliberation; court, jury); to withdraw for spiritual communion, in order to take

counsel (‫ الى‬with); to devote o.s., apply o.s.. give one's attention (‫ ل‬to s.th.); ‫خال به‬ to forsake, desert s.o., leave s.o. in the lurch; -- to pass (‫ ه‬s.o.), go by s.o. (‫ ;)ه‬to pass, elapse, go by, be bygone, past, over (time) │‫( خال له الجو‬jaww) to have free scope. have freedom 259 of action; ‫ال يخلو‬ ‫( من جمال‬jamāl) it is not without a certain beauty; ‫( ال يخلو من مبالغة‬mubālaga) it is slightly exaggerated; ‫ ال يخلو من فائدة‬it is not quits useless; ‫ خال الى نفسه‬to be alone with o.s.; to commune with o.s., take counsel with o.s., search one’s heart; ‫منذ عشر سنوات‬ ‫ خلت‬mundu ‘ašri sanawātin kalat for the past ten years II to vacate, evacuate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to leave, leave alone (‫ ه‬s.o.); to release, let go (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to desist, abstain, refrain (‫ عن‬from), give up (‫عن‬ s.th.) │‫( خلى سبيله‬sabīlahū) to let s.o. off, let s.o. go, release s.o.; ‫خلى بين فالن وبين‬ ‫ الشيء‬to give s.o. a free hand in, let s.o. have his own way with or in, let s.o. alone with; to open the way for s.o. to; ‫خل عنك‬ ‫ ھذه الميول‬kalli ‘anka h. l-muyūla desist from such desires! IV to empty, void, drain, deplete (‫ من ھـ‬s.th. of); to vacate, leave uninhabited or untenanted (‫ ھـ‬a place); to evacuate (‫ ھـ‬a city) │‫اخلى سبيله‬ (sabīlahū) to let s.o. off, let s.o. go, release s.o.; ‫ اخلى السبيل ل‬to open the way for ...; ‫( اخلى طرف‬ṭarafahū) to dismiss, discharge s.o., send s.o. away; to exonerate, exculpate, clear s.o.; ‫( اخلى سمعه ل‬sam‘ahū) to be all ears for ..., listen intently to ...; ‫ اخلى بينه وبين ما يقول‬to let s.o. say whatever he likes, let s.o. talk freely V to give up, relinquish, forgo, abandon (‫ عن‬or ‫ من‬s.th.), withdraw, resign (‫ عن‬or ‫ من‬from); to cede, leave, surrender (‫ ل عن‬s.th. to s.o.); to lay down (‫ عن‬an office) VIII to retire, withdraw, step aside, be alone (‫ ب‬or ‫مع‬ with) ‫ خلو‬kilw free (‫ من‬from), devoid (‫ من‬of) ‫ خلو‬kulūw emptiness, vacuity; freedom (‫ من‬from) ‫ خال‬kalā and ‫( ما خال‬with foll. acc. or genit.) except, save, with the exception of ‫ خالء‬kalā’ emptiness, vacuity; empty space, void, vacancy, vacuum; open country │‫ تحت الخالء‬or ‫ في الخالء‬under the open sky, outdoors, in the open air; ‫بيت‬ ‫ الخالء‬bait al-k. toilet, water closet

‫ خلوة‬kalwa pl. kalawāt privacy, solitude; seclusion, isolation, retirement; place of retirement or seclusion, retreat, recess; secluded room; hermitage; religious assembly hall of the Druses; booth, cabin │‫ على خلوة‬alone; in retirement, in seclusion; ‫ خلوة الحمام‬k. alḥammām bathhouse ‫ خلوي‬kalawī lonely, solitary, secluded, isolated, outlying; located in the open country, rural, rustic, country │‫بيت خلوي‬ (bait) country house ‫ خلى‬kalīy pl. ‫ اخلياء‬akliyā’2 free (‫من‬ from), void, devoid (‫ من‬of) │‫خلى البال‬ carefree, easygoing, happy-go-lucky ‫ خلية‬kalīya pl. ‫ خاليا‬kalāyā beehive; cell (biol.) │‫( الخلية الحيوية األولى‬al-ḥayawīya lūlā) protoplasm; ‫ من خاليا‬from within ..., from inside ..., out of ... ‫ مخالة‬miklāh nosebag ‫ تخلية‬takliya vacating, evaluation ‫ اخالء‬iklā’ emptying, voiding, draining; clearing; vacating, evacuation │‫اخالء سبيله‬ i. sabīlihī; his release ‫ تخل‬takallin relinquishment, abandonment, surrender, renunciation, resignation (‫ عن‬of s.th.) ‫ اختالء‬iktilā’ privacy, solitude ‫ خال‬kālin empty, void; open, vacant (office, position); free, unrestrained, untrammeled, unencumbered; free (‫ من‬from), devoid (‫من‬ of) │in numerous compounds corresponding to Engl. -less or un-, e.g., ‫ خال من الفائدة‬useless, ‫( خال من السكان‬sukkān) uninhabited, untenanted, unoccupied; ‫خالي‬ ‫ الدين‬kālī d-dain not bound by, without obligation to, free (‫ من‬from); ‫خالى البال‬ carefree, easygoing, happy-go-lucky; -(pl. ‫ خوال‬kawālin) 260 past, bygone (time) │‫ القرون الخالية‬the past centuries; ‫في االيام‬ ‫ الخوالي‬fī l-ayyāmi l-kawālī in the days past ‫ خم‬kamma u (kamm) to sweep (‫ ھـ‬a room); -- i u (kamm, ‫ خموم‬kumūm) to exude a rotten, foul smell; to rot, putrefy, decay ‫ خم‬kumm pl. ‫ اخمام‬akmām coop, chicken coop, brooder; poultry pen ‫ خمة‬kamma putrid smell, stench

‫ خام‬kāmm stinking, rotten, putrid, foulsmelling; kām look up alphabetically

‫ خمرية‬kamrīya pl. -āt wine poem, bacchanalian verse

‫ مخم‬mukimm stinking, rotten, putrid, foul-smelling

‫ خمار‬/fimar pl. ‫ اخمرة‬akmira, ‫ خمر‬kumur veil covering head and face of a woman

‫ خمج‬kamija a (kamaj) to spoil, rot, decay

‫ خمار‬kumār aftereffect of intoxication, hang-over

‫ خمد‬kamada u (‫ خمود‬kumūd) to go out, die (fire); to abate, subside, let up, calm down, cease, die down IV to extinguish, put out (‫ ھـ‬fire); to calm, appease, placate, soothe, lull, still, quiet (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to suppress, quell (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to subdue, soften, deaden, dull (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to stifle, smother, kill (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; fig.)

‫ خمير‬kamīr leavened (dough); ripe, mature, mellow; leaven; leavened bread

‫ خمود‬kumūd extinction; decline, degeneration, deterioration; quietness, stillness, tranquility, calm; immobility, motionlessness ‫ اخماد‬ikmād extinction, putting out; calming, soothing, placation, appeasement, lulling, stilling; subduing, softening, dulling; settlement; suppression, quelling (of a riot) ‫ خامد‬kāmid dying; abating, subsiding; calm, tranquil, still, quiet ‫ خمر‬kamara u (kamr) and II to cover, hide, conceal (٨ ‫ھـ‬.th.); to leaven, raise (‫ھـ‬ dough); to ferment (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), cause fermentation (‫ ھـ‬in) III to permeate, pervade (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), mix, blend (‫ ھـ‬with); to possess, seize, overcome (‫ ه‬s.o., e.g., an idea, a feeling) IV to leaven, raise (‫ھـ‬ dough); to ferment (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), cause fermentation (‫ ھـ‬in); to harbor, entertain (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to bear a grudge, feel resentment (‫ل‬ against s.o.) V to ferment, be in a state of fermentation; to rise (dough); to veil the head and face (woman) VI to conspire, plot, collude, scheme, intrigue (‫على‬ against) VIII to ferment, be in a state of fermentation; to rise (dough); to become ripe, ripen (also fig.: an idea in s.o.’s mind) ‫ خمر‬kamr m. and f., pl. ‫ خمور‬kumūr wine; pl. alcoholic beverages, liquor ‫ خمرة‬kamra wine ‫ خمري‬kamrī golden brown, reddish brown, bronze-colored (actually, winecolored)

‫ خميرة‬kamīra pl. ‫ خمائر‬kamā’ir2 leaven; ferment; barm, yeast; enzyme (chem.); (fig.) starter, nucleus, basis (from which s.th. greater develops) ‫ خمار‬kammār wine merchant, keeper of a wineshop ‫ خمارة‬kammāra wineshop, tavern ‫ خمير‬kimmīr winebibber, drunkard, tippler, sot ‫ تخمير‬takmīr leavening, raising (of dough); fermenting, fermentation ‫ اختمار‬iktimār (process of) fermentation ‫ مخمور‬makmūr drunk, intoxicated, inebriated ‫ مختمر‬muktamir fermenting, fermented; alcoholic 261 ‫ خمس‬II to quintuple, make fivefold, multiply by five (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make pentagonal (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to divide into five parts (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ خمس‬kums pl. ‫ خمس‬akmās one fifth │ ‫ ضرب اخماسه في اسداسه‬ḍaraba akmāsahū fī asdāsihī and ‫( ضرب اخماسا ألسداس‬liasdāsin) to rack one’s brain in search of a way out; to be at one’s wit’s end; to scheme, intrigue ‫ خمسة‬kamsa (f. ‫ خمس‬kams) five ‫ خمسة عشر‬kamsata ‘ašara (f. ‫خمس عشرة‬ kamsa ‘ašrata) fifteen ‫ خمسون‬kamsūn fifty │ ‫‘ عيد الخمسين‬īd alk. Whitsuntide, Pentecost; ‫ احد الخمسين‬aḥad al-k. Whitsunday; ‫ أيام الخمسين‬ayyām alkamsīn the period of about 50 days between Easter and Whitsuntide; □ ‫خمسين‬ and ‫ خماسين‬khamsin, a hot southerly wind in Egypt ‫‘ عيد خمسين‬īd kamsīn 50th anniversary

‫ خميلة‬kamīla pl. ‫ خمائل‬kamā’il2 place with luxuriant tree growth; thicket, brush, scrub

‫ خميس‬kamīs and ‫ يوم الخميس‬yaum al-k. Thursday │‫ خميس الجسد‬k. al-jasad Corpus Christi Day (Chr.); ‫ خميس الفصح‬k. al-fiṣḥ, ‫ خميس األسرار‬k. al-asrār, and ‫ خميس العھد‬k. al-‘ahd Maundy Thursday (Chr.)

‫ خامل‬kāmil unknown, obscure, undistinguished, unimportant, minor; weak, languid, sluggish

‫ خماس‬kammās pl. ‫ خماسة‬kamāmisa (magr.) sharecropper receiving one fifth of the crop as wages

‫ مخمل‬mukmal velvet-like fabric, velvet

‫ خماسي‬kumāsī fivefold, quintuple; consisting of five consonants (gram.) │ ‫( خماسي‬zawāyā) pentagonal, five-cornered ‫ خميسة‬kumaisa (mor. Pronounced kmīsa) ornament in the shape of a hand (worn by women and children as a talisman against the evil eye)

‫ مخملي‬mukmalī velvety │‫( جلد مخملي‬jild) deerskin, buckskin ‫ خمن‬II to guess, conjecture, surmise; to make conjectures (‫ ھـ‬as to); to assess, appraise, estimate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) 262 ‫ تخمين‬takmīn appraisal, assessment, estimation; ‫ تخمينا‬takmīnan and ‫على تخمين‬ approximately, roughly

‫ الخامس‬al-kāmis the fifth ‫ مخمس‬mukammas pentagonal, fivecornered; pentagon; fivefold, quintuple; O pentameter

‫ خمن‬mukammin appraiser, assessor 1

‫ خنة‬kunna nasal twang

‫ خمش‬kamaša i u (kamš) and II to scratch (‫ھـ‬ e.g., the face, the skin, with the nails)

‫ خنين‬kanīn twanging, nasal twang

‫ خمش‬kamš pl. ‫ خموش‬kumūš scratch, scratch mark, scar

‫ اخن‬akann2, f. ‫ خناء‬kanna’2 twanging, speaking through the nose

‫ خماشة‬kumāša pl. -āt scratch, scar

2

‫ خمص‬kamaṣa u and kamiṣa a to be empty, hungry (stomach)

‫ خنث‬kanit oft, effeminate 2

‫ اخمص القدم‬akmaṣ al-qadam pl. ‫ اخامص‬akāmiṣ hollow of the sale (of the foot) │ ‫من الرأس‬ ‫ الى اخمص القدم‬from head to toe

‫ خمل‬kamala u (‫ خمول‬kumūl) to be unknown, obscure, undistinguished; to be weak, languid

‫ خن‬kunn (= ‫ خم‬kumm) pl. ‫ اخنان‬aknān coop. chicken coop, brooder

‫ خنث‬kanita a to be soft, effeminate V to display effeminate manners, become or be effeminate

‫ خميص‬kamīs ‫ خميص البطن‬k. al-baṭn, ‫ خميص الحشا‬k. al-ḥašā with an empty stomach, hungry

‫ خمع‬kama‘a a (kam‘, ‫ خموع‬kumū‘) to limp, walk with a limp

‫خن‬kanna i (‫ خنين‬kanīn) to speak nasally, nasalize; to twang, speak through the nose

‫ خنثى‬kuntā pl. ‫ خناث‬kināt, ‫ خناثى‬kanatā hermaphrodite ‫ خنوثة‬kunūta effeminacy ‫ تخنث‬takannut effeminacy ‫ مخنث‬mukannat bisexual; effeminate; powerless, impotent, weak ‫ خنجر‬kanjar pl. ‫ خناجر‬kanājir2 dagger

‫ خمل‬kami and ‫ خملة‬kamla nap, the rough, hairy surface of a fabric; fibers

‫ خنخن‬kankana to nasalize, speak, nasally; to twang, speak through the nose

‫ خمل‬kamil languid, sluggish, dull, listless

‫ خندق‬kandaqa to dig a ditch or trench (‫ ;)خندقا‬to take up positions, prepare for battle

‫ خمول‬kumūl obscurity; weakness lassitude, languor, lethargy; indolence, sluggishness, inactivity; apathy, indifference; sleepiness, drowsiness

‫ خندق‬kandaq pl. ‫ خنادق‬kanādiq2 ditch; trench ‫ خنزوانية‬kunzuwānīya megalomania ‫ خنزب‬kanzab Satan, Devil

‫ خنزير‬kinzīr pl. ‫ خنازير‬kanāzir2 swine, pig, hog; ‫( خنزير بري‬barrī) wild hoar; ‫ خنازير‬scrofula, scrofulosis (med.) ‫ خنزيرة‬kinzīra sow ‫ خنازيري‬kanāzīrī scrofulous ‫ الخناس‬al-kannās epithet of the Devil (properly speaking, he who withdraw, when the name of God is mentioned) ‫ اخنس‬aknas f. ‫ خنساء‬kansā’2, pl. ‫خنس‬ kuns pug-nosed ‫ خنشار‬kinšār fern (bot.) ‫ خنوص‬kinnauṣ pl. ‫ خنانيص‬kanānīṣ2 piglet ‫ خنصر‬kinṣir pl. ‫ خناصر‬kanāṣir2 little finger │ ‫ عقد الخنصر )الخناصر( على‬to give s.th. toprating because of its excellence, put s.th. above everything else ‫ خنع‬kana‘a a (‫ خنوع‬kunū‘) to yield, surrender, bow, stoop (‫ ل‬or ‫ الى‬to s.o.). humble o.s., cringe (‫ ل‬or ‫ الى‬before s.o.) ‫ خنوع‬kanū‘ submissive, servile, meek, humble; treacherous, perfidious, disloyal ‫ خنوع‬kunū‘ submissiveness, meekness, servility ‫ خنف‬kanaf (eg.) twanging, nasal twang ‫ خنفر‬kanfara to snuffle, snort ‫ خنفس‬kunfus and ‫ خنفساء‬kunfusā’2 pl. ‫خنافس‬ kanāfis2 dung beetle, scarab ‫ خنق‬kanaqa u (kanq) to choke (‫ ه‬s.o.); to suffocate, stifle, smother, strangle, throttle, choke to death (‫ ه‬s.o.); to throttle down (techn.; ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to slow down, cut, check, suppress (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to quarrel, have a fight (‫ ه‬with s.o.) VI to quarrel, dispute, have a fight (‫ مع‬with s.o.) VII pass. of I; VIII to he throttled, be suppressed; to be tight, constricted (throat); to be strangled, be choked to death

‫ خناق‬kannāq choking, throttling, strangling ‫ مخنق‬maknaq neck, throat │‫ أخذه بمخنقه‬to grab s.o. by the throat, bear down on s.o.; to have power over s.o. ‫ خناق‬kināq strangling cord; neck, throat │‫ضيق‬ ‫( الخناق على‬ḍayyaqa) to tighten the grip around s.o.’s throat, tread on s.o.’s neck, oppress s.o., beset s.o. grievously; ‫أخذ بخناقه‬ to grab s.o. by the throat ‫ خناق‬kināq and ‫ خناقة‬kināqa quarrel, fight, row ‫ اختناق‬iktināq suffocation, asphyxiation; constriction; asphyxia (med.) ‫ خانق‬kāniq choking, strangling; suffocating, asphyxiating, stifling, smothering; throttling, throttle· (in compounds; tech.); (pl. ‫ خوانق‬kawāniq2) choke coil, reactor (radio); gorge, ravine, canyon │ ‫ غاز خانق‬asphyxiating gas; ‫ خانق الذئب‬k. ad-di’b wolfsbane, monkshood, aconite (bot.) ‫ مخنوق‬maknūq strangled; suffocated, stifled, smothered; suppressed, choking (voice, laughter, etc.); constricted; strangulated; throttled ‫ مختنق‬muktaniq crammed, jammed, crowded, chock-full (‫ ب‬with) (‫ خنو‬and ‫ خنى( خنا‬kanā u, ‫ خني‬kaniya a (‫خنى‬ kanan) to use obscene language IV to hit hard, afflict grievously, wear down, ruin, destroy, crush (‫ على‬s.o., s.th.; said of fate) ‫ خنى‬kanan obscene language; s.th. indecent or obscene; prostitution; fornication ‫ خواجة‬kawāja pl. -āt sir, Mr. (title and form of address, esp., for Christians and Westerners, used with or without the name of the person so addressed) ‫ خوان‬kuwān, kiwān pl. ‫ اخونة‬akwina, ‫اخاوين‬ akāwīn2 table │‫ خوان الزينة‬k. az-zīna dressing table

‫ خنق‬kanq strangling, strangulation; throttling, suppression │ ‫خنق األنوار‬k. al-anwāar dimout

‫ خوجة‬kōga (eg.) teacher, schoolmaster

‫ خنقة اليد‬kanqat (kunqat) al-yad wrist

‫ خوخ‬II (eg.) to rot, decay, spoil

‫ خناق‬kunāq suffocation; angina (med.); kunāq and ‫ خانوق‬kānūq quinsy, diphtheria 263 (med.); pl. ‫ خوانق‬kawāniq2 and ‫خوانيق‬ kawānīq2 do.

‫ خوخ‬kauk (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬peach (eg.); plum (syr.) ‫ خوخة‬kauka pl. kuwak skylight, windowlike opening; wicket (of a canal

lock, of a gate); (eg.) alley connecting two streets

into), examination, discussion, treatment ( ‫ في‬of a subject) ‫ مخاضة‬makāḍa pl. -āt, ‫ مخاوض‬makāwiḍ2 ford

‫ خوذة‬kūda pl. -āt, ‫ خوذ‬kuwad helmet 1‫ )خار )خور‬kāra (‫ خوار‬kuwār) to low, moo (cattle); -- ‫ خور‬kawira a (‫ خور‬kawar) and ‫ خار‬kāra u to decline in force or vigor; to grow weak, spiritless, languid, to languish, flag; to dwindle, give out (strength) ‫ خور‬kaur pl. ‫ اخوار‬akwār, ‫ خيران‬kīrān inlet, bay ‫ خور‬kawar weakness, fatigue, enervation, languor, lassitude ‫ خوار‬kuwār lowing, mooing ‫ خوار‬kawwār weak, languid, strengthless 2

‫ خوري‬kūrī pl. ‫ خورنة‬kawārina parson, curate, priest; see also under ‫خير‬

‫ خورس‬kūrus choir (of a church) ‫ خوزق‬kauzaqa to impale (‫ ه‬s.o.); to comer, drive into a comer, get into a bad fix (‫ه‬ s.o.) ‫ خازوق‬see ‫خزق‬ ‫ ورق خوشق‬waraq kaušaq wrapping paper; blotting paper 1

‫ خوص‬kūṣ (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬palm leaves ‫ خوصة‬kūṣa (eg.) plaitwork of palm leaves (resembling that of Panama hats; used as a tarboosh lining) ‫ خواصة‬kiwwāṣa art of palm-leaf plaiting 264

2

‫ خوص‬kawaṣ and ‫ اخوص‬see ‫خوص‬

3

‫ خويصة‬see ّ‫خص‬

1

‫ )خاض )خوض‬kāḍ u (kauḍ, ‫ خياض‬kiyāḍ) to wade (‫ ھـ‬into water); to plunge, dive, rush (‫ ھـ‬into s.th.), tackle courageously (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), embark boldly (‫ ھـ‬on); to penetrate ( ‫ ھـ‬or ‫ في‬into), become absorbed, engrossed (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ في‬in); to go into a subject (‫)في‬, take up (‫ في ھـ‬subject), deal (‫ في‬with) │‫خاض‬ ‫( المعركة‬ma‘raka) to rush into battle; ‫خاض‬ ‫( غمار الحرب‬gimāra l-ḥarb) to enter the war ‫ خوض‬kawḍ, plunge, rush (into); entering, entry (into, e.g., into war, into negotiations); penetration; search (‫في‬

2

‫ مخاض‬see ‫مخض‬

‫ )خاف )خوف‬kāfa (1st pers. perf. kiftu) a (kauf, ‫ مخافة‬makāata, ‫ خيفة‬kīfata) to be frightened, scared; to be afraid (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬or ‫من‬. of), dread ( ‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬or ‫ من‬s.o. or s.th.); to fear (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬or ‫من‬ s.o., s.th.; ‫ على‬for s.o., for s.th.; ‫ ان‬that) II and IV to frighten, scare, alarm, fill with fear (‫ ه‬s.o.) V = I ‫ خوف‬kauf fear, dread (‫ من‬of); ‫خوفا‬ kaufan for fear (‫ من‬of), fearing (‫ على‬for) ‫ خيفة‬kīfa fear, dread (‫ من‬of) ‫ خواف‬kawwāf, ‫ خويف‬kawīf fainthearted, fearful, timid, timorous; coward, poltroon ‫ اخوف‬akwaf2 more timorous; more dreadful, more to be feared ‫ مخافة‬makāfa fear, dread │‫مخافة ان‬ (makāfatan) for fear that ..., afraid that ... ‫ مخاوف‬makāwif2 (pl. zu ‫ )مخافة‬fears, apprehensions, anxieties; horrors, dangers, perils ‫ تخويف‬takwīf and ‫ اخافة‬ikāfa intimidation, bullying, cowing, frightening, scaring ‫ تخوف‬takawwuf fear, dread ‫ خائف‬kā’if pl. ‫ خوف‬kuwwaf fearful, timid, timorous; scared, frightened, alarmed (‫ من‬by); afraid (‫ من‬of); anxious ( ‫ على‬about), apprehensive (‫ على‬for) ‫ مخوف‬makūf feared, dreaded; dangerous, perilous ‫ مخيف‬mukīf fear-inspiring, frightful, dreadful, terrible, horrible ‫ خاكى‬look up alphabetically ‫ خول‬II to grant, accord, give, concede (‫ ھـ ه‬to s.o. s.th., also ‫ ;ھـ ل‬esp., the right, the power to do s.th.), bestow, confer (‫ھـ ه‬ upon s.o. s.th., also ‫)ھـ ل‬, vest, endow (‫ھـ ه‬ s.o. with s.th., also. ‫)ل‬ ‫ خال‬kāl pl. ‫ اخوال‬akwāl, ‫ خؤول‬ku’ūl, ‫خولة‬ ku’ūla (maternal) uncle; -- (pl. ‫ خيالن‬kīlān) mole, birthmark (on the face);

O patch, beauty spot ‫ خالة‬kāla pl. -āt (maternal) aunt ‫ خول‬kawal chattels, property, esp., that consisting in livestock and slaves; servants; (eg.) dancer; effeminate person, sissy ‫ خولى‬kaulī supervisor, overseer (of a plantation); gardener ‫ خؤولة‬ku’ūla relationship of the maternal uncle ‫ مخول‬mukawwal authorized (‫ ب‬to) ‫ خام‬look up alphabetically 1

‫ )خان )خون‬kana u (kaun, ‫ خيانة‬kiyāna) to be disloyal, faithless, false, treacherous, perfidious, act disloyally, treacherously, perfidiously (‫ ه‬toward s.o.); to betray (‫ه‬ s.o.); to cheat, dupe, gull, hoodwink (‫ه‬ s.o.), impose (‫ ه‬upon), deceive (‫زوجته‬ one’s wife); to fool, deceive, mislead 265 (‫ ه‬s.o.; said, e.g., of the memory); to forsake, let down, desert (‫ ه‬s.o.); to fail (‫ه‬ s.o.; e.g., the voice, and the like); to fail to keep (‫ ھـ‬e.g., a promise), break (‫عھدا‬ ‘ahdan a contract) II to regard as or call faithless, false, disloyal, treacherous, dishonest, unreliable (‫ ه‬s.o.); to distrust, mistrust (‫ ه‬s.o.) V to impair, harm, hurt, prejudice (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VIII to dupe, gull, cheat, deceive, double-cross, betray (‫ ه‬s.o.) X ‫ استخون‬istakwana to distrust, mistrust (‫ه‬ s.o.) ‫ خيانة‬kiyāna faithlessness, falseness, disloyalty, treachery, perfidy; breach of faith, betrayal; treason; deception, fooling │‫ خيانة األمانة‬k. al-amāna breach of faith; ‫‘( خيانة عظمى‬uẓmā) high treason; ‫خيانة الوعود‬ breach of promise ‫ خؤون‬ka’ūn faithless, false, disloyal, traitorous, treacherous, perfidious; unreliable, tricky, deceptive ‫ خوان‬kawwān unreliable, faithless, disloyal, treacherous, perfidious; traitor ‫ خائن‬kā’in pl. ‫ خوان‬kuwwān, ‫خونة‬ kawana disloyal, faithless, false, unreliable, traitorous, treacherous, perfidious; traitor

2 3

‫ خان‬and ‫ خانة‬look up alphabetically ‫ خوان‬look up alphabetically

1

‫ خوي‬kawā i (‫ خواء‬kawā’, ‫ خوى‬kawan) to be empty, be hungry; -- kawiya a (‫خواء‬ kawā’) to be empty, bare, dreary, desolate, waste ‫ خواء‬kawā’ and ‫ خوى‬kawan emptinessv(of the stomach), hunger ‫ خاو‬kāwin empty, vacant; dreary, waste, desolate │‫‘( خاو على عروشه‬urūšihī) completely devastated; ‫ خاوى الوفاض‬k. lwifāḍ (= ‫ )خالى الوفاض‬with an empty pouch, empty-handed, without a catch

‫ خوى‬III to join (‫ ه‬s.o.), join the company of (‫)ه‬, accompany (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ خوي‬kuwaiy little brother ‫ خوة‬kuwa brotherliness, fraternity (= ‫ اخوة‬ukūwa) ‫ مخاو‬mukāwin brotherly, fraternal ‫ خيار‬kiyār (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬cucumber │ ‫خيار شنير‬ k. šanbar (eg.) drumstick tree, purging cassia (Cassia fistula; bot.); ‫ خيار قشة‬k. qašša (eg.) gherkins, pickles ‫ )خاب )خيب‬kāba i (‫ خيبة‬kaiba) to fail, miscarry, be without success, be unsuccessful; to be frustrated, be dashed, be disappointed (hopes); to go wrong II and IV to cause to fail; to thwart, frustrate, fail, defeat (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to disappoint, dash (‫ أماله‬āmālahū s.o.’s hopes) V = I ‫ خيبة‬kaiba failure, miscarriage, defeat, frustration; fizzle, flop; disappointment │ ‫ ولد خيبة‬walad k., f. ‫ بنت خيبة‬bint k. (eg.) a good-for-nothing, a ne’er-do-well ‫ خائب‬kā’ib failing; abortive, unsuccessful; disappointed ‫ )خار )خير‬kāra i to choose, make one’s choice; to prefer (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to) II to make or let (‫ه‬ s.o.) choose (‫ بين‬between, ‫ في‬from), give (‫ه‬ s.o.) the alternative, option or choice (‫بين‬ between, ‫ في‬in); to prefer (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to) III to vie, compete (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to make or let (‫ ه‬s.o.) choose, give (‫ ه‬s.o.) the choice, option or alternative V to choose, select, pick (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) VIII to choose, make one’s choice; to choose, select, elect, pick (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.), fix upon s.o. or s.th. (،‫ھـ‬ ‫ ;)ه‬to prefer (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to) │‫اختار ﷲ الى‬ ‫ جواره‬... (jiwārihī) approx.: the Lord has taken ... unto Himself X to seek or request what is good or best (‫ )ھـ‬for o.s. (‫ ه‬from

s.o.); to consult an oracle, cast lots │‫استخار‬ ‫ ﷲ في‬to ask God for proper guidance in

of one’s own accord, spontaneously, voluntarily

‫ خير‬kair pl. ‫ خيار‬kiyār, ‫ اخيار‬akyār good; excellent, outstanding, superior, admirable; better; best; - (pl. ٢٦٦ ‫خيور‬ kuyūr) good thing, blessing; wealth, property; -- good, benefit, interest, advantage; welfare; charity │‫ خير الناس‬the best of all people; ‫ اخيار الناس‬،‫ خيار الناس‬the beat people, the pick of the human race; ‫ھو‬ ‫ خير منك‬he ill better than you; ‫ ھو خير لك‬it is better for you; ‫ الخير كل الخير‬the very best; ‫‘( الخير العام‬āmm) the commonweal, general welfare; ‫ دولة الخير العام‬welfare state; ‫لخير‬ for the benefit of; ‫ لخير انفسھم‬li-k. anfusihim for their own good; ‫ اعمال الخير‬charitable deeds; ‫ صباح الخير‬ṣabāḥ al-k. and ‫صباحك‬ ‫ بالخير‬good morning! ‫( ذكره بالخير‬dakarahū) to retain a good impression. of s.o.; to speak well of s.o.

‫ اختياري‬iktiyārī voluntary, facultative, elective (studies)

‫ خيري‬kairī charitable, beneficent, benevolent, philanthropic │‫جمعية خيرية‬ (jam‘īya) charitable organization ‫ خيرية‬kairīya charity, charitableness, benevolence, beneficence ‫ خير‬kayyir generous, liberal, openhanded, munificent; charitable, beneficent, benevolent; benign, gracious, kind

‫ مخير‬mukayyar having the choice or option ‫ مختار‬muktār free to choose, having the choice or option (‫ في‬in), volunteering, ‫ مختارا‬muktāran (adv.) voluntarily, spontaneously, of one’s own accord; choice, select, exquisite; chosen, preferred, favorite; a favorite; ‫مختارات‬ selection, selected writings, anthology; (pl. ‫ مخاتير‬makātīr2) village chief, mayor of a village (šyr., Leb., Ir.) ‫ خيزران‬see ‫خزر‬ ‫ )خاس )خيس‬kāsa i (‫ خيس‬kais, ‫ خيسان‬kayasān) to break (‫ ب‬an agreement, a promise) ‫ خيش‬kaiš sackcloth, sacking, canvas ‫ خيش‬kaiš place of sackcloth; (pl. -āt, ‫ خيش‬kiyaš) sack; straw mattress, pallet; Bedouin tent ‫ خيشوم‬see ‫خشم‬ ‫ )خاط )خيط‬kāṭa i (kaiṭ) and II to sew, stitch (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) ‫ خيط‬kaiṭ pl. ‫ خيوط‬kuyūṭ, ‫ اخياط‬akyāṭ, ‫ خيطان‬kīṭān thread; twine cord; packthread, string; fiber │‫ خيط امل‬k. amal a spark of hope, a thread of hope

‫ خيرة‬kaira pl. -āt good deed, good thing; pl. ‫ خيرات‬resources, treasures (e.g., of the earth, of a country), boons, blessings

‫ خيطي‬kaiṭī threadlike; fibrous ‫ خياط‬kiyāṭ needle

‫ خيرة‬kīra and kiyara the best, choice, prime, flower, pick, elite

‫ خياط‬kiyāṭa swing; needlework, tailoring, dressmaking │‫ آلة الخياطة‬sewing machine

‫ خيري‬kīrī gillyflower (bot.) ‫ اخير‬akyar 2, f. ‫ خيرى‬kīrā, ‫ خورى‬kūrā pl. ‫ اخاير‬akāyir2 better, superior ‫ خيار‬kiyār choice; option, exercise of the power of choice (Isl. Law); refusal, right of withdrawal (Isl. Law); the best, choice, prime, flower, pick, elite; see also alphabetically ‫ خياري‬kiyārī optional, facultative; voluntary ‫ اختيار‬iktiyār choice; election (also pol.; pl. -āt); selection; preference ( ‫على‬to); option; free will (philos.); ‫ اختيارا‬iktiyāran

‫ خياط‬kayyāṭ pl. -ūn tailor ‫ خياطة‬kayyāṭa pl. -āt dressmaker; seamstress ‫ مخيط‬mikyaṭ needle ‫ خائط‬kā’iṭ tailor 267 1

‫ )خال )خيل‬kāl to imagine, fancy, think, believe, suppose (‫ ان‬that); to consider, deem, think (‫ ه ه‬s.o. to be …, ‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th. to be ...), regard (‫ ه ه‬s.o. as, ‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th. as) II to make (‫ الى‬s.o.) believe (‫ ان‬that), suggest ( ‫ الى‬to s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), give s.o. (‫ )الى‬the

impression that (‫ھـ( │خيل اليه )له( ان‬ (kuyyila) he imagined, fancied, thought that it seemed, it appeared to him that …; ‫( على مل خيلت‬kayyalat; ‫ النفس‬being understood) as the heart dictates, i.e., as chance will have it, at random, unhesitatingly IV to be dubious, doubtful, uncertain, intricate V to imagine, fancy (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to present itself, reveal itself (‫ ل‬to s.o.’s mind), become the object of imagination. appear (= II kuyyila; ‫ ل‬to s.o.) │‫( تخيل فيه الخير‬kaira) to suspect good qualities in s.o., have an inkling of s.o.’s good qualities, think well of s.o., have ‫ھـ‬ good opinion of s.o. VI to pretend (‫ ب ل‬to s.o. s.th., that ...), act (‫ ل‬toward s.o., ‫ ب‬as if); to feel self-important, be conceited; to behave in pompous manner, swagger, strut about; to conceive eccentric ideas, get all kinds of fantastic notions, have ‫ھـ‬ bee in one’s bonnet; to appear dimly, in shadowy outlines; to appear, show (‫على‬ on), hover (‫ على‬about; e.g., ‫ ھـ‬smile about s.o.’s lips) flit (‫ على‬across, e.g., ‫ ھـ‬shadow across s.o.’s face, etc.) VIII to feel selfimportant, be conceited; to behave in ‫ھـ‬ pompous manner, swagger, strut about ‫ خيال‬kayāl pl. ‫ اخيلة‬akyil disembodied spirit, ghost, specter; imagination; phantom, apparition; phantasm, fantasy, chimera, vision; shadow, trace, dim reflection │‫ خيال الشك‬k. ašakk slightest doubt; ‫ خيال الصحراء‬k. aṣ-ṣaḥrā’ scarecrow; ‫ خيال الظل‬k. aẓ-ẓill shadow play

‫ مخايل‬makāyil2) indication, sign, symptom, characteristic; pl. ‫ مخايل‬visions, mental images, imagery ‫ تخييل‬takyīl playacting │‫ فن التخييل‬fann at-t. dramatic art ‫ تخيل‬takayyul pl. -āt imagination, phantasy; delusion, hallucination, fancy, whim, fantastic notion ‫ تخيلي‬takayyulī fantastic, fanciful, imaginary ‫ اختيال‬iktiyāl pride; arrogance, haughtiness ‫ مخيلة‬mukayyil

‫ مخيل‬mukīl dubious, doubtful, uncertain, intricate, tangled, confused; confusing, bewildering ‫ مختال‬muktāl conceited, haughty, arrogant 2

‫ خيال‬kayyāl pl. ‫ة‬, -ūn horseman, rider ‫ خيالة‬kayyāl

cavalry (Ir.; Eg. 1939)

‫ سرية خيالة‬sarīy kayyāl squadron (Eg. 1939) 268

cavalry

2

‫ خال‬see ‫خول‬

1

‫ خيم‬II to pitch one’s tent, to camp; to settle down; to stay, linger, rest, lie down, lie ( ‫ على‬on, ‫ فى‬or ‫ ب‬at ‫ ھـ‬place); (fig.) to reign (e.g., calm, silence, peace, etc.; ‫ فى‬or ‫ ب‬at, in), settle (‫ على‬over) V to pitch one’s tent; to camp

‫ خيالي‬kayālī imaginary, unreal; ideal, ideational, conceptual; utopian

‫ خيمة‬ḳaim pl. -āt, ‫ خيام‬ḳiyām, ‫خيم‬ ḳiyam tent; tarpaulin; arbor, bower; pavilion

2

‫ اخيل‬akyal more conceited, haughtier, prouder

‫ خيم‬ḳayyām tentmaker

‫ اخيل‬akyal pl. ‫ خيل‬kīl, ‫ اخايل‬akāyil2 green woodpecker

‫ خيم‬muḳayyam pl. -āt camping ground, camp, encampment

2

2

‫ خيم‬ḳīm natural disposition, nature, temper, character; inclination, bent, tendency│‫اخذ‬ ‫( خيمه‬eg.) to fool s.o.’s pulse, sound s.o. out

3

‫ خام‬look up alphabetically

‫ خيلولة‬kailūl conceit, conceitedness, snobbery, arrogance, haughtiness ‫ مخيلة‬makīl conceit, conceitedness, snobbery, arrogance, haughtiness; (pl.

‫ خيل‬II to gallop (on horseback) ‫ خيل‬kail (coll.) pl. ‫ خيول‬kuyūl horses; horsepower, H.P. │‫ سباق الخيل‬horse racing, horse race

‫ خيالة‬kayāl pl. -āt ghost, spirit, specter; phantom; phantasm, fantasy, chimera

‫ خيالء‬kuyalā’ (f.) conceit, conceitedness, haughtiness, pride; ‫الخيالء‬ al-kuyalā’ haughtily, proudly

imagination, phantasy

□ ‫ خية‬ḳayya pl. -āt noose

s.o.)│ ‫( دب فيه دبيب الحياة‬d. al-ḥayāh) to gain vitality II to sharpen, point, taper (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)

‫د‬

‫ دب‬dubb pl. ‫ ادباب‬adbāb, ‫ دببة‬dibaba bear│ ‫(الدب االصغر‬aṣgar) Little Bear, Ursa Minor (astron.); ‫( الدب االكبر‬akbar) Great Bear, Ursa Major (astron.) 269

‫ دأب‬da’aba a (da’b, da’b, ‫ دؤوب‬du’ūb) to persist, persevere, be indefatigable, untiring, tireless (‫ فى‬or ‫ على‬in s.th.); to go in for s.th. (‫)على‬, apply o.s., devote o.s. ( ‫ على‬to), practice eagerly (‫ على‬s.th.)

‫ دبي‬dubbī ursine ‫ دبة‬dabba sand hill, mound

‫ دأب‬da’b pl. ‫ ادؤب‬ad’ub habit

‫ دبيب‬dabīb creeping, crawling; infiltration; influx, inflow, flow (e.g., of sensations, of life, of vigor); reptile

‫ دأب‬da’b, da’ab and ‫ دؤوب‬du’ūb persistence, perseverance, tirelessness, indefatigability, assiduity, eagerness

‫ دباب‬dabbāb creeping, crawling, repent, reptant

‫ دئب‬da’ib and ‫ دائب‬dā’ib addicted, devoted, persistent, assiduous, eager, indefatigable, untiring, tireless (‫ على‬in)

‫ دبابة‬dabbāba pl. -āt tank, armored car ‫ مدب‬midabb: ‫من مدب النيل الى مصبه‬ (maṣabbihī) from the lower Nile to its mouth

‫ دؤوب‬da’ūb untiring, tireless, indefatigable, persevering, persistent ‫ ادأب‬ad’ab2 more persistent, more assiduous

‫ دابة‬dābba pl. ‫ دواب‬dawābb2 animal, beast; riding animal (horse, mule, donkey)

‫ دادة‬dāda governess, dry nurse, nurse

‫ دويبة‬duwaibba tiny animal, animalcule; insect

‫ داغ‬dāg pl. -āt brand (made on cattle, etc.) ‫ دال‬dāl name of the letter ‫د‬ ‫ داليا‬dāliyā dahlia(s) (bot.) ‫ داما‬dāmā checkers│ ‫ لوحة الداما‬lauḥat ad-d. checkerboard ‫ دامجانة‬see ‫دمجانة‬

‫مدبب‬mudabbab pointed, tapered ‫ دبج‬II to embellish, decorate, adorn, ornament ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to put in good style, formulate, compose, write down, put down in writing (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ ديباج‬dībāj pl. ‫ دبابيج‬dabābīj2 silk brocade

‫( دانتيال‬Fr. dentelle) dantilla lace ‫ دانق‬dānaq, dāniq pl. ‫ دوانق‬dawāniq2 an ancient coin. = 1/4 dirham; small coin; a square measure (Eg.; = 4 sahm = 29.17 m2)

‫ ديباجة‬dībāja (n. un. of ‫ )ديباج‬brocade; introductory verses or lines, proem, preamble; face, visage; style, elegance of style; renown, repute, standing, prestige

‫ دانمارك‬dannmark Denmark ‫ دانماركى‬danmarkī Danish

‫ تدبيج‬tadbīj embellishment, adornment, ornamentation; composition, writing (of a book)

‫ الداننوب‬ad-dānūb the Danube ‫ داية‬dāya pl. -āt wet nrse; midwife ‫ دب‬dabba i (dabb, ‫ دبيب‬dabīb) to creep, crawl (reptile); to proceed, advance, or move slowly; to go on all fours; to enter (‫فى‬ s.th.), come (‫ فى‬into); to steal, creep (‫فى‬ ‫ نفسه‬into s.o.’s heart; of a feeling, e.g., doubt); to spread (‫ فى‬over, in, through), fill, pervade, invade (‫ فى‬s.th.) ; to gain ground; to gain ascendancy (‫ فى‬in s.o.; of a condition, an idea, a sensation); to stream in, ruah in (of sensations, ‫ فى‬upon

‫ مدبجات‬mudabbajāt embellishments of speech, fine figures of speech ‫ دبدب‬dabdaba to tread, tap ‫ دبدبة‬dabdaba sound of footsteps, footfall, pitapat; pattering or clattering noise; snapping, flapping noise ‫ دبدوبة‬dabdūba pl. ‫ دباديب‬dabādīb2 point, tip, tapered end 1

‫ دبر‬dabara u (‫ دبور‬dubūr) to turn one’s back; to elapse, pass, go by (time) II to make

arrangements, make plans (‫ ھـ‬for), prepare, plan, organize, design, frame, devise, concert, arrange, get up, bring about (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to hatch (‫ ھـ‬a plot, etc.); to contrive, work up (‫ ھـ‬a ruse); to direct, conduct, manage, run, engineer, steer, marshal, regulate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), be in charge (‫ھـ‬ of); to manage well, economize (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │ ‫( دبر خطة‬kiṭṭatan) to devise a plan; ‫دبر‬ ‫ الشؤون‬to conduct the course of business, be in charge IV to turn one’s back (‫ عن‬or ‫ على‬on s.o.); to flee, run away; to escape, dodge; to slip away V to be prepared, planned, organized, managed; to reflect, ponder (‫ في‬or ‫ ھـ‬on); to consider, weigh, contemplate (‫ في‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to treat or handle with care, with circumspection (‫في‬ s.th.) VI to face in opposite directions, stand back to back; to be contrary, opposite, opposed; to be inconsistent, incompatible X to turn the back (‫ ه‬on s.o.) ‫ دبر‬dubr, dubur pl. ‫ ادبار‬adbār rump backside, buttocks, posteriors; rear part, Rear, hindpart; back; last part, end, tail │ ‫من دبر‬behind, at the back, in the rear; from behind, from the rear; ‫ ولى دبره‬wallā duburahū to turn one’s back; to flee, run away ‫ دبري‬dabarī trailing behind, belated, late ‫ دبرة‬dabra turn (of fate) ‫ دبور‬dabūr west wind ‫ دبور‬dabbūr pl. -āt dabābīr2 hornet; wasp ‫ تدبير‬tadbīr pl. -āt planning, organization; direction, management, disposal, regulation; economy, economization; -- (pl. ‫ تدابير‬tadābīr2) measure, move, step │ ‫ تدبير المنزل‬t. almanzil housekeeping, household management; ‫( تدبير منزلي‬manzilī) do.; ‫قام‬ ‫ بالتدابير الالزمة‬and ‫اتخذ التدابير الالزمة‬ (ittakada,qāma) to take the necessary measures ‫ ادبار‬idbār flight, retreat ‫ تدبر‬tadabbur reflection, meditation (‫في‬ on), thinking (‫ في‬about); consideration, contemplation (‫ في‬of)

‫ تدابر‬taddbur disparity, dissimilarity, contrast ‫ دابر‬dābir past, bygone (time); the ultimate, utmost, extremity. end; root │ ‫( قطع دابر الشيء‬dābira š-šai’) to eradicate, root out s.th., suppress s.th. radically; ‫( باألمس الدابر‬amsi) sometime in the past; ‫( ذھب كأمس الدابر‬ka-amsi d-dābiri) to vanish into thin air, disappear without leaving a trace (actually: like yesterday gone by) ‫ مدبر‬mudabbir manager, director; ruler, disposer; leader; ringleader │‫مدبر المكائد‬ schemer, intriguer, intrigant ‫ مدبر‬mudbir: ‫ مدبرا ومقبال‬mudbiran wamuqbilan from the rear and from in front 2

‫ دبارة‬dubāra (=‫ ) دوبارة‬packthread, string, twine, cord, rope j thread

1

‫ دبس‬dibs sirup, molasses, treacle, esp. of grapes

2

‫ دبوس‬dabbūs pl. ‫ دبابيس‬dabābīs2 pin; safety pin │‫ دبوس انكليزي‬safety pin

‫ دبش‬dabaš junk, rubbish, trash; -- dabš rubblestone, rubble; crushed rock (used as substratum in macadamizing) ‫ دبغ‬dabaga a i u (dabg) to tan (‫ ھـ‬a hide) ‫ دباغة‬dibāga tanning, tanner’s trade ‫ دباغ‬dabbāg tanner ‫ مدبغة‬madbaga pl. ‫ مدابغ‬madābig 2 tannery ‫ دبق‬dabiqa a (dabaq) to stick, adhere (‫ ب‬to); to cleave, cling (‫ ب‬to) II to catch with birdlime (‫ ھـ‬a bird) ‫ دبق‬dibq birdlime ‫ دبق‬dabiq sticky, gluey, limy ‫ دبك‬dabaka u (dabk) to stamp the feet; to dance the dabka (see below) ‫ دبكة‬dabka (syr.) a group dance in which the dancers, lined up with looked arms or holding hands, stamp out the rhythm and sing ‫ دبلة‬dibla pl. ‫ دبل‬dibal ring ‫ دبلوم‬diblōm and ‫ دبلومة‬diblōma pl. -āt diploma ‫ دبلوماسي‬diblōmāsī diplomatic; diplomat ‫ دبلوماسية‬diblōmāsīya diplomacy

‫ دثر‬datara u (‫ دثور‬dutūr) to fall into oblivion, be forgotten, become obsolete, antiquated, extinct; to be blotted out, wiped out, effaced, obliterated (track by the wind) II to cover, envelop (‫ ه‬s.o.); to destroy, annihilate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to wrap o.s. (‫ في‬in), cover o.s. (‫ في‬with) VII to be or become wiped out, blotted out, effaced, obliterated; to be old; to be forgotten, have fallen into oblivion, be obsolete VIII iddatara to wrap o.s. (‫ ب‬in), cover o.s. (‫ب‬ with) ‫ دثار‬ditār pl. ‫ دثر‬dutur blanket, cover ‫ مدثور‬madtūr past, bygone, ancient (time) ‫ دج‬dajja i (dajj, ‫ دجيج‬dajīj) to walk slowly II ‫ دججه بالسالح‬to arm s.o. to the teeth ‫ دج‬dujj (syr.) thrush (zool.) ‫ دجة‬dujja intense darkness, pitchdarkness ‫ دجاج‬dajāj (coll.) chickens; fowl (as a generic designation) ‫ دجاجة‬dajāja (n. un.) hen; chicken │ ‫دجاجة الحبش‬d. al-ḥabaš guinea fowl ‫ مدجج بالسالح‬mudajjaj bi-s-silāḥ heavily armed, bristling with arms 271 ‫ دجر‬dajira a (dajar) to be embarrassed, be at a loss ‫ ديجور‬dajūr pl. ‫ دياجير‬dayājīr2 gloom, darkness, dark ‫ ديجوري‬daijūrīi dark, gloomy ‫ دجل‬dajala u to deceive, dupe, cheat, take in ( ‫ على‬s.o.); to be a swindler, a charlatan, a quack II to coat, smear (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to gild (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to deceive, dupe, cheat, take in (‫على‬ s.o.), impose (‫ على‬on) ‫ دجل‬dajl deceit, trickery, humbug, swindle ‫ دجال‬dajjāl pl. -ūn, ‫ دجاجلة‬dajājila swindler, cheat, imposter; quack, charlatan (fem. ‫ ;)دجالة‬Antichrist ‫ تدجيل‬tadjīl imposture, humbug; charlatanry, quackery 2

‫ دجلة‬dijla the Tigris river

‫ دجن‬dajana u (dajn, ‫ دجن‬dujūn) to be dusky, murky, gloomy (day); -- (dujūn) to

remain, stay; to get used, become accustomed, become habituated; to become tame, be domesticated II to tame; to domesticate (‫ ھـ‬an animal) │ ‫دجنه لخدمة‬ ‫( فالن‬li-kidmati f.) to put s.th. or s.o. to use for s.o., make s.th. or s.o. of service to s.o. III to flatter, cajole, coax, wheedle, try to win or entice by gentle courtesy (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to be murky, gloomy, overcast (day); to be dark (night) ‫ دجنة‬dujna, dujunna darkness, gloominess, gloom ‫ ادجن‬adjan2 dark ‫ داجن‬dājin tame, tamed, domesticated (animal); dark, gloomy │ ‫حيوانات داجنة‬ (ḥayawānāt) domestic animals ‫ دواجن‬dawājin2 poultry ‫ )دجا )دجو‬dajā u to be dark, gloomy, dusky; to overshadow, cover, veil, shroud, blanket ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), spread (‫ ھـ‬over) III to play the hypocrite, JlOIl'l as a friend (‫ ه‬of s.o.); to cajole, flatter (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ دجى‬dujan gloom, darkness, duskiness ‫ دياج الليل‬dayājī l-lail dark of night ‫ مداجاة‬mudājāh hypocrisy; flattery, adulation, sycophancy ‫ داج‬dājin dark, gloomy ‫ دحدح‬II tadaḥdaḥa to waddle ‫ دحدح‬daḥdaḥ and ‫ دحداح‬daḥdāḥ dumpy, squat, stocky ‫ دحر‬daḥara a (daḥr, ‫ )دحور‬to drive away, chase away (‫ ه‬s.o.); to dislodge, remove (‫ ه‬s.o.); to defeat (‫ ه‬an army) VIII to be driven away, be routed, be repelled, be thrown back; to be defeated (army); to go under, go to ruin, succumb, break down, collapse ‫ اندحار‬indiḥār banishment, rejection; (pl. -āt) defeat (mil.); ruin, fall, breakdown, collapse; catastrophe │‫اندحار الكون‬ ind. al-k. end of the world ‫ مدحور‬madḥūr routed, repelled; expelled, cast out; ostracized, banished ‫ دحرج‬daḥraja to roll (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II tadaḥraja to roll, roll along; to roll down ‫ داحس‬dāḥis pl. dawāḥis whitlow, felon (med.)

‫ دحس‬daḥasa a (daḥs) to insert, thrust in, shove in, foist in, smuggle in VII to interfere, meddle; to mix ‫ دحض‬daḥāḍa a to be invalid, void, untenable (argument); to disprove, refute, invalidate (‫ ھـ‬an argument) II and IV to disprove, refute, invalidate (‫ ھـ‬an argument) ‫ دحض‬daḥḍ refutation, disproof ‫ دحوض‬duḥūḍ: invalidity, shakiness, weakness, refutability (of an argument or a claim) ‫ مدحاض‬miḍḥāḍ: ‫( دعوى مدحاض‬da‘wā) an invalid, unjustified claim 273 ‫ )دحا )دحو‬daḥā u (daḥw) to spread out, flatten, level, unroll O ‫ مدحى‬midḥan pl. ‫ مداح‬madāḥin roller, steamroller ‫ ادخر‬iddakara, ‫ مدخرة‬see ‫ذخر‬ ‫ دخس‬dukas dolphin ‫ دخل‬dikala u (‫ دخول‬dukūl) to enter (‫ھـ‬, less frequently ‫في‬, also ‫الى‬, s.th.), go, step, walk, move, come, get (‫ الى‬،‫ في‬،‫ ھـ‬into); to penetrate, pierce (‫ الى‬،‫ في‬،‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to take possession of s.o. (‫)ه‬, befall, seize (‫ ه‬s.o.; e.g., doubt); to take up (‫ خدمة‬a post), start at a job; to enter s.o.’s (‫ )على‬room or house, drop in on s.o. (‫)على‬, come to see s.o. (‫ ;)على‬to call on s.o. (‫ ;)على‬to consummate the marriage, cohabit, sleep (", or ‫ على‬with a woman); to come (‫على‬ over s.o.; e.g., joy); (gram.) to be added ( ‫ على‬to); to supervene, enter as a new factor, aspect, element, etc. (‫ على‬upon s.th.), be newly introduced (‫ على‬into s.th.); to make one’s own, acquire (‫ على‬s.th.); to join, enter (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ في‬e.g., a religious community); to participate, take part (‫ھـ‬ in); to set in, begin (time, event); to be included (‫ في‬in; ‫ ضمن‬ḍimna), fall, come ( ‫ تحت‬,‫ ضمن‬،‫ في‬under), belong, pertain (،‫في‬ ‫ تحت‬،‫ ضمن‬to), be within s.th. (,‫ ضمن‬،‫في‬ ‫ ;)تحت‬pass.: dukila to be sickly, diseased, abnormal │‫( دخل على األمر تعديل‬ta’dīlun) the matter has undergone modification; ‫دخل‬ ‫( الخدمة‬kidma) to take up one’s post, start at a job, report for work; ‫دخل المدرسة‬ (madrasa) to enter school; ‫دخل الميناء‬ (mīnā’) to enter the harbor, put in; ‫دخل‬ ‫ الموضوع‬to come to the point; ‫دخل في عقله‬

‫ ))في جسمه‬dukila fī ‘aqlihi (fī jismihī) to suffer from a mental (physical) disturbance II to make or let enter, bring in, let in (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to enter, insert, include (‫ ه‬s.th., ‫ في‬or ‫ ھـ‬in) III to come over s.o. (‫)ه‬, befall, seize (‫ ه‬s.o.; e.g., doubt, suspicion, despair) IV to make or let enter, bring in, let in, admit, lead in, show in (‫ ه‬s.o.); to move, take, haul (‫على‬ or ‫ في ھـ‬s.th. into); to incorporate, include, embody, insert (‫ في‬or ‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th. in); to cause to set in, bring about, produce, set off, trigger (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. in); to introduce (‫ھـ‬ s.th., e.g., an innovation, an improvement, ‫ على‬in or on s.th.) │‫( ادخله المدرسة‬madrasa) to send s.o. to school; ‫ ادخل تغييرا على‬to bring about a change in ...; ‫ادخلت عليه‬ ‫( تعديالت‬udkilat) the matter was subjected to modifications V to meddle (‫ في‬in), interfere (‫ في‬in, with); to interpose, intervene (‫ في‬in); to invade (‫ في‬s.th.), intrude, obtrude (‫ في‬on), disturb (‫ في‬s.th.); to interlock, mesh, gear VI to meddle (‫في‬ in, e.g., ‫ في شؤونه‬in s.o.’s affairs), butt in ( ‫ في الحديث‬on a conversation); to interfere ( ‫ في‬in, with), interpose, intervene (‫ في‬in); to interlock, mesh, gear; to be superimposed; to intergrade, shade, blend (‫ ببعض‬or ‫بعضه‬ ‫ في بعض‬one into the other); to come over s.o. (‫)ه‬, befall, strike, seize (‫ ه‬s.o.; e.g., doubt. grief) ‫ دخل‬dakl income; revenues, receipts, returns, takings (as opposed to karj); interference, intervention; doubt, misgiving │‫ ضريبة الدخل‬income tax; ‫ليس له‬ ‫( اي دخل فيه‬ayyu daklin) and ‫ ال دخل به‬or ‫له‬ ‫( فيه‬dakla) he should not meddle in ..., he has nothing to do with ..., it is none of his business ‫ دخل‬dakal disturbance, derangement, disorder, imbalance, or defect of the mind; defect, infirmity ‫ دخلة‬dikla intrinsic nature, essence; inner self, innermost, heart, soul (of a person); secret intention │‫ راجع دخلته‬rāja‘a diḳlatahū to commune with o.s., search one’s soul ‫ دخلة‬dukla: ‫ ليلة الدخلة‬lailat ad-d. wedding night ‫ دخلة‬dukkala a variety of warbler 273

‫ دخيل‬dakī1 inner, inward, internal; inner self, heart, core; -- (pl. ‫ دخالء‬dukalā’2) extraneous; foreign, alien; exotic; foreigner, alien, stranger; not genuine, false, spurious; newly added (‫ على‬to); novice; (new) convert; guest; protégé, charge, ward │‫( كلمة دخيلة‬kalima), ‫لفظ دخيل‬ (lafẓ) foreign word or expression; (syr.pal.) ‫( دخيلك‬dakīlak) please, if you please ‫ دخيلة‬dakīla pl. ‫ دخائل‬dakā’il2 inner self, inmost being, intrinsic nature, essence; heart, soul │‫ في دخيلة نفسه‬inwardly, inside, in his heart; ‫ دخائل نفوسنا‬our inmost being; ‫ دخائل األمور‬the underlying nature of things, the factors at the bottom of things; ‫دخائل‬ ‫ شؤونه‬d. šu’ūnih his private affairs, (of a country, etc.) its internal affairs ‫ دخول‬dukūl entry, entranoe, admission; entering, ingress; beginning, setting in; penetration; intrusion, invasion; first coition in marriage (Isl. Law) │‫دخول الحرب‬ d. al-ḥarb entry into war ‫ دخولية‬dukūlīya octroi, city toll ‫ دخل‬madkal pl. ‫ مداخل‬madākil2 entrance; hallway, vestibule, anteroom; entrance hall, lobby, foyer; mouth (of a port, of a canal); O anode (el.); introduction (to a field of learning); behavior, conduct │ ‫( مدخل السيارات‬sayyārāt) driveway; ‫مدخل‬ ‫ لدراسة القانون‬introduction to the study of law; ‫ حسن المدخل‬ḥusn al-m. good manners, good conduct

‫ داخل‬belonging, pertaining (‫ في‬to), falling (‫في‬ under), included (‫ في‬in); inner, inward, inside, interior, internal; inside, interior (of s.th.); dākila (prep.) within, inside, in; ‫ داخال‬dākilan inside (adv.) │‫ من الداخل‬from within; from the inside ‫ داخلة‬dākila pl. ‫ دواخل‬dawākil2 interior, inside, inmost, hidden part; ‫ الداخلة‬the Dakhla oasis (in central Egypt) ‫ داخلي‬dākilī inner, inward; internal; interior, inside; domestic, home, inland (as opposed to ‫ خارجي‬kārijī external, foreign; pol.); indigenous, native; private; belonging to the house; ‫ داخليا‬dākilīyan inside (adv.) │‫ تالميذ داخلية‬boarding students (as opposed to ‫ خارجية‬day students); ‫( حرب داخلية‬ḥarb) civil war; ‫( مدرسة داخلية‬madrasa) boarding school; ‫ مالبس داخلية‬underwear; ‫ مالحة داخلية‬inland navigation ‫ داخلية‬dākilīya interior │‫ داخلية البالد‬the interior of the country, the inland; ‫وزارة الداخلية‬ ministry of the interior; ‫وزير الداخلية‬ minister of the interior ‫ مدخول‬madkūl sickly, diseased, abnormal; (mentally) disordered; of weak character, spineless; (pl. ‫ مداخيل‬madākīl2) revenue, receipts, takings, returns ‫ دخمس‬dakmasa (‫دخمسة‬, dakmasa) to fool (‫على‬ s.o.) about one’s real intentions, pull the wool over s.o.’s (‫ )على‬eyes; to cheat; to be sly, crafty, artful

‫ مداخلة‬mudākala interference, intervention; participation, interest (‫ في‬in)

‫ دخمسة‬dakmasa deception, fooling, trickery; cunning, craft, slyness 274

‫ ادخال‬idkāl leading in, showing in, bringing in, taking in, hauling in; involvement, implication; insertion, interpolation, incorporation, inclusion; introduction (e.g., of a constitution; of an improvement, ‫ على‬on an apparatus, or the like)

‫ دخن‬dakina a to be smoky; to taste or smell of smoke; -- dakina a u to smoke, emit smoke (fire) II to fumigate, fume (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to smoke, cure with smoke (‫ ھـ‬foodstuffs); to smoke (‫ ھـ‬a cigarette, tobacco, a pipe) IV to smoke, emit smoke (tire) V to be smoked, be cured with smoke; to be fumigated

‫ تدخل‬tadakkul entry, entrance; invasion; interference (‫ في‬with, in), intervention; intrusion, obtrusion │ ‫‘ عدم التدخل‬adam att. noninterference, nonintervention (pol.) ‫ تداخل‬tadākul interference, intervention; interlock, meshing, gearing; superimposition; intergradations; permeation, pervasion; O interference (phy.)

‫ دخن‬dukn pearl millet, dukhn ‫ دخن‬dakan smoke, fume, vapor ‫ دخان‬dukān (dukkān) pl. ‫ ادخنة‬adkina smoke, fume, vapor; tobacco ‫ دخنة‬dukna smoke color; a kind of incense (Calamus aromatious)

O ‫ دخينة‬dakīna cigarette ‫ دخاخني‬dakākinī (eg., tun.) tobacconist ‫ دخن‬madkana pl. ‫ مداخن‬madākin2 chimney, smokestack, funnel ‫ تدخين‬tadkīn fumigation; smoking (e.g., of fish); (tobacco) smoking ‫ داخنة‬dākina pl. ‫ دواخن‬dawākin2 chimney, smokestack, funnel ‫ مدخن‬mudakkin smoker

‫ درأ‬dara’a (dar’) to reject (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to avert, ward off (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., ‫ خطرا‬kaṭaran a danger, ‫ عن‬from) VI iddāra’a to contend ( ‫ في‬for) ‫ درء‬dar’ repulsion, prevention, averting; warding off, parrying ‫ دريئة‬darī’a pl. -āt target ‫ درابزين‬darābazīn railing, parapet, banisters, balustrade

‫ ديدبان‬look up alphabetically

‫ دراج‬Durrës (It. Durazzo, seaport in W Albania)

‫ ديدن‬daidan habit, practice

‫ دراق‬durrāq (syr.) peach

‫ ددى‬III to pamper, spoil (‫ ه‬a child)

‫ درامي‬dərāmī dramatic

‫ در‬darra i u (darr) to flow copiously; to stream, flow, well; to accrue (‫ على‬to s.o.; profit, wealth); to be abundant, plentiful IV to cause to flow; to bestow lavishly, heap (‫ على ه‬s.th. upon s.o.), shower, overwhelm (‫ على ه‬with s.th. s.o.); to yield ( ‫ ھـ‬a profit, ‫ على‬to s.o.) X to stream, flow; to be abundant; to cause or try to bring about the abundant flow of (‫ ;)ھـ‬to cause s.th. (‫ )ھـ‬to yield in abundance; to be out for s.th. (‫)ھـ‬, seek to gain (‫ ھـ‬a profit), try to make (‫ ھـ‬a living)

‫ درب‬dariba a (darab, ‫ درب‬durba) to be accustomed, be used (‫ ب‬to), be practiced, trained, skilled (‫ ب‬in) II to habituate, accustom (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o.) s.th., ‫ في‬or ‫ ب‬or ‫على‬ to); to practice, drill (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ على ب‬or ‫على‬ in); to school, train, coach, tutor (‫ ه‬s.o., ،‫في‬ ‫ ب‬or ‫ على‬in) V to be accustomed, be used ( ‫ على‬or ‫ في‬to); to be or become 275 practiced, skilled, trained, drilled, schooled (‫ على‬or ‫ فى‬in); to train (athlet.)

‫ درر‬darr milk; achievement, accomplishment │‫ دره‬li-llāhi darruhū (literally: his achievement is due to God) how capable, how good, how excellent he is! ‫ در‬durr (coll.) pearls ‫ درة‬durra (n. un.) pl. -āt, ‫ درر‬durar pearl; -- a variety of parrot (Psittacus A1exandri L.) ‫ دري‬durrī glittering, twinkling, brilliant (star) ‫ درة‬dirra, darra pl. ‫ درر‬dirar teat; udder ‫ مدرار‬midrār showering abundant rain (sky, cloud); spouting, pouring forth, welling out

‫ درب‬darb pl. ‫ دروب‬durūb narrow mountain pass; path, trail, track; road; alley, lane│‫ درب التبانة‬d. at-tabbāna the Milky Way ‫ دربة‬durba habituation, habitude, habit; familiarity (with s.th.), experience; skill, practice ‫ دريبة‬darība court of first instance (Tun.) ‫ تدريب‬tadrīb habituation, accustoming; practice; drill; schooling, training, coaching, tutoring│ ‫التدريب العسكري‬ (‘askarī) military training ‫ مدرب‬mudarrib pl. -ūn instructor, drill instructor; trainer, coach (atthlet.); tamer (of wild animals) ‫ مدرب‬mudarrab experienced; practiced, skilled; trained; schooled

‫ دار‬dārr flowing copiously; productive, rich, lucrative; profitable

‫ درازين‬darābazīn and ‫ درزين‬darbazīn railing, parapet, banisters, balustrade

‫ مدر‬mudirr: ‫( مدر البول‬baul) diuretic(al), pl. ‫ مدرات البول‬diuretics; ‫‘( مدر العرق‬araq) sudorific

‫ دربس‬darbasa to bolt (‫ ھـ‬a door) ‫ درباس‬dirbās pl. ‫ درابيس‬darābīs2 bolt, doorbolt

‫ دربكة‬darabukka (eg.), dirbakka (syr.) pl. –āt darabukka, a conical, one-headed hand drum, open at the small end ‫ دربكة‬darbaka banging or rattling noise, din, uproar, turmoil ‫ درج‬daraja u (‫ دروج‬durūj) to go, walk, move, proceed, advance (slowly); to approach gradually, step by step (‫ الى‬s.th.); to follow a course (‫)على‬, proceed along the lines of ( ‫)على‬, proceed in such and such a manner ( ‫ ;)على‬to go away, leave, depart; to outgrow (‫ من‬a nest, a habitation); to be past, bygone, over (time); to have passed away, be extinct; to circulate, be in circulation, be current, have currency; to grow up (child); -- (darj) to roll up, roll together (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to wrap, wind, twist (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. around); -- darija a to rise or advance step by step│‫ درج العرف على‬daraja l-‘urfu ‘alā it has become the general practice to ... II to make (‫ ه‬s.o.) rise or advance by steps, promote (‫ ه‬s.o.) by degrees; to move or bring (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) gradually closer (‫ الى‬to); to approximate (‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. to); to roll up, fold up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to circulate, put into circulation (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), give currency (‫ ھـ‬to s.th.), make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) the general practice; to divide into degrees, steps or grades, graduate, grade, gradate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to insert, include, enter (‫ فى ھـ‬s.th. in) III to go, keep up (‫ ھـ‬with, e.g., with the time, with a fashion) IV to insert, include, incorporate, embody (‫ فى ھـ‬s.th. in); to enter, register ( ‫ فى ھـ‬s.th., e.g., in a list), book (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to progress by steps, advance gradually; to proceed step by step (‫ الى‬to); to make progress (‫ فى‬in); to graduate, grade, be graded, graduated, gradated VII to be inserted, entered, incorporated, embodied, included (‫ فى‬in); to be classified (‫ فى‬in, ‫ تحت‬under) X to make (‫ ه‬s.o.) advance or rise gradually, promote (‫ ه‬s.o.) by degrees; to lead (‫ ه‬s.o.) gradually (‫ الى‬to), bring (‫ه‬ s.o.) around to (‫ ل‬،‫ ;)الى‬to bait, allure (‫ه‬ s.o.); to entice, tempt, lure into destruction (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ درج‬darj entry, entering, registering, registration, recording; a rolled or folded paper; roll, scroll│ ‫ فى درج الكتاب‬in the book; ‫ فى درج الكالم‬d. il-kalām in the course of the talk

‫ درج‬durj pl. ‫ ادراج‬adrāj drawer (of a table, desk, etc.); desk (e.g., for pupils in school) ‫ درج‬daraj pl. ‫ ادراج‬adrāj way, route, course; flight of steps, stairs, staircase│ ‫ رجع ادراجه‬raja‘a adrājahū (also ‫)عاد ادراجه‬ to retrace one's steps, go back the way one came; to go back, turn back; 276 ‫ذھب ادراج‬ ‫( الرياح‬adrāja r-riyāḥ) to go the ways of the winds, i.e., to pass unnoticed, without leaving a trace; to end in smoke, come to nothing, be futile, be in vain ‫ درجة‬daraja pl. -at step, stair; flight of steps, stairs, staircase; degree, step, tone (of a scale; mus.); degree (math., geogr.; of temperature); grade, fate; degree, order, rank; club (also, e.g., in trains, of a decoration); phase state, stage (of a development); mark, grade (in school)│ ‫ درجة الحرارة‬d. al-ḥarāra (degree of) temperature; ‫‘( الدرجات العليا‬ulyā) the maximal temperatures; ‫الدرجات السفلى‬ (suflā) the minimal temperatures; ‫درجة‬ ‫ الطول‬d. aṯ-ṯūl degree of longitude (geogr.); ‫‘( )درجة علمية )جامعية‬ilmīya, jāmi’īya) academic degree; ‫ درجة العقل‬d. al-'aql level of intelligence, IQ; ‫دفتر‬ ‫ الدرجات‬report card (in school); (‫من )فى‬ ‫( الدرجة االولى‬ūlā) first-rate, first-class; ‫ذو‬ ‫ درجة‬of superior quality, high-grade, highclass; ‫( لدرجة ان‬li-darajati) to the extent that ... ; to such an extent that ...; to much that ... ‫ دراج‬durrāj pl. ‫ دراريج‬darārīj2 francolin (zool.); see also alphabetically ‫ تدرج‬tadruj2, ‫ تدرجة‬tadruja pheasant ‫ دراجة‬darrāja pl. -at bicycle│‫دراجة نارية‬ motorcycle ‫ مدرج‬madraj pl. ‫ مدارج‬madārij2 way that one follows or pursues; course, route; road, path; starting point, outset, rise, growth, birth, dawn, beginning(s); tarmac, runway (of an airfield); (as also mudarraj) amphitheater; (amphitheatered) auditorium or lecture room; grandstand, bleachers│ ‫ منذ مدرجه‬since its beginnings; ‫ مدرج نشأته‬naš’atihī the place where he grew up; ‫( سار فى مدارج الرقي‬m. ir-ruqīy) to travel the road of progress

‫ تدريج‬tadrīj graduation; classification, categorization; gradation│ ‫ مع‬،‫على التدريج‬ ‫ بالتدريج‬،‫ التدريج‬gradually, by and by, by degrees, by steps, step by step, more and more ‫ تدريجى‬tadrījī gradual, gradatory, progressive; ‫ تدريجيا‬tadrījīyan gradually, by and by, by steps, by degrees, in stages ‫ ادراج‬idrāj insertion, interpolation, incorporation; entry, registration, recording (‫ فى‬in a list) ‫ تدرج‬tadarruj gradual advance or progress; gradation, graduation│ ‫بالتدرج‬ gradually, by and by; ‫ تدرج ارتقائه‬t. irtiqā’ihi his gradual rise ‫استدراج‬istidrāj capability of gradually winning s.o. over, persuasiveness, art of persuasion ‫دراج‬darrāj current, prevalent, widespread, popular, common, in vogue, circulating, in circulation│ ‫الكالم الدراج‬ (kalām) and ‫( اللغة الدارجة‬luga) the popular language, colloquial language ‫ مدرج‬mudarraj graded, graduated; -- (pl. -āt) open staircase, open-air stairs, fliers, stoop; grandstand, bleachers; amphitheater; (amphitheatered) auditorium or lecture room ‫ مدرج‬mudrai inserted, interpolated, incorporated; entered, registered; contained, included (‫ ب‬,‫ فى‬in), comprised ( ‫ ب‬,‫ فى‬by) ‫ درد‬darida a (darad) to become toothless, lose one’s teeth ‫ ادرد‬adrad2 toothless ‫ دردى‬durdī sediment, dregs, lees ‫ دردبيس‬dardabīs ugly old woman. hag ‫ دردرة‬dardara roar, rush (of water); idle talk, prattle, chatter ‫ دردار‬dardār elm (bot.) ‫ دردور‬durdūr eddy, whirlpool, vortex ‫ دردش‬dardaša idle talk, prattle, chatter 277 1

‫ درز‬daraza u to sew, stitch ‫ درز‬darz pl. ‫ دروز‬durūz seam, hem; suture

2

‫ درزى‬durzī pl. ‫ دروز‬durūz Druse│‫جبل الدروز‬ jabal ad-d. the Jebel ed Druz, the mountainous homeland of the Druses in S Syria

‫ درس‬darasa u (dars) to wipe out, blot out, obliterate, efface, extinguish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to thresh (‫ ھـ‬grain); to learn, study (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ على‬under s.o.), ‫‘( درس العلم على‬ilm) to study under (a teacher, a professor); -- u (‫دروس‬ durūs) to be effaced, obliterated, blotted out, extinguished II to teach; to instruct (‫ه‬ s.o., ‫ ھـ‬in s.th.); III to study (‫ ه‬together with s.o.) VI to study (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) carefully together VII to become or he wiped out, blotted out, effaced, obliterated, extinguished ‫ درس‬dars effacement, obliteration, extinction; -- (pl. ‫ دروس‬durūs) study, studies; lesson, chapter (of a textbook); class, class hour, period; lecture; lesson (taught by experience, etc.)│ ‫القى دروسا عن‬ (alqā) to lecture on ... ; ‫( اعطى دروسا‬a‘ṯā) to give lessons; ‫( دروس منزلية‬manzilīya) homework (of a pupil or student) ‫ دراس‬dirās threshing (of grain) ‫ دراسة‬dirasa pl. -āt studies; study│ ‫دراسة‬ ‫‘( عالية‬āliya) collegiate studies; ‫دراسة ثانوية‬ (tānawīya) attendance of a secondary school, secondary education, high-school education; ‫( دراسة متوسطة‬mutawassiṯa) secondary education, high-school education (Syr.) ‫ دراسى‬dirāsī of or pertaining to study or studies; scholastic, school; instructional, educational, teaching, tuitional│ ‫رسوم‬ ‫ دراسية‬tuition fees; ‫( سنة دراسية‬sana) academic year; scholastic year, school year ‫ دريس‬darīs dried clover ‫‘ عمال الدريسة‬ummāl ad-darīsa (eg.) railroad section gang, gandy dancers ‫ دراس‬darrās pl. -ūn (eager) student O ‫ دراسة‬darrāsa flail; threshing machine│O ‫( حصادة دراسة‬ḥaṣṣāda) combine ‫ درواس‬dirwās mastiff ‫ مدرسة‬madrasa pl. ‫ مدارس‬madāris2 madrasah (a religious hoarding school associated with a mosque); school│ ‫مدرسة‬

‫( ابتدائية‬ibtidā’īya) the lower grades of a secondary school, approx. = junior high school; ‫( مدرسة اولية‬awwalīya) elementary school, grade school; ‫مدرسة ثانوية‬ (tānawīya) secondary school, high school; ‫( مدرسة تجارية‬tijārīya) commercial college or school; ‫( مدرسة حربية‬ḥarbīya) military academy; ‫( مدرسة داخلية‬dāḳilīya) boarding school; ‫‘( )مدرسة عالية )عليا‬āliya, ‘ulyā) college; ‫ مدرسة الفنون والصنائع‬school of industrial arts, school of applied art and handicraft; ‫( مدرسة كبرى‬kubrā) college; ‫ المدرسة القديمة‬the old “school” (= intellectual or artistic movement) ‫ مدرسي‬madrasī scholastic, school ‫ تدريس‬tadrīs teaching, instruction, tuition │‫ ھيئة التدريس‬hai’at at-t. teaching staff; faculty, professoriate (of an academic institution) ‫ دارس‬dāris pl. ‫ دوارس‬dawāris2 effaced, obliterated; old, dilapidated, crumbling │ ‫ تجدد دارسه‬tajaddada dārisuhū to rise from one’s ashes ‫ مدرس‬mudarris pl. -ūn teacher, instructor; lecturer │‫( مدرس مساعد‬musā‘id) assistant professor ‫ درع‬II to arm; to armor, equip with armor (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) V and VIII iddara‘a to arm o.s., take up arms, put on armor ‫ درع‬dir‘ m. and f., pl. ‫ دروع‬durū‘, ‫ادرع‬ adru‘, ‫ ادراع‬adrā‘ coat of mail, hauberk; (suit of) plate armor; armor plate; armor; armature; (pl. ‫ ادراع‬adrā‘) chemise 278 ‫ دراعة‬darrā‘a pl. -āt armored cruiser ‫ دراعة‬durrā‘a pl. ‫ درارع‬darārī‘2 loose outer garment with sleeves, slit in front ‫ دارع‬dāri‘ armored, armor-clad, ironclad ‫ دارعة‬dāri‘a pl. ‫ دوارع‬dawārī‘2 armored cruiser ‫ مدرع‬mudarra‘ armored; armadillo (zool.) │ ‫( قوة مدرعة‬qūwa) tank corps; ‫سيارة‬ ‫( مدرعة‬sayyāra) armored car; ‫مشاة مدرعون‬ (mušāh) armored infantry (mil.) ‫ مدرعة‬mudarra‘a pl. -āt armored cruiser

‫ درفيل‬darfīl dolphin 1

‫درقة‬daraqa (leather) shield

O ‫ درق‬daraq thyroid gland ‫ درقي‬daraqī shield-shaped; thyroid │ ‫الغدة‬ ‫(الدرقية‬gudda) thyroid gland 2 1

‫ دراق‬look up alphabetically ‫ درك‬II to last, continue, keep up (rains) III to reach, get, catch, overtake, outdistance, outrun (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.), catch up, come up (‫ ه‬,‫ ھـ‬with); to keep up, continue without interruption (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to attain, reach (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), arrive (‫ ھـ‬at); to get, catch, overtake (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), catch up, come up (‫ ه‬,‫ھـ‬ with); to come suddenly, unexpectedly (‫ه‬ upon s.o.), overtake (‫ ه‬s.o.; death); to obtain (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to grasp, comprehend (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to perceive, discern, notice (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to realize, understand (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), become aware, become conscious (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to mature, ripen (e.g., a fruit); to attain puberty, reach sexual maturity (boy) V ‫( تداركت الشمس الى المغيب‬šams, magīb) the sun prepared to set VI to reach and seize one another; to continue without interruption, go on incessantly; to face, meet, obviate, take steps to prevent (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to put in order, set right, correct (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), make amends (‫ ھـ‬for), provide compensation or indemnity (‫ ھـ‬for a loss, or the like) X to correct, rectify, emend (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to set right, put in order, straighten out (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make good, repair, redress (‫ ھـ‬a damage, a mistake, etc.), make up (‫ھـ‬ for); to supplement, supply (‫ ھـ‬that which is missing); to anticipate, forestall, obviate (‫ ھـ‬an event) ‫ درك‬darak attainment, achievement, accomplishment; overtaking, catching up; police; (pl. ‫ ادراك‬adrāk) bottom, lowest level ‫ دركي‬darakī policeman ‫ دركة‬daraka lowest level; pl. –āt descending steps (as opposed to ‫ ;درجات‬cf. ‫ درجات الحيات ودركات الموت‬darajāt al-ḥayāh wa-d. al-maut)

‫ درف‬darf side, flank, wing; protection

‫ دراك‬darrāk much-accomplishing, efficient, successful

‫ درفة‬darfa pl. ‫ درف‬diraf leaf (of a double door or window)

‫ مدارك‬madārik2 mental faculties, mental powers, intelligence, intellectual

capacities, perception, discernment │ ‫ المدارك الخمس‬the five senses

‫ دريھمات‬duraihimāt (dimin. with a derogatory sense; approx.:) pennies

‫ دراكا‬dirākan (adv.) constantly, incessantly, without interruption

‫ دروة‬dirwa pl. -āt (eg.) protecting screen or wall; parapet

‫ ادراك‬idrāk reaching, attainment, achievement, accomplishment; realization, perception, discernment, awareness, consciousness (‫ فقد االدراك‬faqd al-i. unconsciousness); comprehension, understanding, grasp; reason, intelligence; sexual maturity, puberty; age of maturity │‫ سن االدراك‬of sinn al-i. age of discretion (Isl. Law)

‫ درواس‬dirwās mastiff ‫ درويش‬darwīš pl. ‫ دراويش‬darāwīš2 dervish 1

‫ تدرك‬tadarruk gradual decline ‫ استدراك‬istidrāk redress, reparation; correction, emendation, rectification 279 ‫ مدرك‬mudrik rational, reasonable, endowed with reason, intelligent; (sexually) mature, pubescent, at the age of puberty

‫ دراية‬dirāya knowledge, cognizance, acquaintance

‫ مدركات‬mudrakāt realizations; cognitions; fixed notions, established concepts 2

‫ ادرى‬adrā more knowledgeable, better informed, knowing better (‫ ب‬s.o., s.th.), better acquainted (‫ ب‬with)

‫( درك‬Engl.) derrick, derrick crane

‫ درم‬darima a to fall out (teeth) II to clip, trim ( ‫ ھـ‬nails)

‫ ال ادري‬lā-adrī a skeptic ‫ مداراة‬mudārāh sociability, affability, companionableness

‫ درن‬darina a (daran) to be dirty, filthy IV do. V to suffer from tuberculosis ‫ درن‬darn pl. ‫ ادران‬adrān dirt, filth; tubercles; tuberculosis │ ‫( درن رئوي‬ri’awī) pulmonary tuberculosis ‫ درنة‬darana (n. un.) pl. -āt tubercle; small tumor, outgrowth, excrescence, tuberculc, nodule ‫ درني‬daranī tubercular, tuberculous ‫ تدرن‬tadarrun tuberculosis │‫تدرن رئوي‬ (ri’awī) and ‫ تدرن الرئة‬t. ar-ri’a pulmonary tuberculosis ‫ تدرني‬tadarrunī tuberculous ‫ متدرن‬mutadarrin affected with tubercles, tuberculated ‫ مدره‬midrāh pl. ‫ مداره‬madārih2 spokesman ‫ درھم‬dirham pl. ‫ دراھم‬darāhim2 dirhem, drachma (Ir. = coin of 50 ‫ ;)فلس‬a weight (Eg. = 1/12 ‫ = اوقية‬ca. 3.12 g); ‫دراھم‬ money, cash

‫ درى‬darī ī (‫ دراية‬dirāya) to know (‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th. or of s.th.); to be aware, be cognizant (‫ب‬ or ‫ ھـ‬of); to understand, comprehend (‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │‫ وما يدري اال و‬... all of a sudden there was ... III to flatter, treat with flattery or gentle courtesy, cajole, coax (‫ه‬ s.o.); to deceive, fool, mislead (‫ ه‬s.o.); to dissemble; to conceal, hide, mask, disguise (‫ ه‬s.th.) IV to let (‫ ه‬s.o.) know (‫ب‬ s.th. or about s.th.), inform, notify, advise (‫ ب ه‬s.o. of) │‫ وما ادراك ما‬... (adrāka), also ‫ وما ادراك ب‬do you realize what ... is? you don’t even know what ... means! VI to hide, conceal o.s.

‫ دار‬dārin knowing, aware, cognizant (‫ب‬ of s.th.) 2

‫ مدرى‬midran, ‫ مدرة‬midra (= ‫ مردى‬mirdan), ‫ مدراة‬midrāh pl. ‫ مدار‬madārin pole (esp. one for punting boats)

‫ درياق‬diryāq (= ‫ )ترياق‬theriaca; antidote ‫( دزينة‬It. dozzina) dazzīna dozen ‫ دس‬dassa u (dass) to put, get, slip, shove, thrust, insert (‫ في ھـ‬s.th. into); to bury (‫في‬ ‫ ھـ‬s.th. in the ground); to instill, infuse (‫في‬ ‫ ھـ‬،‫ ب‬s.th. in); to administer surreptitiously (‫ السم‬as-samma poison, ‫ ل‬to s.o.); to foist ( ‫ في ھـ‬s.th. into); to smuggle (‫ في ھـ‬s.th. into, ‫ بين ه‬s.o. among); to interpolate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to intrigue, scheme, plot (‫ ل‬,‫ على‬against s.o.) │‫ دس الدسائس‬to engage in secret machinations, intrigue scheme II to put in, get in, slip in, shove in, thrust in, insert (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to hide, conceal (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to engage (secretly, ‫ الى‬in); to be hidden (‫في‬

in) VII to slip (‫ بين‬between or among, ‫في‬ into), creep, steal, sneak (‫ بين‬among, ‫في‬ into), 280 infiltrate (‫ في‬s.th.); to ingratiate o.s., insinuate o.s. (‫ في‬or ‫ الى‬to s.o., into s.o.’s confidence); to be hidden

‫ دسمبر‬disembir, disambir December

‫ دسيسة‬dasīsa pl. ‫ دسائس‬dasā’is intrigue, machination, scheme, plot │‫دس الدسائس‬ dass ad-d. machinations, intrigues, scheming, plotting (‫ ضد‬against); plot, conspiracy

‫ دشيش‬dašīš and ‫ دشيشة‬a kind of porridge made of crushed wheat and butter

‫ دساس‬dassās pl. -ūn intriguant, intriguer, schemer, plotter, conspirator; sand snake (Eryx jaculus) 1

‫ دسو‬II to introduce, bring in (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to be hidden, concealed; to penetrate (‫ الى‬into) ‫( دش‬Fr. douche) duš shower, douche

‫ دشت‬dašt junk, trash, rubbish, refuse ‫ دشن‬II to hand over, present (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to consecrate, dedicate, inaugurate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ تدشين‬tadšīn consecration, dedication, inauguration │ ‫ تدشين الكنيشة‬consecration of the church

‫ دست‬dast pl. ‫ دسوت‬dusūt place of honor, seat of honor, seat of office; council │‫دست الحكم‬ d. al-ḥukm (a ruler’s) throne

‫ دشو‬V to belch, burp, eruct

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‫ دست‬dist pl. ‫ دسوت‬dusūt kettle, boiler, caldron made of copper (eg., syr.)

‫ دع‬da‘‘ to rebuff, turn down (contemptuously, II the poor, an orphan)

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‫ دستة‬dasta dozen; pack, packet, package

‫ دعب‬da‘aba a (‫ دعابة‬du‘āba) to joke, jest, make fun (‫ ه‬with s.o.) III to play, toy (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬with s.th., with s.o.); to joke, jest, make fun (‫ه‬ with s.o.); to give (‫ ه‬s.o.) a good-natured slap or smack (‫ ;)ب‬to flirt (‫ ھا‬with a woman) ; to dally, philander, play around (‫ ھا‬with a woman); to play (‫ ه‬about s.o.; e.g., waves); to stroke gently, caress, fondle (‫ ه‬s.th.); to beguile, tempt, delude (‫ه‬ s.o.; said of hopes); to play (‫ ھـ‬a musical instrument) │ ‫داعب البيانو‬to play on the piano VI to make fun, have fun together, have a good time

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‫ دستور‬dustūr pl. ‫ دساتير‬dasātīr statute; regulations; by-laws; (basic) constitutional law; constitution (pol.); -- (colloq.) dastūr permission ‫ دستوري‬dustūrī constitutional │‫النظام‬ ‫ الدستورى‬constitutional form of government ‫ دستورية‬dustūrīya constitutionality │ ‫عدم‬ ‫’الدستورية‬adam ad-d. unconstitutionality ‫ دسر‬dasara u (dasr) to push, shove, push off ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) O ‫ داسر‬dāsir propeller, airscrew ‫ دسكر‬daskara pl. ‫ دساكر‬dasākir2 village ‫ دسم‬dasam fatness (of meat); fat, grease ‫ دسم‬dasim fat; fatty, greasy, grimy, grubby; rich, abundant, substantial; meaty, pithy, full of thoughts (e.g., reading material) ‫ ادسم‬adsam2, f. ‫ دسماء‬dasmā’2, pl. ‫دسم‬ dusm very fat; fatty, greasy, grimy, grubby; -- richer, more substantial, pithier ‫ دسامة‬dasāma fattiness, greasiness, griminess, grubbiness ‫ دسومة‬dusūma fatness; richness, substantiality ‫ دسام‬dassām plug, stopper ‫ ديسم‬daisam amaranth (bot.)

‫ دعة‬da‘a see ‫ودع‬

‫ داعب‬dā‘ib joking, jocose, playful, jolly, gay, funny 281 ‫ دعابة‬du‘āba pl. -āt joking, jesting, funmaking, fun; joke, jest ‫ دعاب‬da‘‘āb jocose, playful, jolly, gay ‫ مداعبة‬mudā‘aba pl. -āt play, funmaking, fun; joke, jest; pleasantry; dalliance, flirtation, philandery ‫ داعب‬dā‘ib joking, jocose, playful, jolly, gay, funny ‫ مداعب‬mudā‘ib joking, jesting ‫ دعبل‬di‘bil frog spawn, frog’s eggs ‫ مدعبل‬muda‘bal indisposed, out of sorts; round, ball-shaped ‫ ادعج‬ad‘aj2, f. ‫ دعجاء‬da‘jā’2, pl. ‫ دعج‬du‘j blackeyed; deep-black and large (eye)

‫ دعر‬da‘ira a (da‘ar) to be immoral ‫ دعر‬da‘ar immorality, indecency ‫ دعر‬da‘ir unchaste, lewd, licentious, dissolute, obscene, bawdy, immoral, indecent ‫ دعارة‬da‘āra, di‘āra indecency, immorality, licentiousness, debauchery │ ‫ بيت الدعارة‬bait ad-d. brothel ‫ داعر‬dā‘ir pl. ‫ دعار‬du‘‘ār unchaste, lewd, licentious, dissolute, obscene, bawdy, indecent, immoral ‫ دعس‬da‘asa a (da‘s) to tread underfoot, trample down, crush (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to knock down, run over (‫ ه‬s.o.; automobile) VII pass. of I ‫ دعك‬da‘aka a (da‘k) to rub (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to scrub, scour (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to scrub on a washboard ( ‫ ھـ‬laundry); to crush, squash, mash (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to crumple (‫ ھـ‬paper) ‫ دعم‬da‘ama a (da‘m) and II to support, hold up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to prop, shore up, stay, buttress, underpin (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to cement, consolidate, strengthen (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VIII ‫ ادعم‬idda‘ama to be supported; to rest, be based (‫ على‬on) ‫ دعمة‬da‘ma pl. ‫ دعم‬di‘am support, prop ‫ دعامة‬di‘āma pl. -āt, ‫ دعائم‬da‘ā’im2 support, prop, stay, shore; pier; buttress; pillar (esp. fig., e.g., ‫ دعائم السيادة‬pillars of authority) ‫ تدعيم‬tad‘īm support, strengthening, reinforcement, consolidation, underpinning ‫ )دعو‬and ‫ دعي( دعا‬da‘ā u (‫ دعاء‬du‘ā’) to call (‫ه‬ s.o.); to summon (‫ ب‬or ‫ ه‬s.o.), call or send for s.o. (‫ ب‬or ‫ ;)ه‬to call up (‫ ب‬s.o., ‫ ل‬،‫الى‬ for); to call upon s.o. (‫)ه‬, appeal to s.o. (‫)ه‬ for s.th. or to do s.th. (‫ الى‬،‫)ل‬, invite, urge ( ‫ الى ه‬،‫ ل‬s.o. to do s.th.); to invite, ask to come (‫ الى ه‬s.o. to; e.g., to a banquet); to move, induce, prompt (‫ الى ه‬،‫ ل‬s.o. to do s.th.), prevail (‫ الى ه‬،‫ ل‬on s.o. to do s.th.); to call (‫ ھـ ه‬،‫ ب‬s.o. by a name), name (‫ ھـ‬،‫ب‬ ‫ ه‬s.o. so and so), pass.: ‫ دعي‬du‘iya to be called, be named; to invoke (‫ ﷲ‬God = to pray to); to wish (‫ ل‬s.o.) well, bless (‫ل‬ s.o.; properly: to invoke God in favor of s.o.), invoke a blessing (‫ )ب‬upon s.o. (‫)ل‬, pray (‫ ب‬for s.th., ‫ ل‬on behalf of s.o.), implore (‫ ب ل‬for s.o. s.th.); to curse (‫على‬

s.o.; properly: to invoke God against s.o.), call down evil, invoke evil (‫ على‬upon s.o.); to propagate, propagandize (‫ ل‬s.th.), make propaganda, make publicity (‫ ل‬for); to demand, require (‫ الى‬s.th.), call for (‫ ;)الى‬to call forth, bring about, cause, provoke, occasion (‫ الى‬s.th.), give rise (‫ الى‬to) │‫دعي‬ ‫( لالجتماع‬du‘ya) to be summoned, be called into session (parliament); ‫دعي الى حمل‬ ‫ السالح‬du‘iya ilā ḥamli a-silāḥ to be called up for military service, be called to the colors; ‫ رجل يدعى‬... (yud‘ā) a man called ..., a man by the name of ...; ‫دعا له‬ ‫( بطول العمر‬ṭūli l-‘umr) he wished him a long life III to challenge (‫ ه‬s.o.); to pick a quarrel (‫ ه‬with); to proceed judicially (‫ه‬ against), prosecute (‫ ه‬s.o.) VI to challenge each other, call each 282 other forth or out, summon each other; to evoke one another (thoughts, reminiscences, sentiments); to be dilapidated, be tumbledown, threaten to fall (walls); to sink, subside, cave in; to fall down, sink to the ground (person); to collapse, break down, decline, degenerate (fig., of a cultural phenomenon); to dock together, rally VIII ‫ ادعى‬idda‘ā to allege, claim, maintain (‫ھـ‬ s.th., ‫ ان‬that); to lay claim (‫ ھـ‬to s.th.), demand, claim (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make undue claims (‫ ھـ‬to s.th.), arrogate (to o.s.), assume unduly or presumptuously (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to effect, feign, simulate, pretend, purport (‫ ب‬s.th.); to testify (in court); to accuse (‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ على‬s.o. of), charge (‫ ب‬or ‫ھـ‬ ‫ على‬s.o. with), blame (‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ على‬s.o. for), hold s.th. (‫ ب‬or ‫ )ھـ‬against s.o. (‫ )على‬X to call or send (‫ ه‬for s.o.), summon (‫ ه‬s.o.); to cite, summon for examination or trial (‫ه‬ s.o.; court, police); to recall (‫ ه‬s.o., e.g., a diplomatic envoy); to call, appoint (‫ ه‬s.o., e.g., a professor to a chair); to invoke (‫ه‬ s.o.); to invite, urge (‫ الى ه‬s.o. to do s.th.), suggest (‫ الى ه‬to s.o. s.th. or to do s.th.), call upon s.o. (‫ )ه‬to do s.th. (‫)الى‬, appeal ( ‫ الى ه‬to s.o. for s.th. or to do s.th.); to call for (‫)ھـ‬, require, demand, necessitate, make necessary or requisite (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ دعوة‬da‘wa call; appeal; bidding, demand, request; call, convocation, summons (‫ الى‬to), calling up, summoning; (official) summons, citation; invitation; claim, demand, plea; missionary activity, missionary work (also ‫ نشر الدعوة‬našr ad-

or ‫الى‬: of s.th.), herald; 283 (pl. ‫دواع‬ dawā‘in) motive, reason, cause, occasion; pl. ‫ دواع‬requirements, exigencies │‫داعية‬ ‫ حرب‬warmonger; ‫ لدواع صحية‬li-dawā‘in ṣiḥḥīya for reasons of health; ‫من دواعي‬ ‫ سروري‬it gives me great pleasure ...

d.), propaganda; -- (pl. ‫ دعوات‬da‘awāt) invocation, imploration, supplication, prayer; good wish │‫ دعوات صالحات‬good wishes; ‫( دعوة بالشر‬šarr) imprecation, curse; ‫ صاحب الدعوة‬host ‫ دعوى‬da‘wā pl. ‫ دعاوى‬da‘āwā, ‫دعاو‬ da‘āwin allegation, pretension; claim; lawsuit, case, action, legal proceedings (Isl. Law) │‫ بدعوى ان‬on the pretext that ...

‫ مدعو‬mad‘ūw one invited, guest; called, named, by the name of ‫ متداع‬mutadā‘in evoking one another, one leading to the other (reminiscences, thoughts); frail. shaky (constitution); dilapidated, tumble-down; ready to fall, threatened with collapse; declining, in a stage of decline, on the downgrade

2

‫ دعي‬da‘īy pl. ‫ ادعياء‬ad‘iyā’ adopted son; bastard; braggart, bigmouth, showoff; pretender; swindler, impostor ‫ دعاء‬du‘ā’ pl. ‫ ادعية‬ad‘iya call; invocation of God, supplication, prayer; request, plea; good wish (‫ ل‬for s.o.); imprecation, course (‫ على‬against s.o.)

‫ مدع‬muda‘in one who makes an allegation or pretension, alleger, pretender; claimer, claimant; plaintiff; prosecutor (jur.); arrogant, presumptuous, bumptious │‫‘( المدعي العمومي‬umūmī) the public prosecutor; ‫‘( المدعى العام‬āmm) do. (Mor.)

‫ ادعى‬ad‘ā more conducive, more stimulating, of greater incentive (‫ ل‬،‫ الى‬to), causing or provoking to a greater extent ( ‫ ل‬،‫ الى‬s.th.) ‫ دعاوة‬da’āwa, di‘āwa pl. -āt propaganda (pol.); publicity (‫ الى‬for)

‫ مدعى‬muda‘an claimed; ‫ المدعى عليه‬the defendant (jur.); pl. ‫ مدعيات‬muda‘ayāt claims, pretensions

‫ دعاوى‬da‘āwī, di‘āwī propagandistic ‫ دعاية‬di‘āya propaganda (pol.) ‫ دعائي‬di‘ā’ī propagandistic ‫ مدعاة‬mad‘āh determining factor, decisive motive or incentive, cause, occasion ‫ تداع‬tadā‘in imminent collapse, impending breakdown; mutual summoning │‫ تداعى المعانى‬tadā‘ī l-ma‘ānī association of ideas ‫ ادعاء‬iddi‘ā’ pl. -āt claim; arrogation, undue assumption, presumption; allegation; pretension, pretense; accusation, charge; ‫ االدعاء‬the prosecution (in a court of justice) ‫ استدعاء‬istid‘ā’ summons, summoning; recall, calling back; official summons, citation ‫ داع‬dā‘in pl. ‫ دعاة‬du‘āh one who invites, inviter; propagandist; host; motive, reason, cause │‫( ال داعي‬dā‘iya) it is not necessary, there is no need, there is no cause (‫ ل‬for) ‫ داعية‬dā‘iya one who calls for s.th. (‫)الى‬, invites to s.th. (‫ ;)الى‬propagandist (with foll. genit.

‫ مستدع‬mustad‘in applicant, petitioner ‫ دغدغ‬dagdaga to tickle (‫ ه‬s.o.); to crush; to chew, munch (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) 1

‫ دغر‬dagara a (dagr, ‫ دغرى‬dagrā) to attack ( ‫ على‬s.o.). fall upon s.o. (‫)على‬

‫ دغر‬dagr attack, assault ‫ دغرى‬dagrā attack, assault 2

‫ دغرى‬dugrī (eg., syr.) direct, straight; straight ahead

‫ دغش‬IV ‫ ادغشت الدنيا‬adgašat id-dunyā it became dark, twilight fell ‫ دغش‬dagaš darkness, dusk, twilight ‫ دغيشة‬dagīša darkness, dusk ‫ دغص‬dagiṣa a (dagaṣ) to be chock-full, on tile point of bursting ‫ داغصة‬dāgiṣa pl. ‫ دواغص‬dawāgiṣ knee-pan, kneecap, patella ‫ دغل‬dagal pl. ‫ ادغال‬adgāl, ‫ دغال‬digāl place with luxuriant tree growth; thicket, bush, jungle; -- defectiveness, faultiness, corruption

‫ داغل‬dagil covered with dense undergrowth (place); impenetrable; corrupted ‫ مدغل‬mudgil covered with dense undergrowth (place); false, perfidious, insidious (in character)

‫ دفتر الشروط‬publication setting forth the terms of a purchase, the conditions of a lease, the stipulations of a contract, or the like; ‫ دفتر االشتراك‬subscription booklet; ‫دفتر‬ ‫ الصندوق‬d. aṣ-ṣundūq cashbook (com.); ‫دفتر‬ ‫ المساحة‬cadastre, land register; ‫ دفتر اليومية‬d. al-yaumīya diary, journal; ‫ مسك الدفاتر‬mask ad-d. bookkeeping

‫ دغم‬IV and VIII ‫ ادغم‬iddagama to put (‫في ھـ‬ s.th. into), insert, incorporate, embody (‫في‬ ‫ ھـ‬s.th. in); (gram.) to contract (‫ في ھـ‬one letter into another), assimilate (‫ في ھـ‬s.th. to) VII to be incorporated, embodied, merged, amalgamated; to be assimilated, contracted

‫ دفتيريا‬diftēriyā diphtheria

‫ دف‬daffa i (‫ دفيف‬dafīf) to flap the wings (bird) II to hurry, rush

‫ دفر‬dafara to push, push back (‫ ه‬s.o.); dafira a (dafar) to stink

‫ دف‬daff pl. ‫ دفوف‬dufūf side; lateral surface ‫ دف‬duff, daff pl. ‫ دفوف‬dufūf tambourine ‫ دفة‬daffa side; leaf (of a double door or window); cover (of a book), ‫ الدفتان‬the two covers of a book; rudder, helm │‫ قائد الدفة‬or ‫ مدير الدفة‬mudīr ad-d. steersman, helmsman; ‫ قبض على دفة التنفيذ‬to take the helm, make o.s. the leader; ‫ يد الدفة‬yad add. tiller; ‫( من الدفة للشابورة‬eg.) all together, one and all, all without exception ‫ دفية‬diffīya (eg.) loose woolen cloak ‫ دفئ‬dafi’a a and ‫ دفؤ‬dafu’a u to be warm; to feel warm II and IV to warm, heat (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) V, VIII ‫ ادفأ‬iddafa’a and X to warm o.s. ‫ دفء‬dif’ warmth, warmness, heat ‫ دفئ‬dafi’ and ‫ دفيء‬dafī’ warm ‫ دفآن‬daf’ān2, f. ‫ دفأى‬daf’ā warm ‫ دفاء‬difā’ heating ‫ دفاءة‬dafā’a warmth, warmness, heat □ ‫ دفاية‬daffāya pl. -āt stove 284 ‫ مدفأ‬midfa’ and ‫ مدفأة‬midfa’a pl. ‫مدافئ‬ madāfi’2 stove, heating stove ‫ تدفئة‬tadfi’a heating, generation of heat ‫ دفتر‬daftar pl. ‫ دفاتر‬dafātir 2 booklet; notebook, copybook; daybook, journal; ledger (com.); roster, register, official register │ ‫( دفتر حسابي‬ḥisābī) account book; bankbook, passbook; ‫ دفتر الحسابات‬d. al-ḥisābāt letter file, letter book, folder, portfolio;

‫ دفترخانة‬daftarkāna archives, public records office (Eg.) │ ‫دفترخانة األمالك العقارية‬ d. al-amlāk al-‘aqārīya land-registry office (Tun.)

‫ دفر‬dafar stench ‫ دفر‬dafir stinking, fetid ‫ دفس‬dafasa to hide (A s.th.); to push ‫ دفع‬dafa‘a a (daf‘) to push; to push away, shove away, push back, drive back, repel, remove, dislodge, drive away (‫ ه‬،‫ عن ھـ‬s.o., s.th. from); ‫( دفعه جانبا‬jāniban) to push, shove, or elbow, s.o. aside; to rid (‫عن نفسه‬ o.s., ‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), get rid of s.th.; to get the better (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬of s.o., of s.th.), conquer, master control (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to fight (‫ب‬ ‫ ھـ‬s.th. with); to reject, repudiate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to rebut, refute, disprove (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to propel, drive (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to move, cause, urge, impel, egg on, goad (‫ ه‬or ‫ ب‬s.o., ‫الى‬ or ‫ ل‬to do s.th.), induce, incite, force, compel, oblige (‫ ه‬or ‫ ب‬s.o., ‫ الى‬or ‫ ل‬to), make s.o. (‫ ب‬or ‫ )ه‬do s.th. (‫ الى‬or ‫ ;)ل‬to band over, present, turn over (‫ ل‬or ‫الى ھـ‬ s.th. to s.o.); to pay (‫ ثمنا‬tamanan a price, ‫ الى‬or ‫ ل‬to s.o.) │‫( دفع خطاه الى‬kuṭāhū) to wend one’s way to III to resist, withstand (‫ ه‬s.o., .s.th.). offer resistance (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬to); to contradict, oppose (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ عن‬so as to make him abstain from s.th.), dissuade (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫عن‬ from); to suppress (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to defend (‫عن‬ s.o., s.th.), uphold (‫ عن‬s.th.); to be entrusted with the defense (‫ عن‬of s.th., of s.o., also jur.) V to dash forward; to dart off, rush off; to pour forth, flow, stream, gush forth (water); to spring up, make itself felt (an idea, a social tendency, and the like) VI to shove or push one another; to push or shove one another away or aside; to push off, shove off (‫ عن‬from); to

issue in intermittent bursts, gush forth intermittently; to burst forth, rush out, sally (‫ من‬from); to be propelled, be driven forward; to storm forward VII to dart off, rush off; to proceed rashly, blindly, without forethought; to be too impetuous, be too hotheaded; to plunge headlong (‫في‬ into s.th.); to rush, dart. make (‫ الى‬at s.th.), pounce (‫ الى‬on s.th.); to rush off, hurry off, go quickly (‫ الى‬to; with foll. imperf.: to do s.th.); to give o.s. (‫ ل‬to s.o.); to burst forth, gush out, pour forth, spurt, spout, flow, run (‫ من‬from; water); to let o.s. be carried away or be overcome (‫ وراء‬by s.th., e.g., ‫ وراء شھواته‬šahawātihī by one’s bodily appetites, ‫ وراء شعوره‬by one’s feelings, ‫وراء‬ ‫ العاجلة‬by worldly things); to proceed, set out, begin (with foll. imperf.: to do s.th.) X to try to ward off or stave off (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ب‬ by) ‫ دفع‬daf‘ pushing back, shoving aside; repulsion. driving away, driving off; dispelling; parrying, warding off, staving off; repulse, rejection. repudiation; rebuttal; handing over, turning in; payment 285 ‫ دفعة‬daf‘a (n. vic.) pl. dafa‘āt shove, push, thrust; impetus, impact, momentum, forceful impulse, drive; ejaculation; payment; deposit; disbursement; pl. issues (stock market) ‫ دفعة‬daf‘a pl. dufu‘āt, dafa‘āt that which issues at anyone time, a burst, a gush, a spurt, and the like; time, instance │‫( دفعة واحدة‬duf‘atan) all at one time, all at once, in one stroke, in one fell swoop; ‫ھذه‬ ‫ الدفعة‬this time; ‫ ست دفعات‬six times; ‫على‬ ‫( دفعات متفاوتة‬mutafāwita) at different times ‫ دفاع‬daffā’ propelling, impelling, giving impetus; O piston (techn.) ‫ مدفع‬midfa’ pl. ‫ مدافع‬madāfi‘2 gun, cannon │O ‫( مدافع بعيدة المرمى‬ba‘īdat almarmā) long-range guns; ‫مدفع رشاش‬ (raššāš) machine gun; O ‫مدافع ضخمة‬ (ḍakma) heavy artillery; O ‫المدافع المضاد‬ ‫( للطائرات‬muḍādda) or ‫المدافع المقاومة للطائرات‬ (muqāwima) antiaircraft guns; O ‫مدفع ثالثي‬ ‫( مضاد للطائرات‬tulātī, muḍādd) threebarreled anti-aircraft gun (mil.); ‫مدفع ھون‬ m. hāwun mortar; ‫ ضرب مدفع الظھر‬ḍarb m.

aẓ-ẓuhr marking of exact noon by cannon shot ‫ مدفعي‬midfa‘ī gun-, cannon-, artillery(in compounds); artilleryman, gunner, cannoneer ‫ مدفعية‬midfa‘īya artillery ‫ دفاع‬difā‘ protection; defense (‫ عن‬of s.th., of s.o., also jur.) │‫ خط الدفاع‬kaṭṭ ad-d. line of defense; halfbacks (soccer); ‫مجلس‬ ‫ الدفاع‬majlis ad-d. defense council; ‫وزارة‬ ‫ الدفاع‬ministry of defense, war ministry; ‫( الدفاع الوطني‬waṭanī) national defense; ‫الدفاع‬ ‫( المضاد للطائرات‬muḍādd) anti-aircraft defense; ‫ دفاع شرعي‬legitimate self-defense ‫ دفاعي‬difā‘ī defensive, protective ‫ مدافعة‬mudāfa‘a defense (‫ عن‬of s.th.) ‫ اندفاع‬indifā‘ pl. -āt rush(ing), plunging, plunge (‫ في‬into); outburst, outbreak eruption; élan, dash, impetuosity, rashness, hotheadedness, fire, exuberance, effusiveness; self-abandon; ‫اندفاعا‬ indifā‘an spontaneously ‫ اندفاعة‬indifā‘a (n. vic.) sudden outburst, outbreak (e.g., of wailing) ‫ دافع‬dāfi‘ repellent, expellant; driving, pushing, giving impetus, incentive, impellent, propelling, propulsive, etc.; repeller; payer, e.g., ‫ دافعوا الضرائب‬the taxpayers; (pl. ‫ دوافع‬dawfi‘2) incentive, impulse, impetus, spur, motive; ‫( بدافع‬with foll. genit.) motivated by ..., by reason of ..., on the strength of … ‫ مدفوعات‬madfū‘āt payments ‫ مدافع‬mudāfi‘ defender (‫ عن‬of s.o., of s.th.) ‫ دفق‬dafaqa u i (dafq) to pour out, pour forth (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); -- u (dafq, ‫ دفوق‬dufūq) to be shed; to flow, well out, spout, gush forth; to overflow (0 with s.th.) V to pour forth, spout forth, gush forth; to rush in; to break forth, break out, burst out; to go off (shot); to plunge blindly (‫ الى‬،‫ في‬into s.th.); to rush (‫ على‬against); to crowd (‫ على‬into) VII =V ‫ دفق‬dafq pouring out, effusion ‫ دفقة‬dufqa pl. dufuqāt, dufaqāt, dufqāt = ‫ دفعة‬duf‘a │‫( دفقة واحدة‬dufqatan) = ‫دفعة‬

‫ واحدة؛ دفقات الريح‬d. ar-rīḥ gusts; ‫دفقة من الماء‬ gush of water ‫ دفاق‬dafāq bursting forth, darting out, rushing out ‫ تدفق‬tadaffuq outpour, outflow, issue, effluence, efflux, effusion; influx, run, rush, inrush, inpour; outbreak, outburst; impulsiveness; exuberance, effusiveness ‫ دافق‬dāfiq pl. ‫ دوافق‬dawāfiq2 bursting forth, breaking out, erupting; gushing, torrential ‫ متدفق‬mutadaffiq impulsive; exuberant, effusive 286 ‫ دفلى‬diflā oleander (Nerium oleander L.; bot.) ‫ دفن‬dafana i (dafn) to bury, inter, inhume (‫ه‬ s.o.); to hide, conceal, keep secret (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ دفن‬dafn burial, interment, inhumation ‫ دفين‬dafn pl. ‫ دفناء‬dufanā’2 buried, intend; hidden, secret 2

‫ دفينة‬dafīna pl. ‫ دفائن‬dafā’in hidden treasure, treasure-trove ‫ مدفن‬madfan, ‫ مدفنة‬madfana pl. ‫مدافن‬ madāfin 2 burying place, burial ground, cemetery ‫ دفاية‬see ‫دفئ‬ ‫ دق‬daqqa i (‫ دقة‬diqqa) to be thin, fine, fragile, frail; to be little, small, tiny, minute; to be subtle, delicate; to be insignificant, unimportant, trifling, inconsiderable; to be too fine, too subtle (‫ عن‬for perception); -u (daqq) to crush, bruise, bray (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to grind, pulverize, powder (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to pound (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., meat); to strike (clock); to beat, throb (heart); to hammer, throb (engine); to knock, rap, bang (‫الباب‬ al-bāba on the door); to bump (‫رأسه بالحائط‬ ra’sahū bi-l-ḥā’iṭ one’s head against the wall); to drive (‫ ھـ‬a nail); to ram in, drive in (constr. eng.); to beat, strum, play (‫على‬ a musical instrument); to type (‫ على‬on a typewriter); -- to sound, resound, ring out (said of musical instruments) │ ‫دق‬ ‫(الجرس‬jarasa) to ring the bell; ‫دق جرس‬ ‫( الخطر‬j. al-kaṭar) to sound the alarm; ‫دق‬ ‫ الجرس على‬to call s.o. up, give s.o. a ring; ‫( دق الجرس‬jarasu) the bell rang; ‫دقت الساعة‬ the clock struck II to triturate, pulverize, reduce to powder (oil s.th.); to he precise,

exact, strict, meticulous, painstaking, proceed with utmost accuracy or care (‫في‬ in s.th.); to scrutinize, examine closely, determine exactly (‫ ه‬s.th.); to do (‫ ه‬s.th.) carefully, with precision! ‫( دقق البحث‬baḥta) to investigate carefully; ‫( دقق النظر‬naẓara) to watch attentively or carefully, scrutinize, examine closely (‫ في‬s.th.); ‫دقق‬ ‫( المالحظة‬mulāḥaẓa) to observe closely III to deal scrupulously (‫ ه‬with s.o.) IV to make fine, make thin (‫ ه‬s.th.) VII to be crushed, brayed, pounded; to be broken │ ‫‘( اندق عنقه‬unquhū) he broke his neck X to be or become thin or fine ‫ دق‬daqq crushing, bruising, braying, pounding; pulverization, trituration; grinding (down); beat(ing), throb(bing); bang(ing), knock(ing), rap(ping); tattoo(ing) │‫ دق الجرس‬d. al-jaras peal, ringing, sound of a bell; ‫ دق الحنق‬d. alḥanak chatter, prattle ‫ دق‬diqq fine, thin; little, small, tiny, minute; delicate, fragile, frail │‫شجر دق‬ (šajar) shrubbery, brush, scrub; ‫حمى الدق‬ ḥumma d-d. hectic fever ‫ دقة‬daqqa (n. vic.) pl. -āt bang, knock, rap; beat, throb; stroke, striking (of a clock); hammer, hammering sound; thumping, thump │‫ دقات القلب‬d. al-qalb heartbeats; ‫ دقة الجرس‬d. al-jaras peal, or ring, of a bell; telephone call, ring ‫ دقة‬diqqa thinness; fineness; smallness, tininess, minuteness; triviality, pettiness, paltriness; subtlety, subtleness, finesse; critical or precarious state, delicate situation; accuracy, exactness, exactitude, precision │‫ بدقة‬exactly, accurately, precisely, minutely, painstakingly, meticulously, sharply; ‫ دقة الشعور‬acuteness of feeling, sensitivity, sensitiveness, sensibility ‫ دقة‬duqqa pl. ‫ دقق‬duqaq fine dust; powder ‫ دقاق‬duqāq crushed, brayed, or pulverized, substance; powder; dour of lupine ‫ دقيق‬daqīq pl. ‫ دقاق‬diqaq, ‫ ادقة‬adiqqa fine, thin; delicate, frail, fragile; little, small, tiny, puny, minute; subtle; 287 paltry, petty, trifling, trivial; precise,

accurate, exact; painstaking, scrupulous, meticulous; inexorable, relentless, strict, rigorous; delicate (situation), critical, trying, serious, precarious; -- flour, meal │‫ دقيق الحساب‬keeping strict account, strict, relentless, inexorable; ‫ دقيق الشعور‬sensitive; ‫ دقيق الصنع‬d. aṣ-ṣan‘ finely worked, of delicate workmanship; ‫ دقيق النظر‬d. annaẓar clear-sighted, penetrating, discerning, sensitive; ‫ ابو دقيق‬abū d. butterfly; ‫( األعضاء الدقيقة‬a‘ḍā’) the genitals

‫ دقل‬daqal mast (of a ship); mainmast; (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬a brand of dates of good quality (magr.) 1

‫ دك‬dakk pl. ‫ دكوك‬dukūk level ground; -devastation, demolition, destruction

‫ دقيقة‬daqīqa pl. ‫ دقائق‬daqā’iq2 particle; nicety; intricacy; detail, particular; minute (time unit) │‫ دقائق األمور‬the niceties, intricacies, or secret implications of things

‫ دكة‬dakka pl. -āt rubblestone, crushed rock; hallast ‫ دكة‬dikka pl. ‫ دكك‬dikak bench

‫ دقاق‬daqqāq grinder, crusher; flour merchant; frequently or constantly beating, striking, etc.; player of an instrument │‫ ساعة دقاقة‬repeater (watch) ‫ دقاقة‬daqqāqa knocker, rapper (of a door) ‫ ادق‬adaqq2 finer; more delicate; smaller, tinier; more accurate, preciser; stricter

‫ دك‬dakka u (dakk) to make flat, level or even, to smooth, level, ram, stamp, tamp (‫ھـ‬ earth, the ground, a road); to press down, weigh down; to beat down; to devastate, demolish, destroy, ruin (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to mix, mingle (‫ ه‬s.th.) VII to be crushed; to be leveled

‫ دكان‬dukkān pl. ‫ دكاكين‬dakākīn2 bench; store, shop ‫ دكانجي‬dukkānjī storekeeper, shopkeeper, retailer ‫ مدك‬midakk pl. -āt ramrod; O tamper rammer 2

‫ دك‬II to provide (‫ ھـ‬trousers) with a waistband (dikka or tikka) ‫ دكة‬dikka (= ‫ تكة‬tikka) waistband (in the upper seam of trousers)

‫ مدق‬midaqq beetle; pounder, pestle; (eg.) trail, footpath ‫ مدقة‬midaqqa pl. ‫ مداق‬madāqq2 pounder, pestle; beetle; clapper. tongue (of a bell)

‫ دكتاتورية‬diktātūrīya dictatorship

‫ تدقيق‬tadqīq accuracy, precision, exactness, exactitude ‫ بتدقيق‬exactly, precisely, accurately, minutely

‫ دكتور‬duktūr pl. ‫ كاترة‬dakātira doctor │ ‫دكتور في‬ ‫الحقوق‬doctor of laws, LL.D.; ‫دكتور في الطب‬ (ṭibb) doctor of medicine, M.D.

‫ دكتاتورى‬diktātūrī dictatorial

‫ مدقق‬mudaqqiq exact, accurate (scholar), thorough (investigator), painstaking, meticulous, strict, relentless ‫ مدقق‬mudaqqiq precise, exact (data) 2

‫ داقرة‬dāqira pl. ‫ دواقر‬dawāqir elay vessel (tun.); -- stipend for underprivileged students (tun.)

2

‫ دكتوراة‬duktūrāh doctorate, doctorship, doctor’s degree, title of doctor │ ‫الدكتور‬ ‫( الفخرية‬fakrīya) honorary doctorate 288 ‫ ادكر‬see ‫ذكر‬ ‫( دكريتو‬It. decreto) dikrītō pl. ‫ دكريتات‬decree 1

‫ دقشوم‬daqšūm (eg.) rubblestone, crushed rock; brickbats, gravel ‫ دقع‬daqi‘a a (daqa‘) to grovel, cringe; to be miserable, wretched, humble, abject; to live in poverty IV do.; to make miserable ( ‫ ه‬s.o.; poverty) ‫ ادقاع‬iddiqā‘ mass poverty ‫ مدقع‬mudqi‘ miserable, wretched; degrading, abasing (poverty)

‫ ادكن‬adkan2, f. ‫ دكناء‬daknā’2 pl. ‫ دكن‬dukn blackish, dark (color) ‫ داكن‬dākin dark, dark-colored │‫احضر‬ ‫ داكن‬dark green; ‫ اصفر داكن‬yellowish, of a dingy yellow, mud-colored

2

‫ دكان‬see 1‫دك‬

‫ دل‬dalla a (‫ داللة‬dalāa) to show, demonstrate, point out (‫ على ه‬to s.o. s.th.); to lead, guide, direct, conduct (‫ الى‬or ‫ على ه‬s.o. to), show s.o. (‫ )ه‬the way (‫ الى‬or ‫ على‬to); to show, indicate, mark (‫ على‬s.th.); to point (

‫ على‬to s.th.), evince, indicate, denote, imply, bespeak, suggest (‫ على‬s.th.), be indicative, be suggestive (‫ على‬of); to furnish evidence (‫ على‬for s.th.), prove (‫على‬ s.th.); -- (1st pers. perf. dalaltu) i (‫دالل‬ dalīl) to be coquettish, flirt, dally (of a woman; ‫ على‬with s.o.) II to prove (‫على‬ s.th.), furnish the proof (‫ على‬for), confirm, corroborate (‫ ب على‬s.th. with); to sell or put up at auction, auction off (‫ على‬s.th.); to pamper, coddle, spoil (‫ ه‬s.o.); to fondle, caress, pet (‫ ه‬a child) IV to make free, take liberties (‫ على‬with s.o.); to pride o.s. (‫ب‬ on), be conceited (‫ ب‬of) V to be coquettish, flirt, dally (of a woman; ‫على‬ with s.o.); to be coy, behave affectedly; to take liberties (‫ على‬with s.o.); to pamper, coddle (‫ على‬s.o.) X to ask to be shown (‫على‬ s.th.); to seek information, inform o.s. (‫على‬ about); to obtain information; to be informed (‫ على‬about); to be guided (‫ ب‬by), act or proceed in accordance with (‫ ;)ب‬to conclude, gather, infer (‫ على‬s.th., ‫ ب‬or ‫من‬ from), draw conclusions (‫ ب‬or ‫ من‬from, ‫ على‬with regard to), judge (‫ على‬s.th., ‫ ب‬or ‫ من‬by) ‫ دل‬dall proper, dignified conduct; coquetry, flirtation ‫ دلة‬dalla pl. ‫ دالل‬dilāl pot with long curved spout and handle used for making coffee (among Syrian nomads and in some parts of Saudi Arabia)

‫ داللة‬dalāla pl. -āt pointing; guidance; leading, leadership; indication (‫ على‬of); sign, token; sense, meaning ‫ داللة‬dilāla auction, public sale; business of a broker or middleman; brokerage commission; trade of a dealer, jobber or agent ‫ داللة‬dallāla middlewoman, woman broker ‫ ادل‬adall2 proving more cogently (‫على‬ s.th.), more indicative or suggestive (‫على‬ of) │‫( ادل دليل على‬dalīlin) the surest evidence of, the best proof of ‫ تدليل‬tadlīl reasoning, argumentation, demonstration; proving (‫ على‬of), furnishing of proof or evidence (‫ على‬for); corroboration, substantiation, confirmation; pampering, oeddling, spoiling; fondling, petting, caressing; pet form (of a name) │‫ اسم التدليل‬pet name; ‫تدليال‬ ‫ من‬a pet form of ... ‫ تدلل‬tadallul coquetry, coquettishness; pampering, coddling, spoiling 289 ‫ استدالل‬istidlāl reasoning, argumentation, demonstration; conclusion, inference, deduction; proof, evidence (‫ على‬of) ‫ دالة‬dālla familiarity, chumminess; liberty (that one takes with s.o.); audacity. boldness ‫ مدلول‬madlūl proven; (pl. -āt) meaning, sense │‫ مدلوالت الكلمات‬m. al-kalimāt lexical meanings

‫ دالل‬dalāl coquetry, coquettishness; pampering, coddling, spoiling ‫ دليل‬dalīl pl. ‫ ادلة‬adilla, ‫ دالئل‬dalā’l2, ‫ادالء‬ adillā’2 (the latter of persons) indication ( ‫ على‬of); sign, token; symptom; proof, evidence (‫ على‬of); guide; tourist guide, cicerone; pilot (of a ship, of an airplane); guidebook, guide manual, handbook; directory, telephone directory; railroad guide, timetable; guide rail (tech.); roller path (in steel construction) │‫اقام الدليل على‬ to furnish the proof for, demonstrate, prove s.th.; ‫( دليل ظرفي‬ẓarfī) circumstantial evidence; ‫ دليل قاطع‬cogent proof, conclusive evidence ‫ دالل‬dallāl auctioneer; broker, jobber, middleman, agent, commission merchant; hawker

‫ مدلل‬mudallal pampered, spoiled (child) ‫ مدل‬mudill presumptuous, arrogant │‫مدل‬ ‫( بنفسه‬bi-nafsihī) conceited, self-important 1

‫ دل‬dulb plane tree, sycamore (bot.)

2

‫ دولب‬pl. ‫ دواليب‬look up alphabetically

‫ دلتا‬Nile Delta, Lower Egypt ‫ دلج‬IV to set out at nightfall ‫ دلوح‬dalūḥ pl. ‫ دلح‬duluḥ moisture-laden cloud ‫ دلدل‬daldala to set into a swinging motion, dangle II tadaldala to hang loosely, dangle ‫ دلدل‬duldul and ‫ دلدول‬duldūl porcupine (zool.)

‫ دلس‬II to swindle, cheat; to counterfeit, forge, falsify (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to deceive, defraud (‫ه‬ s.o.), impose (‫ ه‬on) ‫ تدليس‬tadlīs deceit, fraud; swindle ‫ تدليسي‬tadlīsī fraudulent ‫ مدلس‬mudallas forged, counterfeit │‫نقود‬ ‫ مدلسة‬counterfeit money; ‫ مفاتيح مدلسة‬forged keys ‫ دلع‬dala‘a a (dal‘) with ‫ لسانه‬lisānahū: to stick out one’s tongue; to loll, let the tongue hang out II to pamper, spoil (‫ ه‬a child); to caress, fondle, pet (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV ‫شيء يدلع نفسه‬ (eg.) a nauseating, disgusting thing VII to stick out, be stuck out, hang out, loll (tongue); to dart out, lick out, leap out. dare up (dame), break out (fire); to be pampered, spoiled (child) ‫ دلع‬dal‘: ‫ اسم الدلع‬ism ad-d. pet name ‫ دالع‬dallā‘ (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬watermelon (magr.) ‫ دلغان‬dilgan clay ‫ دلف‬dalafa i (dalf, ‫ دلوف‬dulūf, ‫ دلفان‬dalafān) to walk with short steps. toddle; to go or walk slowly, saunter, stroll (‫ الى‬to); to advance (Jo toward); to approach step by step (‫ الى‬s.o. or s.th.); to penetrate, reach ( ‫ الى‬as far as); to grope (‫ الى‬for, of the hand); to leak, drip, trickle (water) O ‫ دالف‬dālif pl. ‫ دوالف‬dawālif2 ricochet (mil.) ‫ دلفين‬dulfīn pl. ‫ دالفين‬dalāfīn2 dolphin ‫ دلق‬dalaqa u to spill, pour out (‫ ھـ‬a liquid) VII to be spilled (liquid) ‫ دلك‬dalaka u (dalk) to rub (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to stroke ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), pass the hand (‫ ھـ‬over s.th.); to knead (‫ العجين‬the dough); -- u (‫ دلوك‬dulūk) to set, go down (sun) II to rub (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ه‬ s.o.), embrocate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to knead; to massage (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ دلك‬dalk rubbing; grazing, brushing, touching, touch ‫ دلوك‬dalūk liniment ‫ دلوك‬dulūk, ‫ دلوك الشمس‬d. aš-šams sunset ‫ تدليك‬tadlīk embrocation; massage ‫ مدلكة‬mudallika pl. -āt masseuse

‫ دله‬II to rob s.o. (‫ )ه‬of his senses, drive (‫ ه‬s.o.) crazy (love) V to go out of one’s mind, go crazy (with love) │‫( تدلھت في حبه‬ḥubbihī) she has fallen in love with him ‫ مدله‬mudallah madly in love 290 ‫ دلھم‬IV idlahamma to be dark, gloomy; to be deep-black ‫ دلھم‬dalham dark, gloomy; deep-black ‫ ادلھمام‬idlihmām a deep black ‫ مدلھم‬mudlahimm dark, gloomy; deepblack ‫ دلو‬II to let hang, dangle (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to hang, suspend (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to lower (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to drop, let down, let fall down (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV = II; to cast down (‫ ھـ‬glances, ‫ الى‬on s.o.); to let one’s glance (‫ بانظاره‬bi-anẓārihī) sweep down; to express, utter, voice (‫ ب‬s.th., e.g., ‫ برأيه‬bi-ra’yihī one’s opinion); to deliver, make (‫ بتصريح‬a statement; pol.); to adduce, present, advance, offer (‫ بحجة‬biḥijjatin an argument); to inform, notify, advise (‫ ب الى‬s.o. of), let (‫ الى‬s.o.) know (‫ب‬ about); to offer, present (‫ ب الى‬to s.o. s.th.); to grant, give (‫ بحديث ل‬an interview to s.o.); to slander, defame: asperse (‫في‬ s.o.) │‫( ادلى دلوه بين الدالء‬dalwahū, dilā’) or ‫ ادلى بدلوه في الدالء‬to make one’s contribution (together with others), add one’s touch, put in one’s two bits’ worth V to hang down, be suspended, dangle (‫ب‬ from); to be lowered, be let down; to be or become low; to sink, descend │‫تدلى للسقوط‬ to threaten to fall down, be ready to fall ‫ دلو‬dalw usually f., pl. ‫ ادل‬adlin, ‫دالء‬ dilā’, ‫ ادالء‬adlā’ leather bucket; bucket, pail; Aquarius (astron.) ‫ دالية‬dallāya pendant ‫ ادالء‬idlā’ delivery (of a statement); utterance, statement; presentation; granting ‫ دالية‬dāliya pl. ‫ دوال‬dawālin waterwheel (for irrigation); trellis, espalier on which grapevines are trained; varix, varicose vein ‫ متدل‬mutadallin pendent, suspended, hanging, dangling; projecting, overhanging, ready to fall down ‫ داليا‬look up alphabetically

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‫ دم‬dam pl. ‫ دماء‬dimā’ blood; ‫ دماء‬homicide cases (jur.) │‫ دم األخوين‬d. al-akawain dragon’s blood (a dark-red, resinous substance derived from the dragon tree, Dracaena draco)

‫ ادماج‬idmāj insertion, incorporation, interpolation; inclusion (‫ في‬in); assimilation ‫ اندماج‬indimāj incorporation, insertion ( ‫ في‬in); amalgamation, merger, merging (‫في‬ with); absorption (‫ في‬by); annexation (‫في‬ to); fusion; assimilation

‫ دمي‬damī blood- (in compounds), sanguine ‫ دموي‬damawī blood- (in compounds), sanguine; sanguinary, bloody 2

‫ مدمج‬mudmaj firm, compact ‫ مندمج‬mundamij firm, compact, tight

‫ دم‬damma u (damm) to coat, smear, besmear ( ‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. with); to paint, daub, color, dye, tinge, tint (‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. with) II to rub, embrocate, anoint (‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. with)

‫ دمجانة‬damajāna (also ‫ )دامجانة‬pl. -āt demijohn, carboy

‫ دم‬damm ointment, unguent, salve, liniment, embrocation; paint; pigment, dye, dyestuff; rouge

‫ دمدم‬damdama pl. -āt growl, snarl; rumbling noise, rumble

‫ دمدم‬damdama to mutter, grumble, growl, snarl

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‫ دمام‬dimām ointment, unguent, salve, liniment, embrocation; paint; pigment, dye, dyestuff; rouge

‫ دمر‬damara u to perish, he ruined, he destroyed II to annihilate, destroy, ruin, demolish, wreck (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to he destroyed, demolished, ruined, wrecked VII to he destroyed, be annihilated

‫ دميم‬damīm pl. ‫ دمام‬dimām ugly; deformed, misshapen │ ‫دميم الخلقة‬d. alkilqa ugly to look at, of repulsive appearance

‫ دمار‬damār ruin, destruction ‫ تدمير‬tadmīr annihilation, destruction, demolition

‫ دمامي‬damāma ugliness; ugly appearance; abominableness, monstrosity

‫ اندمار‬indimār utter defeat, rout, destruction, annihilation

‫ الدمام‬ad-dammām Dammam (seaport in E Saudi Arabia, on the Persian Gulf)

‫ مدمرة‬mudammira pl. -āt destroyer (naut.)

‫ دمث‬damuta u (‫ دماثة‬damāta) to be gentle, mild (character) II to soften, mellow (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ دمث‬damit pl. ‫ دماث‬dimāt: ‫دمث األخالق‬ gentle, mild-tempered ‫ دماثة‬damāta mildness, gentleness, tenderness (of character) ‫ دمج‬damaja u (‫ دومج‬dumūj to enter (‫ في‬s.th.), go or come into (‫)في‬, be inserted, incorporated (‫ في‬in) II to write shorthand IV to twist tightly, twine firmly (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to enter, insert, include, incorporate, embody (‫ في ھـ‬s.th. in); to 291 introduce, interpolate, intercalate (‫ في ھـ‬s.th. in); to annex (‫ في‬s.th. to) VII to be inserted, be incorporated (‫ في‬in); to be annexed (‫ في‬to); to merge (‫ في‬with), be swallowed up, be absorbed (‫ في‬by); to be fused, fuse, amalgamate ‫ تدميج‬tadmīj shorthand, stenography

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‫دمور‬dammūr (eg.) a coarse calico-like fabric ‫ دموري‬dammūrī (eg.) made of dammūr (see above)

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‫ دميرة‬damīra (eg.) flood season of the Nile

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□ ‫ال دومرى‬lā dūmarī (= ‫ )ال تدمري‬nobody, no one, not a living soul

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‫ تدمر‬tadmur2, usually pronounced tudmur, Palmyra (ancient city in Syria, now a small village)

‫ تدمري‬tadmurī, usually pronounced tudmurī, someone, somebody; ‫ ال تدمري‬nobody, no one, not a living soul ‫ دمس‬damasa u to hide, conceal, disguise (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to bury (‫ ه في األرض‬s.o. in the ground) II do. ‫ دمس‬dims (eg.) cinders, ashes ‫ دماسة‬damāsa darkness ‫ ادماس‬admās (pl.) hovels, shanties, huts

‫ دموس‬dammūs pl. ‫ دماميس‬damāmīs2 cave, cavern ‫ ديماس‬daimās, dīmās, ‫ ديموس‬daimūs pl. ‫ دياميس‬dayāmīs2 dungeon; vault ‫ دامس‬dāmis pitch-dark; dark, gloomy, dusky ‫ فول مدمس‬fūl mudammas stewed beans ‫ دمشق‬dimašq2, dimišq2 Damascus (capital of Syria) ‫ مدمشق‬mudamšaq damascened, damasked; (syr.) having adopted a sophisticated style of living (imitating that of Damascus), urbanized

‫ دمقراطي‬dimuqrāṭī democratic; democrat ‫ دمقراطية‬dimuqrāṭīya democracy; democratic attitude or conviction ‫ دمقس‬dimaqs raw silk ‫ دمقسي‬dimaqsī silken, silky ‫ مدموك‬madmūk and ‫ مدمك‬mudmak firm, tight, taut ‫ دمل‬damala u (daml, ‫ دمالن‬damalān) to fertilize, manure, dung (‫ ھـ‬the soil); -damila a (damal) to heal, heal up, scar over, cicatrize (wound) VII to heal, heal up, scar overt cicatrize (wound); to fester, suppurate (sore)

‫ دمع‬dama‘a a to water (eye) IV to cause to weep, evoke tears, make (the eyes) water

‫ دمل‬dummal (n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. ‫ دمامل‬damāmil , ‫ دماميل‬damāmīl2 abscess, boil, sore, tumor, ulcer; furuncle; bubo, plague boil; inveterate evil 2

‫ دمع‬dam‘ pl. ‫ دموع‬dumū‘ tears ‫ دمعة‬dam‘a (n. un.) tear, teardrop; (eg.) dim‘a gravy ‫ دمعي‬dam‘ī: ‫( قنبلة دمعية‬qunbula) teargas bomb ‫ دمعة‬dam‘a and ‫ دميع‬damī’ pl. ‫دمعى‬ dam‘ā, ‫ دمائع‬damā’i‘2 readily inclined to weep, frequently weeping, tearful, lachrymose (woman) 292

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‫ طاعون دملي‬ṭā‘ūn dummalī bubonic plague ‫ دملج‬dumluj pl. ‫ دمالج‬damālij2, bracelet, bangle 1

‫ دمن‬damana u (damn) to fertilize, manure, dung (‫ ھـ‬the soil) IV to give o.s. up, devote o.s., apply o.s. (‫ على‬or ‫ ھـ‬to), go in for (‫على‬ or ‫ ;)ھـ‬to be addicted (‫ على‬e.g., to liquor)

‫ دموع‬damū‘ and ‫ دماع‬dammā‘ watering, watery, tearful (eyes)

‫ دمن‬dimn (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. ‫ دمن‬diman fertilizer, manure, dung

‫ مدمع‬madma‘ pl. ‫ مدامع‬madāmi‘ lachrymal canal

‫ دمنة‬dimna pl. ‫ دمن‬diman vestiges or remnants of a dwelling, ruins ‫ دمان‬damān fertilizer, manure, dung

‫ دمغ‬damaga a to refute, invalidate (‫ ھـ‬a falsehood, an error, a false accusation); to triumph (‫ ھـ‬over falsehood; said of truth) ‫ دماغ‬dimāg pl. ‫ ادمغة‬admiga brain

‫ ادمان‬idmān addiction; excess; mania; dipsomania │‫ ادمان المسكرات‬i. al-muskirāt alcoholism

‫ دامغة‬dāmiga cogent argument; ‫شھادة‬ ‫( دامغة‬šahāda) irrefutable testimony

‫ مدمن‬mudmin addicted, given up (‫على‬ e.g., to wine); an addict (‫ على‬of)

‫ دمغ‬damaga u (damg) to stamp, provide or mark with a stamp (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to hallmark ( ‫ ھـ‬gold and silver articles); to brand (‫ ھـ‬an animal)

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‫ دمنھور‬damanhūr2 Damanhur (city in N Egypt) ‫ دموي‬see 1‫دم‬ 1

‫ دمغ‬damg stamping │‫ دمغ المصوغات‬d. al-maṣūgāt hallmarking of gold and silver articles ‫ دمغة‬damga stamp; hallmark (on gold and silver articles) │‫ ورق دمغة‬waraq d. stamped paper ‫ مدموغ‬madmūg stamped, bearing a stamp

‫ دمان‬dumān see ‫دومان‬

‫ دمى‬damiya a to bleed II and IV to cause to bleed ‫ دام‬dāmin bleeding, bloody, gory ‫ مدمى‬mudamman, f. ‫ مدماة‬bloody; bloodred

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‫ دمية‬dumya pl. ‫ دمى‬duman statue, statuette; image, effigy; dummy; doll

‫ دمياط‬dimyāṭ2 Damietta (city in N Egypt) ‫ دن‬danna u (dann, ‫ دنين‬danīn) to buzz, hum (insect); to drone

‫ دنف‬danaf long illness; O cachexia, marasmus (med.) ‫ مدنف‬mudnif, mudnaf emaciated, haggard, weak

‫ دن‬dann and ‫ دنين‬danīn buzz(ing), hum(ming), droning, drone

‫ دانق‬look up alphabetically

‫ دن‬dann pl. ‫ دنان‬dinān earthen wine jug 293

‫ دنقلة‬dunqula Dongola (town in N Sudan, on the Nile)

‫ دنأ‬dana’a a and ‫ دنؤ‬danu’a u (‫ دنوءة‬dunū’a, ‫ دناءة‬danā’a) to be low, mean, base, vile, contemptible, despicable ‫ دنيء‬danī’ pl. ‫ ادنياء‬adniyā’2, ‫ ادناء‬adnā’ low, base, mean, vile, despicable, contemptible; inferior, second-rate, of poor quality ‫ ادنأ‬adna’2 lower, viler, meaner; more inferior, of poorer quality ‫ دناءة‬danā’a lowness, baseness, meanness, vileness; inferiority ‫ دنتلة‬,‫( دنتال‬Fr. dentelle) dantilla lace, lacework ‫ دنجل‬dinjil (eg.) pl. ‫ دناجل‬danājil2 axle, axle-tree ‫( دندرمه‬Turk. dondurma) dandurma ice cream ‫ دنادشة‬danādiša common people, people of no consequence ‫ دندن‬dandana to buzz, hum; to drone; to hum softly, croon (a song); to murmur ‫ دندي‬dindī (eg.) turkey ‫ دينار‬pl. ‫ دنانير‬look up alphabetically ‫ دنس‬danisa a (danas) to be soiled, sullied, defiled, polluted II to stain, soil, dirty, befoul, sully, pollute, contaminate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to dishonor, disgrace (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to desecrate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V pass. of II ‫ دنس‬danas pl. ‫ ادناس‬adnās uncleanness, dirt, filth, squalor; stain, blemish, fault ‫ دنس‬danis pl. ‫ ادناس‬adnās, ‫ دنساء‬dunasā’2 unclean, soiled, sullied, foul, polluted, defiled, stained ‫ تدنيس‬tadnīs pollution, defilement, soiling, sullying, contamination; dishonoring, disgracing; desecration, profanation ‫ دنف‬danifa a (danaf) to be seriously ill IV do. ‫ دنف‬danif pl. ‫ ادناف‬adnāf seriouly ill

‫دنكل = دنجل‬ ‫ دنمرك‬danmark2 Denmark (‫ دنو‬and ‫ دنى( دنا‬danū u (‫ دنو‬dunūw, ‫دناوة‬ danāwa) to be near, be close; to come or go near s.o. or s.th. (‫ من‬or ‫ الى‬or ‫)ل‬, approach (‫ ل‬،‫ الى‬،‫ من‬s.o., s.th.); to come close, get close (‫ ل‬،‫ الى‬،‫ من‬to), approximate (‫ ل‬،‫ الى‬،‫ من‬s.th.); to draw near, be imminent (time, event); ‫ دنا به من‬to bring s.o. close to ...; -- ‫ دني‬daniya a (‫ دنا‬danan, ‫ دناية‬danaya) to be low, lowly; to be or become mean, base, vile, despicable, contemptible II to bring close (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ه‬ s.o., ‫ من‬to), bring, take or move (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ه‬ s.o.) near (‫)من‬, approximate (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫من‬ to); to apply o.s. (‫ في‬to s.th.), busy o.s. (‫في‬ with s.th.), delve (‫ في‬into); ‫دنى نفسه‬ (nafsahū) to lower o.s., abase o.s., humble o.s. III to approach (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.), come or get near s.o. or s.th. (‫ ھـ‬،‫)ه‬, come or get close (‫ ه ھـ‬to); to approximate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to measure up (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬to) │‫( شيء ال يدانى‬yudānā) an unequaled thing IV to be near, be close; to approach (‫ من‬or ‫ الى‬or ‫ ل‬s.o. or s.th.), come, go or draw near s.o. or s.th. ( ‫ ل‬،‫ الى‬،‫)من‬, come close, get close (‫ ل‬،‫ الى‬،‫من‬ to); to bring close (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ من‬to), bring, take or move (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) near ( ‫)من‬, approximate (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ من‬to); to lower, drop (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., the veil) V to approach gradually (‫ الى‬s.th. or s.o.); to be debased, sink low, sink, decline; to lower o.s., abase o.s., humble o.s. VI to come near each other, get close to each other, approach one another; to 294 be close together; to approach, approximate (‫من‬ s.th.) VIII ‫ ادنى‬iddanā to be near, be close, come or draw near, approach X to wish to be nearer or closer, try to come nearer or closer; to seek to fetch or bring closer (‫ھـ‬ s.th., ‫ الى‬to, to o.s.), reach out (‫ ھـ‬for s.th.), wish (‫ اليه ه‬for s.th.)

‫ دنو‬dunūw advent, approach; proximity, nearness, imminence (of an event) ‫ دنى‬danīy pl. ‫ ادنياء‬adniyā’ near, close; low, lowly; mean, base, vile, despicable, contemptible, inferior, infamous, depraved ‫ دنية‬danīy pl. -āt, ‫ دنايا‬danāyā a base quality or habit; s.th. disgraceful, infamy, vile action ‫ ادنى‬adnā, f. ‫ دنيا‬dunyā pl. m. ‫ادان‬ adānin, ‫ ادنون‬adnūn pl. f. ‫ دنى‬dunan nearer, closer; situated lower down, nether; lower, inferior; lowlier; smaller, of less significance; more appropriate, better suited, more suitable │‫( الشرق األدنى‬šarq) the Near East; ‫( المغرب األدنى‬magrib) Algeria; ‫( ادنى من حبل الوريد‬ḥabli al-warīd) very near or close, imminent; ‫األقارب األدنون‬ the closest relatives; ‫من ادناه الى اقصاه‬ (aqṣāhū) from one end to the other; wholly, entirely, completely, altogether; ‫( الحد األدنى‬ḥadd) the minimum; ‫ادناه‬ hereinafter, below (in writings, documents, etc.) e.g., ‫الموقعون ادناه‬ (muwaqqi‘ūn) those signed below, the undersigned; ‫( ال ادنى‬with foll. genit.) not the least, not a single, not one

‫ دھر‬dahr pl. ‫ دھور‬duhūr, ‫ ادھر‬adhur time; long time, age, epoch; lifetime; eternity; fate, destiny │‫ بنات الدھر‬banāt ad-d. blows of fate, trials, afflictions, misfortune; ‫تصاريف‬ ‫ الدھر‬and ‫ صروف الدھر‬vicissitudes of fate. changes of fortune; adversities, adverse circumstances; ‫ دھر الداھرين‬dahra ddāhirīn for all eternity, foever and ever; ‫ الى أخر الدھر‬ilā ākir d-d. do.; ‫ الدھر كله‬... ‫ال‬ (ad-dahra kullahū) never in all one’s life ‫ دھري‬dahrī an adherent of the dahrīya, a materialistic, atheistic doctrine in Islam; atheist, freethinker ‫ دھري‬duhrī very old, far advanced in years ‫ دھس‬dahasa a (= ‫ )داس‬to trample underfoot, trample down, crush (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), tread (‫ ھـ‬on s.th.); to run over (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ دھش‬dahiša a and pass. duhiša to be astonished, amazed, surprised (‫ من‬or ‫ ل‬at); to wonder, marvel (‫ من‬at); to be baffled, startled, puzzled, perplexed, taken aback ( ‫ من‬or ‫ ل‬by) II and IV to astonish, amaze, surprise, baffle, puzzle, perplex, startle (‫ه‬ s.o.) VII = dahiša 295 ‫ دھش‬dahaš perplexity, surprise, consternation, alarm, dismay

‫ دنيا‬dunyā (f. of ‫ ادنى‬adnā) world; earth; this world (as opposed to ‫ ;)آخرة‬life in this world. worldly existence; worldly. temporal things or possessions; earthly things or concerns │‫ الحياة الدنيا‬life in this world; ‫ ام الدنيا‬umm ad-d. Cairo; ‫اقام الدنيا‬ ‫ واقعدھا‬aqāma d-d. wa-aq‘adahā approx.: to kick up a dust, make a stir, move heaven and earth

‫ دھش‬dahiš astonished, amazed, surprised; baffled, puzzled, nonplused, perplexed, startled, disconcerted, alarmed, upset; dazed, stunned ‫ دھشة‬dahša astonishment, amazement, surprise, wonder; perplexity, consternation, bafflement, bewilderment, dismay, alarm

‫ دنيوي‬dunyawī, ‫ دنياوي‬dunyāwī worldly, mundane, secular; earthly, temporal, transitory, transient

‫ اندھاش‬indihāš astonishment, amazement; perplexity, consternation, bafflement, bewilderment

‫ دناوة‬danāwa nearness, closeness, proximity, propinquity; lowness, lowliness; meanness, baseness, vileness

‫ مدھش‬mudhiš astonishing, amazing, surprising, marvelous; pl. -āt amazing things, marvels, wonders

‫ دناية‬danāya lowness, lowliness; meanness, baseness, vileness ‫ تدن‬tadannin sinking, decline; low level, nadir (fig.) │‫( التدني األخالقي‬aklāqī) the low level of morality, the moral decline ‫ دان‬dānin low; near, close ‫ متدان‬mutadānin close together

‫ مدھوش‬madhūš and ‫ مندھش‬mundahiš astonished, amazed, surprised; perplexed, baffled, puzzled, nonplused, startled; overwhelmed 1

‫ دھق‬dahaq stocks (to hold the feet of an offender by way of punishment) ‫ دھاق‬diḥāq full (cup), brimful

2

‫دھقان‬dihqān, pl. ‫ دھاقنة‬dahāqina, ‫دھاقين‬ dahāqīn2 man of importance, one who plays an important role, leading personality; grandee (in ancient Persia) │ ‫ دھاقين السياسة‬d. as-siyāsa the political leaders

‫ دھك‬dahaka a (dahk) to crush; to mash (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) ‫ دھلز‬II tadahlaza to stroll about, walk about (in a hall) ‫ دھليز‬dihlīz pl. ‫ دھاليز‬dahālīz 2 anteroom, vestibule, lobby, foyer; corridor, hall-way │‫ ابن الدھليز‬ibn ad-d. pl. ‫ابناء الدھاليز‬ foundling ‫ دھلي‬dihlī Delhi ‫ دھم‬dahama a (dahm) and dahima a (daham) to come or descend (‫ ه‬upon s.o.) suddenly; to surprise, take unawares, take by surprise (‫ ه‬s.o.), come unexpectedly (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to enter suddenly, raid, invade (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) II to blacken (‫ ه‬s.th.) III to befall, seize, grip, attack (‫ ه‬s.o.), come over s.o. ( ‫ ;ه‬e.g., sickness, despair); to surprise, take unawares, catch red-handed (‫ ه‬s.o.); to attack suddenly (‫ ه‬s.o.), fall upon s.o. (‫)ه‬, invade, raid (‫ ه‬e.g., a house); to overtake (‫ه‬ s.o.; fate), catch up with (‫ )ه‬IX to be black ‫ دھمة‬duhma blackness ‫ ادھم‬adham2, f. ‫ دھماء‬dahmā’ 2, pl. ‫دھم‬ duhm black, deep-black │‫داھية دھماء‬ (dahiya) disaster, catastrophe ‫ الدھماء‬ad-dahmā’ 2 the masses, the common people, the populace, also ‫دھماء‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫ مداھمة‬mudāhama police raid; house search ‫ مدھم‬mudhamm very dark, pitch-dark ‫ دھن‬dahana u (dahn) to oil (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬s.th., s.o., ‫ب‬ with); to anoint (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬s.th., s.o., ‫ ب‬with); to grease, smear (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ب‬s.th., s.o., ‫ ب‬with); to rub, embrocate (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬s.th., s.o., ‫ ب‬with); to paint, daub (‫ ه‬s.th.); to varnish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II do. III to treat with gentleness (‫ ه‬s.o.); to cajole, flatter (‫ ه‬s.o.), fawn (‫ ه‬on s.o.); to cheat, dupe, gull, take in, outsmart (‫ ه‬s.o.) V pass. of I ‫ دھن‬dahn oiling, greasing; painting, daubing

‫ دھن‬duhn pl. ‫ ادھان‬adhān, ‫ دھون‬duhūn, -āt, ‫ دھان‬dihān oil (edible, lubricating, for the skin); fat, grease ‫ دھن‬duhnī oily, oil, oleic, oleo- (in compounds); fatty, greasy ‫ دھنيات‬duhnīyāt fats, oils; fatty substances ‫ دھناء‬dahnā’ desert ‫ دھان‬dahhān house painter, painter ‫ دھينة‬dahīna pomade 296 ‫ دھان‬dihān pl. -āt, ‫ ادھنة‬adhina cosmetic cream, cold cream, salve, ointment, unguent; consecrated oil, anointing oil; paint, varnish; hypocrisy, dissimulation, deceit; -- (without pl.) painting, daubing; whitewashing │ ‫( ورشة للدھان‬warša) paintshop ‫ مداھنة‬mudāhana flattery, adulation, sycophancy, fawning; hypocrisy, dissimulation; deceit, trickery ‫ مداھن‬mudāhin flatterer, adulator, sycophant; hypocrite ‫ مدھن‬mudhin oily; fatty, greasy ‫ دھور‬dahwara to hurl down (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to tear down, topple, overthrow (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II tadahwara pass. of I; to fall, tumble; to slump, sink; to be dragged down, sink to the lowest level ‫ تدھور‬tadahwur fall, downfall; decline, slump ‫ دھي‬dahiya a (‫ دھاء‬dahā’) to be clever, smart, cunning, artful, wily; -- dahā a to befall, overtake, hit, strike (‫ ه‬s.o.), come over s.o. (‫ ;ه‬misfortune) II = dahā VI to pretend to be smart or cunning ‫ دھاء‬dahā’ smartness, slyness, shrewdness, subtlety, cunning, craft ‫ ادھى‬adhā smarter, shrewder; craftier, wilier; more skillful, subtler, more resourceful; worse, more calamitous ‫ داه‬dāhin pl. ‫ دھاة‬duhāh smart, sly, shrewd, subtle, cunning, wily, artful; resourceful person ‫ داھية‬dāhiya smart fellow, old fox, sly dog

‫ داھية‬dāhiya pl. ‫ دواه‬dawāhin calamity, disaster, catastrophe │‫( داھية دھياء‬dahyā’) and ‫( داھية دھماء‬dahmā’) disaster, catastrophe; ‫( فليذھب في داھية‬fal-yadhab) let him go to hell! ‫ )داء )دوء‬dā’ pl. ‫ ادواء‬adwā’ disease, malady │ ‫ داء الثعلب‬d. at-ta‘lab alopecia, loss of the hair; O ‫ داء الرقص‬d. ar-raqṣ St. Vitus’s dance; O ‫ داء الفيل‬d. al-fīl elephantiasis; ‫داء‬ ‫ المنطقة‬d. al-minṭaqa shingles, herpes zoster (med.) ‫ دواء‬see ‫دوى‬ ‫ دوب‬II to wear out, wear off (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ دوبرة‬dūbara packthread, string, twine, cord, rope; thread ‫ دوبيت‬dūbait a rhymed poem consisting of four hemistichs ‫ دوح‬VII to spread ‫ دوح‬dauḥ branching trees, branches ‫ دوحة‬dauḥa tall tree with many branches; family tree, genealogical table ‫ داحة‬dāḥa top (child’s toy) ‫ )داخ )دوخ‬dāka u (dauk) to conquer, subjugate ( ‫ الى‬a. country); to resign o.s., humble o.s.; to be or become dizzy, have a feeling of dizziness; to feel ill, be sick, feel nausea II to conquer, subjugate (‫ ھـ‬a people); to make submissive, subdue, humble, humiliate, degrade (‫ ه‬s.o.); to make (‫ ه‬s.o.) dizzy; to molest, bother, trouble (‫ ه‬s.o.); to daze, stun (‫ ه‬s.o.) │‫( دوخ رأسه‬ra’sahū) to make s.o.’s head go round, make s.o. dizzy ‫ دوخة‬dauka vertigo, dizziness; coma; nausea ‫ دائخ‬dā’ik dizzy ‫ تدويخ‬tadwīk subjugation, conquest 1

‫ دود‬II to be or become worm-eaten ‫ دود‬dūd (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. ‫ ديدان‬dīdān worm; maggot; larva; caterpillar │ ‫دودة‬ ‫ الحرير‬and ‫ دود القز‬d. al-qazz silkworm; ‫دود‬ ‫ القرع‬d. al-qar‘, ‫( دود قرعي‬qar‘ī) ascarids; ‫ دود القرمز‬d. al-qirmiz cochineal; ‫دود المش‬ ٢٩٧ d. al-mišš cheese maggots; ‫الدودة الوحيدة‬ tapeworm

‫ دودي‬dūdī wormlike, worm-shaped, vermiform. ‫ مدود‬madūd, mudawwid wormy, wormeaten 2

□ ‫ مدود‬midwad = ‫مذود‬

‫ )دار )دور‬dāra u (daur, ‫ دوران‬dawarān)to turn, revolve, rotate, move in a circle (،‫على‬ ‫ حول‬,‫ ب‬around s.th. or s.o.), circle (،‫على‬ ‫ حول‬،‫ ب‬s.th. or s.o.); to begin to turn or rotate; to circulate; to go round, spread, be current, make the rounds (of rumors, etc.); to run, be in operation (of a machine or engine); to start running, start up (engine); to walk or go about, run around; to roam, rove, move about, wander about, gad about; to make the rounds (‫ على‬among people), turn successively (‫ على‬to several people); to turn, turn one’s face, wheel around; to veer, shift, change its direction; to change, take a different turn, become different; to turn (‫ على‬against s.o.); to have to do, deal ( ‫ حول‬or ‫ على‬with), treat (‫ حول‬or ‫ على‬of), refer (‫ حول‬or ‫ على‬to), bear (‫ حول‬or ‫على‬ on), concern (‫ حول‬or ‫ على‬s.th.); to take place, be going on, be in progress, be under way; to be discussed, be talked about (‫ بين‬among); to circulate, pass around (‫ ب‬s.th.); to lead, guide or &how around (‫ ب‬s.o.); to let roam, let wander (‫ بعينه‬،‫ بنظره‬bi-naẓarihī, bi-‘ainaihi one’s eyes, one’s glance, ‫في‬ over) │‫ در‬dur! about face! (command; mil.); ‫( دار رأسه‬ra’suhū) to be or become dizzy, giddy; ‫دار مع الفرص‬ (furaṣ) to trim sail, adapt o.s. to the situation; ‫( دارت رحى الحرب‬raḥā l-ḥarb) war broke out; ‫المعارك التي دارت رحالھا‬ ‫ امس‬the battles that raged yesterday; ‫دار‬ ‫( بنفسه‬bi-nafsihī) it passed through his mind; ‫( دار على األلسن‬alsun) to be muchdiscussed, be on everyone’s lips; ‫دار‬ ‫( على األفواه واسالت األقالم‬afwāh, asalāt al-aqlāmi to be current in both the spoken and written language, be in general use, be generally accepted (e.g., words); ‫دار بالدا واكل اعيادا‬ (bilādan, a‘yādan) he had bean around in the world and had seen a lot; (colloq.) ‫( دار باله‬bālahū) to pay attention (‫ على‬،‫ الى‬to), be careful (،‫الى‬

‫ على‬with); ‫ دارت عليھم الدائرة‬calamity overtook them II to turn in a circle, spin, whirl, rotate, revolve (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ب‬s.th.); to turn, turn around (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ب‬s.th.); to invert, reverse (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ب‬s.th.); to make round, to round (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to circulate, pass around (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to set going, set in motion, start (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to wind (‫ ھـ‬a watch, a clock); to look, search (‫على‬ for s.th.) │‫( دور رأسه‬ra’sahū) to turn s.o.’s head, persuade s.o., bring s.o. round III to go or walk around (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to try to bring (‫ ه‬s.o.) round; to ensnare, inveigle (‫ ه‬s.o.); to try to ensnare (‫ ه‬s.o.); to try to deceive (‫ه‬ s.o.); to cheat, trick (‫ على‬or ‫ عن ه‬s.o. out of s.th.); to get away, escape, dodge, duck out IV to turn, revolve, rotate, spin, whirl (‫ ب‬,‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to turn around, turn (‫ ب‬،‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ رأسه الى‬one’s head toward); to direct (‫ على‬or ‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. to, toward), aim (‫ على‬or ‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. at); to circulate, pass around (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to set in operation, set going, set in motion ( ‫ ھـ‬a machine, an apparatus); to start, start up (‫ المحرك‬al-muḥarrik the motor); to play, play back (‫ ھـ‬e.g., ‫ شرائط ناطقة‬tapes); to act upon s.th. (‫)ھـ‬, drive (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to get under way (‫ ھـ‬a job, a project); to take up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to initiate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to divert, turn away ( ‫ ه‬,‫ عن ھـ‬s.o., s.th. from); to direct, conduct, steer, manage, head, run (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), be in charge (‫ ھـ‬of); to revolve in one’s mind, think over, ponder (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ان‬that) │‫( ادار بوجھه الى‬bi-wajhihī) to turn around to s.o., look back at s.o.; ‫( ادار رأسه‬ra’sahū) to turn s.o.’s head, persuade s.o., bring s.o. round; ‫ادار‬ ‫ الحديث في الموضوع‬to bring 298 conversation around to a topic, broach or discuss a subject V to be or become round; to be circular X do.; to circle, rotate, revolve, spin, turn; to turn (‫الى‬ to), face (‫ الى‬s.o.); to turn around; to turn one’s head, look back; to circle ( ‫ حول‬s.th.), walk around s.th. (~‫)حول‬ ‫ دار‬dār f., pl. ‫ دور‬dūr, ‫ ديار‬diyār, ‫ديارات‬ diyārāt, ‫ ديرة‬diyara house; building, structure, edifice; habitation, dwelling, abode; residence, home; seat, side, locality; area, region; land, country (esp. pl. ‫ ديار‬see below │‫ دار اآلثار‬museum (of

antiquities); ‫ دار البريد‬post office; ‫ دار البقاء‬d. al-baqā’ the eternal abode, the hereafter; ‫( الدار الباقية‬bāqiya) do.; ‫ انتقل للدار الباقية‬to pass away, die; ‫( ال دار البيضاء‬baiḍā’) Casablanca (seaport in W Morocco); the White House (in Washington); ‫دار التجارة‬ commercial house, business house; ‫دار‬ ‫ الحرب‬d. al-ḥarb war zone, enemy territory (Isl. Law: non-Muslim countries); ‫دار‬ ‫ الرياسة‬seat of the chief executive of a country; ‫ دار السعادة‬d. as-sa‘āda Constantinople; ‫ دار السلطنة‬d. as-salṭana Constantinople (designation before World War I); ‫ دار السالم‬d. as-salām paradise, heaven; epithet of Baghdad; Dar es Salaam (seaport and capital of Tanganyika Territory); ‫ دور السينما‬cinemas, movie houses; ‫ دار السلطة‬d. aš-šurṭa police station; ‫ دار الصنعة‬or ‫ دار الصناعة‬arsenal; ‫دار صيني‬ (ṣīnī) cinnamon; ‫ دار الضرب‬d. aḍ-ḍarb and ‫ دار السكة‬d. as-sikka mint (building); ‫الديار‬ ‫‘( العراقية‬irāqīya) Iraq; ‫ دار العلوم‬name of a college in Cairo; ‫ دار الفناء‬d. al-fanā’ (as opposed to ‫ دار البقاء‬see above) the temporal world, this world; ‫ دار القضاء‬d. alqaḍā’ court of justice, tribunal; ‫ دار الكتب‬d. al-kutub public library; ‫ دور اللھو‬d. al-lahw amusement centers; night clubs; ‫دار التمثيل‬ theater, playhouse; ‫ دار الملك‬d. al-mulk (royal) residence; ‫( الديار المصرية‬miṣrīya) Egypt; ‫ دار الھجرة‬d. al-hijra Medina; ‫دار‬ ‫ األيتام‬d. al-aitām orphanage, orphans’ home ‫ دارة‬dāra pl. -āt halo (of the moon); circle; O (el.) circuit; O villa ‫ دارى‬dārī domestic, native ‫ دورى‬dūrī domestic (animal); ‫عصفور‬ ‫‘( دوري‬uṣfūr) and ‫ دوري‬house sparrow ‫ دور‬daur pl. ‫ ادوار‬adwār round (of a patrol; in sports); role, part (played by s.o. or s.th.); film role, stage role; periodic change, rotation, alternation; crop rotation; period; (one’s) turn; phase, stage, step, degree, station; epoch, age. era; fit, attack, paroxysm (of a disease); floor, story; musical composition; number, single performance (within a program) │ ‫( دور وتسلسل‬wa-tasalsul) vicious circle, circulus vitiosus; ‫( دور نھائي‬nihā’ī) final round, finals (athlet.); ‫ دور االنعقاد‬d. alin‘iqād session, term (parl.); ‫الدور األول‬ (awwal) or ‫ دور البطولة‬d. al-buṭūla leading

role, starring role; ‫ قام بدور‬or ‫لعب دورا‬ (la‘iba) to play a part or role; ‫دور ارضي‬ (arḍī) ground floor, first floor; ‫ كان دوره‬it was his turn; ‫ الدور له‬it is his turn; ((‫انا‬ ‫ بدوري‬I for one; (I) for my part, (‫ھو( بدوره‬ he in turn, (he) for his part; ‫بالدور‬ alternately, by turns ‫ دورة‬daura pl. -āt turn, revolution, gyration, rotation; circulation; cycle; circuit; round, patrol; procession (Chr.); round trip; tour (in general, of an artist or performer); detour; period (O also el.); session (of parliament); course (of instruction) (ir., syr.) │‫الدورة الدموية‬ (damawīya) blood circulation; ‫الدورة الجوية‬ (jawwīya) air circulation; (‫دورة اجتياز )تجاوز‬ ‫ الرتبة‬d. ijtiyāz (tajāwuz) ar-rutba officers’ training course (mil., Syr.); ‫دورة زراعية‬ (zirā‘īya) crop rotation; ‫دورة تشريعية‬ (tašrī‘īya) legislative period; ‫ دورة الفلك‬d. al-falak revolution of celestial bodies; ‫دورة‬ ‫( التفافية‬iltifāfīya) flanking maneuver (mil.); ‫( دورة مالية‬mālīya) 299 financial period, fiscal year; ‫ دورة المياه‬d. al-miyāh lavatory (with running water), toilet, water closet

‫ بائع دوار‬peddler, hawker; ‫جھاز حفر دوار‬ (jahāz ḥafr) rotary drilling rig; ‫ دار الشمس‬d. aš-šams sunflower ‫ ديار‬dayyār monastic, friar, monk ‫ ديرانى‬dairānī monastic, friar, monk ‫ دوارة‬dawwāra whirlpool, eddy, vortex; compass, pair of dividers (syr.) │O ‫دوارة‬ ‫ الھواء‬d. al-hawā’ weather vane ‫ دياري‬diyārī domestic; native ‫ دوران‬dawarān turn(ing), rotation, revolution, gyration; circulation, circling, circuiting; round trip, tour ‫ ادور‬adwar2 (elative): ‫ادور على األلسن‬ (alsun) more talked about, more frequently expressed or discussed

‫ دوري‬daurī patrolling, patrol- (in compounds); periodic, occurring at regular stated times, recurring, intermittent; circulatory, cyclic, etc., see ‫ دور‬and ‫ دورة‬series (athlet.) ‫الجھاز الدوري‬ (jahāz) the circulatory system

‫ مدار‬madār pl. -āt orbit; circling, circuiting, circuit, revolution; axis; pivot; (fig.) that upon which s.th. turns or depends, the central, cardinal, or crucial factor, the pivot; center; subject, topic, theme (of a conversation, of negotiations); scope, range, extent, sphere; tropic (geogr.); O steering wheel │‫مدار السرطان‬ m. as-saraṭān Tropic of Cancer, ‫مدار الجدي‬ m. al-jady Tropic of Capricorn; ‫كان مداره‬ ‫ على‬it (i.e., the dispute, or the like) was about ..., it hinged on ...; ‫( على مدار السنة‬m. is-sana) throughout the year, all year round

‫ دورية‬daurīya pl. -āt patrol, round; patrol, reconnaissance squad │‫دوريات‬ ‫ االستكشاف‬reconnaissance squads, patrols

‫ تدوير‬tadwīr recitation of the Koran at medium speed (between tartīl and ḥadr; a technical term of tajwīd)

□ ‫ داورية‬dāwirīya = ‫ دورية‬daurīya ‫ دير‬dair pl. ‫ اديار‬adyār, ‫ اديرة‬adyira, ‫ديورة‬ duyūra monastery, convent, cloister ‫ ديري‬dairī monastic, ministerial, cloistral ‫ ديرة‬dīra region, area, land, homeland (bedouin) ‫ دوار‬duwār, dawār vertigo, dizziness, giddiness; seasickness ‫ دوار‬dawwār rapidly or constantly turning, whirling, spinning, rotating, circling, circulating; revolving, rotary, rotatory; whirlpool, eddy, vortex; itinerant, ambulant, roving; (eg.) farm building, farm │‫ باب دوار‬revolving door;

‫ مداورة‬mudāwara pl. -āt cheating, humbug, trickery; outwitting; attempted evasion or circumvention, shift, dodge; persuasion, inveigling, ensnaring ‫ ادارة‬idāra turning; turning around or over, reverting, reversion, inversion; starting, setting in operation; operation; drive (techn.); direction, management; administration; administrative agency, department, office, bureau │‫ ادارة األمن‬i. al-amn the police; ‫‘( ادارة عرفية‬urfīya) military administration; ‫ سوء اإلدارة‬sū’ al-i. mismanagement, maladministmtion; ‫مجلس‬ ‫ اإلدارة‬Majlis al-i. board of directors, administrative board, committee of management; ‫ مرنز اإلدارة‬markaz al-i. administration center, headquarters

‫ اداري‬idārī administrative, departmental; administrative officer; manager (athlet.); ‫ اداريا‬idāriyan through administrative channels, administratively, officially

‫ مديرية‬mudīrīya direction; administration; management; -- (pl. -āt) mudiria, province (Eg.); approx.: main department of a ministry (Ir.) ‫ مستدير‬mstadīr round; circular │‫مؤتمر‬ ‫( المائدة المستديرة‬mu’tamar al-mā’idat al-m.) roundtable conference

‫ استدارة‬istidāra roundness, rotundity, circularity ‫ دائر‬dā’ir turning, revolving, spinning; circulating; current (e.g., expression), common; ambulant, itinerant; in progress, 300 under way j working, in operation; running (machine, engine); round ‫ دائرة‬dā’ira pl. ‫ دوائر‬dawā’ir2 circle (also math.); ring; circumference, perimeter, periphery; sphere, scope, range, compass, extent, circuit; field, domain (fig.); official agency, department (esp. Ir., Syr., Leb.); office, bureau; department of a court of justice (Eg., Tun.); farm, country estate (eg.); misfortune, calamity, affliction │‫في‬ ‫ دائرة‬... within the framework of ...; ‫على شكل‬ ‫‘ نصف دائرة‬alā šakli niṣfi d. semicircular; ‫ نقطة الدائرة‬nuqṭat ad-d. essential factor, pivot, crucial point, crux; O ‫دائرة كھربائية‬ (kahrabā’īya) electric circuit; O ‫دائرة قصيرة‬ short circuit (el.); ‫دائرة المعارف‬ encyclopedia; ‫ دوائر الحكومة‬government circles, ‫ العسكرية‬،‫)الدوائر الرسمية )السياسية‬ (rasmīya, siyāsīya, ‘askarīya) official (political, military) circles or quarters (journ.); ‫ دائرة االختصاص‬jurisdiction (of an official agency, esp., of a court of justice); ‫( الدائرة السنية‬sanīya) civil list; ‫دائرة استئنافية‬ (isti’nāfīya) appellate court (Eg.; jur.); ‫( دائرة انتخابية‬intikābīya) electoral district; ‫ دارت عليه الدوائر‬to suffer adversities ‫ دائري‬dā’irī circular, ring-shaped, annular ‫ مدور‬mudawwar round, circular ‫ مدير‬mudīr head, chief, director; administrator; manager; intendant, superintendent; rector (of a university); mudir, chief officer of a mudiria, approx. = governor (Eg.); (pl. ‫ مدراء‬mudarā’2) administrative officer at the head of a county (Syr., Leb., Ir., Saudi Ar.) │ ‫مدير‬ ‫ الجوق‬m. al-jauq bandleader, conductor of an orchestra ‫ مديرة‬mudīra directress; administratress

‫ دورق‬dauraq pl. ‫ دوارق‬dawāriq2 (eg.) bulging vessel with a long, slender neck, carafe ‫ دوزن‬dauzana to tune (a musical instrument); O to tune in (radio) ‫ دوزان‬dūzān and ‫ دوزنة‬dauzana tuning (of a musical instrument); ‫ دوزنة‬O tuning (radio) ‫( دوزينة‬It. dozzina) dōzīna dozen ‫ )داس )دوس‬dāsa u (daus, ‫ دياس‬diyās) to tread, step (‫ ھـ‬on); to tread (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to tread down, trample down, trample underfoot, crush (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to thresh (grain); to treat with disdain, humiliate (‫ ه‬s.o.); to run over (‫ ه‬s.o.; automobile) VII pass. of I ‫ دوس‬daus treading, trampling, tread, step ‫ ديسة‬dīsa dense forest, jungle, thicket ‫ دواسة‬dawwāsa pedal ‫ مداس‬madās shoe, sandal ‫ مدوس‬madūs, ‫ مداس‬mudās trodden, trampled down; crushed; run over ‫ دوسنطاريا‬dusinṭāriyā, ‫دوسنتاريا‬dysentery ‫( دوسية‬Fr. dossier) dosyē, ‫ دوسيه‬dōsē pl. -āt dossier, file 1

‫( دوش‬eg.) dawaš to irritate (‫ ه‬s.o.) or drive s.o. crazy by noise

‫ دوشة‬dauša (eg.) din, noise, clamor, uproar, hubbub, hullabaloo 2

‫(دوش‬Fr. douche) dūš pl. -āt shower, douche

‫( دوطة‬It. dote) dōṭa dowry ‫ دوغ‬II to imprint a mark, to brand ‫ داغ‬dāg pl. -āt brand (on cattle) 301 ‫ )داف )دوف‬dāfa u (dauf) to mix, mingle (‫في ھـ‬ s.th. with); to add, admix (‫ في ھـ‬s.th. to) ‫ دوق‬dūq duke ‫ دوقة‬dūqa duchess

‫ دوقي‬dūqī ducal

the big powers; ‫( دولة منتدبة‬muntadaba) mandatory power

‫ دوقية‬dūqīya dukedom, duchy

‫( دولة‬dam., pronounced dōle = ‫ركوة‬ rakwa) metal vessel with long curved handle used for making coffee

‫ دوك‬II to chatter, prattle ‫ دوك‬dauka din, row, hubbub, turnult, confusion 1

‫ )دال )دول‬dāla u" (‫ دولة‬daula) to change periodically, take turns, alternate, rotate; to change, turn (time, fortune) │‫دالت دولة‬ ‫ االستبداد‬the time of absolutism is over, belongs to the past; ‫ دالت له الدولة‬fortune has turned in his favor (‫ عليه‬against him) III to alternate, rotate (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to cause to succeed by turns or to follow one another (‫ األيام‬al-ayyāma the days; God); to alternate (‫ بين‬between); to confer, talk (‫ه‬ with s.o., ‫ في‬about), discuss (‫ في ه‬with s.o. s.th.) IV to give ascendancy, afford superiority, give the upper hand (‫ من ه‬to s.o. over); to make victorious, let triumph (‫ على ه‬s.o. over), grant victory (‫ على ه‬to s.o. over); to replace (‫ ب ھـ‬or ‫ من‬s.th. with), exchange, substitute (‫ ب ھـ‬or ‫ من‬for s.th. s.th.) │‫ اديل لبني العباس من بني امية‬udīla libanī 1-‘abbās min banī umayyata the rule passed from the Ommaiads to the Abbasides VI to alternate, take turns (‫ھـ‬ with or in s.th., e.g., in some work); to hand each other s.th. (‫)ھـ‬, pass s.th. (‫)ھـ‬ alternately between themselves; to handle alternately (‫ ھـ‬different things), take now this, now that; to exchange (‫ الرأى‬ar-ra’y views); to make frequent use (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to confer, have a discussion, take counsel, deliberate; to parley, negotiate; to circulate, be in circulation, be current, have currency │‫ تداولته األيدي‬tadāwalathu laidī it passed from hand to hand, it made the rounds, it circulated; ‫تداولته األلسن‬ (alsun) it passed from mouth to mouth, it was the talk of the town, it was on everybody’s lips ‫ دولة‬daula pl. ‫ دول‬duwal alternation, rotation, change; change of time, turn of fortune; dynasty; state, country; power, empire │‫ صاحب الدولة‬title of the Prime Minister; ‫ دولة رئيس الحكومة‬daulat r. al-ḥ. His Excellency, the Prime Minister; ‫فخامة‬ ‫ الدولة‬fakāmat ad-d. title of the President of the Republic (Syr., Leb.); ‫الدولة العلية‬ (‘alīya) name of the ancient Ottoman Empire; ‫( )الدول الكبرى )العظمى‬kubrā, ‘uẓmā)

‫ دولي‬daulī state (adj.); duwalī international ‫ دولية‬duwalīya internationality; internationalism; the International ‫ دويالت‬duwailāt petty states, small countries ‫ دواليك‬dawālaika alternately, by turns; successively, one by one, one after the other │‫( وھكذا دواليك‬wa-hākadā) and so forth, and so on ‫ تدويل‬tadwīl internationalization ‫ مداولة‬mudāwala pl. -āt parley, negotiation; deliberation, consultation; discussion; mudāwalatan alternately, one after the other, one at a time ‫ تداول‬tadāwul alternation, rotation; circulation, currency; circulation of money │‫ بالتداول‬alternately, by turns, one by one ‫ متداول‬mutadāwal current, circulating, in circulation; valid; common, in common use, prevailing │‫( الكالم المتداول‬kalām) the colloquial language 302 2

‫ دوال‬dawālin see ‫دول‬

‫ دوالب‬dūlāb pl. ‫ دواليب‬dawālīb2 wheel; tire; gearing, gears, wheels, mechanism, machine, machinery; closet, looker, cabinet, cupboard │‫ دوالب المالبس‬wardrobe ‫ دوالر‬dūlār pl. -āt dollar 2

‫ )دام )دوم‬dāma u (daum, ‫ دوام‬dawām) to last, continue, go on; to persevere, persist │ ‫ما‬ ‫ دام‬mā dāma as long as; (the more so) since, inasmuch as, as, because; while he is ..., when he is ... ; ‫( ما دام حيا‬ḥayyan) as long as he is alive; ‫( ما دمت معك‬dumtu) so long as (or while) I am with you II to move in a circle, turn, spin, revolve, rotate, gyrate, circle; to turn, revolve, spin, twirl (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to persevere, persist (‫على‬ in), apply o.s. diligently and steadily (‫على‬ to), pursue with diligence and perseverance (‫ على‬s.th.); to continue IV to cause to last or continue, perpetuate, make

lasting, make permanent (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) X to make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) last or continue; to continue, go on (‫ ھـ‬with s.th.)

governmental office, administrative office; chancellery, office, bureau, secretariat; council or state, cabinet; council, consultative assembly, board of advisers, executive committee; government; court or justice, tribunal; hall; davenport, divan; (railway) compartment │‫ لغة الدواوين‬lugat ad-d. official jargon, officialese; ‫ديوان التفتيش‬ inquisitional court; the Inquisition

‫ دوم‬daum continuance, permanence, duration; ‫ دوما‬dauman constantly, at all times, ever, always; -- doom palm (bot.) ‫ ديمة‬dīma pl. ‫ ديم‬diyam, ‫ ديوم‬duyūm continuous rain ‫ دوام‬dawām duration, continuance, permanence, perpetuity; uninterrupted succession; endurance, perseverance; abiding, stay (of s.o., ‫ في‬at a place); ‫دواما‬ dawāman and ‫ على الدوام‬permanently, perpetually, at all times, ever, always │ ‫ ساعات الدوام‬،‫ اوقات الدوام‬،‫ وقت الدوام‬working hours, office hours (Ir., Syr.)

‫ ديواني‬dīwānī administrative, administrational, official; an Ottoman style of cursive (used by the secretaries of the State Chancellery for treaties, diplomas, firmans, etc.) ‫ تدوين‬tadwīn recording, writing down; entry, listing. booking; registering, registration 303

‫ ديمومة‬daimūma = ‫دوام‬ ‫ دوامة‬duwwāma top (child’s toy); whirlpool, eddy, vortex ‫ مداومة‬mudāwama perseverance, endurance, persistence; continuance, duration; continuation ‫ دائم‬dā’im lasting, enduring; endless, eternal, perpetual, everlasting; perennial; continued, continuous, continual, incessant, unceasing, constant; permanent, standing, established; durable │‫دائم التقدم‬ ‫ والنمو‬d. at-taqaddum in a state of constant progress and growth ‫ دائما‬dā’iman always │‫( دائما ابدا‬abadan) always and ever ‫ دائمي‬dā’imī = ‫دائم‬ ‫ مدام‬mudām wine ‫ مستديم‬mustadīm constant, continuous, continual, incessant, uninterrupted 2

‫ دومان‬dūmān rudder, helm ‫ دومانجي‬dūmānjī steersman, helmsman

1

‫ دون‬II to record, write down, set down, put down in writing (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to enter, list, register, book (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to collect (‫ھـ‬ poems) │‫( دون شرطا‬šarṭan) to stipulate a condition V to be recorded, be written down, be put down in writing ‫ ديوان‬dīwān pl. ‫ دواوين‬dawāwīn2 account books of the treasury (in the older Islamic administration); divan, collection of poems written by one author;

‫ مدونة‬mudawwana pl. -āt record, note; entry: body of laws; pl. ‫ مدونات‬writings, literature (on a given subject) 2

‫ دون‬dūn low, lowly; bad, poor, inferior; meager, inadequate │ ‫عامله بالدون‬ (‘āmalahū) he snubbed him ‫ دون‬dūna (prep.) below, beneath, under (in rank, value, etc.); this side of, short of; before; without more than; with the exclusion of, leaving ... aside, disregarding ...; and not by any means, but not │ ‫( دون ذلك‬with foll. nominative) on the way to that, there is ... , before accomplishing that one must …, ‫دون ذلك‬ ‫( خرط القتاد‬karṭ al-qatad) before one can do that, one must strip the tragacanth of its leaves, i.e., accomplish the impossible; ‫ من دون‬،‫( بدون‬dūni) without; with the exclusion of, excluding; ‫ بدون ان‬and ‫من دون‬ ‫ ان‬without (+ foll. gerund in Engl.); ‫دونك‬ dūnaka (with foll. acc.) here you are! take ...! watch out (‫ ھـ‬for)! beware (‫ ھـ‬of)! ‫ ھو دون‬he is below him, he doesn’t measure up to him; ‫كان دونه أھمية‬ (ahammīyatan) to be of less importance than ...; ‫ اثم دونه كل اثم‬itmun dūnahū kullu itmin a sin to end all sins; ‫الذين ھم دون السن‬ ‫( العسكرية‬sinn, ‘askarīya) those below the age for military service; ‫دون ما نظر الى‬ (naẓarin) regardless of, irrespective of; ‫ دون ما فائدة‬with no benefit at all; completely useless; ‫تخشى ان يسعدن دونھا‬ (takšā an yas‘adna) she is afraid they will

be happier than she is; ‫تلك الكتب دون غيرھا‬ (kutub, gairihā) those books and no others; ‫ان متعجب من فضلك دون علمك‬ (muta‘ajjib, faḍlika, ‘ilmika) I admire your virtue, but not your knowledge, or, I admire your virtue more than your knowledge; ‫كم األفواه دون دون التذمر والشكوى‬ (kamma, tadammur, šakwā) he stopped their mouths to keep them from muttering and complaining; ‫اذا كان الغصن دون ما يحتمله‬ (guṣnu, yaḥtamiluhū) if the branch is not strong enough to carry him; ‫وصل دونھم الى‬ ‫الغاية‬it was he, not they, who reached the goal; ‫( اشاحت بوجھھا دونه‬ašāḥat· bi-wajhihā) she averted her face so that he could not see her; ‫ حال دون الشيء‬to prevent s.th.; ‫األشعة‬ ‫( دون الحمراء‬aši‘‘a, ḥamrā‘) the infrared rays; ‫( الموجات دون القصيرة‬maujāt) ultrashort waves (radio) ‫ دونم‬dūnum a square measure (Ir. = about 2500 m2; Pal. = roughly, 900 m2) 1

‫ دوى‬dawā and II to sound, resound, ring out; to drone; to echo, reverberate III to treat (‫ه‬ a patient, ‫ ھـ‬a disease) VI to treat o.s. (with a medicine); to be cured ‫ دوى‬dawan pl. ‫ ادواء‬adwā’ sickness, illness, disease, malady ‫ دوي‬dawīy sound, noise, ring, clang, roar, thunder, drone; echo, reverberation

‫ الديجوليون‬ad-dēgōlīyūn (Eg. spelling) the Gaullists 304 ‫ ديدبان‬daidabān, daidubān pl. -āt, ‫ديادبة‬ dayādiba guard, sentry: sentinel │‫ديدبان‬ ‫ المراكب‬ship’s pilot ‫ ديدن‬see ‫ددن‬ ‫ ديراني‬،‫ ديار‬،‫ ديرى‬،‫ اديرة‬،‫ اديار‬،‫ ديرة‬،‫ دير‬see ‫دور‬ ‫ ديس‬dīs diss (Ampelodesma tenax; bot.) ‫ ديسم‬see ‫دسم‬ ‫ ديسمبر‬disembir, disambir December ‫ ديك‬dīk pl. ‫ ديكة‬dīka, ‫ ديوك‬duyūk, ‫ ادياك‬adyāk cock, rooster │‫ ديك الحبش‬d. al-kabaš turkey, turkey cock; ‫( ديك رومي‬rūmī) do.; ‫ وزن الديك‬wazn ad-d. bantam weight ‫ السعال الديكي‬as-su‘āl ad-dīkī whooping cough ‫ديكتاتوري = دكتاتوري‬ ‫( ديكور‬Fr. décor) pl. -āt décor, stage decoration ‫ ديماس‬daimās, dīmās, ‫ ديموس‬daimūs pl. ‫دياميس‬ dayāmīs2 dungeon, vault ‫ ديمومة‬،‫ ديم‬،‫ ديمة‬see ‫دوم‬ ‫ ديموطيقي‬dīmūṭīqī demotic (writing) ‫ ديمقراطي‬،‫ ديموقراطي‬dimuqrāṭī democratic; democrat ‫ ديمقراطية‬,‫ ديموقراطية‬dimuqrāṭīya pl. -āt democracy; democratic attitude or conviction

‫ دواة‬dawāh (□ ‫ دواية‬dawāya) pl. ‫دوي‬ duwīy, diwīy, ‫ دويات‬dawayāt inkwell ‫ دواء‬dawā’ pl. ‫ ادوية‬adwiya remedy, medicament, medication, medicine, drug ‫ دوائي‬dawd'i medicinal, medicative, curative ‫ داء‬see ‫دوء‬ ‫ دواء‬diwā’ treatment, therapy (med.) ‫ مداواة‬mudāwāh treatment, therapy (med.) ‫ تداو‬tadāwin cure 2

‫( دوى‬Fr. douille) dūy socket (of a light bulb)

‫ ديالوج‬diyalōg (Eg. spelling) pl. -āt dialogue ‫ ديباج‬and ‫ ديباجة‬see ‫دبج‬ ‫ ديوث‬dayyūt (□ ‫ )ديوس‬cuckold; procurer, pimp; a variety of warbler (zool.) ‫ ديجور‬see ‫دجر‬

1

‫ )دان )دين‬dāna i to borrow, take up a loan; to be a debtor, be indebted; to owe (‫ ب ل‬s.o. s.th., also, e.g., ‫( دان له بالشكر‬šukr) d. lahū bi-š-šukr to owe s.o. one’s thanks; ‫ ب‬s.th., e.g., ‫ بالحياة‬bi-l-ḥayāh one’s life, ‫ ل‬to s.th. or s.o.); to be indebted (‫ ب ل‬to s.o. for); to be subject, subject o.s., bow, yield, (‫ ل‬to s.o. or s.th.), be under s.o.’s (‫ )ل‬power, owe allegiance (‫ ل‬to s.o.), obey (‫ ل‬s.o.); to grant a loan, lend money (‫ ه‬to s.o.); to subject, subjugate (‫ ه‬s.o.): to requite, repay (‫ ه‬s.o.): to condemn (‫ ه‬s.o.), pass judgment (‫ ه‬on s.o.) III to have a debt (‫ ه‬with s.o.), be indebted (‫ ه‬to s.o.): to be the creditor (‫ه‬ of s.o.), have a money claim (‫ ه‬on s.o.) │ ‫( داينه بمبلغ خمسة قروش‬bi-mablag kamsat q.) he had a claim of five piasters on him IV to lend money (‫ ه‬to s.o.): to sell on credit ( ‫ ه‬to s.o.); to convict, find guilty,

pronounce guilty (‫ ه‬s.o.) V to be indebted, have debts; to subject o.s. (‫ ل‬to) VI ‫تداينوا‬ ‫( بدين‬dain) to contract a mutual loan, borrow money from each other X to make or incur debts, take up a loan ‫ دين‬dain pl. ‫ ديون‬duyūn debt; pecuniary obligation, liability: obligation (Isl. Law); claim (Isl. Law), financial claim │‫ بالدين‬on credit; ‫ رب الدين‬rabb ad-d. creditor; ‫ديون‬ ‫ الحرب‬d. al-ḥarb war debts: ‫دين مضمون‬ bonded, or funded, debt; ‫دين ممتاز‬ (mumtāz) preferred, or privileged, debt; ‫( دين موحد‬muwaḥḥlad) consolidated debt; ‫( دين مطلق‬muṭlaq) debt not bound to the physical person of the debtor, but outliving him (Isl. Law); ‫دين مستغرق‬ (mustagriq) claims against an estate which exceed or equal the assets (Isl. Law) ‫ دينونة‬dainūna judgment; Last Judgment ‫ الديان‬ad-dayyān the Judge (attribute of God) ‫ مدينة‬madīna pl. ‫ مدائن‬madā’in2, ‫مدن‬ mudun town, city; ‫ المدينة‬Medina (city in W Saudi Arabia); see ‫مدن‬ ‫ ادانة‬idāna verdict of guilty: conviction │‫ صدر الحكم بإدانته‬ṣadara l-ḥukmu biidānatihī he was convicted ‫ استدانة‬istidāna incurrence of debts ‫ دائن‬dā’in creditor ‫ مديون‬madyūn indebted, in debt: obligated, under obligation 305 ‫ مديونية‬madyūnīya indebtedness obligation ‫ مدين‬madīn owing; indebted, obligated, under obligation; debtor │‫( مدين بالشكر‬šukr) owing gratitude, much obliged; ‫كان مدينا ل‬ to be indebted to s.o., stand in s.o.’s debt ‫ مدين‬mudīn moneylender, creditor ‫ مدان‬mudān convicted, found guilty; guilty; judged, condemned 2

‫ )دان )دين‬dāna i to profess (‫ ب‬a religion, a conviction. etc.) │ ‫ دان باإلسالم‬to profess Islam; ‫( دان بعاداته‬bi-‘ādātihī) to adhere to one’s customs V to profess (‫ ب‬a religion) ‫ دين‬dīn pl. ‫ اديان‬adyān religion, creed, faith, belief │‫ يوم الدين‬yaum ad-d. the Day of Judgment

‫ ديني‬dīnī religious; spiritual │‫ الديني‬irreligious; O ‫ العلم الديني‬science of religion ‫ دين‬dayyin religious, pious, godly, devout ‫ ديانة‬diyāna pl. -āt religion; communion, confession, denomination, sect │‫ صاحب الديانة‬founder of a religion ‫ ديان‬dayyān pious, godly, devout, religious ‫ تدين‬tadayyun piety, godliness, devoutness, religiousness, religiosity ‫ متدين‬mutadayyin pious, godly, devout, religious ‫ متدينة‬mutadayyina religious community ‫ دينار‬pl. ‫ دنانير‬danānīr2 dinar, a monetary unit (Ir., Jord.); pl. ‫ دنانير‬money ‫ ديناري‬dīnārī diamonds (of a deck of cards) ‫ دينامو‬dīnāmō dynamo, generator ‫ ديناميت‬dīnāmīt dynamite O ‫ دينم‬dainam pl. ‫ ديانم‬dayānim2 dynamo, generator ‫ دية‬see ‫ودى‬ ‫ ديوان‬pl. ‫ دواوين‬and ‫ ديواني‬see 1‫دون‬

‫ذ‬ ‫( ذا‬demonstr. pron.) pl. ‫ اوالء‬ulā’i this one, this; ‫ بذا‬bi-dā by this, by this means, thereby; ‫لذا‬ li-dā therefore; ‫ كذا‬ka-dā so, thus, in this manner; so and so, so and so much; ‫ھكذا‬ hā-ka-dā so, thus, in this manner; serves as intensifier after interrogative pronouns (roughly corresponding in English to such phrase as: ... on earth, ... then, or the like): ‫ ماذا‬what on earth? ‫ لماذا‬why then? why in heaven’s name? – ‫ ھو ذا‬huwa dā, f. ‫ھي ذي‬ hiya dī that one; look at that one; why, that is ..., now if that isn’t ...!; ‫ھاءنذا‬ hā’anadā behold, it is I, here I am, pl. ‫ھا‬ ‫ نحن اوالء‬hā naḥnu ulā’i; -- used as an accusative in the construct state: master, owner, or possessor of, with ‫ ذو‬nominative (q.v.), ‫ ذي‬as genitive; -- ‫ ذاك‬dāka, f. ‫تاك‬ tāka, ‫ تيك‬tīka, pl. ‫ اوالئك‬ulā’ika this, this one; ‫( اذ ذاك‬id) then, at that time; in those days; -- ‫ ذلك‬dālika f. ‫ تلك‬tilka, pl. ‫اوالئك‬

ulā’ika that, that one; ‫ بذلك‬bi-dālika by that, by that means, in that manner; ‫ لذلك‬lidālika therefore; ‫ بعد ذلك‬ba‘da dālika after that, upon that, thereafter, thereupon; ‫مع‬ ‫ ذلك‬ma‘a dālika yet, still, 306 nevertheless, for all that; ‫( وذلك ان‬anna) that is (to say), namely, to wit; ‫( وذلك ألن‬li-anna) and that is because ..., for the one reason that ...; ‫( ذلك بأن‬bi-anna) this is due to the fact that ...; ‫ كذلك‬ka-dālika so, thus, in that manner; equally, likewise, in the lame manner; -- ‫ ذلكم‬dālikum f. ‫ تلكم‬tilkum, pl. ‫ اوالئكم‬ulā’ikum that one; -- ‫ ھذا‬hādā f. ‫ھذه‬ hādihī, ‫ ھذي‬hādī, pl. ‫ ھؤالء‬hā’ulā’I, dual m. ‫ ھذان‬hādāni, f. ‫ ھاتان‬hātāni this, this one, see ‫( ھذا‬alphabetically) ‫ ذأب‬X to be wolflike, be fierce or cruel like a wolf ‫ ذئب‬di‘b pl. ‫ ذئاب‬di’āb, ‫ ذؤبان‬du’bān dieb (Canis anthus), jackal; wolf │ ‫مرض الذئب‬ ‫ األحمر‬maraḍ ad-d. al-aḥmar name of a noncontiguous skin disease ‫ ذؤابة‬du’āba pl. ‫ ذوائب‬dawā’ib2 lock, strand (of hair); tuft, wisp ‫ ذاتي‬،‫ ذات‬and ‫ ذاتية‬see ‫ذو‬ ‫ ذا‬see ‫ذا‬

pectoris (med.); O ‫( الذبحة الفؤادية‬fu’ādīya) do. ‫ ذباح‬dabbāḥ slaughtering, killing, murdering; slaughterer, butcher ‫ ذبيح‬dabīḥ slaughtered ‫ ذبيحة‬dabīḥa pl. ‫ ذبائح‬dabā’iḥ2 slaughter animal; sacrificial victim, blood sacrifice; sacrifice, immolation; offering, oblation ‫ مذبح‬madbaḥ pl. ‫ مذابح‬madābiḥ2 slaughterhouse; altar (Chr.) ‫ مذبحة‬madbaḥa massacre, slaughter, carnage, butchery ‫ ذبذب‬dabdaba to set into a swinging motion, swing, dangle (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II tadabdaba to swing, pendulate; to oscillate (el.); to be deflected (magnetic needle); to vibrate; to fluctuate; to waver, vacillate, hesitate ‫ ذبذبة‬dabdaba pl. -āt pendulous motion, pendulation; oscillation (el.); vibration ‫ تذبذب‬tadabdaba pendulous motion, pendulation, swinging; oscillation (el.); deflection (of a magnetic needle) O ‫ مذبذب‬mudabdib oscillator (el.)

‫ ذال‬dāl name of the letter ‫ذ‬

‫ مذبذب‬mudabdab fluctuating, variable; vacillating, wavering, hesitant, unsteady

‫ ذب‬dabba u to drive away, chase away (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ s.o., s.th.); to defend (‫ عن‬s.o., s.th.)

‫ متذبذب‬mutadabdib: ‫( تيار متذبذب‬tayyār) oscillating current (el.)

‫ ذباب‬dubāb (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬pl. ‫اذبة‬ adibba, ‫ ذبان‬dibbān flies, fly │ ‫ذباب قارض‬ gadfly, horsefly ‫ ذبابة‬dubāba pl. -āt (n. un. of ‫ )ذباب‬fly; tip (of the sword, or the like) ‫ ذبانة‬dubbāna, dibbāna fly; sight, bead (on a firearm) ‫ مذبة‬midabba fly whisk, fly swatter ‫ ذبح‬dabaḥa a (dabḥ) to kill (by slitting the throat); to slaughter, butcher; to massacre; to murder, slay; to sacrifice, offer up, immolate (‫ ھـ‬an animal) II to kill, slaughter, butcher, massacre, murder ‫ ذبح‬dabḥ slaughtering, slaughter ‫ ذبح‬dibḥ sacrificial victim, blood sacrifice ‫ ذبحة‬dibḥa, dubḥa angina (med.); diphtheria │ ‫( الذبحة الصدرية‬ṣadrīya) angina

‫ ذبل‬dabala, dabula u (dabl, ‫ ذبول‬dubūl) to be wilted, to wilt, wither; to fade; to become dry, dry up; to waste away; to become dull, lose its luster (eye) ‫ ذبل‬dabl mother-of-pearl, nacre ‫ ذبالة‬dubāla wick ‫ ذابل‬dābil pl. ‫ ذبل‬dubul wilted, withered; dry, dried up; faded (color); languid, dull, lackluster, languishing (glance); feeble, weak, tired 307 ‫ ذحل‬daḥl pl. ‫ اذحال‬adḥāl, ‫ ذحول‬duḥūl resentment, rancor, hatred; revengefulness, vindictiveness; blood revenge ‫ ذخر‬dakara a to keep, preserve, store away, put away (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to save, lay by (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VIII ‫ ادخر‬iddakara to keep, preserve, store away, put away (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to store, accumulate, gather, hoard, amass (‫ ھـ‬s.th.);

to lay by (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to save (‫ ھـ‬s.th., also strength, trouble, etc.) │ ‫ادخر حبا ل‬ (ḥubban) to harbor love for; ‫ال يدخر جھدا‬ (juhdan) he spares no effort ‫ ذخر‬dukr pl. ‫ اذخار‬adkār s.th. stored away, put by, hoarded, or accumulated; stores, supplies; treasure ‫ ذخيرة‬dakīra pl. ‫ ذخائر‬dakā’ir2 treasure; stores, supplies; provisions, food; ammunition (mil.); (holy) relic ‫ ادخار‬iddikār storage; hoarding, amassing, accumulation; storing, gathering; saving ‫ مذخر‬mudakkir pl. -ūn assistant gunner, ammunition passer (mil., Syr.) ‫ مذخر‬mudakkar pl. -āt supply ‫ مدخرة‬muddakira pl. -āt (Syr.) storage battery, battery 1 2

‫ ذرة‬dura see ‫ذرو‬ ‫ذر‬darra u (darr) to strew, scatter, spread (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to sprinkle (‫ ب ھـ‬on s.th. s.th.) │ ‫ذر‬ ‫(الرماد في عينيه‬ar-ramāda fī ‘ainaihī) to throw dust in s.o.’s eyes; -- u (‫ ذرور‬durūr) to rise, come up, rise resplendent over the horizon (sun) │ ‫( ذر قرنه‬qarnuhū) it began to show, it emerged ‫ ذر‬darr strewing, scattering, sprinkling; (coll.) tiny particles, atoms, specks, motes ‫ ذرة‬darra (n. un.) pl. -āt atom; tiny particle; speck, mote │ ‫ مثقال ذرة‬mitqāl d. the weight of a dust particle, a tiny amount; a little bit; ‫ مقدار ذرة‬miqdār d. a tiny amount, a jot, an iota; ‫ذرة من الشك‬ (šakk) the least doubt ‫ ذري‬darrī atomic │ ‫( قنبلة ذرية‬qunbula) atomic bomb; ‫( النشاط الذري‬našāṭ) and ‫طاقة‬ ‫( ذرية‬ṭāqa) atomic energy ‫ ذرور‬darūr powder ‫ ذروري‬darūrī powdery, powdered, pulverized ‫( ذريرة‬darīra pl. ‫ ذرائر‬darā’ir2 fragrant powder, cosmetic scented powder ‫ ذري‬durrī of or pertaining to the offspring or progeny ‫ ذرية‬durrīya pl. -āt, ‫ ذراري‬darārīy progeny, descendants, children, offspring

3

‫ يذر‬yadaru see (‫)وذر‬ ‫ ذرب‬dariba a (darab) to be sharp, cutting ‫ ذرب‬darab diarrhea (med.) ‫ ذرب‬darib pl. ‫ ذرب‬durb sharp, cutting │ ‫( جرح ذرب‬jurḥ) a malignant, incurable wound

‫ ذراح‬durrāḥ pl. ‫ ذراريح‬darārīḥ2 Spanish fly, blister beetle (zool.) ‫ ذرع‬dara‘a a (dar‘) to measure (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to take the measure or measurements (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to cover (‫ ھـ‬a distance); to cross, travel (‫ ھـ‬a country), travel through (‫ ;)ھـ‬to intercede, intervene, mediate, put in a word (‫ ل‬for s.o., on behalf of s.o., ‫ عند‬with s.o. else) V to use, employ, apply (‫بذريعة‬ bi-darī‘a or ‫ بوسيلة‬bi-wasīla a means, an expedient); to use as a pretext, as an excuse (‫ ب‬s.th.); to use as a means (‫ب‬ s.th., ‫ الى‬to an end) VII to proceed, advance; to intervene ‫ ذرع‬dar‘ power, ability, capability (‫ ب‬to do s.th.) │‫ ضاق ذرعا ب‬and ‫ضاق عنه ذرعا‬ (dar‘an) not to be up to s.th., be unable to do or accomplish s.th.; to be unable to stand or bear s.th., be fed up with, be tired of, feel uneasy about, be oppressed by 308 ‫ ذراع‬dirā‘ f. and m., pl. ‫ اذرع‬adru‘, ‫ذرعان‬ dur‘ān arm; forearm; connecting rod; cubit, in Syria = .68 m │in Egypt: ‫ذراع‬ ‫( بلدي‬baladī) = .58 m, ‫ذراع استانبولي‬ (istanbūlī) = .665 m, ‫( ذراع ھندازة‬hindāza) = .656 m, ‫( ذراع ﻣﻌﻤﺎري‬mi‘mārī) = ca. . 75 m, ‫( ذراع ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬murabba‘) = . 5625 m; in Iraq: ‫( ذراع ﺣﻠﺒﻲ‬ḥalabī) = ca. .68 m, ‫( ذراع ﺑﻐﺪادي‬bagdādī) or ‫ذراع‬ ‫( ﺑﻠﺪي‬baladī) = ca. .80 m, ‫ذراع ﻣﻌﻤﺎري‬ see 800 above ‫ ذرﻳﻊ‬darī‘ stepping lively, walking briskly; rapid, quick; torrential; rapidly spreading, sweeping (death); devastating; intercessor ‫ ذرﻳﻌﺔ‬darī‘a pl. ‫ ذراﺋﻊ‬darā’i‘2 medium, means, expedient; pretext, excuse ‫ ذرف‬darafa i (darf, ‫ ذرﻳﻒ‬darīf, ‫ ذروف‬durūf, ‫ ذرﻓﺎن‬darafan) to flow, well forth (tears); to shed (‫ ھـ‬tears; said of the eye) II to exceed (‫ على‬an age) X to let flow, shed (‫ھـ‬ tears)

‫ ذرق‬daraqa i u (darq) to drop excrement (bird) IV do. ‫ ذرق‬darq droppings, excrement (of a bird) (‫ ذرو‬and ‫ ذرى( ذرا‬darā u (darw) to disperse, scatter (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to carry off, blow away ( ‫ ھـ‬dust; said of the wind); to winnow, fan ( ‫ ھـ‬grain); -- ‫ ذرى‬darā i (dary) do. II do. IV = I; to throw down, throw off (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) │ ‫( اذرت العين الدمع‬dam‘a) the eye shed tears V to be winnowed, be fanned; to climb (‫ ھـ‬on), scale (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to seek shade or shelter (‫ ب‬in, at, under); to take refuge (‫ ب‬with), flee (‫ ب‬to) X to take refuge (‫ ب‬with), place o.s. under s.o.’s (‫)ب‬ protection, flee (‫ ب‬to s.o.) ‫ ذرة‬dura durra, a variety of sorghum │ ‫( ذرة ﺷﺎﻣﻲ‬eg.) Indian corn, maize (Zea mays L.); ‫( ذرة ﺻﻔﺮاء‬ṣafrā’) do. (syr.); ‫( ذرة ﻋﻮﻳﺠﺔ‬eg.) a variety of millet (Andropogon Sorghum Brot. var. Schwein furtianus Kcke.); ‫( ذرة ﺑﻴﻀﺎء‬baiḍā’) millet (syr.) ‫ ذرى‬daran protection, shelter ‫ ذروة‬durwa, dirwa pl. ‫ ذرى‬duran summit; top; peak; culmination, climax, acme, apex ‫ ﻣﺬرى‬midran and ‫ ﻣﺬارة‬midrāh pl. ‫ ﻣﺬار‬madārin winnow, winnowing fork ‫ ذﻋﺮ‬da‘ara a (da‘r) to frighten, scare, alarm, terrify (‫ ه‬s.o.); pass. du‘ira to be frightened (‫ ل‬by), get alarmed (‫ ل‬at); -da‘ira a (da‘ar) to be terrified, alarmed, dismayed IV to frighten, scare, alarm, terrify (‫ ه‬s.o.) V and VII to be frightened, become alarmed ‫ ذﻋﺮ‬du‘r fright, terror, alarm, panic ‫ ذﻋﺮ‬da‘ar fright, alarm, dismay, consternation ‫ ذﻋﺎف‬du‘āf lethal, deadly, immediately killing (poison) │ ‫( ﻣﻮت ذﻋﺎف‬maut) a sudden, immediate death ‫ ذﻋﻖ‬da‘aqa a (da‘q) to frighten (‫ ه‬s.o.) by screaming ‫ ذﻋﻦ‬da‘ana a (da‘an) and IV to submit, yield, give in (‫ ل‬to s.o.), obey (‫ ل‬s.o., an order, etc.); to concede voluntarily, grant willingly (‫ ب ل‬to s.o. s.th.)

‫ اذﻋﺎن‬id‘ān submissiveness, pliability, compliance, obedience ‫ ﻣﺬﻋﻦ‬mud‘in submissive, pliable, tractable, obedient ‫ ﻣﺬﻋﺎن‬mid‘an pliable, tractable, docile, obedient, obliging, compliant ‫ ذفر‬dafar pungent smell, stench ‫ ذقن‬daqan, diqan pl. ‫ اذقان‬adqān, ‫ ذقون‬duqūn chin; -- daqn f., pl. ‫ ذقون‬duqūn beard, whiskers │ ‫ ذقن الشيخ‬d. aš-šaik; wormwood, absinthe; ‫ خروا ألذقانھم‬karrū liadqānihim they prostrated themselves; 309 ‫( غرق في العمل حتى الذقن‬gariqa fī l-‘amal) to be up to one’s neck in work, be swamped by work (properly: to drown in work); ‫( ضحك على ذقنه‬ḍaḥika) pl. ‫على ذقونھم‬ (eg., syr.) to fool s.o., make fun of s.o., lead s.o. around by the nose (‫ ب‬with s.th.); to put on an act for s.o.; ‫ ضحك في ذقنه‬to laugh in s.o.’s face ‫ ذﻛﺮ‬dakara u (dikr, ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺎر‬tadkār) to remember, bear in mind (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), think (‫ھـ‬ of); to keep in mind (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to recall, recollect (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); -- (dikr) to speek, talk ( ‫ ھـ‬of, about); to name, mention, cite, quote (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to state, designate, indicate (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to give (‫ ھـ‬e.g., foots, data); to point, refer (‫ ھـ‬to s.th.); to report, relate, tell (‫ل ھـ‬ s.th. to s.o.) │ ‫ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻳﺬﻛﺮ‬taqaddumun yudkaru notable progress; ‫ﻻ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ‬ (yudkaru) inconsiderable, not worth mentioning; ‫( )ذﻛﺮه ﺑﺨﻴﺮ )ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻴﺮ‬kair) to have pleasant memories of s.o., hold s.o. in fond remembrance; to speak well of s.o.; ‫( ذﻛﺮه ﺑﺸﺮ‬šarr) to have unpleasant memories of s.o.; to speak ill of s.o. II to remind (‫ ب ه‬s.o. of s.th.), point out (‫ ب ه‬to s.o. s.th.), call s.o.’s (‫ )ه‬attention (‫ ب‬to); to make (‫ ھـ‬a word) masculine (gram.) III to parley, negotiate, confer, have a talk, take counsel (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to memorize, commit to memory, learn, study (‫ ھـ‬one’s assignment, one’s lesson) │ ‫ذاﻛﺮ دروﺳﻪ‬ (durūsahū) to study one’s lessons, do one’s homework IV to remind (‫ ھـ ه‬s.o. of s.th.), call (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) to s.o.’s (‫ )ه‬mind V to remember, bear in mind (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), think (‫ھـ‬ of s.th.) VI to remind each other (‫ ھـ‬of), revive each other’s memory of (‫ ;)ھـ‬to confer (together), have a talk, take counsel VIII ‫ ادﻛﺮ‬iddakara = V; X to remember,

recall, keep in mind, know by heart (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) ‫ ذﻛﺮ‬dikr recollection, remembrance, reminiscence, memory, commemoration; reputation, repute, renown; naming, stating, mention(ing), quoting, citation; report, account, narration, narrative; invocation of God, mention of the Lord’s name; (in Sufism) incessant repetition of certain words or formulas in praise of God, often accompanied by music and dancing │‫( ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻛﺮ‬with foll. genit.) apropos of, speaking of ...; ‫وﻋﻠﻰ ذﻛﺮ ذﻟﻚ‬ speaking of that, incidentally, in that connection; ‫ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ‬the Koran; ‫ ﺳﺎﻟﻒ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ‬abovementioned, aforementioned; ‫ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ‬of blessed memory, deceased, late; ‫اﺷﺎد ﺑﺬﻛﺮه‬ (ašāda) to celebrate, praise, commend s.o. or s.th., speak in glowing terms of s.o. or s.th.; ‫( ﻣﺎ زال ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻛﺮ ﻣﻦ‬dikr min) he still remembered ..., he could still recall ... ‫ ذﻛﺮ‬dakar pl. ‫ ذﻛﻮر‬dukūr, ‫ذﻛﻮرة‬ dukūra, ‫ ذﻛﺮان‬dukrān male; (pl. ‫)ذﻛﻮر‬ penis ‫ ذﻛﺮة‬dukra reputation, repute, renown ‫ ذﻛﺮى‬dikrā pl. ‫ ذﻛﺮﻳﺎت‬dikrayāt remembrance, recollection, memory; pl. reminiscences, memoirs ‫ ذﻛﻴﺮ‬dakīr steel ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺎر‬tadkār, tidkār remembrance; reminder, memento; memory, commemoration; souvenir, keepsake; memorial day │‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺎر ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﺴﻴﻦ‬t. jamī‘ al-qiddīsīn All Saints’ Day (Chr.) ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺎري‬tadkārī, tidkārī serving to remind, helping the memory; memorial, commemorative ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺮة‬tadkira reminder; memento ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺮة‬tadkira, mostly pronounced tadkara, pl. ‫ ﺗﺬاﻛﺮ‬tadākir2 message, note; slip, paper, permit, pus; card; ticket; admission ticket │ ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺮة ﺑﺮﻳﺪ‬postcard; ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺮة اﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬t. itbāt aš-šakṣīya identity card; ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺮة ذﻫﺎب واﻳﺎب‬t. dahāb wa-iyāb round-trip ticket; ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮة اﻟﺮﺻﻴﻒ‬ (eg.) platform ticket; ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮة اﺷﺘﺮاك‬ subscription ticket; ‫( ﺗﺬﻛﺮة ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‬ṭibbīya) medical prescription; ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺮة ﻣﺮور‬permit,

pass, laissez-passer; passport; ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮة‬ ٣١٠ ‫( اﻟﻨﻔﻮس‬Syr.) identity card (= ‫بطاقة‬ ‫ شخصية‬Eg.); ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺮة اﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬t. al-intikāb ballot ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺮﺟﻲ‬tadkarjī, ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺮي‬tadkarī ticket seller, ticket clerk; (streetcar) conductor ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﻴﺮ‬tadkīr reminding (of s.o., ‫ ب‬of s.th:). reminder, memento; fecundation, pollination (of female blossoms; in pomiculture) ‫ ﻣﺬاﻛﺮة‬mudākara pl. -āt negotiation, consultation. conference; deliberation (of a court; Syr.); learning, memorizing, memorization; study ‫ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‬tadakkur memory, remembrance, recollection ‫ اﺳﺘﺬﻛﺎر‬istidkār memorizing, memorization, committing to memory ‫ ذاﻛﺮة‬dākira memory ‫ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر‬madkūr mentioned; said, abovementioned; celebrated │ ‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‬ ‫ ﻣﺬﻛﻮرا‬lam yakun šai’an m. it was of no importance, it was nothing ‫ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬mudakkar masculine (gram.) ‫ ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬mudakkira pl. -āt reminder; note; remark.; notebook; memorandum, memorial, aide-mémoire, (diplomatic) note; ordinance, decree; treatise, paper, report (of a learned society, = Fr. mémoires); pl. reminiscences, memoirs │ ‫ ﻣﺬﻛﺮة اﻻﺗﻬﺎم‬m. al-ittihām bill of indictment (jur.); ‫ ﻣﺬﻛﺮة اﻟﺠﻠﺐ‬m. al-jalb writ of habeas corpus; ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة ﺷﻔﺎﻫﻴﺔ‬ (šifāhīya) verbal note (dipl.) (‫ ذﻛﻮ‬and ‫ ذﻛﻰ( ذﻛﺎ‬dakā u (dukūw, ‫ ذﻛﺎ‬dakan, ‫ ذﻛﺎء‬dakā’) to blaze, flare up (fire); to exude a strong odor; -- ‫ ذﻛﻲ‬dakiya (‫ذﻛﺎء‬ dakā’) to be sharp-witted, intelligent II and IV to cause to blaze, fan (‫ ھـ‬the fire); to kindle (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to immolate an animal X = dakā ‫ ذﻛﺎء‬dakā’ acumen, mental, acuteness, intelligence, brightness; -- dukā’2 the sun ‫ ذﻛﻲ‬dakīy pl. ‫ اذﻛﻴﺎء‬adkiyā’2 intelligent, sharp-witted, clever, bright; redolent, fragrant; tasty, savory, delicious

‫ ذل‬dalla i (dall, dull, ‫ ذاللة‬dalāla, ‫ ذلة‬dilla, ‫مذلة‬ madalla) to be low, lowly, humble, despised, contemptible II to lower, debase, degrade, humiliate, humble (‫ ه‬,‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to subject, break, subdue, conquer (‫ه‬ s.o.); to overcome, surmount (‫ھـ‬ difficulties, obstacles) IV to lower, debase, degrade, humiliate, humble (‫ ه‬,‫ھـ‬ s.o., s.th.); to subject, break, subdue, conquer (‫ ه‬,‫ ھـ‬s.o. s.th.) V to lower o.s, humble o.s., cringe (‫ الى‬or ‫ ل‬before s.o.); to be humble, obsequious X to think (‫ه‬ s.o.) low or despicable; to think little (‫ه‬ of), disesteem (‫ ه‬s.o.); to deride, flout, disparage, run down (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ ذل‬dull lowness, lowliness, insignificance; ignominy, disgrace, shame, degradation, humiliation; humility, humbleness, meekness, submissiveness ‫ ذلة‬dilla lowness, baseness, vileness, depravity; submissivness, obsequiousness ‫ ذليل‬dalīl pl. ‫ اذالء‬adillā’2, ‫ اذلة‬adilla low, lowly; despised, despicable, contemptible; docile, tractable, pliable; humble, submissive, abject, servile; obsequious, cowering, cringing ‫ ذلول‬dalūl pl. ‫ ذلل‬dulul docile, tractable, gentie (animal); female riding camel ‫ مذلة‬madalla humbleness, meekness, submissiveness; humiliation ‫ تذليل‬tadlīl derogation, degradation, bemeaning; overcoming, conquering, surmounting (of difficulties, of an obstacle, and the like)

‫ ذالقة‬dalāqa eloquence, glibness (of the tongue) ‫ ذلك‬etc., see ‫ذا‬ ‫ ذم‬damma u (damm, ‫ مذمة‬madamma) to blame, find blameworthy, dispraise, criticize (‫ه‬ s.o.), find fault (‫ ه‬with s.o.) II to rebuke, censure sharply (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ ذم‬damm censure, dispraise, derogation, disparagement ‫ ذمة‬dimma pl ‫ ذمم‬dimam protection, care, custody; covenant of protection, compact; responsibility, answerableness; financial obligation, liability, debt; inviolability, security of life and property; safeguard, guarantee, security; conscience │‫ بالذمة؟‬honestly? really? seriously? ‫في‬ ‫ ذمتي‬and ‫ على ذمتي‬upon my word, truly; ‫ في ذمته‬,‫ بذمته‬in s.o.’s debt, indebted to s.o.; ‫ ما بذمته‬his debt; ‫ على ذمته‬under s.o.’s protection; at s.o.’s disposal; for the benefit of s.o. or s.th., for s.o. or some purpose (allocation of funds); ‫ھي على ذمته‬ she is financially dependent on him, he has to support her; ‫ اھل الذمة‬ahl ad-d. the free non-Muslim subjects living in Muslim, countries who, in return for paying the capital tax, enjoyed protection and safety; ‫ طاھر الذمة‬of pure conscience, upright, honest; ‫( برأ ذمته‬barra’a) to relieve one’s conscience, meet one’s obligation ‫ ذمي‬dimmī a zimmi, a free non-Muslim subject living in a Muslim country (see ‫ذمة‬ dimma: ‫)اھل الذمة‬

‫ تذلل‬tadallul self-abasement 311

‫ ذمام‬dimām pl. ‫ اذمة‬adimma right, claim, title; protection, custody; security of life and property │ ‫ في ذمام الليل‬fī d. al-lail under cover of darkness

‫ ذلذل‬duldul pl. ‫ ذالذل‬dalādil2 lowest, nethermost part of s.th.; train, hem (of a garment) │ ‫ ذالذل الناس‬the mob, the riffraff

‫ ذميم‬damīm censured; blameworthy, objectionable, reprehensible; ugly, unfair, nasty

‫ اذلف‬adlaf2, f. ‫ ذلفاء‬dalfā’, pl. ‫ ذلف‬dulf having a small and finely chiseled nose

‫ ذميمة‬damīima pl. ‫ ذمائم‬damā’im2 blame, censure

‫ اذالل‬idlāl degradation, debasement, humiliation

‫ ذلق‬dalq tip, point; tip of the tongue ‫ الحروف الذلق‬al-ḥurūf ad-dulq, ‫الحروف‬ ‫ الذلقية‬and ‫( الحروف الذوللقية‬dulaqiya) the liquids r, l, n (phon.) ‫ ذلق‬dalq, daliq, ‫ ذليق‬dalīq eloquent, glib, facile (tongue)

‫ مذمة‬madamma pl. -āt blame, censure ‫ مذموم‬madmūm censured; blameworthy, objectionable, reprehensible ‫ ذمر‬V to grumble, complain (‫ من‬or ‫ على‬about) ‫ ذمار‬dimār sacred possession, cherished goods; honor

‫ تذمر‬tadammur pl. -āt grumbling, complaint, grievance ‫ ذمي‬damiya a (‫ ذماء‬damā’) to be in the throes of death ‫ ذماء‬damā’ last remnant; last breath of life │ ‫( ذماء من الحياة‬ḥayāh) last breath of life ‫ ذنب‬IV to do wrong, commit a sin, a crime, an offense; to be guilty, be culpable X to find or declare (‫ ه‬s.o.) guilty of a sin, of a crime, of an offense ‫ ذنب‬danb pl. ‫ ذنوب‬dunūb offense, sin, crime, misdeed ‫ ذنب‬danab pl. ‫ ذنب‬adnāb tail; end; adherent (pol.), follower, henchman ‫ ذنبي‬danabī caudal, tail- (in compounds); append aged, appendant, dependent ‫ ذنيب‬dunaib petiole, leafstalk (bot.) ‫ مذنب‬mudannab comet ‫ مذنب‬mudnib culpable, guilty; sinner; evildoer, delinquent, criminal 312 ‫ ذھب‬dahaba a (‫ ذھاب‬dahāb, ‫ مذھب‬madhab) to go (‫ الى‬to); to betake o.s., travel (‫ الى‬to); to go away, leave, depart; to disappear, vanish, decline, dwindle; to perish, die, be destroyed; with ‫ب‬: to carry s.th. off, take s.th. away, abduct, steal s.th., sweep s.th. or s.o. away, annihilate, destroy s.th. or s.o.; ‫ ذھب به الى‬to lead or conduct s.o. to, take s.o. along to; to think, believe (‫الى‬ s.th.), hold the view, be of the opinion (‫الى‬ that); to escape (‫ عن‬s.o.; fig.), slip (‫عن‬ s.o.’s mind), ‫ ذھب عنه ان‬to lose sight of the fact that ..., forget that ... ; to ignore, skip, omit (‫ عن‬s.th.); (with imperf.) to prepare to ..., be about to ... │ ‫ ذھب وجاء‬to go back and forth, walk up and down; ‫ذھب الى ابعد‬ ‫( من‬ab‘ada) to go beyond ... (fig.); ‫ما يذھب‬ ‫( في نزعته‬naz‘atihī) what follows along these lines; ‫( !اين يذھب بك‬yudhabu) the idea of it! you can’t mean it! ‫( ذھب سدى‬sudan) to be futile, be in vain, be of no avail; ‫ذھب‬ ‫( ادراج الرياح‬adrāja r-riyāḥ) to go the ways of the winds, i.e., to pass unnoticed, without leaving a trace; to end in smoke, come to nothing, be futile, be in vain; ‫ذھب‬ ‫( كأمس الدابر‬ka-amsi d-dābir) to vanish into thin air, disappear without leaving a trace

(lit.: like yesterday gone by); ‫( ذھب ببھائه‬bibahā’ihi) to take the glamor away from s.th.; ‫( ذھب بنفسه‬bi-nafsihī) to kill s.o. (joy, terror, etc.); ‫( ذھب بخياله‬bi-kayālihī) to let one’s imagination wander (‫ الى‬to); ‫ذھب‬ ‫( مذھبه‬madhabahū) to embrace s.o.’s madhab (see below); to follow s.o.’s teaching, make s.o.’s belief one’s own, embrace s.o.’s ideas; to adopt s.o.’s policy, proceed exactly like s.o.; ‫ذھب كل‬ ‫( مذھب‬kulla madhabin) to do everything conceivable, leave no stone unturned, go to greatest lengths II to gild (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to cause to go away, make disappear, remove, eliminate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to take away ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ عن‬from s.o.) ‫ مذھب‬II tamadhaba (deriv. of ‫مذھب‬ madhab) to follow, adopt, embrace (‫ ب‬a teaching, a religion, etc.) ‫ ذھب‬dahab (m. and f.) gold; gold piece, gold coin │O ‫( ذھب ابيض‬abyaḍ) platinum ‫ ذھبي‬dahabī golden, of gold; precious, excellent, apposite (e.g., advice, saying, etc.) │ ‫ آية ذھبية‬golden word, maxim, epigram ‫ ذھبية‬dahabīya pl. -āt dahabeah, a long light-draft houseboat, used on the Nile ‫ ذھاب‬dahāb going; passing, passage, falling away, decrease, dwindling, loss, disappearance; leave, departure; trip, journey; outward-bound trip or journey (as opposed to ‫ اياب‬iyāb return trip; railroad); opinion, view (‫ الى ان‬that) │‫ذھابا‬ ‫( وايابا‬iyāban) there and back; back and forth, up and down; ‫تذكرة ذھاب واياب‬ tadkarat d. wa-iyāb round-trip ticket ‫ ذھوب‬duhūb going │ ‫ ذھوب ومآب‬coming and going; ‫ في جيئة وذھوب‬coming and going, in a state of fluctuation, having its ups and downs ‫ مذھب‬madhab pl. ‫ مذاھب‬madāhib2 going, leave, departure; way out, escape (‫عن‬ from); manner followed, adopted procedure or policy, road entered upon; opinion, view, belief; ideology; teaching, doctrine; movement, orientation, trend (also pol.); school; mazhab, orthodox rite of fiqh (Isl. Law); religious creed, faith, denomination │O ‫( مذھبه في الحياة‬ḥayāh) his philosophy of life, his weltanschauung;

‫( المذھب المادي‬māddī) the materialistic ideology, the materialistic approach to life; ‫ ذھب مذھبا بعيدا‬to go very far, be very extensive ‫ مذھبي‬madhabī denominational, confessional; sectarian ‫ مذھبية‬madhabīya sectarianism 313 ‫ ذاھب‬dāhib: ‫ ذاھب اللون‬d. al-laun faded, colorless, discolored ‫ مذھوب به‬madhūb bihī and ‫ مذھوب العقل‬m. al-‘aql out of one’s mind, demented ‫ مذھب‬mudahhab gilded ‫ ذھل‬dahala a (dahl, ‫ ذھول‬duhūl) to forget, overlook, omit, neglect, fail to heed (‫عن‬ s.th.); -- dahlia a (‫ ذھول‬duhūl) to be perplexed, alarmed, dismayed, startled, surprised, baffled; to be astonished, be amazed; to frighten, scare, take alarm, flinch; to be absent-minded, be distracted; to be or become distracted (‫ عن‬from), forget, overlook, fail to heed, neglect (‫عن‬ s.th.) IV to baffle, startle, nonplus (‫ ه‬s.o.); to distract (‫ عن ه‬s.o. from), make (‫ ه‬s.o.) forget (‫ عن‬s.th.) VII = dahila ‫ ذھول‬duhūl perplexity, consternation, bafflement, daze, stupor; confusion, bewilderment, dismay, alarm, fright; surprise; amazement, astonishment; absentmindedness, distraction, distractedness (‫ عن‬from) ‫ ذاھل‬diJAil negligent, forgetful, oblivious, distracted, absent-minded; dazed, in a stupor ‫ مذھول‬madhūl perplexed, startled, alarmed, dismayed, dazed, confused, baffled, bewildered; distracted, absentminded ‫ ذھل‬mudhil startling, baffling, amazing ‫ منذھل‬mundahil alarmed, dismayed, perplexed, startled, baffled; distracted, absent-minded ‫ ذھن‬dihn pl. ‫ اذھان‬adhān mind; intellect ‫ ذھني‬dihnī mental, intellectual ‫ ذھنية‬dihnīya mentality ‫ ذو‬dū, genit. ‫ ذي‬dī, acc. ‫ ذا‬dā, f. ‫ ذات‬dāt, pl. m. ‫ ذوو‬dawū, ‫ اولو‬ulū, pl. f. ‫ ذوات‬dawāt (with foll. genit.) possessor, owner, holder or

muter of, endowed or provided with, embodying or comprising s.th. │‫ ذو عقل‬dū ‘aql endowed with brains, bright, intelligent; ‫ ذو مال‬rich, wealthy; ‫ ذو صحة‬dū ṣiḥḥa healthy; ‫ ذو شأن‬dū ša’n important, significant; ‫ ذو القربى‬dū l-qurbā relative, kin(sman); ‫( غير ذي زرع‬zar‘) uncultivated (land); ‫ من ذي قبل‬min dī qablu than before; ‫ من ذي نفسه‬of one’s own accord, spontaneously; ‫ ذووه‬dawūhu his relatives, his kin, his folk; ‫ ذوو المعرفة‬dawū lmawadda wa-l-ma‘rifa friends end acquaintances; ‫ ذوو الشبھات‬dawū š-šubuhāt dubious persons, people of ill repute; ‫ذوو‬ ‫ الشأن‬dawū š-ša’n important, influential people; the competent people (or authorities), those concerned with the matter; ‫ اولوا االمر‬ulū l-amr rulers, leaders; ‫ اولو الحل والعقد‬ulū l-hall wa-l-‘aqd influential people, those in power ‫ ذات‬dāt pl. ‫ ذوات‬dawāt being, essence, nature; self; person, personality; the same, the selfsame; -self; ‫ الذوات‬people of rank, people of distinction, notables; ‫ ذاتا‬dātan personally │ ‫ ذات البين‬d. al-bain disagreement, dissension, disunion, discord, enmity; friendship; ‫ ذات الجنب‬d. al-janb pleurisy (med.); ‫ ذات الرئة‬d. ar-ri’a pneumonia; ‫ ذات الصدر‬d. aṣ-ṣadr disease of the chest, pectoral ailment; ‫ ذات اليد‬d. alyad wealth, affluence; ‫ ذات ايدينا‬d. aidīnā our possessions; ‫ ذات اليمين‬dāta l-yamīn to the right, ‫ ذات الشمال‬dāta š-šimāli to the left, ‫ ذات اليسار‬dāta l-yasāri do.; ‫ذات مرة‬ dāta marratin once, one time, ‫ في ذات مرة‬fī dāti marratin do.; ‫ ذات يوم‬dāta yaumin one day, ‫ في ذات يوم‬fī dāti yaumin do.; ‫في ذات غد‬ fī dāti gadin sometime in the future, before long; ‫ في ذات‬... fī dāti ... (with foll. genit.) as to …, concerning ..., with reference to …, re; ‫ بالذات‬bi-d-dāt none other than ..., ... of all things, ... of all 314 people; personally, in person; ‫ انا بالذات‬I, of all people, ..., none other than I ...; ‫في لندن‬ ‫ بالذات‬in London, of all places; ‫السعادة بالذات‬ (sa‘āda) essential happiness, happiness proper; ‫ ذات نفسه‬dāt nafsihī, ‫ ذات انفسھم‬d. anfusihim his sejf, their selves, his (their) very nature; ‫ ھو بذاته‬،‫( ھو ذاته‬he) himself; ‫ ذات الشيء‬the same thing; ‫ ذات األشياء‬the same things; ‫( السنة ذاتھا‬sana) the same year; ‫ لذاته‬by himself (itself); in itself; as such; for his (its) own sake; ‫ في ذاته‬in

itself; ‫ في حد ذاته‬fī ḥaddi d. do.; ‫ قائم بذاته‬selfexistent, independent, self-contained, isolated; ‫( الثقة بالذات‬tiqa) self-confidence; ‫ حب الذات‬ḥubb ad-d. and ‫محبة الذات‬ maḥabbat ad-d. self-love, selfishness, egoism; ‫ االعتماد على الذات‬self-confidence, self-reliance; ‫ صريح بذاته‬self-evident, selfexplanatory; ‫ مناقض ذاته‬munāqiḍ dātahū self-contradictory; ‫ ابن ذوات‬ibn dawāt descended from a good family, highborn ‫ ذاتي‬dātī own, proper; self-produced, self-created, spontaneous; personal; selfacting, automatic; subjective (philos.); (pl. -ūn) subjectivist (philos.); ‫ ذاتيا‬dātīyan of o.s., by o.s.; personally, in person │ ‫الحكم‬ ‫( الذاتي‬ḥukm) autonomy ‫ ذاتية‬dātīya personality; subjectivism (philos.); identity (of a person) │‫تحقيق‬ ‫ الذاتية‬identification (of a person) ‫ ال ذاتية‬lā-dātīya impersonality ‫ ذواتي‬dawātī high-class, exclusive, luxurious 1

‫ ذوابة‬see ‫ذأب‬

1

‫ ))ذاب )ذوب‬dāba u (daub), (daub, ‫ )ذوبان‬to dissolve; to melt; to melt away; to liquefy, deliquesce; to dwindle away, vanish; to pine away, waste away (‫حسرة واسى‬ ḥasratan wa-asan with grief and sorrow) │‫( ذاب حياء‬hayā’an) to die of shame; ‫ذابت‬ ‫( اظفاره في‬aẓfāruhū) to strive in vain for, make futile efforts in order to II to dissolve, melt, liquefy (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to dissolve (also, e.g., tablets in water), liquefy (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to melt (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to smelt (‫ ھـ‬metal); to consume, spend, exhaust, use up, sap (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │‫( اذاب جھده‬juhdahū) to exhaust s.o.’s energy; ‫اذاب عصارة مخه في‬ (‘uṣārata mukkihī) to rack one’s brain with ‫ ذوب‬daub dissolution; solution (also, as a liquid) ‫ ذوبان‬dawabān dissolution, melting, deliquescence, liquefaction │‫ذوبان الثلج‬ ‫ ))الثلوج‬d. at-talj (at-tulūj) snowbreak, thaw; ‫ قابل للذوبان‬qābil li-d-d. meltable, soluble, dissoluble ‫ تذويب‬tadwīb dissolution, solution, melting, liquefaction ‫ اذابة‬idāba dissolution, solution, melting, liquefaction

‫ ذائب‬dā’ib dissolved; melted, molten; salable, dissoluble ‫ ذات‬and ‫ ذوات‬see ‫ذو‬ ‫ )ذاد )ذود‬dāda u (daud, ‫ ذياد‬diyād) to scatter, drive away, chase away; to remove (،‫عن ھـ‬ ‫ ه‬s.o., s.th. from); to defend, protect (‫عن‬ s.o., s.th.) │‫( ذاد النوم عن عينه‬an-nauma ‘an ‘ainihī) to drive or keep the sleep from his eyes ‫ ذود‬daud defense, protection (‫ عن‬of s.th.) ‫ ذياد‬diyād defense, protection (‫ عن‬of s.th.) ‫ مذود‬midwād pl. ‫ مذاود‬madāwid manger, crib, feeding trough ‫ ذائد‬dā’id pl. ‫ ذادة‬dāda defender, protector ‫ )ذاق )ذوق‬dāqa u (dauq, ‫ ذواق‬dawāq, ‫مذاق‬ madāq) to taste, sample (‫ ھـ‬food, etc.); to try, try out, teat (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to get a taste 315 (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), experience, undergo, suffer (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), go through s.th. (‫ )ھـ‬IV to have (‫ه‬ s.o.) taste or sample (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), give (‫ ھـ ه‬s.o. s.th.) to taste V to taste (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) slowly, repeatedly, thoroughly; to get a taste (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to sense, perceive (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to enjoy thoroughly, savor, relish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to derive pleasure (‫ من‬from) ‫ ذوق‬dauq pl. ‫ اذواق‬adwāq gustatory sense; taste (‫ ل‬for; also, e.g., literary taste); perceptivity, responsiveness (‫في‬ for); sensitivity, sensitiveness; savoirvivre, suavity, urbanity, tact; liking, inclination; taste, flavor (of food, etc.) │ ‫ الذوق السليم‬good taste ‫ ذوقي‬dauqī of taste, gustative, gustatory ‫ ذواق‬dawāq taste ‫ ذواق‬dawwāq epicure, connoisseur, gourmet, bon vivant ‫ مذاق‬madāq taste ‫ ذائقة‬dā’iqa sense of taste ‫ ذوى‬dawā i and dawiya a to wither, wilt, fad.; to be withered, be dry IV to cause to wilt, to dry ‫ ذاو‬dāwin withered, faded, drooping ‫ ذي‬see ‫ذو‬

‫ )ذاع )ذيع‬dā’a i (‫ ذيوع‬duyū‘) to spread, get about, circulate, be spread, be disseminated, be or become widespread; to leak out, become public, become generally known IV to spread. spread out, disseminate, propagate (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬s.th.); to make known, announce, make public, publicize, publish (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬s.th.); to promulgate (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬s.th.); to show, manifest, display (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬s.th.), give evidence (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬of); to reveal, disclose, divulge (‫ ھـ‬or ‫ ب‬s.th.); to emit (‫ ھـ‬electric waves); to broadcast, transmit (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫على‬ to the public; radio) │ ‫( اذاع بالتلفزة‬talfaza) to telecast (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ ذيوع‬duyū‘ widespreadness, commonness; spreading, spread, dispersion, diffusion; circulation (of news) ‫ مذياع‬midyā‘ pl. ‫ مذاييع‬madāyī‘2 telltale, talebearer, tattler, blabber,: indiscret person; radio station, broadcasting station; broadcasting; microphone; O radio set ‫ اذاعة‬idā‘a spreading, dissemination, propagation; announcement, proclamation; publication; revelation, disclosure; playback (of a tape; as opposed to recording); broadcasting, radio; (pl. -āt) (radio) broadcast, transmission │ ‫ اذاعة األخبار‬i. al-akbāir newscast, news (radio); ‫اذاعة تلفزية‬ (talfazīya) television broadcast, telecast; ‫( اذاعة السلكية‬lā-silkīya) and ‫اذاعة راديوفونية‬ radio broadcast; broadcasting, radio; ‫اذاعة‬ ‫ البوليس‬police radio; ‫ مجلة اإلذاعة‬majallat ali. radio magazine ‫ ذائع‬dā’i‘ widespread, common, general; circulating, in circulation; widely known │‫ ذائع الصيت‬d. aṣ-ṣīt famous, noted, renowned, widely known ‫ مذيع‬mudī‘ spreader, disseminator, propagator, proclaimer; broadcasting, transmitting (used attributively); (radio) transmitter; radio announcer ‫ مذيعة‬mudī‘a pl. -āt woman announcer (radio) ‫ ذيل‬II to furnish (‫ ھـ‬s.th., esp. a book) with an appendix, add a supplement (‫ ھـ‬to); to provide (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) at the end (‫ ب‬with) IV to trample underfoot, degrade, debase (‫ھـ‬ s.th.)

‫ ذيل‬dail pl. ‫ ذيول‬duyūl, ‫ اذيال‬adyāl the lowest or rearmost part of s.th., lower end; tail; hem, border (of a garment); train (of a skirt); lappet, coat tail; bottom, foot, end (of a page); appendage, appendicle; add.nda, supplement, appendix (of a book); retinue, 316 attendants, suite; dependent; result, consequence │‫في ذيله‬ immediately thereafter: ‫ طاھر الذيل‬innocent, blameless, upright, honest; ‫طھارة الذيل‬ ṭahārat ad-d. innocence, moral integrity, probity, uprightness, honesty; ‫طويل الذيل‬ long, lengthy, extensive: ‫تمسك باذياله‬ tamassaka bi-adyālihī to cling to s.o.’s coat tails, hold on to s.o.; ‫جر عليه ذيل العفاء‬ (jarra, ‘alaihi) to wipe out s.th., bring about the doom of s.th., let s.th. sink into oblivion: ‫ الذ بأذيال الشيء‬to resort to s.th.

‫ر‬ ‫ راء‬rā’ name of the letter ‫ر‬ ‫ رئة‬ri’a pl. ‫ رئون‬ri’ūn, ‫ رئات‬ri’āt lung ‫ رئوي‬ri’awī pulmonary, pulmonic, pneumonic, of or pertaining to the lung, lung (used attributively) ‫ رأب‬ra’aba a (ra’b) to mend, repair, patch up ( ‫ ھـ‬a rent, and the like); to rectify, put in order, set right (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ رؤبة‬ru’ba patch (for mending a rent) ‫ مرأب‬mir’ab pl. ‫ مرائب‬marā’ib2 repair shop, garage ‫( رابور‬Fr. rapport) report ‫ راتينج‬ratinaj resin ‫( راتينة = رتينة‬look up alphabetically) ‫ رؤد‬ru’d soft, tender; ru’d and ‫( فتاة رؤد‬fatāh) delicate young girl ‫ رئد‬ri’d pl. ‫ ارآد‬ar’ād person of approximately the same age, contemporary ‫ رادار‬rādār radar ‫ راديكال‬radikālī radical ‫ راديو‬rādiyō radio ‫ راديولوجي‬radiyōlōjī radiology ‫ راديوم‬radiyūm radium │ ‫ذو راديوم فاعل‬ radioactive

‫ رأرأ‬ra’ra’a: ‫( رأرأ بعينه‬bi-‘ainaihī) to roll one’s eyes ‫ رأس‬ra’asa a (‫ رئاسة‬ri’āsa) to be at the head, be the chairman, be in charge (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to preside (‫ ھـ‬over s.th.); to had, lead, direct, manage, run (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); -- ‫رؤس‬ ra’usa u to be the chief, the leader II to appoint as chief or head, make the director or leader, entrust with the direction, management or chairmanship (‫ ه‬s.o.) V = ra’asa VIII to become or be the chief, head, leader, or director ‫ رأس‬ra’s m. and f., pl. ‫ رؤوس‬ru’ūs, ‫ ارؤس‬ar’us head (also as a enumerative of cattle); chief, chieftain, head, leader; upper part, upper end; tip; top, summit, peak; vertex, apex; extremity, end; promontory, headland, cape (geogr.); main part; beginning: ‫ رأسا‬ra’san directly, straightway; immediately │‫ برأسه‬sui generis, in a class by itself, independent, self-contained, e.g., ‫‘( علم برأسه‬ilm) a science in itself; ‫( رأس برأس‬both) alike, one like the other, equally, without distinction: ‫( على رأس‬with foll. genit.) at the head of; at the end of; at the beginning of, before, prior to; ‫( على الرأس والعين‬wa-l-‘ain) very gladly; juts as you wish! at your service! ‫‘ على رؤوس األشھاد‬alā r. il-ašhād in public, for all the world to see; ‫رأسا على عقب‬ ra’san ‘alā ‘aqbin upside down, topsyturvy, e.g., ٣١٧ ‫قلبه رأسا على عقب‬ (qalabahū) to turn s.th. completely upside down, upset s.th. from the bottom up; ‫( الرأس الى القدم‬qadam) or ‫من الرأس الى أخمص‬ ‫( القدم‬akmaṣi l-qadam) from head to toe; ‫ رفع به رأسا‬to pay attention to s.th.; ‫رأس‬ ‫ اآلفات‬the principal evil, the root of all evil; ‫ رأس تنورة‬Ras Tanura (cape. E Saudi Arabia, oil center); ‫ رأس ثوم‬r. tūm clove of garlic: ‫ رأس الجسر‬r. al-jisr bridgehead; ‫رأس‬ ‫( حامية‬ḥāmiya) hothead, hotspur, firebrand; ‫ رأس السنة‬r. as-sana New Year; ‫رأس العمود‬ r. al-‘amūd capital (of a column or pilaster); ‫ رأس الكتاب‬letter-head; ‫رأس المال‬ pl. ‫ رؤوس المال‬capital (fin.): ‫مسقط الرأس‬ masqaṭ, masqiṭ ar-r. birthplace, home town; ‫ سمط الرأس‬samṭ ar-r. zenith (astron.); ‫( البلد الرأس‬balad) the capital city; ‫ رؤوس األصابع‬tiptoes ‫ رأسي‬ra’sī head (adj.), cephalic; main, chief, principal; perpendicular, vertical

‫ رأسمالي‬ra’s-mālī capitalistic; (pl. -ūn) capitalist ‫ رأسمالية‬ra’s-mālīya capitalism ‫ رئيس‬ra’īs pl. ‫ رؤساء‬ru’asā’ one at the head, or in charge, of; head; chieftain; leader; chief, boss; rais; director; headmaster, principal, chairman; governor; president; manager, superintendent; conductor (mus.); superior (as distinguished from ‫ مرؤوس‬subordinate); (mil.) captain (Ir. 1922. Leb.; formerly also Syr. And Eg.); ‫( رئيس اول‬awwal) military rank between captain and major (= Fr. capitaine 1ière classe; Ir. 1922, Syr. 1952) │ ‫ رئيس األساقفة‬archbishop; ‫رئيس البلدية‬ r. al-baladīya chief of a municipality, mayor; ‫ رئيس التحرير‬editor-in-chief; ‫رئيس‬ ‫ اركان الحرب‬r. arkān al-ḥarb chief of general staff; ‫ رئيس التشريفات‬r. at-tašrīfāt chief of protocol, master of ceremonies (of the king; formerly Ir.); ‫رأس الشماسمة‬ archdeacon; ‫ رئيس عرفاء‬r. ‘urafā’ (mil.) master sergeant (Ir., Syr.); ‫ رئيس األقسام‬r. al-aqsām technical director general (of the State Railways; Eg.); ‫ رئيس النواب‬r. annuwwāb president of parliament, speaker of the (lower) house; ‫رئيس ھيئة اركان الحرب‬ r. hai’at arkān al-ḥarb chief of general staff; ‫ رئيس الوزراء‬r. al-wuzarā’ and ‫رئيس‬ ‫ الوزارة‬prime minister, premier ‫ رئيسة‬ra’īsa manageress; directress; mother superior ‫ رئيسي‬ra’īsī main, chief, principal, leading │‫( دور رئيسي‬daur) leading role, leading part; ‫( سبب رئيسي‬sabab) principal cause, main reason; ‫ شارع رئيسي‬main street; ‫ الفضائل الرئيسية‬cardinal virtues (Chr.); ‫( مقالة رئيسية‬maqāla) editorial, leading article, leader □ ‫ ريس‬rayyis (= ‫ )رئيس‬mate (naval rank; Eg.) │‫( رئيس ممتاز‬mumtāz) a naval rank (approx. = petty officer 3rd class; Eg. 1939) ‫ رئاسة‬ri’āsa, ‫ رياسة‬riyāsa (also ‫)رآسة‬ leadership, leading position; management, direction; chairmanship; presidency, presidentship; supervision, superintendency │ ‫ رئاسة الوزارة‬prime ministry, premiership; ‫دار الرياسة‬ presidential palace, seat of the chief executive of a country

‫ ترؤس‬tara‘‘us direction, management; chairmanship ‫ روائس‬rawā’is2 cliffs lining river bode (wadis) ‫ مرؤوس‬mar’ūs subordinate; (pl. -ūn) a subordinate, a subaltern ‫ رأف‬ra’afa a and ‫ رؤف‬ra’ufa u (‫ رأفة‬ra’fa, ‫رآفة‬ ra’āfa) to show mercy (‫ ب‬on s.o.), have pity (‫ ب‬with s.o.), be kind, gracious, merciful (‫ ب‬to s.o.) V do. ‫ رأفة‬ra’fa and ‫ رآفة‬ra’āfa morcy, compassion, pity: kindliness graciousness ‫ رؤوف‬ra’ūf merciful, compassionate; kind, benevolent; gracious ‫ ارأف‬ar’af kindlier, more gracious (‫ب‬ toward) 318 ‫ رافيا‬rāfiyā raffia, raftia palm 1

‫ رأم‬ra’ama a (ra’m) to repair, mend (‫ ھـ‬s.th.)

2

‫ رئم‬ra’ima a (‫ رئمان‬ri’mān) to love tenderly (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), be very fond (‫ ھـ‬of); to treat tenderly, fondle, cares (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ رئم‬ri’m pl. ‫ ارآم‬ar’ām white antelope, addax ‫ رءوم‬ra’ūm loving, tender (mother to her children)

‫ رام ﷲ‬rāmallāh Ramallah (town in W Jordan, N of Jerusalem) ‫ رامية‬rāmiya ramie, a strong, lustrous bast fiber; China jute (bot.) ‫ راوند‬rāwand rhubarb 1

‫ رأى‬ra’ā ‫ يرى‬yarā (ra’y, ‫ رؤية‬ru’ya) to see; to behold, descry, perceive, notice, observe, discern (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to look (‫ ھـ ھـ‬at s.th. as), regard (‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th. as), consider, deem, think (‫ ھـ ھـ‬s.th. to be ...); to judge; to be of the opinion (‫ ان‬that), believe, think (‫ان‬ that); to express one’s opinion; to feel (‫ان‬ that); to deem appropriate, think proper (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), decide (‫ ھـ‬on s.th., ‫ان‬to do s.th.); to consider, contemplate │‫ أرأيت‬a-ra’aita tell me! what do you think? ‫رأى رأي العين‬ (ra’ya l-ain) to see with one’s own eyes; ‫( رأى رؤيا‬ru’yā) to have a dream; ‫رأى منه‬ ‫‘( العجب‬ajaba) to be amazed at s.th.; ‫رأى‬ ‫ للشيء فائدة‬expect some benefit from s.th.; ‫( رأى من واجبه‬min wājibihī) to regard as one’s duty, deem incumbent upon o.s.; ‫رأى‬

‫ له ان‬to think that it would be in s.o.’s interest to ...; ‫( رأى رأيه‬ra’yahū) to share s.o.’s. opinion; pass.: ‫( رؤي ان‬ru’iya) it was decided that ...; ‫ رؤي الشيء‬it was felt proper to do III it was thought to be the right thing to do ill to act ostentatiously, make a show before people, attitudinize; to do eyeservice; to behave hypocritically, act the hypocrite, (dis)simulate, dissemble (‫ ه‬toward s.o.) IV ‫ ارى‬arā to show, demonstrate (‫ ھـ ه‬to s.o. s.th.) ‫ يا ترى‬yā turā (in interrogative sentences) what’s your opinion? would you say ...? │I wonder ..., ‫ متى يا ترى‬I wonder when ..., ‫ ترى ھل‬wonder if ..., would you say that ...? ‫( اتراھا جاءت‬a-tarāhā) I wonder if she has come, would you say she has come? ‫ اتراني اعود‬would you say I should go back? V to deem, think, believe VI to present o.s. to or come into s.o.’s (‫ )ل‬view, show o.s. (‫ ل‬to s.o.); to appear, seem (‫ ل‬to s.o.); to appear right, seem appropriate (‫ل‬ to s.o.), be thought proper (‫ ل‬by s.o.); to see one another; to look at o.s. (in a mirror); to act the hypocrite; to fake, feign, simulate (‫ ب‬s.th.) VIII to consider, contemplate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to be of the opinion (‫ ان‬that), decide (‫ ان‬that) │‫ارتأى رأيا‬ (ra’yan) to have an opinion; ‫ارتأى رأيه‬ (ra’yahū) to share s.o.’s opinion ‫ رأي‬ra’y pl. ‫ آراء‬ārā’ opinion, view; idea, notion, concept, conception; advice, suggestion, proposal; (Isl. Law) subjective opinion, decision hued on one’s individual judgment (not on Koran and Sunna) │ ‫في‬ ‫ رأيي‬and ‫ عند رأيي‬in my opinion; ‫انا من ھذا‬ ‫ الرأي‬I am of this opinion; ‫ من رأيه ان‬he is of the opinion that ...; ‫( أخذ الرأي على‬ukida) it was put to the vote, (the matter) was voted upon; ‫ لم يكن عند رأيھم‬he was not what they had expected; ‫ لم يكن له فيه رأي‬he had no say in the matter; ‫‘( الرأي العام‬āmm) public opinion; ‫ ذو الرأي‬pl. ‫ ذوو اآلراء‬sensible, judicious; man of good sense and judgment; well-informed, knowledgeable person, one in the know; ‫تبادل اآلراء‬ tabādul al-ārā’, exchange of views; ‫صلب‬ ‫ الرأي‬ṣulba ar-r. obstinate, stubborn, opinionated; ‫ قسم الرأي‬qism ar-r. committee of experts, council on legal and economio matters (attached to the ministries; Eg.) ‫ راية‬rāya pl. -āt banner, flag 319

‫ رؤية‬ru’ya seeing, looking, viewing; inspection, examination

pensioners; ‫ ارباب السوابق‬those previously convicted; ‫ ارباب الفنون‬artists

‫ رؤيا‬ru’ya pl. ‫ رؤى‬ru’an vision; dream │ ‫ سفر الرؤيا‬sifr ar-r. the ‫ھـ‬pocalypse (Chr.)

‫ ربة‬rabba pl. -āt mistress; lady │‫ربة‬ ‫ المنزل‬r. al-manzil the lady of the house; ‫ ربة البيت‬r. al-bait landlady; ‫ ربة شعره‬r. ši‘rihī his muse; ‫ ربات الحجال‬r. al-ḥijāl the ladies

‫ مرأى‬mar’an sight, view; vision; apparition │ ‫ على مرأى من‬before s.o.’s eyes; ‫( على مرأى ومسمع من‬wa-masma‘in) before the eyes and ears of; with full knowledge of ‫ مرآة‬mir’āh pl. ‫ مراء‬marā’in, ‫مرايا‬ marāyā looking glass, mirror; reflection, reflected image

‫ رب‬rubba (with fol. indet. genit.) many a, e.g., ‫( رب رجل‬rajulin) many a man, ‫رب‬ ‫( مرة‬marratin) many a time

□ ‫ مراية‬mirāya pl. -āt looking glass mirror

‫ ربما‬rubbamā sometimes; perhaps, maybe, possibly

‫ رئاء‬ri’ā and ‫ رياء‬riyā’ eyeservice; hypocrisy, dissimulation; dissemblance; simulation (‫ ب‬of s.th.)

‫ ربة‬rabba, ribba a kind of skin eruption affecting the head and face

‫ مراءاة‬,‫ مراآة‬murā’āh eyeservice; hypocrisy, dissimulation, dissemblance; simulation (‫ ب‬of s.th.) ‫ راء‬rā’in viewer, onlooker, spectator, observer O ‫ رائية‬rā’iya pl. -āt view finder (of a camera) ‫ مرئي‬mar’īy seen; visible; ‫ المرئيات‬the visible things, the visible world ‫ مراء‬murā’in pl. ‫ مراؤون‬murā’ūun hypocrite 2

‫ رب‬rubb pl. ‫ رباب‬ribāb, ‫ ربوب‬rubūb rob, thickened juice (of fruit): mash, pulp

‫ رئة‬and ‫ رئوي‬see ‫رء‬

3

‫ راي‬rāy an Egyptian variety of salmon

4

‫ راية‬see 2 ‫رأى‬

‫ رب‬rabba u (rabb, ‫ ربابة‬ribāba) to be master, be lord, have possession (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬of), control (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.), have command or authority (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬over); -- u (rabb) and II to raise, bring up (‫ ه‬a child) II to deify, idolize (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) ‫ رب‬rabb pl. ‫ ارباب‬arbāb lord; master; owner, proprietor (Isl. Law); (with foil. genit.) one possessed of, endowed with, having to do with, etc.; ‫ الرب‬the Lord (= God) │‫( رب بحري‬baḥrī) a naval rank (approx. = seaman; Eg.); ‫ رب العائلة‬father of the family, paterfamilias; ‫ارباب السلطان‬ a. as-sulṭān the rulers; ‫ ارباب المال‬the capitalists; ‫ صعود الرب‬the ‫ھـ‬scension (Chr.); ‫ ارباب المعاشات‬a. al-ma’āšāt

‫ رباب‬rabāib, ‫ ربابة‬rabāba rebab or rebec, a stringed instrument of the ‫ھـ‬rabs resembling the fiddle, with one to three strings (in Eg. usually two-stringed) ‫ ربيب‬rabīb pl. -āt ‫ ارباء‬aribbā’ foster son, stepson; foster father; confederate, ally ‫ ربيبة‬rabība pl. ‫ ربائب‬rabā’ib2 foster daughter, stepdaughter; foster mother; (woman) ally ‫ ربوبية‬rubūbīya divinity, deity, godship ‫ ربان‬rubbān pl. -īya, ‫ ربابنة‬rabābina captain, skipper; a naval rank, approx. = captain, ‫( ربان ثان‬tānin) approx. = commander (Eg. 1939) ‫ رباني‬rabbānī divine; pertaining to God │ ‫ الربانيات‬divine things; ‫الصالة الربانية‬ (ṣalāh) the Lord’s Prayer (Chr.) ‫( مربة‬eg.) mirabba (= ‫ مربى‬murabban) jam, preserved fruit 320 ‫ راب‬rābb stepfather ‫ رابة‬rābba stepmother ‫ ربأ‬raba’a a to hold in esteem, esteem highly ( ‫ ب‬s.o.); If '! 4J to consider s.o. above s.th., above doing s.th., have too high an oplnion of s.o. as to suspect him of (doing) s.th. or as to expect him to do s.th.; ‫( ربأ بنفسه عن‬bi.-nafsii) to deem o.s. above s.th., be too proud for, stand aloof from

‫ ربيئة‬rabī’a pl. ‫ ربايا‬rabāya guard ‫ ربت‬rabata i (rabt) to pat, caress, stroke (‫ ه‬s.o.) II do. │‫( ربت على خده‬kaddihi) to pat s.o.’s cheek; ‫( ربت على كتفه‬katifihi) to pat s.o. on the shoulder; ‫ ربت نفسه‬to be self-satisfied, self-complacent, smug ‫ ربح‬rabiḥa a (ribḥ, rabaḥ) to gain (‫ ھـ من‬from s.th. s.th.), profit (‫ من‬from); to win (sports, games) │‫( ما ربحت تجارتھم‬tijāratuhum) their business was unprofitable II and IV to make (‫ ه‬s.o.) gain, allow s.o. (‫ )ه‬a profit ‫ ربح‬ribḥ pl. ‫ ارباح‬arbāḥ gain, profit; benefit; interest (on money); pl. proceeds, returns, revenues; O dividends │‫ربح بسيط‬ simple interest, ‫( ربح مركب‬murakkab) compound interest ‫ رباح‬rabbāḥ pl. ‫ ربابيح‬rabābīḥ2 monkey ‫ اربح‬arbaḥ2 more profitable, more lucrative ‫ مرابحة‬murābaḥ (Isl. Law) resale with specification of gain, resale with an advance ‫ رابح‬rābiḥ profiteer, gainer, winner; beneficiary; lucrative, gainful, profitable (business) ‫ مربح‬murbiḥ lucrative, gainful, profitable ‫ ربد‬V to become clouded, become overcast (sky); to turn ashen, take on a glowering expression (face, with anger) IX to become ashen, assume a glowering expression (face) ‫ مربد‬murbadd clouded; gloomy, morose (face) ‫ ربص‬rabaṣa u (rabṣ) to wait, look, watch, be on the lookout (‫ ب‬for) V to lurk, lie in wait (‫ ل‬for s.o.), waylay, ambush (‫ ل‬s.o.); to lay an ambush, move into an ambush; to take up positions (mil.); to expect (‫ ب‬،‫ھـ‬ s.th.), wait (‫ ب‬،‫ ھـ‬for s.th.) │‫تربص الفرصة‬ (furṣata) to wait (or look) for an opportunity; ‫( تربص األمر‬amra) to wait for s.th. to befall s.o. or to happen to s.o., e.g., ; ‫ تربص به الدوائر‬to wait; for s.o. to meet with disaster ‫ تربص‬tarabbuṣ probationary term (adm.) ‫ متربص‬mutarabbiṣ candidate, aspirant

‫ ربض‬rabaḍa (rabḍ, rubūd) to lie down; to lie, rest (animals; with the chest to the ground); to lurk (‫ ل‬for s.o.) ‫ ربض‬rabaḍ pl. ‫ ارباض‬arbāḍ outskirts, suburb; place where animals lie down to rest ‫ مربض‬marbaḍ pl. ‫ مرابض‬marābiḍ2 place where animals lie down to rest; sheep pen, fold ‫ ربط‬rabaṭa u i (rabṭ) to bind, tie up, make fast, moor (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to tie, fasten, attach, hitch ( ‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. to); to connect (‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. with); to fix, appoint, determine (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to value, rate, assess (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to add, append, affix (‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. to); to insert (‫الى‬ ‫ ھـ‬s.th. in); to combine, unite (‫ ھـ‬s.th., – ‫بين‬ ‫ وبين‬s.th. with); to ligate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), apply a tourniquet (‫ ھـ‬to); to bandage, dress (‫ ھـ‬a wound); to bridle, check (‫ على‬،‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to brake (‫ ھـ‬a train); to suspend (‫ ه‬a cleric; Chr.) │‫( ربط لسانه‬lisānahū) to silence s.o.; ‫( ربط على قلبه‬qalbihī) to fortify s.o., give s.o. patience (said of God); ‫ربط جأشه‬ (ja’šahū) to keep one’s self-control, remain calm, be undismayed; 321 ‫ربط‬ ‫ الطريقة‬to practice highway robbery III to be lined up, posted, stationed (troops); to line up, take up positions; to be moored (ship); to move into fighting positions │ ‫( رابط في قضيته‬qaḍīyatihī) to defend the cause of, fight for VIII to bind o.s., commit o.s. engage o.s.; to be bound (‫ب‬ by, also, e.g., by an obligation), be tied (‫ب‬ to); to be linked, be connected (‫ ب‬with); to depend (‫ ب‬on); to unite, join forces ‫ ربط‬rabṯ binding, tying; fastening, joining, attaching, connecting; fixation, determination (of an amount, of a number); valuation, assessment │ ‫ربط مالي‬ financial allocation; ‫ اھل الحل والربط‬ahl alḥall wa-r. infIuentiBJ people, those in power; ‫ مكان الربط‬makān ar-r. (welded) seam, weld (techn.) ‫ ربط‬rabaṭ (tun.) section, quarter (of a city), suburb ‫ ربط‬rabṭa pl. -āt, ‫ رباط‬ribāṭ ribbon, band, bandage; bundle; parcel, package │ ‫ ربطة الرقبة‬r. ar-raqaba necktie; ‫ ربط الساق‬r. as-sāq garter; ‫ ربطة النقود‬money purse

‫ رباط‬ribāṭ pl. -āt, ‫ ربط‬rubuṭ, ‫ اربطة‬arbiṭa ribbon, band; ligature, ligament; bandage; dressing (of a wound); bond, fetter, shackle; -- suspension (of a cleric; Chr.); (pl. -āt, ‫ ربط‬rubuṭ) inn for travelers, caravansary; hospice (for Sufis or the poor) │‫ رباط االجربة‬r. al-ajriba garter; ‫رباط‬ ‫ الجزمة‬r. al-jazma shoestring; ‫ رباط الرقبة‬r. ar-raqaba necktie ‫ رباط‬ribāṭ, ‫ رباط الفتح‬ribāṭ al-fatḥ Rabat (capital of Morocco) ‫ رباط الجأش‬ribāṭ al-ja’š composure, selfcontrol, calmness, intrepidity 2

‫ مربط‬marbiṭ, marbaṭ pl. ‫ مرابط‬marābiṭ place where aniimals are tied up

‫ مربط‬mirbaṭ pl. ‫ مرابط‬marābiṭ2 hawser, mooring cable; rope; O terminal (el.) ‫ ارتباط‬irtibāṭ connectedness, connection, link; contact, 1iaison; tie (‫ ب‬to); obligation, engagement, commitment; bearing (‫ ب‬on), connection ((‫ ب‬with), relation (‫ ب‬to); unity; league, confederation │ ‫بدون ارتباط‬bidūn irt, not binding, without obligation (com.); ‫ضابط‬ ‫ ارتباط‬liaison officer ‫ رابط الجأش‬rābiṭ al-ja’š composed, calm, unruffled, undismayed, fearless ‫ رابطة‬rābiṭa pl. ‫ روابط‬rawābiṭ2 band; bond, tie; connection, link; confederation, union, league │ ‫ روابط الصداقة‬r. aṣ-ṣadāqa bonds of friendship; ‫الرابطة االسالمية‬ (Islāmīya) the Moslem League ‫ مربوط‬marbūṭ bound; connected; fastened, tied, moored (‫ الى‬to); fixed, appointed; fixed salary; estimate (of the budget) ‫ مرابط‬murābiṭ posted, stationed; garrisoned (troops); Marabout │ ‫الجيش‬ ‫( المربوط‬jaiš) the Territorial Army (Eg.) ‫ مرتبط‬murtabiṭ connected, linked (‫ب‬ with); bound, committed (‫ ب‬by); depending, conditional (‫ ب‬on) ‫ ربع‬raba‘a a to gallop (horse); -- to sit; to squat; to stay, live II to quadruple, multiply by four, increase fourfold (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to square (‫ ھـ‬a number) V to sit or sit down cross-legged; to sit │ ‫تربع على‬ ‫‘(العرش‬arš) to mount the throne, sit on the throne

‫ ربع‬rab‘ pl. ‫ ربوع‬rubū‘, ‫ رباع‬ribā‘, ‫ارباع‬ arbā‘, ‫ اربع‬arba‘ home, residence, quarters; pl. ‫ ربوع‬region, area territory, lands; ‫( ربع‬group of) people │ ‫الربع‬ ‫الخالي‬Rub‘ al Khali (desert region in S Arabia) ‫ ربع‬rib‘: ‫ حمى الربع‬ḥummā r-rib‘ quartan (fever) ‫ ربع‬rub‘ pl. ‫ارباع‬arbā‘ quarter, fourth part; roubouh, a dry measure 322 (Eg. = ٨.٢٥ = ‫ قدح‬l); (syr.) 25-piaster piece │‫ربع‬ ‫ سنوي‬r. sanawī quarterly, trimestral ‫ ربعي‬rub‘ī quarterly, trimestral ‫ ربعة‬rab‘a: ‫ ربعة القوام‬r. al-qiwām and ‫ ربعة القامة‬r. al-qāma (m. and f.) or medium height, medium sized ‫ ربعة‬rub‘a robhah, a dry measure (Eg.; = ٠.٥١٦ = ‫ قدح‬l) ‫ رباع‬rabbā‘ athlete (boxer, wrestler, weight lifter, etc.) ‫ ربيع‬rabī‘ spring, springtime, vernal season; name of the third and fourth months of the Muslim year (‫ ربيع األول‬r. al-awwali Rabia I, and ‫ ربيع الثاني‬r. at-tānī Rabia Il); quarter, fourth part ‫ اربعة‬arba‘a (f. ‫ اربع‬arba‘) four │ ‫ ذوات األربع‬dawāt al-arba‘ the quadrupeds ‫ اربعة عشر‬arba‘ata ‘ašara (f. ‫اربع عشرة‬ arba‘a ‘ašarata) fourteen ‫ اربعون‬arba‘ūn forty; ‫ األربعون‬a ceremony held on the 40th day after s.o.’s death │‫‘ عيد األربعين‬īd al-a. Ascension Day (Chr.) ‫ رباعي‬rubā‘ī consisting or four, quadripartite, fourfold, quadruple; quadrangular; tetragonal; (gram.) consisting of four radical letters, quadriliteral; quartet; (pl. -āt) quatrain (poet.) │‫( مؤتمر رباعي‬mu’tamar) fourpower conference; ‫رباعي األضالع‬ quadrilateral; ‫ رباعي األرجل‬r. l-arjul quadruped(al), four-footed; ‫محرك رباعي‬ ‫ المشوار‬muḥarrik r. l-mišwār four-cycle engine ‫ األربعاء‬al-arba‘ā’, al-arbi‘ā’, ‫يوم األربعاء‬ yaum al-a. Wednesday

‫ يربوع‬yarbū‘ pl. ‫ يرابيع‬yarābī‘ jerboa (Jaculus jaculus; zool.) ‫ مربع‬marba‘ pl. ‫ مرابع‬marābi‘ meadow ‫ تربيع‬tarbī‘ lunar quarter; -- (pl. ‫ترابيع‬ tarābī‘2) quadrangle; square, plaza (surrounded by houses) │‫تربيع الدائرة‬ quadrature or the circle ‫ تربيعة‬tarbī‘a pl. ‫ ترابيع‬tarābī‘2 square, quadrangle; square, plaza; square panel; tile, floor tile ‫ تربيعي‬tarbī‘ī quadratic, square ‫ الرابع‬ar-rābi‘ the fourth; ‫ رابعا‬fourthly, in the fourth place ‫ رابع‬rābi‘ (due to erroneous pointing) = ‫ رائع‬q.v. ‫ مربوع‬marbū‘ of medium height, medium-sized ‫ مربع‬murabba‘ fourfold, quadruple; quadragular; tetragonal; square, quadratic; quadrangle; square; (pl. -āt) quadrangular piece; quartet │‫( متر مربع‬mitr) square meter; ‫ مربع األضالع‬quadrilateral (math.) ‫ مربعة‬murabba‘a pl. -āt section, district, area ‫ مرابع‬murābi‘ partner in an agricultural enterprise (sharing one quarter of the gains or losses) ‫ جلس متربعا‬jalasa mutarabbi‘an to sit crosslegs ‫ رابغ‬rābig pleasant, comfortable ‫ ربق‬ribq lasso, lariat ‫ ربقة‬ribqa, rabqa pl. ‫ ربق‬ribaq, ‫رباق‬ ribāq, ‫ ارباق‬arbāq noose ‫ ربك‬rabaka u (rabk) to muddle, entangle, complicate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to confuse, throw into confusion (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); -- rabika a (rabak) to be in an involved, confused situation VIII to be confused; to become involved (‫ في‬in) ‫ ربك‬rabak involved, confused situation ‫ ربك‬rabik: confused; in trouble, beset by difficulties ‫ ارتباك‬irtibāk pl. -āt entanglement, involvement; snarl, tangle, muddle, mess;

confusion; embarrassment; upset (of the stomach) 323 ‫ مربك‬murabbik confusing, bewildering, disconcerting ‫ مرتبك‬murtabik; confused, complicated, involved; bewildered, disconcerted, embarrassed; involved (‫ في‬in) ‫ ربل‬rabil plump, fleshy, fat (person) ‫ ربلي‬rablī, rabalī fleshy ‫ ربلة‬rabla pl. rabalāt (mass of) flesh (of the body) ‫ ربيل‬rabīl fleshy, corpulent, fat ‫ ربالة‬rabāla corpulence ‫ ربما‬see ‫رب‬ ‫ )ربا )ربو‬rabā u (‫ رباء‬rabā’, ‫ ربو‬rubūw) to increase; to grow; to grow up; to exceed, ( ‫ على‬a number, also ‫)عن‬, be more than ((‫على‬ ‫ │ما يربو على المئة‬more than a hundred II to make or let grow; to raise, rear, bring up (‫ه‬ s.o.); to educate; to teach, instruct (‫ ه‬a child); to breed, raise (‫ ھـ‬e.g., poultry, cattle); to develop (‫ ھـ‬e.g., a method) III to practice usury IV to make grow, augment, increase (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to exceed (‫ على‬a number, an age, a measure) V to be brought up, be educated; to be bred, be raised ‫ ربو‬rabw dyspnea, asthma ‫ ربوة‬rubwa (rabwa, ribwa) pl. ‫ربى‬ ruban hill ‫ ربوة‬ribwa pl. -āt ten thousand, myriad ‫ ربا‬riban interest; usurious interest; usury ‫ ربوى‬ribawī usurious ‫ رباء‬rabā’ surplus, excess; superiority ( ‫ على‬over s.o.); favor ‫ تربية‬tarbiya education, upbringing; teaching, instruction; pedagogy; breeding, raising (of animals) │‫ سيئ التربية‬sayyi’ at-t. ill-bred; ‫ قليل التربية‬ill-bred, uncivil, illmannered; ‫‘ علم التربية‬ilm at-t. pedagogy, pedagogics; ‫ تربية األطفال‬baby care; ‫التربية‬ ‫( البدنية‬badanīya) physical education, physical training; ‫ تربية الحيوان‬t. alḥayawān cattle farming, stockbreeding; ‫ تربية الدجاج‬t. ad-dajāj chicken farming,

poultry husbandry; ‫ تربية السمك‬t. as-samak pisciculture; ‫ تربية النباتات‬t. an-nabātāt plant cultivation ‫ تربوي‬tarbawī, ‫ تربيوي‬tarbiyawī pedagogic, pedagogical ‫ رابية‬rābiya pl. ‫ رواب‬rawābin hill ‫ مرب‬murabbin pl. ‫ مربون‬murabbūn educator; pedagogue; breeder (of livestock) ‫ مربية‬murabbiya pl. -āt tutoress, governess; dry nurse, nursemaid ‫ مربى‬murabban raised, brought up; educated; well-bred, well-mannered; jam, preserved fruit; pl. ‫ مربيات‬murabbayāt preserves ‫ مراب‬murābin usurer ‫ مترب‬mutarabbin well-bred, wellmannered ‫( ربورتاج‬Fr. reportage) pl. -āt reportage, report ‫ ارت‬aratt2, f. ‫ رتاء‬rattā’2, pl. ‫ رت‬rutt afflicted with a speech defect ‫ رتب‬II to array, arrange, dispose (‫ ھـ‬s.th. in a regular sequence or order); to decorate, dress (iii a show window); to settle, determine, regulate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to put into proper order, put together (‫ ھـ‬words); to prepare, set aside, earmark (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to fix, appoint (‫ ل ھـ‬a salary for s.o.); to make (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) result or accrue (‫ على‬from), derive ( ‫ على ھـ‬s.th. from), make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) the result or consequence of (‫ )على‬V to fall in line; to be arranged, organized or set up (along the lines of); to be set aside, be assigned; to be subordinate (‫ على‬to s.th.), be the result or consequence (‫ على‬of), result, follow, derive, spring (‫ على‬from), be caused (‫ على‬by) │‫( ترتب بذمته‬bi-dimmatihī) to become the debtor of s.o. 324 ‫ رتبة‬rutba pl. ‫ رتب‬rutab degree, grade, level; rank, standing, station; class, quality; (mil.) rank; clerical rank, order (of the Christian ministry); religious ceremony (Chr.) │‫ كتاب الرتب‬ritual (of the Roman Catholic Church) ‫ رتابة‬ratāba monotony ‫ رتيب‬ratīb monotonous

‫ رتباء‬rutabā’2 noncommissioned officers (Syr.; mil.) ‫ مرتبة‬martaba pl. ‫ مراتب‬marātib2 step; a steplike elevation serving as a seat; mattress; grade, degree, rank, class │‫في‬ ‫( المرتبة األولى‬ūlā) first (mortgage) ‫ ترتيب‬tartīb pl. -āt order, arrangement, array; sequence, succession; make-up, setup; layout (of a complex, e.g., of houses); organization; preparation, arrangement, provision, measure, step; rite of administering a sacrament (Chr.) │ ‫ بالرترتيب‬one by one, in proper succession; ‫ من غيرترت‬disorderly, in confusion ‫ ترتيبي‬tartībī ordinal │‫‘( عدد ترتيبي‬adad) ordinal number . ‫ راتب‬rātib monotonous; (pl. ‫رواتب‬ rawātib2 salary, pay, emolument; pl. ‫رواتب‬ certain supererogatory exercises of devotion ‫ مرتب‬murattab arranged; organized, set up, regulated, etc.; (pl. -āt) salary, pay, emolument ‫ رتج‬rataja u (ratj) to look, bar, bolt (‫ ھـ‬the door); -- ratija a (rataj) to be tonguetied, be speechless, falter IV pass. ‫ارتج عليه‬ (urtija) words failed him, he was speechless, he didn't know what to say, he was at a loss ‫ رتاج‬ritāj pl. ‫ رتج‬rutuj, ‫ رتائج‬ratā’ij2 gate, gateway I eli)1 p muḥkam ar-r. firmly bolted (gate) ‫ رتع‬rata‘a a (rat‘,‫ رتوع‬rutū‘, ‫ رتاع‬ritā‘) to pasture, graze; to gormandize, carouse, feast; to revel, indulge freely (‫ في‬in) IV to pasture, put out to graze (‫ ھـ‬cattle) ‫ مرتع‬marta‘ pl. ‫ مراتع‬marāti‘2 rich grazing land, pasture; fertile ground (‫ل‬ for; fig.); breeding ground, hotbed (of vice, of evil, etc.) ‫ رتق‬rataqa u i (ratq) to mend, repair, patch up, sew up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ رتق‬ratq pl. ‫ رتوق‬rutūq patching, mending, repair; dam (of a stocking) ‫ رتك‬rataka u i, (ratk, ratak, ‫ رتكان‬ratakān) to run with abort steps, trot ‫ مرتك‬martak litharge (chem.)

‫ رتل‬ratila a (ratal) to be regular, well-ordered, neat, tidy II to phrase elegantly (‫ الكالم‬alkalāma one’s words); to psalmodize, recite in a singsong; to sing, chant (‫ھـ‬ spiritual songs, hymns; Chr.) ‫ رتل‬ratl pl. ‫ ارتال‬artāl railroad train │ ‫( رتل آلي‬ālī) motorized convoy (mil.) ‫ رتيالء‬rutailā’2 harvestman (Phalangium), daddy longlegs; tarantula ‫ ترتيل‬tartīl slow recitation of the Koran (a technical term of tajwīd); psalmodizing, psalmody, singsong recitation; singing, chanting (of hymns, etc.; Chr.); -- (pl. ‫ تراتيل‬tarātīl2) hymn; religious song (Chr.)

(raty, ‫ رثاء‬ritā’, ‫ مرثية‬martiya, ‫ مرثاة‬martāh) to bewail, lament, bemoan (‫ ه‬a deceased person); to elegize, celebrate in an elegy, in a funeral oration (‫ ه‬a deceased person); to mourn (‫ ل‬for, over), deplore (‫ ل‬s.o. or s.th.); to pity (‫ ل‬s.o.), feel sorry (‫ ل‬for) │ ‫ رثاه بمرثاة‬to elegize s.o. (a deceased person), bewail and celebrate him in an elegy; ‫( شيء يرثى له‬yurtā) a deplorable, regrettable thing ‫ رثى‬raty bewailing, bemoaning, lamentation ‫ رثاء‬ritā’ bewailing, bemoaning, lamentation; regret; elegiac poetry

‫ ترتيلة‬tartīla pl. ‫ تراتيل‬tarātīl2 hymn

‫ رثية‬ratya pl. ratayāt arthritis, gout

‫ مرتل‬murattal church singer; choirboy, chorister (Chr.); singer, chanter

‫ مرثية‬martiya and ‫ مرثاء‬martā’ pl. ‫مراث‬ marātin elegy, dirge, epicedium; pl. ‫مراث‬ funeral orations

‫ رتم‬ratama i (ratm) to utter, say (‫ بكلمة‬bikalima a word; only with neg.) ‫ رتم‬ratam (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬retem (Retama raetam Webb., Genista raetam Forsk.; bot.) ‫ رتمة‬ratma and ‫ رتيمة‬ratīma pl. ‫رتائم‬ ratā’im2, ‫ رتام‬ritām thread wound around one’s finger as a reminder 325 ‫ )رتا )رتو‬ratā u and II ‫ رتى‬rattā to mend, darn ( ‫ ھـ‬e.g., stockings) ‫( رتوش‬Fr. retouche) ritūš retouch ‫ رتينج‬ratīnaj (= ‫ )راتينج‬resin ‫( رتينة‬It. retina) ratīna pl. ‫ رتائن‬ratā’in2 incandescent mantle ‫ رث‬ratta i (‫ رثاثة‬ratāta, ‫ رثوثة‬rutūta) to be ragged, tattered, shabby. worn (garment) ‫ رث‬ratt pl. ‫ رثاث‬ritāt old, shabby, worn, threadbare │‫ رث الھيئة‬r. al-hai’a of shabby appearance ‫ رثة‬ritta old, outmoded things, worn clothes ‫ رثيث‬ratīt old, .habby, worn, threadbare ‫ رثاثة‬ratāta shabbiness, raggedness ‫ رثوثة‬rutūta shabbiness, raggedness ‫ )رثو‬and ‫ رثي( رثا‬ratā u (ratw) to bewail, lament, celebrate in an elegy, in a funeral oration (‫ ه‬a deceased person); -- ‫ رثى‬ratā i

‫ رج‬raja u (rajj) to convulse, shake, rock (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); pass. rujja to be shaken, tremble, shake, quake VIII to be convulsed, shake, tremble, quake ‫ رج‬rajj shaking, rocking, convulsion ‫ رجة‬rajja convulsion; shook, concussion ‫ رجاج‬rajjāj trembling, quaking, shaking, rocking ‫ ارتجاج‬irtijāj shock, concussion; trembling, tremor │ O ‫ ارتجاج المخ‬irt. almukk cerebral concussion (med.) ‫ رجأ‬IV to postpone, adjourn, defer, put off (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) ‫ ارجاء‬irjā’ postponement, deferment, adjournment ‫ رجب‬rajaba u and rajiba a (rajab) to be afraid (‫ من‬or ‫ عن‬of), be awed (‫ من‬or ‫ عن‬by) ‫ رجب‬rajab Rajab, the seventh month of the Muslim year ‫ رجح‬rajaḥa a i u (‫ رجوح‬rujūḥ, ‫ رجحان‬rujḥān) to incline (scale of a balance); to weigh more, be of greater weight; to preponderate, predominate; to surpass, excel (‫ ه‬s.o.); to be very likely (‫ ان‬that), ‫ رجح عنده ان‬it appeared to him most likely that ...; -- to weigh (‫ ھـ بيده‬s.th. in the hand) II to make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) outweigh (‫ على‬s.th. else), give preponderance (‫ ھـ‬to s.th., ‫على‬

over); to think (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) weightier; to prefer (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. to), give (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) preference (‫ على‬to), favor (‫ على ھـ‬s.th. more than); to think likely or probable (‫ھـ‬ s.th., ‫ ان‬that) V to carry greater weight, be weightier, preponderate; to swing back and forth, pendulate; to rock; to seesaw, tester VIII to swing back and forth, pendulate; to rook; to seesaw, tester ‫ رجاحة‬rajāḥa forbearance, indulgence, leniency; composure, equanimity ‫ رجحان‬rujḥān preponderance, predominance (‫ على‬over), ascendancy, superiority 326 2

‫ ارجح‬arjaḥ superior in weight, preponderant; having more in its favor, more acceptable; preferable; more likely, more probable │ ‫ األرجح ان‬it is most likely that ...; probably ...; ‫ على األرجح‬probably, in all probability ‫ ارجحية‬arjaḥīya preponderance, predominance, prevalence ‫ ارجوحة‬urjūḥa pl. ‫ اراجيح‬arājīḥ2 seesaw; swing; cradle ‫ راجح‬rājiḥ) superior in weight, preponderant; having more in its favor, more acceptable; preferable; probable, likely ‫ مرجوحة‬marjūḥa pl. ‫ مراجيح‬marājīḥ2 seesaw; swing ‫ مرجح‬murajjaḥ preponderant, predominant; probable, likely ‫ رجرج‬rajraja and II tarajraja to tremble, quiver; to sway ‫ رجراج‬rajrāj agitated; trembling, tremulous; swaying; quivering; ‫ الرجراج‬the sea 1

‫رجز‬VIII to compose or declaim poems in the meter rajaz; to thunder, roar, surge (sea) ‫ رجز‬rujz, rijz punishment (inflicted by God); dirt, filth ‫ رجز‬rajaz name of a poetical meter ‫ ارجاز‬arjāz verses in the meter rajaz; little (work) song ‫ ارجوزة‬urjūza pl. ‫ اراجيز‬arājīz2 poem in the meter rajaz

2

‫ ارجوز‬look up alphabetically

‫ رجس‬rajisa a (rajs) and rajusa u (‫ رجاسة‬rajāsa) to be dirty, filthy; to commit a shameful act, do s.th. disgraceful or dirty ‫ رجس‬rijs pl. ‫ ارجاس‬arjās dirt, filth; dirty thing or act, atrocity ‫ رجس‬rajas pl. ‫ ارجاس‬arjās dirt, filth ‫ رجس‬rajis dirty, filthy ‫ رجاسة‬rajāsa dirt, squalor ‫ رجاس‬rajjās roaring, surging (sea); thundering ‫ رجع‬raja‘a i (‫ رجوع‬rujū‘) to come back, come again, return; to recur; to resort, turn (‫الى‬ to); to recommence, begin again, resume ( ‫ الى‬s.th.); to fall back (‫ الى‬on), go back, revert (‫ الى‬to); to look up (‫ الى‬s.th. in a book), consult (‫ الى‬a book); to go back, be traceable (‫ الى‬to), be attributable (‫ الى ان‬to the fact that ...), derive, stem, spring (‫الى‬ from); ‫ رجع به الى‬to reduce s.th. to (its elements, or the like); to depend (‫ الى‬on); to be due, belong by right (‫ الى‬to); to fall under s.o.’s (‫ )ل‬jurisdiction, be s.o.’s (‫)ل‬ bailiwick; to desist, refrain (‫ عن‬from); to withdraw (‫عن‬, also ‫ في‬e.g., what one has said), revoke, countermand, repeal, cancel (‫ عن‬or ‫ على‬e.g., a decision); to turn against s.o. (‫ على(؛ رجع به على فالن‬to claim restitution of s.th. from s.o.; to demand, claim (‫ ب‬s.th., ‫ على‬from s.o.); to entail, involve (‫ ب‬s.th., a consequence); to have a good effect (‫ في‬on), be successful (‫في‬ with) │‫‘( رجع على عقبه‬aqbihī) pl. ‫رجعوا على‬ ‫( اعقابھم‬a‘qābihim) to retrace one's steps, go back the way one came; ‫رجع الى الصحة‬ (ṣiḥḥa) to regain one’s health; ‫رجع الى‬ ‫( صوابه‬ṣawābihī) to come to one's senses; ‫ رجع الى نفسه‬to watch o.s., examine o.s.; ‫ يرجع ذلك الى ان‬this is due to the fact that ...; ‫( يرجع السبب الى‬sabab) the reason is to be found in ...; ‫ رجعت به الذاكرة الى‬he recalled, remembered ...; ‫( رجع في كالمه‬kalāmihī) to go back on one’s word II to cause to come back or return; to return, give back; to send back; to turn away (‫ عن ه‬s.o. from); to sing or chant in a vibrant, quavering tone; to echo, reverberate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │‫رجع‬ ‫( صداه‬ṣadāhū) to return the echo of s.th., echo s.th. III to return, come back (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ to); to revert 327

‫ رجعع‬rujū‘ return; reverting, coming back (‫ الى‬to); recourse (‫ الى‬to); traceability (‫ الى‬to); revocation, withdrawal, retraction (‫ عن‬of s.th.); resignation, surrender (‫ عن‬of s.th.); reclamation; recall; restitution, return │‫ برجوع البريد‬by return mail ‫ رجيع‬rajī‘ excrement ‫ مرجع‬marji‘ pl. ‫ مراجع‬marāji‘ return; authority to which one turns or appeals; place of refuge, retreat; recourse resort; authority, responsible agency; source (esp. scientific), authoritative reference work; resource; source to which s.th. goes back or to which s.th. can be attributed; starting point, origin; recourse (jur.) │ ‫مرجع‬ ‫النظر‬m. An-naẓar jurisdiction, competence; ‫ المرجع اليه‬he is the one to turn to; ‫المرجع في‬ ‫ ذلك الى‬I am thereby referring to …; ‫كان‬ ‫ مرجع ھذا الشيء الى‬this was due to …, was attributable to …; ‫( اليھم مرجع الفضل‬m. ulfaḍl) the merit is due to them ‫ مرجعية‬marji‘īya authority ‫ مراجعة‬murāja‘a reiteration, repetition; inspection, study, examination; consultation (of a reference work); request; application, petition (esp. to an authority); application for advice or instruction, etc., consultation (of s.o.); checking, verification, re-examination; auditing, audit (also ‫;)مراجعة الحساب‬ revision, correction (of a manuscript)

‫ مراجع‬murāji‘ checker, verifier, examiner; reviser │ ‫ مراجع‬m. al-ḥisāb auditor, comptroller ‫ رجف‬rajafa a (rajf, ‫ رجفان‬rajfān) to be convulsed, be shaken; to tremble, quake; to shiver, shudder; -- to agitate, convulse, shake (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to make (‫ ه‬s.o.) tremble or shudder; to convulse, shake, rock (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to spread lies, false rumors; also with ‫ب‬, e.g., ‫( ارجف بافتراءات‬bi-ftirā’āt) to spread calumnies VIII to tremble, quake; to shudder ‫ رجفة‬rajfa (n. vic.) trepidation, tremor; shudder, shiver ‫ رجاف‬rajjāf trembling, quaking; shaken, convulsed ‫ ارجاف‬irjāf pl. ‫ اراجيف‬arājīf untrue, disquieting talk, false rumor ‫ رجل‬rajila a to go on foot, walk II to comb (‫ھـ‬ the hair); to let down (‫ ھـ‬the hair), let it hang long V = I; to dismount (‫ من‬or if from; rider); to assume masculine manners, behave like a man │‫ترجل في‬ ‫ طريقه‬to walk all the way VIII to improvise, extemporize, deliver offhand ( ‫ ھـ‬a speech) X to become a man, reach the age of manhood, grow up; to act like a man, display masculine manners or qualities ‫ رجل‬rijl f., pl. ‫ ارجل‬ari"l foot; leg

‫ ارجاع‬irjā‘ return, restitution; refundment; attribution (‫ الى‬to); reduction (‫ الى‬to)

‫ رجل‬rijl pl. ‫ ارجال‬arjāl swarm (esp. of locusts); -- common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.; bot.)

‫ تراجع‬tarāju‘ withdrawal, retreat; recession, retrogadation

‫ رجل‬rajil going on foot, pedestrian, walking

‫ ارتجاع‬irtijā‘ return to an older form or order, reactionism, reaction

‫ رجل‬rajul pl. ‫ رجال‬rijāl man; pl. ‫رجاالت‬ rijālāt great, important men, leading personalities, men of distinction │‫رجال‬ ‫ الدولة‬r. ad-daula statesmen; ‫ رجال السند‬r. as-sanad informants, sources of information

‫ ارتجاعي‬irtijā‘ī reactionary 328 ‫ استرجاع‬istirjā‘ reclamation; recovery, retrieval; retraction, withdrawal, revocation ‫ راجع‬rāji‘ returning, reverting, etc.; due, attributable (‫ الى‬to); rightfully belonging ( ‫ الى‬to s.o.); subject (‫ ل‬to s.th.); depending ( ‫ ل‬on) │ ‫( الحمى الراجعة‬ḥummā) relapsing fever

‫ رجالي‬rijālī men’s, for men (e.g., apparel) ‫ رجولة‬rajūla masculinity, virility, manhood ‫ رجولية‬rajūlīya masculinity, virility, manhood

‫ مرجل‬mirjal pl. ‫ مراجل‬marājil2 cooking kettle, caldron; boiler ‫ ارتجال‬irtijāl improvisation, extemporization, extemporary speech ‫ ارتجالي‬irtijālī extemporary, improvised, impromptu, offhand, unprepared ‫ راجل‬rājil pl. ‫ رجل‬rajl, ‫ رجالة‬rajjāla, ‫ رجال‬rujjāl, ‫ رجالن‬rujlān going on foot, walking; pedestrian ‫ مرتجل‬murtajal improvised, extemporaneous, extemporary, impromptu, offhand 1

‫ رجم‬raiama u (raim) to stone (‫ ه‬a.o.); to curse, damn, abuse, revile (‫ ه‬s.o.) │‫رجم بالغيب‬ (gaib) to talk about s.th. of which one knows nothing; to guess, surmise, make conjectures; to predict the future II ‫رجم‬ ‫ بالغيب‬do. ‫ رجم‬rajm stoning; (pl. ‫ رجم‬rujam) missile │ ‫( رجم بالغيب‬gaib) conjecture, guesswork; prophecy ‫ رجم‬rujum shooting stars, meteorites ‫ رجمة‬rajma pl. ‫ رجم‬rujam, ‫ رجام‬rijām tombstone ‫ رجيم‬rajīm stoned; cursed, damned; see also alphabetically

2

‫ ترجمة‬،‫ ترجم‬look up alphabetically

‫ مرجونة‬marjūna basket 329 ‫ )رجا )رجو‬rajā u (‫ رجاء‬rajā’, ‫ رجاة‬rajāh, ‫مرجاة‬ marjāh) to hope; to hope for s.th. (‫;)ھـ‬ to .xpeat, anticipate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), look forward (‫ ھـ‬to); to wish (‫ ھـ‬for s.th., ‫ ھـ ل‬s.o. s.th., e.g., success); to ask (‫ ھـ‬for s.th., ‫ من‬or s.o., ‫ ان‬to do s.th.), request (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫من‬ from s.o., ‫ ان‬that he ...) │ ‫رجاه في‬ ‫(الحاح‬ilḥāḥ) to plead with s.o., implore s.o.; ‫‘( اجو عدم المؤاخذة‬adama l-mu’ākadata) │ I must ask your indulgence V to hope (‫ ھـ‬،‫ه‬ for); to expect, anticipate (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬s.th., s.o.), look forward (‫ ھـ‬to); to request (‫ ه‬s.o.); to ask (‫ ه‬s.o.) VIII to hope (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬for); to expect, anticipate (‫ ھـ‬،‫ ه‬s.th., s.o.), look forward (‫ ھـ‬to); to dread (‫ ه‬s.o.) ‫ رجا‬rajan and ‫ رجاء‬rajā’ pl. ‫ ارجاء‬arjā’ side, direction; region; -- pl. ‫ ارجاء‬arjā’ vastness (of a land), expanses; whole vicinity or area │‫ في ارجائه‬about its interior, e.g., ‫( في ارجاء الغرفة‬gurfa) all

about the room, ‫ في ارجاء البالد‬all over the country, throughout the country; ‫تجاوبت‬ ‫( ارجاء الردھة باتصفيق‬a. ur-radha) the entire auditorium resounded with applause; ‫شاسع‬ ‫ األرجاء‬and ‫ واسع األرجاء‬vast in extent, vastdimensioned ‫ رجاء‬rajā’ hope (‫ في‬،‫ ب‬and genit.; of); expectation, anticipation; urgent request │ ‫ على رجاء‬in the hope of, hoping for; ‫رجاء‬ ‫ العلم‬rajā’ al-‘ilm for your information (on memos, records, etc.); ‫رأس الرجاء الصالح‬ Cape of Good Hope ‫ رجاة‬rajāh hope, expectation, anticipation ‫ رجية‬rajīya s.th. hoped for; hope ‫ مرجاة‬marjāh hope ‫ راج‬rājin hoping, full of hope ‫ مرجو‬marjūw hoped for, expected; requested │‫( المرجو من فضلك ان‬min faḍlika) approx.; I hope you will be kind enough to ...; ‫( المرجو مراعاة ان‬murā‘ātu) please notice that …, attention is called to the fact that … ‫ رجي‬rajiya a to become silent; to remain silent; pass. ‫( رجي عليه‬rujiya) to be tonguetied, be unable to utter a sound ‫( رجيم‬Fr. régime) rijīm diet ‫ رحب‬raḥiba a (raḥab) and raḥuba u (ruḥb, ‫ رحابة‬raḥāba) to be wide, spacious, roomy II to welcome (‫ ب‬s.o., also ‫ ب‬s.th., e.g., news), bid welcome (‫ ب‬to s.o.); to receive graciously, make welcome (‫ ب‬s.o.) V to welcome (‫ ب‬s.o.), bid welcome (‫ ب‬to) ‫ رحب‬raḥb wide, spacious, roomy; unconfined │ ‫ رحب الصدر‬r. aṣ-ṣadr generous, magnanimous; broad-minded, open-minded, liberal; frank, candid, openhearted; carefree; ‫( صدر رحب‬raḥb) generosity, magnanimity; openmindedness, broad-mindedness, liberality; frankness, candor; ‫ رحب الباع‬generous, openhanded, liberal; ‫ رحب الذراع‬do. ‫ رحب‬ruḥb vastness, wideness, spaciousness unconfinedness │ ‫اتى على‬ ‫( الرحب والسعة‬atā, ṣa‘a) to be welcome; ‫وجد‬ ‫( رحبا وسعة‬sa‘atan) to met with a friendly reception

‫ رحل‬raḥl pl. ‫ رحال‬riḥāl camel saddle; saddlebags; baggage, luggage; pl. stopping place, stop, stopover │‫شد الرحال‬ (šadda) to set out, break camp; ‫القى رحاله‬ alqā riḥālahū to stop (‫ في‬in, at)

‫ رحب‬raḥab vastness, wideness, spaciousness, unconfinedness │‫رحب الصدر‬ r. aṣ-ṣadr magnanimity, generosity; lightheartedness ‫ رحبة‬raḥba, raḥaba pl. -āt public square (surrounded by buildings); (pl. raḥabāt and ‫ رحاب‬riḥāb) vastness, expanse │‫رحاب‬ ‫ الكون‬and ‫ رحاب الفضاء‬r. al-faḍā’ vastness of outer space

‫ رحلة‬riḥla travel, journey; trip, tour; travelogue ‫ رحلة‬ruḥla destination, place for which one is bound

‫ رحيب‬raḥīb = ‫ رحب‬raḥb

‫ رحيل‬raḥīl departure, setting out; emigration; exodus; demise

‫ رحابة‬raḥāba wideness, vastness, spaciousness, unconfinedness │‫رحابة الصدر‬ r. aṣ-ṣadr magnanimity, generosity

‫ رحال‬raḥḥāl pl. ‫ رحل‬riḥal roving, roaming, peregrinating, wandering, migratory nomadic; -- (pl. ‫ رحالة‬raḥḥāla) great traveler, explorer; nomad │‫الطيور‬ ‫ الرحالة‬migratory birds; (‫األعراب )العربان‬ ‫‘( الرحل‬urbān) the nomadic Bedouins

‫ مرحبا بك‬marḥaban bika welcome! ‫ ترحاب‬tarḥāb welcome, greeting │‫قابله‬ ‫( بترحيب‬qābalahū) to receive s.o. with open arms

‫ رحالة‬raḥḥāla great traveler, explorer; globetrotter

‫ ترحيب‬tarḥīb welcoming, welcome, greeting 330

‫ مرحلة‬marḥala pl. ‫ مراحل‬marāḥil2 a day’s journey; leg of a journey; way station; stage, phase │‫يزيد عليه بمراحل‬ (yazīdu) it exceeds it by far; ‫في مراحل حياتھا‬ (ḥayātihā) throughout her life, in every stage of her life

‫ رحرح‬raḥraḥa: ‫( رحرح بالكالم‬kalām) to equivocate, speak ambiguously, beat around the bush ‫ رحرح‬raḥraḥ and ‫ رحراح‬raḥrāḥ wide, broad, flat; carefree, pleasant (life) ‫ رحض‬raḥaḍa a (raḥḍ) to rinse, wash

‫ ترحال‬tarḥāl departure, setting out │‫حياة‬ ‫ الترحال‬ḥayāt at-t. nomadic life

‫ مرحاض‬mirḥāḍ pl. ‫ مراحض‬marāḥīḍ2 lavatory, toilet

‫ ترحيل‬tarḥīl emigration, exodus; effectuation of (s.o.’s) departure; deportation; evacuation; resettlement; transfer; moving; transport, transportation; posting (of accounts); carrying forward (fin.); dispatch │‫ ترحيل عمال‬t. ‘ummāl assignment (or detailing) of workmen

‫ رحيق‬raḥīq exquisite wine; nectar 1

‫رحل‬raḥala a (‫ رحيل‬raḥīl) to set out; to depart, leave; to move away, emigrate; to start ( ‫ عن‬from a place) │ ‫( رجل يرحل ويقيم‬yuqīm) a man constantly on the go, a dynamic man II to make (‫ ه‬s.o.) leave, induce or urge (‫ ه‬s.o.) to depart; to evacuate (‫الى ه‬ s.o. to), resettle, relocate (‫ الى ه‬s.o. in); to deport (‫ الى ه‬s.o. to); to allow (‫ ه‬s.o.) to emigrate; to give (‫ ه‬s.o.) travel clearance; to carry (passengers e. g., a ship); to transfer (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to transport, convey, forward (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to dispatch, send out (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to carry over, post (‫ ھـ‬an item; bookkeeping); to carry forward (‫ ھـ‬the balance; bank) V to wander, roam, migrate, lead a nomadic life; to be evacuated VIII to set out, leave, depart; to move away, emigrate │‫ارتحل الى رحمة ربه‬ (ilā raḥmati rabbihī) to pass away, die

‫ ارتحال‬irtiḥāl departure, setting out; emigration, exodus; demise ‫ راحل‬rāḥil pl. ‫ رحل‬ruḥḥal departing leaving, parting; traveling; (pl. -ūn) deceased, late, ‫ الفقيد الراحل‬the deceased ‫ راحلة‬raḥila pl. ‫ رواحل‬rawāḥil2 female riding camel│‫( شد راحلته‬šadda) to saddle one’s camel, start out on a journey ‫ مرحل‬muraḥḥal pl. -āt carry-over │ ‫ مجموع مرحل‬balance carried forward (fin.) 2

‫ راحيل‬rāḥīl Rachel

‫ رحم‬raḥima a (‫ رحمة‬raḥma, ‫ مرحمة‬marḥama) to have mercy (‫ ه‬upon s.o.), have compassion

(‫ ه‬for s.o.) ; to spare, let off (‫ ه‬s.o.); to be merciful II ‫ رحم عليه‬to say to s.o.: ‫رحمك ﷲ‬ raḥimaka llāh may God have mercy upon you; to ask God to have mercy (‫ على‬upon s.o.), plead for God’s mercy (‫ على‬for what has happened) V = II; VI to show human understanding for one another, love and respect one another X to ask (‫ ه‬s.o.) to have mercy 331 ‫ رحم‬raḥim, riḥm f., pl. ‫ ارحام‬arḥām uterus; womb; relationship, kinship │‫ذوو‬ ‫ االرحام‬dawū l-a. relatives on the maternal side ‫ رحمة‬raḥma pity, compassion; human understanding, sympathy, kindness; mercy │‫ كان تحت رحمته‬to be at s.o.’s mercy; ‫جعله‬ ‫ تحت رحمته‬to leave s.th. or s.o. to s.o.’s mercy; ‫ بساط الرحمة‬pall ‫ رحيم‬raḥīm pl. ‫ رحماء‬ruḥamā’ and ‫رحوم‬ ruḥūm merciful, compassionate ‫ الرحمن‬ar-raḥmān the Merciful (i.e., God) ‫ مرحمة‬marḥama pl. ‫ مراحم‬marāḥim2 pity, compassion, sympathy; mercy ‫ ترحيم‬tarḥīm: ‫( ترحيم الموتى‬mautā) pl. ‫ تراحيم‬tarāḥīm2 intercessory prayer for the dead (Chr.) ‫ استرحام‬istirḥām plea for mercy ‫ مرحوم‬marḥūm deceased, late, e.g., ‫ المرحوم السيد‬the late M. … ‫ رحى‬raḥan f., pl. ‫ ارحاء‬arḥā’, ‫ رحى‬ruḥīy, ‫ارحية‬ arḥīya quern, hand mill │ ‫ حجر الرحى‬ḥajar ar-r. millotone; ‫)دارت رحى الحرب )القتال‬ dārat r. l-ḥarb the war (fighting) broke out; the war (fighting) was going on ‫ رحوى‬raḥawī rotating, rotatory ‫ رحاوى‬raḥḥāy pl. -ūn grinder ‫ رخ‬raḳḳa u to mix with water, dilute (‫ ھـ‬wine) ‫ رخ‬raḳḳ (n. un. ‫ )ة‬light shower ‫ رخ‬rukk roc, name of a fabulous giant bird; (pl. ‫ رخخة‬rikaka) rook, castle (chess) ‫ رخاخ‬rakāk soft (ground); comfortable, pleasant, easy (life) ‫ رخص‬rakuṣa (rukṣ) to be cheap, inexpensive; ( ‫ رخاصة‬rakāṣa) to be supple, tender, soft II to permit, allow (‫ ل‬s.o. ‫ ب‬or ‫ في‬s.th.); to

authorize, license (‫ ل‬s.o., ‫ ب‬or ‫ في‬to do s.th.); to empower (‫ ل‬s.o.); to reduce the price (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.) IV to reduce the price (‫ھـ‬ of s.th.) V to be willing to please, meet on fair term. (‫ مع في‬s.o. in), show o.s. ready to compromise (‫ مع‬with s.o. ‫ في‬in s.th.); to make concessions (‫ في‬or ‫ ب‬in s.th.); to permit o.s. liberties, take liberties (‫ في‬in) X to find cheap, regard as inexpensive (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to request s.o.’s (‫ )ه‬permission ‫ رخص‬rakṣ supple, tender, soft ‫ رخص‬rukṣ cheapness, inexpensiveness ‫ رخصة‬rukṣa pl. ‫ رخص‬rukaṣ permission; concession, license, franchise; admission; authorization; leave; permit │‫رخصة قيادة‬ ‫ السيارات‬r. qiyādat as-sayyārāt driving permit, operator’s license ‫ رخيص‬rakīṣ supple, tender, soft, cheap, inexpensive, low-priced; base, mean, low; trash, trumpery ‫ ترخيص‬tarkīṣ pl. -āt, ‫ تراخيص‬tarākīṣ2 granting of permission; permission; authorization; mandate; concession; license; price reduction, price cut ‫ مرتخص‬murtakiṣ low-priced, inexpensive, cheap │‫ كل مرتخص وغال‬kullu murtakaṣin wa-gālin every conceivable effort, everything (in one’s power) ‫ رخم‬rakuma u (‫ رخامة‬rakāma) and rakama u to be soft, mellow, gentle, pleasant (voice); ‫ )رخمت بيضھا )على بيضھا‬rakamat baiḍahā (‘alā baiḍihā) to sit on the eggs (hen) II to soften, mellow (‫ ھـ‬the voice); to apocopate (‫ ھـ‬a word); to tile with marble (‫ ھـ‬the floor) ‫ رخم‬rakam (coll.; n. un. ‫ )ة‬Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus; zool.) ‫ رخام‬rukām marble ‫ رخام‬rukāma pl. -āt marble slab ‫ رخيم‬rakīm soft, mellow, pleasant, melodious (voice); O note lowered by a semitone, flat (mus.) 332 ‫ ترخيم‬tarkīm shortening, apocopation, esp. of a name in the vocative by elision of the final consonant (gram.) (‫ رخو‬and ‫ رخي( رخو‬rakuwa u and ‫ رخي‬rakiya a (‫ رخاوة‬rakāwa, ‫ رخاء‬rakā’) to be or become loose, slack, relaxed; to slacken, slump,

sag, relax; -- ‫ رخاء‬rakā’ u (‫ رخاء‬rakā’): ‫رخا‬ ‫‘( عيشه‬aišuhū) to live in easy circumstances, live in opulence IV to loosen, slacken (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to relax (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to let go (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to lower, drop, let down (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VI to slacken, sag, droop, become limp; to show little energy or zeal, let up, become lax, be remiss (‫ عن‬in s.th.); to go down, slump (prices); to lag, become dull or listless (stock market); to diminish, flag, wane, ebb, decrease; to desist (‫عن‬ from); to be lowered, drop, fall (curtain); to be delayed, be retarded VIII to slacken, slump, sag, droop, become limp, flaccid, flabby; to become loose, work loose; to soften, become soft; to relax, become relaxed, unbend; to abate, let up; to languish, nag, lose force or vigor X = VIII ‫ رخو‬rakw, rikw loose, slack; limp, flabby, flaccid; indolent, languid; soft; supple ‫ رخاء‬rakā’ ease, comfort, happiness; prosperity; abundance, opulence (of living); welfare; fairness, lowness (of prices) ‫ رخاء‬rukā’ gentle breeze ‫ رخاوة‬rakāwa softness; flaccidity, limpness; laxity │‫ رخاوة العود‬r. al-‘ūd weakness of character ‫ رخي‬rakīy feeble, weakened, languid; relaxed, at ease; cozy, comfortable ‫ تراخ‬tarākin, limpness; slackness; languor, lassitude; abatement, mitigation, letup; relaxation; loosening, looseness ‫ ارتخاء‬irtikā’ loosening, slackening; looseness, slackness; laxity; abatement mitigation, letup; ease, relaxedness; relaxation; limpness; languor, lassitude ‫ استرخاء‬istirkā’ = ‫ ارتخاء‬irtikā’ ‫ راخ‬rākin sagging, drooping ‫ متراخ‬mutarākin limp, flaccid, flabby; drooping; languid; negligent, indolent, slack ‫ رد‬radda u (radd) to send back; to bring back, take back (‫ ه‬،‫ الى ھـ‬s.o., s.th. to); to return ( ‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. to its place). put back, lay back ( ‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. in its place); to throw back, repel, drive back, drive away (‫ ه‬s.o.); to resist, oppose (‫ ه‬s.o.); to turn down, refuse,

decline (‫ ھـ‬s.th., e.g., the fulfillment of a wish); to ward off, parry, repel (‫ھجوما‬ hujūman an attack); to reject (‫تھمة‬ tuhmatan a suspicion); to hand back, give back, return, restore (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ الى‬to s.o.); to return (‫ السالم‬as-salāma the greeting); to reply (‫ على‬to s.o.), answer (‫ على‬s.o.); to reflect (‫ ھـ‬light); to throw back, echo (‫ھـ‬ the voice); to refute, disprove (‫ على‬s.th.); to hold back, keep, restrain (‫ عن ه‬s.o. from s.th.); to dissuade (‫ عن ه‬s.o. from), prevail upon s.o. (‫ )ه‬not to do s.th. (‫ ;)عن‬to trace back, attribute (‫ الى ھـ‬s.th. to an origin); to bring, yield ( ‫ ھـ على‬s.th. to s.o.); to reappoint, reinstate (‫ ه ه‬s.o. as, e.g., ‫حاكما‬ ḥākiman as governor) │‫ رد الباب‬to close the door; ‫( رد جوابا‬jawāban) to answer; ‫ما‬ ‫ يرد ھذا عليك شيئا‬this won’t help you at all; ‫ال‬ ‫( يرد‬yuraddu) irrefutable; ‫رده على عقبيه‬ (‘aqibaih) pl. ‫( ردھم على اعقابھم‬a‘qābihim) to drive s.o. back to where he came from; ‫‘( رد عينه عنه‬ainahū) he averted his eyes from it II to keep away, avert, prevent, stave off (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to repel, throw back (،‫ھـ‬ ‫ ه‬s.o., s.th.); to repeat (constantly, frequently); to break forth, burst (‫ ھـ‬into, e.g., into singing), strike up, intone, let ring out (‫ ھـ‬a tune, or the like) │‫ردد الصدى‬ (ṣadā) to return the echo; ‫ردد النظر في‬ (naẓara) to look at s.th. again and again; 333 ‫( ردد طرفه بين‬ṭarafahū) to let one’s eyes wander between, look first at one, then at the other V to be thrown back, be reflected (voice, echo); to ring out (shouts); to shift repeatedly (wind); to come and go (‫ على‬at s.o.’s house; rarely ‫)الى‬, frequent, visit frequently (‫ على‬s.o.’s house, a place; rarely ‫ ;)الى‬to return, recur; to hesitate, be reluctant (‫ في‬in s.th., to do s.th.); to waver, become uncertain, become doubtful ‫ في‬in s.th. or as to s.th.) │‫( تردد على األلسنة‬alsina) to be frequently diocussed (question) VIII to withdraw, retreat, fall back; to move backward, retrogress; to go back, return, revert (‫الى‬ to); to fall back (‫ الى‬on); to go away, absent o.s.; to desist, refrain (‫ عن‬from), renounce, give up, abandon, quit, leave (or s.th.); to forsake, desert (or one’s faith, one’s principles, etc.), apostatize, fall off ( ‫ عن‬from) │‫‘( ارتد على عقبيه‬aqbaihi), pl. ‫( ارتدوا على اعقابھم‬a’qābihim) to withdraw, turn back X to reclaim, demand back, call

in (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), demand the return (‫ ھـ‬of s.th.); to bring back, lead back (‫ ه الى‬s.o. to); to get back (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to retrieve, recover, regain (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to withdraw (e.g., ‫يده‬ yadahū one’s hand; also fig., e.g., ‫استقالته‬ istiqālatahū one’s resignation); to withdraw, take out (‫ ھـ‬money, from an account, from a bank) │‫استرد انفاسه‬ (anfāsahu) to catch one’s breath ‫ رد‬radd pl. ‫ ردود‬rudūd return; restoration, restitution; refund, reimbursement; repayment, requital; repulsion; warding off, parrying; denial, refusal; rejection; reply, answer; reflection (e.g., of light); refutation; attribution (‫الى‬ to) │‫ رد الفعل‬al-fi‘l reaction; ‫رد االعتبار‬ rehabilitation; ‫( ردا على‬raddan) in reply to ...; ‫ اخذ ورد‬see ‫ أخذ‬akada ‫ ردة‬radda ugliness; reverberation, echo; bran ‫ ردة‬ridda apostasy (‫ عن االسالم‬or from Islam) ‫ ارد‬aradd2 more useful, more profitable (‫ على‬to s.o.) ‫ مرد‬maradd fact to which s.th. is attributable, underlying factor or reason; averting, rejection, repulsion; responsory (Chr.) │‫( ال مرد له‬maradda) irresistible; ‫( مرده الى‬maradduhū) it is attributable to ..., one must ascribe it to ‫ال مرد له اال براعته‬ (maradda, barā‘atuhū) it can only be attributed to his efficiency; ‫كان على مرد لسانه‬ (maraddi lisānihi) to be constantly on s.o.’s lips, be a standing phrase with s.o. ‫ ترداد‬tardād frequent repetition; frequentation ‫ ترديد‬tardīd repetition, reiteration ‫ تردد‬taraddud frequent coming and going, frequentation; frequency (el.); hesitation, irresolution, indecision, wavering; reluctance ‫ ارتداد‬irtidād retreat, withdrawal; retrogression; renunciation, desertion; apostasy (‫ عن االسالم‬from Islam) │‫كارتداد‬ ‫ الطرف‬ka-rtidādi ṭ-ṭarf in the twinkling of an eye, in a jiffy ‫ استرداد‬istirdād reclamation, claim of restitution, vindication (Isl. Law); recovery, retrieval; retraction, withdrawal;

refundment, reimbursement; withdrawal, taking out (of money, from an account) ‫ مردود‬mardūd yield, return(s) ‫ مرتد‬murtadd turncoat, renegade, apostate 1

‫ ردأ‬rada’a a (rad’) to support, prop, shore up (‫ ھـ‬a wall) ‫ ردء‬rid’ pl. ‫ ارداء‬ardā’ support; help, helper

2

‫ ردؤ‬radu’a u (‫ رداءة‬radā’a) to be bad V to become bad, be spoiled ‫ رديء‬radī’ pl. ‫ اردياء‬ardiyā’2 bad; mean, base, vile; evil, wicked; vicious, 334 malicious │‫ رديء السمعة‬r. as-sum‘a of ill repute ‫ اردأ‬arda’2 worse; more wicked ‫ رداءة‬radā’a badness; wickedness; viciousness, maliciousness

‫ اردب‬irdabb (now commonly pronounced ardabb) pl. ‫ ارادب‬arādib2 ardeb, a dry measure (Eg.; = 1981) ‫ اردب‬irdabba cesspool ‫ ردح‬radaḥ long period of time │‫ردحا من الھر‬ radaḥan min ad-dahr for a long time ‫ ردس‬radasa i u (rads) to crush (‫ھـ‬. s.th.); to roll smooth, level by rolling (‫ ھـ‬ground) ‫ ردع‬rada‘a a (rad‘) to keep, prevent (‫ ه عن‬s.o. from) VIII to be kept, be prevented (‫عن‬ from) ‫ رادع‬rādi‘ deterring; (pl. ‫ روادع‬rawādi‘) deterrent; impediment, obstacle, handicap; restriction, limitation, curb, check; inhibition (psych.) ‫ ردغة‬radga, radaga mud, mire, slush ‫ ردف‬radafa u (radf) and radifa a to come next, come immediately after s.o. or s.th. (‫ ه‬،‫)ھـ‬, follow, succeed (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ ھـ‬s.th.) III to ride behind s.o. (‫ ه‬on the same animal); to be the substitute (‫ ه‬of s.o.), replace (‫ ه‬s.o., ‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to be synonymous (‫ ھـ‬with) IV to seat (‫ ه‬s.o.) behind one (on an animal); to make (‫ ه‬s.th.) be followed (‫ ب‬by s.th. else); to complement, complete (‫ ب ھـ‬s.th. with or by) VI to follow one another, come in succession; to pile up in layers,

become stratified; to form a single line; to flock, throng (‫ على‬to); to be synonymous

to destroy, ruin (‫ ه‬s.o.); to fell 335 (‫ ه‬s.o.); to kill (‫ ه‬s.o.) │‫( اراده قتيال‬qatīlan) to fell s.o. with a deadly blow V to fall, tumble; to decline, fall off, come down, go from bad to worse; to deteriorate, become worse; to clothe o.s. (‫ ب‬with), put on (‫ ب‬a garment) VIII to put on (‫ ھـ‬a garment or headgear); to wear (‫ ھـ‬a garment, a headgear), be clothed, be clad (‫ ھـ‬in) │ ‫( ارتدى مالبسه‬malābisahū) to put on one’s clothes, dress, get dressed

‫ ردف‬ridf pl. ‫ ارداف‬ardāf rear man (riding on the same animal); one who or that which is subsequent, follows, comes next; posteriors, backside, rump; haunches, croup (of an animal); dual: ‫ الردفان‬ar-ridfān day and night ‫ رداف‬ridāf croup, rump (of an animal) ‫ رديف‬radīf rear man, one following next in line; redif, reserve (in the army of the former Turkish Empire)

‫ ردى‬radan ruin, destruction ‫ رداء‬ridā’ pl. ‫ اردية‬ardiya loose outer garment, cloak, robe; (lady’s) dress, gown; attire, costume │‫ رداء المساء‬almasā’ evening gown

‫ رديفة‬radīfa fem. of ‫رديف‬ ‫ ترادف‬tarāduf succession; synonymity ‫ مرادف‬murādif synonym (of a word); synonymous, consignificant (‫ ل‬with); corresponding in meaning, analogous ‫ مترادف‬mutarādif synonymous; ‫مترادفات‬ synonyms ‫ ردم‬radama i u (radm) to fill up with earth (‫ھـ‬ pit, pond) II to repair, fix, mend IV not to leave (‫ على‬s.o.), cling (‫ على‬to s.o.; said of disease) V to be mended, be repaired; to repair, mend (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to be worn, show signs of wear ‫ ردم‬radm filling up (of swamps, ponds, etc.); rubble, debris; dam ‫ رديم‬radīm worn, shabby, threadbare (garment)

‫ مترد‬mutaraddin dressed ‫ رذ‬radda u: ‫( رذت السماء‬samā’) and IV there was a drizzle, it drizzled ‫ رذاذ‬radād drizzle ‫ رذل‬radila a and radula u (‫ رذالة‬radāla) to be low, base. vile. despicable. Contemptible; -- radala u (radl) to reject, cast off, discard, repudiate, disown (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.); to despise, disdain, scorn (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o. s.th.); to disapprove (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬of) IV to reject, cast off, discard, repudiate, disown (‫ ه‬،‫ ھـ‬s.o., s.th.) X to regard as low or despicable (,‫ھـ‬ ‫ ه‬s.o., s.th.) ‫ رذل‬radl rejection; repudiation; (pl. ‫ رذول‬rudūl, ‫ ارذال‬ardāl) low, base, mean, vile, despicable, contemptible

‫ ردن‬radana i (radn) to spin; to purr (cat); to grumble (‫ على‬at)

‫ رذيل‬radīl pl. ‫ رذالء‬rudalā’ low, base, mean, vile, despicable, contemptible, depraved

‫ ردن‬rudn pl. ‫ اردان‬ardān sleeve ‫ ردينى‬rudainī spear (originally epithet for one of superior quality)

‫ رذالة‬radāla lowness, baseness, meanness, vileness, depravity

2

‫ مردن‬mirdan pl. ‫ مرادن‬marādin spindle ‫( ردنجوت‬Fr. redingote) redengōt frock coat, Prince Albert

‫ رذالة‬radīla pl. ‫ رذائل‬radā’il vice; depravity

‫ ردھة‬radha hall; large room, sitting room, parlor; lobby; entrance hall, vestibule │ ‫ ردھة االستقبال‬reception hall, drawing room, parlor ‫ ردھة المحاضرة‬r. al-muḥāḍarāt lecture room

‫ مرذول‬mardūl depraved, despicable, mean, base, vile, evil, wicked

‫ ردي‬radiya a (‫ ردى‬radan) to perish, be destroyed II to bring to the ground (‫ ه‬s.o.), bring about the fan of (‫ )ه‬IV to bring to the ground (‫ ه‬s.o.), bring about the fall of (‫;)ه‬

1

‫ رز‬ruzz (= ‫ )ارز‬aruzz) rice

2

‫ رز‬razza u (razz) to insert, drive in (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to burnish, polish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) IV to telephone ‫ رزة‬razza pl. -āt staple, U bolt; ring screw; joint pin O ‫ ارزيز‬irzīz telephone

‫ رزأ‬raza’a a (‫ رزء‬raz’) to deprive (‫ في‬or ‫ه ھـ‬ s.o. of s.th.); pass. ‫ رزئ‬ruzi’a to incur or suffer loss; to lose (‫ ب‬s.th.); to be afflicted (‫ ب‬by) ‫ رزء‬ruz’ pl. ‫ ارزاء‬arzā’ heavy loss, serious damage; disaster, calamity ‫ رزيئة‬razī’a and ‫ رزية‬razīya pl. ‫رزايا‬ razāyā heavy loss, serious damage; disaster, calamity ‫ رزب‬razaba u (razb) to keep, stick, cling (‫ھـ‬ to) ‫ مرزبة‬mirzabba pl. ‫ مرازب‬marāzib2 iron rod ‫ مرزاب‬mirzāb pl. ‫ مرازيب‬marāzīb2 waterspout, gargoyle; (roof) gutter ‫ رزح‬razaḥa a (‫ رزوح‬ruzūḥ, ‫ رزاح‬ruzāḥ, razāḥ) to succumb, collapse, sink to the ground (under a burden); to descend, hover (e.g., silence) III to suffer

‫ مرتزق‬murtazaq means of subsistence, livelihood, living ‫ رزم‬razama i u (razm) to bundle, bale, pack, wrap up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ رزمة‬rizma pl. ‫ رزم‬rizam bundle; bale, pack; parcel, package; ream (of paper) ‫ رزن‬razuna u (‫ رزانة‬razāna) to be grave, serious, sedate, staid, calm, composed, self-possessed V to display grave or sedate manners, show o.s. calm, composed, self-possessed ‫ رزين‬razīn grave, serious, sedate, staid; composed, calm, self-possessed ‫ رزانة‬razana gravity, sedateness, staidness; composure, self-possession, poise ‫ رزنامة‬ruznāma see ‫روزنامة‬ ‫ رزية‬pl. ‫ رزايا‬see ‫رزيئة‬

‫ مرزغ‬marzig muddy, boggy, miry

‫ رسيس‬rasīs covered with verdigris

‫ رزق‬razaqa u to provide with the means of subsistence (‫ ه‬s.o.; said of God); to bestow (‫ ه ھـ‬upon s.o. s.th., material or spiritual possessions; said of God), endow (‫ ه ھـ‬s.o. with); to bless (‫ ه ھـ‬s.o. with, esp. ‫مولودا‬ with a child); -- pass. ruziqa to be endowed (‫ ھـ‬with); to live VIII to make a living, gain one’s livelihood; to live (‫ من‬on or by s.th.) X to seek one’s livelihood; to ask for the means of subsistence

‫ رسب‬rasaba u (‫ رسوب‬rusūb) to sink to the bottom, settle, subside (esp., in water); to fail, dunk (in an examination) II to cause to settle (‫ ھـ‬s.th., in a liquid), deposit (‫ ھـ‬a sediment); to precipitate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.; chem.) V to settle, subside, be deposited; to precipitate (chem.)

‫ رزق‬rizq pl. ‫ ارزاق‬arzāq livelihood, means of living, subsistence; daily bread, nourishment, sustenance; boon, blessing 336 (of God); property, possessions, wealth, fortune; income; pay, wages │ ‫ ارزاق ناشفة‬dry rations, emergency rations (mil.) ‫ الرازق‬ar-rāziq the Maintainer, the Provider (one of the 99 attributes of God) ‫ ارترزاق‬istirzāq independent livelihood, selfsupport ‫ مرزوق‬marzūq blessed (by God), fortunate, prosperous, successful ‫ مرتزق‬murtaziq hired, hireling, mercenary, kept ‫ مرتزقة‬murtaziqa kept persons, hangers-on; mercenaries

‫ رسوب‬rusūb sediment, deposit; lees, dregs, settlings; precipitate (chem.); failure (in an examination) ‫ ترسيب‬tarsīb sedimentation; precipitation (chem.) ‫ راسب‬rāsib pl. ‫ رواسب‬rawāsib2 sediment, deposit; dregs, lees, settlings; precipitate (chem.); residue ‫ رستامية‬rustāmīya to tidy, arrange well, put in order (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ رستق‬rastaqa to tidy, arrange well, put in order (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ روستو‬،‫( رستو‬It. arrosto) rostō roast meat ‫( رستوران‬Fr. restaurant) restorān restaurant ‫ مرسح‬marsaḥ (= ‫ )مسرح‬pl. ‫ مراسح‬marāsiḥ2 theater, playhouse; stage; party, social gathering ‫ مرسحي‬marsaḥī social, party (used attributively); formal (dress)

‫ رسخ‬rasaka u (‫ رسوخ‬rusūk) to be firmly established, be deeply rooted (‫ في‬in s.th.); to be firm, solid, stable; to be conversant, be thoroughly familiar (‫ في‬with s.th.), be well versed, be at home (‫ في‬in s.th., in a field); to seep in; to permeate (‫ في‬a fabric); to become fast (color or dyes in a fabric) II and IV to make (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) take root(s), establish (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to implant (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to secure, make fast, fix firmly, ground (‫ھـ‬ s.th.) │‫( ارسخ الشيء في ذھنه‬dihnihī) to impress or inculcate s.th. upon s.o. ‫ ارسخ‬arsaka more firmly established, more deeply rooted │‫( ارسخ قدما‬qadaman) do. ‫ راسخ‬rāsiq, firmly established, deeprooted; grounded, firmly fixed, stable; conversant (‫ في‬with s.th.), thoroughly versed, completely at home (‫ في‬in a field) ‫ رسراس‬risrās (eg.) glue, adhesive, specif., one for pasting leather, made of a yellow powder 337 ‫ رسغ‬rusg pl. ‫ ارساغ‬arsāg, ‫ ارسغ‬arsug wrist ‫ رسف‬rasafa u i to go in shackles; to be bound; to be moored (ship) ‫ رسل‬rasila a (rasal) to be long and flowing (hair) III to correspond, carry on a correspondence, exchange letters (‫ ه‬with s.o.); to contact (‫ ه‬s.o.), get in touch (‫ ه‬with s.o.) IV to send out, dispatch (‫ ب‬or ‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ s.o., s.th. ‫الى‬, also ‫ل‬, to); to send off, send away (‫ ب‬or ‫ھـ‬, .s.o., s.th. ‫الى‬, also ‫ل‬, to); to send, forward, ship (‫ ب‬or ‫ ھـ‬s.th. ‫الى‬, also ‫ل‬, to); to send, transmit (radio); to release, let go (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to set free (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to discharge (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to pour forth, vent (‫ھـ‬ s.th.), give vent (‫ ھـ‬to); to utter (‫ ھـ‬words); to shed (‫ ھـ‬tears); to let (‫ ھـ‬the hair) hang down, let it fall (‫ على‬on) │‫ارسل في طلبه‬ (ṭalabihī) to send for s.o.; ‫ارسل الكالم ارساال‬ (al-kalāma irsālan) to speak without restraint, talk freely; ‫ارسل نفسه مع طبيعتھا‬ (nafsahū) to yield to one’s natural impulse, do the natural thing; ‫ارسل على‬ ‫( سجيته‬sajīyatihī) to make s.o. feel at home; ‫( ارسل نفسه على سجيتھا‬nafsahū) to feel at home, let o.s. go V to proceed leisurely, take one’s time (‫ في‬in s.th.); to hang down, be long and flowing (hair) VI to keep up a correspondence, exchange letters; to send to one another, exchange (‫ ب‬s.th.) X to ask

(‫ من‬s.o.) to send (‫ ھـ‬s.th.), have s.o. (‫)من‬ send (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to be relaxed, at ease, free from restraint; to be long and flowing (hair); to be friendly, affable, intimate, chummy (‫ الى‬with s.o.); to act naturally, without affectation; to let o.s. go; to enlarge (‫ في الكالم‬fī l-kalām in discourse, i.e., to talk at length); to abandon o.s., give o.s. up (‫ في‬to s.th., also ‫ مع‬or ‫ ;)الى‬to persist (‫ في‬in s.th.), keep up (‫ في‬s.th.) ‫ رسل‬rasl easy, gentle, leisurely (pace, gait); loose, slack, relaxed; long and flowing (hair) ‫ رسل‬risl moderation │‫ !على رسلك‬slowly! gently! take it easy! ‫ رسيل‬rasīl pl. ‫ رسالء‬rusalā’2 messenger; runner (mil.) ‫ رسول‬rasūl pl. ‫ رسل‬rusul messenger; emissary; envoy, delegate; apostle (Chr.); ‫ الرسول‬or ‫ رسول ﷲ‬the Messenger of God (i.e., Mohammed) ‫ رسولي‬rasūlī apostolic, papal (Chr.) │ ‫( البركة الرسولية‬baraka) apostolic benediction; ‫( السدة الرسولية‬sudda) the Holy See; ‫ قاصد رسولي‬apostolic delegate ‫ رسالة‬risāla pl. -āt, ‫ رسائل‬rasā’l2 consignment, shipment; mail item; (written) communication, (written) report; missive; letter, note; epistle; dispatch; message; treatise; radio message; (pl. -āt) mission, calling, vocation │‫رسالة برقية‬ (barqīya) telegram; ‫( رسالة غرامية‬garāmīya) love letter; ‫( رسالة مسجلة‬musajjala) registered letter ‫ رسيالت‬rusailāt: ‫القى الخبر على رسيالته‬ (kabara) he didn’t take the matter seriously O ‫ مرسال‬mirsāl: ‫ مرسال نور‬m. nūr, pl. -āt searchlight ‫ مراسلة‬murāsala exchange of letters, correspondence; note, message, letter, communication; orderly (mil.) ‫ ارسال‬irsāl sending, forwarding, shipping, dispatch ‫ ارسالية‬irsālīya pl. -āt consignment; mail item; shipment; transport; (mil.) expedition; mission ‫ ترسل‬tarassul art of letter writing

‫ استرسال‬istirsāl ease, naturalness, relaxedness; abandon; elaboration, expatiation ‫ مراسل‬murāsil pl. -ūn correspondent, reporter (of a newspaper) │‫مراسل حربي‬ (ḥarbī) war correspondent; ‫مراسل خاص‬ (kāṣṣ) 338 special correspondent; ‫مراسل‬ ‫( رياضي‬riyāḍī) sports reporter ‫ مرسل‬mursil sender (of a letter); consignor; O transmitter (radio) O ‫ مرسلة‬mursala pl. -āt transmitter (radio) ‫ مرسل‬mursal sent, forwarded; dispatched; delegated; transmitted (radio); long and flowing (hair); (pl. -ūn) millionary (Chr.); incompletely transmitted (of a Prophetic tradition resting on a chain of authorities that goes no further back than the 2nd generation after the Prophet) │‫ المرسل اليه‬recipient, addressee (of a letter); consignee; ‫كالم‬ ‫( مرسل‬kalām) prose ‫ مرسلية‬mursalīya mission ‫ مسترسل‬mustarsil loose, flowing (hair); friendly, affable; intimate, chummy; devoted, given up (‫ في‬or ‫ مع‬to s.th.) ‫ رسم‬rasama u (rasm) to draw, trace (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to sketch (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to describe (‫ ھـ‬e.g., a circle); to paint (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to record, put down in writing (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to enter, mark, indicate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to sketch, outline (‫ھـ‬ s.th.; fig.); to describe, depict, portray, picture (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make, work out, conceive (‫ خطة‬kiṭṭatan a plan); to prescribe (‫ ب‬or ‫ ل ھـ‬to s.o. s.th.), lay down as a rule (‫ ب‬or ‫ ل ھـ‬for s.o. s.th.); to ordain (‫ ه‬a priest; Chr.) │‫ رسم شارة الصليب‬to make the sign of the cross, cross o.s. (Chr.) II to enter, mark, indicate (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ في‬in); to appoint to a public office (‫ ھـ‬s.o.; tun.) V to follow (‫ ھـ‬s.th., esp. s.o.’s footsteps, an example, etc.); to be appointed to a public office (tun.) VIII to come out, find visible expression; to be traced, engraved, inscribed, written; to impress itself, leave an impression (‫ على‬on); to be ordained, be introduced into the office of the ministry (priest; Chr.); to make the sign of the cross (Chr.) ‫ رسم‬rasm drawing (e.g., as a subject in school); -- (pl. ‫ رسوم‬rusūm, ‫رسومات‬

rusūmāt) a drawing; sketch; graph; picture; photograph; illustration; pattern (e.g., on a fabric); -- (pl. ‫ )رسوم‬trace, impression) designation, mark; inscription, legend; record, notes; (official) document, (legal) instrument; writing; design; prescription, regulation; ceremony, form, formality; rate, fee, tax, due │‫ برسم‬bi-rasmi intended for, care of (c/o), for; ‫ اخذ الرسم‬akd ar-r. taking of a picture; ‫( رسم بياني‬bayānī) illustrative figure, diagram (in a book); ‫رسم الدخول‬ admission fee; ‫( رسم دخولي‬dukūlī) import duty, tariff; ‫( رسم شمسي‬šamsī) photograph; ‫ رسم عمومي‬layout, ground plan (arch.); ‫رسم‬ ‫ تفصيلي‬detail drawing; ‫( رسم قلبي‬qalbī) cardiogram; ‫( رسوم قيدية‬qaidīya) registration fees; ‫ رسم اإلنتاج‬r. al-intāj excise tax; ‫( رسم قيمي‬qaimī) ad valorem duty; ‫( رسم ھزلي‬hazalī) caricature, cartoon ‫ رسمي‬official, formal, conventional; ceremonial; official, officeholder, public servant; ‫ رسميا‬ramīyan officially; ‫رسميات‬ rasmīyāt formalities; ceremonies, ceremonial, ritual; rules, regulations │ ‫ رجال رسمية‬officials; ‫ مالبس رسمية‬official dress; court dress; ‫ ثياب رسمية‬uniforms; ‫شبه‬ ‫ رسمية‬šibh r. and ‫ شبيه بالرسمي‬semi-official; ‫ نصف رسمي‬niṣfu r. do.; ‫ غير رسمي‬gairu r. unofficial ‫ رسام‬rassām pl. -āt draftsman; painter, artist ‫ رسامة‬risāma, rasāma ordination, consecration (of a priest; Chr.) ‫ روسم‬rausam pl. ‫ رواسم‬rawāsim2 O cliché (Syr.) ‫ مرسم‬marsam studio (of an artist) ‫ مراسم‬marāsim2 ceremonies, ceremonial, ritual; etiquette, protocol (dipl.); customs; principles; regulations │ ‫ مدير ادارة المراسم‬mudīr idārat al-m. and ٣٣٩ ‫ رئيس المراسم‬chief of protocol (dipl.); ‫ مراسم التتويج‬coronation ceremonies; ‫مراسم‬ ‫ التشريفات‬court etiquette ‫ ترسم‬tarassum design, planning ‫ ارتسام‬irtisām pl. -āt (visible) expression, manifestation (e.g., of a feeling, of an emotion on s.o.’s face)

‫ مرسوم‬marsūm drawn, traced, sketched; painted; recorded in writing, written; designed, planned; decreed, ordered; -(pl. ‫ مراسيم‬marāsīm2) decree; act, edict; regulation, ordinance (‫ ب‬regarding); ‫مراسيم‬ ceremonies, ceremonial, ritual; etiquette; regulations │‫( مرسوم بقانون‬bi-qānūn) enactment, statute, ordinance (Eg.); ‫مرسوم‬ ‫( تشريعي‬tašrī‘ī) and ‫( مرسوم اشتراعي‬ištirā‘ī; Pal., Syr.) do.; ‫ مدير المراسيم‬mudīr al-m. chief of protocol (dipl.) □ ‫ رسمال‬rasmāl pl. ‫ رساميل‬rasāmīl2 = ‫رأس مال‬ capital (fin.) ‫ رسن‬rasana pl. ‫ ارسن‬arson, ‫ ارسان‬arsān, ‫ارسنة‬ arnsina halter ‫ )رسا )رسو‬rasā u (rasw) to be firm, stable, steady; to anchor (‫ على‬off a coast), cast anchor, land, dock; to ride at anchor (‫على‬ off a coast, ‫ في‬in a harbor); to disembark, land (‫ ب‬s.o.; ship); to come or go eventually (‫ على‬to), land (‫ على‬with) │‫رسا‬ ‫( عليه المزاد‬mazād) it was knocked down to him (at an auction); ‫رست عليه المناقصة‬ (munāqaṣa) the commission or contract went to him (after an invitation to submit tenders) IV to make fast, fix firmly (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to anchor, place at anchor (‫ ھـ‬a ship) ‫ مرسى‬marsan pl. ‫ مراس‬marāsin anchorage │‫ مرسى مطروح‬Mersa Matrûh (village in NW Egypt, on Mediterranean coast) ‫ مرساة‬mirsāh pl. ‫ مراس‬marāsin anchor ‫ راس‬rāsin pl. ‫ رواس‬rawāsin fixed, stationary, immovable, firm, steady, stable, firmly established; anchored, at anchor; pl. ‫ راسيات‬rāsiyāt, ‫ رواس‬rawāsin towering, unshakable mountains ‫ رسى )= رسا‬see above) to anchor ‫ رش‬rašša u (rašš) to spatter, splash, spurt (‫ ھـ‬a liquid); to spray (‫ ھـ‬a liquid); to sprinkle ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ب‬with, ‫ على‬on); to splatter, spatter, bespatter (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ب‬with water, etc.); to water (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ رش‬rašš sprinkling; watering; splattering, spattering; spraying; buckshot │‫ مصلحة الرش والكنس‬maṣlaḥat ar-r. wa-lkans street-cleaning department; ‫عربة الرش‬ ‘arabat ar-r. watering cart, sprinkler; ‫رمى‬ ‫ رشا‬to fire in bursts (mil.)

‫ رشة‬rašša light drizzle ‫ رشاش‬raššāš spattered liquid; drizzle, dribble (esp. fig.) ‫ رشاش‬raššāš pl. -āt water hose; machine gun │‫( مدفع رشاش‬midfa‘) machine gun; ‫( مسدس رشاش‬musaddas) pl. ‫مسدسات‬ ‫ رشاشة‬submachine gun, Tommy gun ‫ رشاشة‬raššāša pl. -āt perfume spray, atomizer; O watering can; shower, douche (Mor.) O ‫ مرشة‬mirašša watering can ‫ رشح‬rašaḥa a (rašḥ) to sweat, perspire; to leak, be leaky (vessel); to filter, strain, percolate (‫ ھـ‬a liquid) II to raise, rear, bring up (‫ ه‬a child); to train, prepare (‫ ه‬s.o.); to nominate, put up as a candidate (. s.o., ‫ل‬ for, e.g., for an office), (with ‫ نفسه‬nafsahū) to be a candidate, apply (‫ ل‬for an offioe. etc.); to filter (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V to be reared, be brought up; to be suited, qualified, trained (‫ ل‬for s.th.); to be nominated as a candidate, be a nominee (‫ ل‬for s.th.); to catch a cold ‫ رشح‬rašḥ secretion (of a fluid); perspiration, sweating; leaking, leakiness; filtering, filtration, percolation; oozing, trickling; cold, catarrh 340 ‫ رشاحة‬rušāḥa transudate, transudation (med.) ‫ ترشيح‬taršīḥ training, preparation; nomination (as a candidate, for election); (= ‫ )ترشيح نفسه‬candidacy, candidature; election; concession ‫ ترشح‬taraššuḥ infiltration (med.) ‫ ارتشاح‬irtišāḥ infiltration (med.) ‫ مرشح‬muraššiḥ pl. -āt filter; percolator; filtering installation; purification plant ‫ مرشح‬muraššaḥ pl. -ūn candidate, nominee; having a cold ‫ مترشح‬mutaraššiḥ pl. -ūn candidate, nominee ‫ رشد‬rašada u (rušd) to be on the right way, follow the right course, be well guided, not go astray (esp., in religious matters); to have the true faith, be a true believer; to become sensible, become mature, grow up; to come of age II to lead the right way,

guide well (‫ ه‬s.o.) IV to lead the right way, guide well (‫ ه‬s.o.); to load, guide, direct (‫ • الى‬s.o. to s.th.), show (‫ ه‬s.o.) the way (‫ الى‬to; fig.); to lead s.o. (‫ )ه‬to the discovery that (‫)الى ان‬, suggest to s.o. the idea of, make s.o. realize that; to calls.o.’s (‫ )ه‬attention (‫ الى‬to s.th.), point out (‫ الى ه‬to s.o. s.th.); to teach (‫ الى ه‬s.o. to do s.th.), instruct, (direct, guide (‫ الى ه‬s.o. in); to inform (‫ الى ه‬s.o. about), acquaint s.o. (‫)ه‬ with the facts of (‫ ;)الى‬to advise, counsel ( ‫ الى ه‬s.o. to do s.th.); to inform (‫ الى‬against s.o.); to come of age X to ask (‫ ه‬or ‫ ب‬s.o.) to show the right way, ask s.o. for guidance or directions; to ask (‫ ه‬s.o.) for instructions or information; to consult (‫ه‬ s.o.), ask s.o.’s (‫ )ه‬advice, seek guidance (‫ه‬ from s.o.); to be guided (‫ ب‬by) ‫ رشد‬rušd integrity of (one’s) actions, proper, sensible conduct; reason, good sense, senses; consciousness; maturity (of the mind) │‫ سن الرشد‬sinn ar-r. majority, full legal age; ‫( بلغ رشده‬rušdahū) to come of age; ‫ ثاب الى رشده‬to come to one’s senses, calm, down, sober up; ‫ ضاع رشده‬to go out of one’s mind; ‫ ذھب برشده‬to drive s.o. mad (pain) ‫ رشد‬rašad integrity of conduct, straightforwardness, forthrightness ‫ رشاد‬rašād integrity of conduct; reason, good sense, senses; maturity; garden peppergrass (Lepidium sativum L.; bot.) ‫ رشيد‬rašīd rightly guided, following the right way; having the true faith; reasonable, rational, intelligent, discriminating, discerning; mature; (pl. ‫ رشداء‬rušadā’) of full legal age, major; Rosetta (city in N Egypt) ‫ مراشيد‬marāšid2 where the right way leads to; salvation ‫ ترشيد‬taršīd a declaring (s.o.) of age (jur.) ‫ ارشاد‬iršād guidance; a conducting, showing the way (‫ الى‬to); guiding hand; care; spiritual guidance; instruction; direction; directive; information; advising, advice; pl. ‫ )ارشادات‬directives, directions, instructions, advice │‫ بإرشاده‬on his instructions, following his direction; ‫وزارة‬

‫ اإلرشاد القومي‬wizārat al-i. al-qaumī Ministry of National Guidance (Eg.) ‫ شعر ارشادي‬ši‘r iršādī didactic poetry ‫ راشد‬rāšid following the right way, rightly guided, having the true faith; sensible, reasonable; of full legal age, major │‫( الخلفاء الراشدون‬kulafā’) the orthodox caliphs (i.e., Abū Bakr, ‘Umar, ‘Utmān, ‘Alī) ‫ مرشد‬muršid pl. -ūn leader; guide to the right way; adviser; spiritual guide; informer; instructor; (ship) pilot; tourist guide; Grand Master, Master (e.g., of the Moslem Brotherhood) ‫ مرشدة‬muršida woman guide 341 ‫ رشرش‬rušruš pl. ‫ رشرش‬rašārīš2 belt ‫ رشراش‬rašrāš tender (e.g., meat) ‫ رشف‬rašafa i u (rašf) and rašifa a (raša), V and VIII to suck, sip (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to drink (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); to drink up, drain (‫ ھـ‬a vessel) ‫ رشفة‬rašfa (n. un.) pl. -āt gulp, sip (of a drink) ‫ رشق‬rašaqa u (rašq) to throw (‫ ه ب‬at s.o. s.th.), pelt, strike, hurt (‫ ه ب‬s.o. with s.th.); to insert, fasten. fix (‫ في ھـ‬s.th. in); -- rašuqa u (‫ رشاقة‬rašāqa) to he shapely, of graceful stature; to he elegant, graceful, lissome VI to pelt one another, hurt one another ‫ رشيق‬rašīq elegant, graceful (exterior, style); svelte, slender, slim; lissome ‫ رشاقة‬rašāqa elegance, grace, gracefulness; shapeliness graceful, slender build; nimbleness, agility ‫ رشم‬rašama u (rašm) to mark, designate (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to make the sign of the cross; to seal (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) │‫ رشم بصليب على‬to make the sign of the cross over; ‫ رشم الصليب‬to make the sign of the cross (Chr.) ‫ رشمة‬rašm pl. ‫ رشوم‬rušūm, ‫رشومات‬ rušūmāt sign of the cross (Chr.); anointment (Copt.-Chr.) ‫ رشمة‬rašma ornamental halter decorated with silver pendants, or the like; camel halter ‫ راشن‬rāšin tip, baksheesh ‫ )رشا )رشو‬rašā u (rašw) to bribe (‫ ه‬s.o.) VIII to accept as bribe, he corrupt, he venal

‫ رشو‬rašw bribery, corruption ‫ رشوة‬rišwa, rušwa, rašwa pl. ‫ رشى‬،‫ رشا‬rišan, rušan, (eg.) ‫ رشاوى‬rašāwā bribe; bribery, corruption, dishonesty ‫ رشاء‬rišā’ rope, well rope ‫ ارتشاء‬irtišā’ venality, corruptibility; bribery, corruption ‫ رص‬raṣṣa u (rašṣ) to fit tightly together, press together, compress (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to ram, force ( ‫ھـ‬s.th. into the ground); to pile up, stack up (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to join together, line up, align, arrange .ide by side (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) II to fit tightly together, press together, compress ( ‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to ram home (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to coat or cover with lead (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) VI to be pressed together, be packed together; to press together, crowd together; to be or become compact ‫ رصاص‬raṣāṣ lead; bullets │ ‫قلم رصاص‬qalam r. pencil ‫ رصاصة‬raṣāṣa (n. un.) pellet; bullet

‫ رصاد‬raṣṣād: ‫ رصاد الجو‬r. al-jaww meteorologist ‫ رصيد‬raṣīd pl. ‫ ارصدة‬arṣida stock on hand (of merchandise, of supplies); avaible funds; balance (com.; also = remainder of a sum to be paid later); capital (fin.) │ ‫ شيك يدون رصيد‬uncovered check, check without sufficient covering funds ‫ مرصد‬marṣad pl. ‫ مراصد‬marāṣid 2 observatory │ ‫(مرصد جوي‬jawwī) meteorological station, weather station O ‫ مرصد‬marṣad telescope ‫ مرصاد‬mirṣād observation post, lookout; ambush │ ‫ وقف المرصاد‬to lie in wait; ‫ كان منه بالمرصاد‬and ‫ وقف له بالمرصاد‬to lie in ambush for s.o., waylay s.o. ‫ راصد‬rāṣid registering; (pl. ‫رصاد‬ ruṣṣād) watcher, watchdog, spy │O ‫خزينة‬ ‫ راصدة‬cash register; O ‫( ميزان راصد‬mīzān) self-registering balance

‫ رصاصي‬raṣāṣī lead, (made) of lead; leady; leaden, lead-colored, dull gray

‫ راصدة‬rāṣida: ‫( راصدة فلكية‬falakīya) telescope

‫ رصيص‬raṣīṣ compressed, closely packed, jammed together; compact

‫ مبلغ مرصود‬mablag marṣūd security, cover (fin.)

O ‫ تراص‬tarāṣṣ agglutination ‫ رصد‬raṣada u (raṣd) to keep one’s eyes (‫ ه‬،‫ھـ‬ on); to lie in wait (‫ ه‬for); to observe (‫ھـ‬ s.th.). watch (‫ ھـ‬s.th. or over s.th.), control (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to conjure (‫ ه‬demon) │ ‫رصد‬ ‫ األفالك‬to observe the stars, practice astronomy II to provide, set aside, earmark (‫ ھـ‬funds); to prepare, keep ready (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to balance (‫ الحساب‬the account; com.) IV to keep ready (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to provide, set aside, earmark (‫ ھـ ل‬s.th., esp. funds, for); to procure, get (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) V ‫ ترصد األفالك‬to observe the stars, practice astronomy ‫ رصد‬raṣd, raṣad pl. ‫ ارصاد‬arṣād observation │ ‫ رصد األفالك‬r. al-aflāk stargazing, astronomy; ‫ارصاد جوية‬ (jawwīya) meteorological observation; ‫ تقرير األرصاد‬weather report ‫ رصدخانة‬raṣdakāna observatory ‫ رصد‬raṣad pl. ‫ ارصاد‬arṣād spy, watcher, watchdog; lookout, observation post; ambush; talisman 342

‫ رصع‬II to inlay, set, stud (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ب‬with gems or gold); to adorn, decorate, ornament (‫ھـ‬ ‫ ب‬s.th. with) ‫ رصف‬raṣafa u (raṣf) to pave, lay with stone (‫ھـ‬ s.th.); -- raṣufa u (‫ رصافة‬raṣāfa) to be firmly joined II to lay with flagstones, pave (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ رصف‬raṣf paving (of roads) ‫ رصيف‬raṣīf firmly joined, firm, solid, compact; -- (pl. ‫ ارصفة‬arṣifa) pavement; sidewalk; quay; wharf, pier; mole, jetty; platform; (pl. ‫ رصفاء‬ruṣafā’) colleague │ ‫ رصيف المحطة‬r. al-maḥaṭṭa (railway) platform; ‫( رصيف ألعمال الحفر في البحر‬lia‘māli l-ḥafr fī l-baḥr) offshore drilling platform (for oil drilling); ‫عوائد الرصيف‬ ‘awā’id ar-r. quayage, pierage, wharfage ‫ رصيفة‬raṣīfa pl. -āt woman colleague │ ‫( رصيفتنا الغراء‬garrā’) a phrase of courtesy used by one newspaper when referring to another; approx.: our honorable friends ‫ رصافة‬raṣāfa firmness compactness

‫ مرصوف‬marṣūf paved (‫ ب‬with) ‫ رصن‬raṣuna u (‫ رصانة‬raṣāna) to be firm, strong; to be sedate, calm, composed ‫ رصين‬raṣīn firm, unshakable; sedate, calm, composed ‫ رصانة‬raṣāna sedateness, composure, calmness, equanimity ‫ رض‬raḍḍa u (raḍḍ) to crush (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to bruise (‫ ھـ‬a part of the body) ‫ رض‬raḍḍ pl. ‫ رضوض‬ruḍūḍ bruise, contusion ‫ رضيض‬raḍīḍ crushed; bruised ‫ رضاب‬ruḍāb spittle, saliva ‫ رضخ‬raḍaka a i (raḍk) to break, smash, shatter (‫ ھـ‬s.th.); to crack (‫ ھـ‬a kernel); -- raḍaka a (raḍk) to give (‫ ھـ‬s.o.) a small, paltry present; -- (ruḍūk) to yield, bow, give in, subordinate o.s., submit (‫ ل‬to s.o., to s.th.) VIII ‫( ارتضخ لكنة‬luknatan) to speak Arabic with a foreign accent ‫ رضخ‬raḍk, ‫ رضخة‬raḍka a small, paltry gift ‫ رضيحة‬raḍīka a small, paltry gift; tip, baksheesh ‫ رضوخ‬ruḍūk submission, surrender; yielding, compliance; sympathetic understanding (‫ ل‬of) ‫ مرضاح‬mirḍāk nutcracker ‫ رضرض‬raḍraḍa to break into coarse pieces, pound, crush (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) ‫ رضراض‬raḍrāḍ pebbles, gravel 343 ‫ رضع‬raḍi‘a a and raḍa‘a i a (raḍ‘, ‫رضاع‬ raḍā‘) to suck (‫ ثدي أمه‬tadya ummihī at its mother’s breast) II and IV to nurse at the breast, suckle, breast-feed (‫ ه‬a baby) ‫ رضيع‬raḍī‘ pl: ‫ رضعاء‬ruḍa‘ā‘2, ‫رضائع‬ raḍā’i‘2 suckling, infant, baby; foster brother O ‫ رضاعة‬raḍā‘a pl. -āt nursing bottle ‫ رضاع‬riḍā‘ foster relationship ‫ راضع‬rāḍi‘ pl. ‫ رضع‬ruḍḍa‘ sucking; suckling, infant, baby; infant (adj.) ‫ مرضع‬murḍi‘ and ‫ مرضعة‬murḍi‘a pl. ‫ مراضع‬marāḍi‘2 wet nurse; foster mother

‫ رضه‬abbreviation of ‫ رضي ﷲ عنه‬see ‫رضى‬ ‫ رضا‬see ‫ رضى‬riḍan ‫ رضي‬raḍiya a (‫ رضى‬riḍan, ‫ رضوان‬riḍwān, ‫ مرضاة‬marḍāh) to be satisfied, be content ( ‫ ب‬،‫ ھـ‬or ‫ في‬with); to consent, agree (‫ ب‬،‫ھـ‬ or ‫ في‬to); to approve (‫ ب‬،‫ ھـ‬or ‫ في‬of), accept, sanction (‫ ب‬،‫ ھـ‬or ‫ في‬s.th.); to accept the fact, resign o.s. to the fact (‫ان‬ that); to be pleased (‫ على‬،‫ ھـ‬or ‫ عن‬with); to wish, desire (‫ ھـ‬s.th., ‫ ل‬for s.o.) │‫رضي لنفسه‬ ‫( ب‬li-nafsihī) to permit o.s. s.th.; ‫ما رضي لھا‬ ‫( المذلة‬madalla) he had no desire to humiliate her; ‫( رضي او ابى‬au abā) whether he likes it or not; ‫( رضي ﷲ عته‬Isl. eulogy) may God be pleased with him; ‫رضي من‬ ‫( الغنيمة باإلياب‬iyāb) to be content to return without booty, be happy to have saved one’s skin n to satisfy, gratify, please (‫ه‬ s.o.); to compensate (‫ ه‬s.o.) III to seek to satisfy, try to please (‫ ه‬s.o.); to propitiate, conciliate, win (‫ ه‬s.o.), gain the good will of (‫ )ه‬IV to satisfy, gratify, please (‫ ه‬s.o.) V to seek to satisfy, try to please (‫ ه‬s.o.); to seek to propitiate (‫ ه‬s.o.); to conciliate. appease (‫ ه‬s.o.) VI to come to terms VIII to be satisfied, content, pleased (‫ ھـ‬with); to consent, agree (‫ ھـ‬to s.th.); to approve ( ‫ ھـ‬of s.th.), sanction (‫ ھـ‬s.th.) X to seek to satisfy, try to conciliate, treat in a conciliatory manner (‫ ه‬s.o.); to conciliate, appease (‫ ه‬s.o.); to show o.s. obliging, make o.s. popular, ingratiate o.s., try to gain good will or favor ‫ رضا‬،‫ رضى‬riḍan contentment, contentedness, satisfaction; agreement, consent, assent, acceptance, approval; pleasure, delight; good will, favor │‫عن‬ ‫ رضى‬readily, gladly; ‫ سريع الرضى‬easy to please, easily reconciled ‫ رضي‬raḍīy pl. ‫ ارضياء‬arḍiyā’2 satisfied, content; pleasant, agreeable │‫بنفس راضية‬ (bi-nafs) gladly ‫ رضوان‬riḍwān consent, assent, agreement, acceptance, approval, sanction; good will, favor; pleasure, delight ‫ مرضاة‬marḍāh a means affording satisfaction or gratification; satisfaction, pleasure

‫ ترضية‬tarḍiya satisfaction, gratification; compensation ‫ رضاء‬riḍā’ contentment, contentedness, satisfaction; agreement, consent, assent, acceptance, approval, sanction; propitiation, conciliation ‫ بالمراضاة‬bi-l-murāḍāh by fair means, amicably ‫ إرضاء‬irḍā’ satisfaction, gratification; fulfillment (of a claim, of a desire) │‫صعب‬ ‫ االرضاء‬ṣa‘b al-i. hard to please, fastidious ‫ تراض‬tarāḍin mutual consent ‫ استرضاء‬istirḍā’ conciliatory attitude, conciliatori