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Richard Side

and

Guy Wellman

Grammar AND

Vocabulary for

Cambridge Advanced and Proficiency

with key

Vocabulary for

Cambridge Advanced and proficiency

•v\

\\

t

\

Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate

Harlow

CM20

Essex

2JE

England

and Associated Companies throughout

the world

www. longman-elt.com

©

Pearson Education Limited 1999

The

right

of Richard Side and Guy Wellman

authors of this

Work have

to be identified as

been asserted by them in accordance

with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved;

may

no part of this publication

be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,

or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording,

or otherwise without the prior written permission

of the Publishers.

published 1999

First

Second impression 2000

ISBN

41963 8

582

Acknowledgements Designed by

First Edition

Illustrations

by Noel Ford

Cover design by Andrew Oliver Project

The

managed by

publishers

Christina Ruse

would

like to

thank the following for their kind

permission to adapt excerpts from original

texts:

Oxford Today (passage, page 29); The Independent, from article by

William Hartson, 13.12.97 (passage on global warming, page

Newsweek 23.11.1987 (passage on twins, page 151); Quartet N Worral (1980) (passage, page 153); Seeker and Warburg, from Neither Here Nor There by Bill Bryson 133);

Books, from Sudan by

(1991) (passage

from Set in

Citizens

on

travelling in Europe,

page

155);

Penguin,

by Simon Schama, p.21 (passage, page

Monotype Dante

Printed in Spain by Graficas Estella

194).

Contents Syllabus

map

6

i

Introducti on

11

vocabulary SECTION 4

Possibility, probability

and

56

certainty 1

Unit one

16

section

Exam

Problem tenses Entry test

16

OVERVIEW

17

5

Obligations

practice

58

3

60

Unit four

62

Present Perfect

18

Modal

SECTION 2

Other Perfect forms

20

Entry test

62

SECTION

Continuous forms

22

overview + Meanings of modals

63

The

24

section

68

SECTION

I

3

SECTION 4

future

verbs 2

1

Intention, willingness, frequency,

habit

Vocabulary SECTION

5

SECTION 6

Exam

1 Unit

Stative verbs

26

Collocation: an introduction

28

practi ce

30

1

two

Special uses of should;

3

permission

70

modals

in

72

the past

Vocabulary SECTION 4

Frequency

SECTION

Ability, quality

Exam

Entry test

32

OVERVIEW

33

I

Ability,

section

74

32

Passives

SECTION

SECTION 2

5

practice

4

form

76 78

Unit five

•80

Agents and objects with the passive 34

and

and achievement

Subjunctives

and Unreal

Past;

SECTION 2

Infinitives

SECTION

Structures with get and have

38

Conditionals

Not using the

40

Entry test

80

OVERVIEW

81

3

SECTION 4

-ing

passives

passive: transitive

36

to intransitive

SECTION

Vocabulary SECTION

5

Verbs

we commonly

I

SECTION 2 use in

42

Subjunctives and Unreal Past

82

Likely conditionals in the past,

84

present and future

the passive

SECTION SECTION 6

Exam

Phrasal verbs; verb

practice

+

preposition

2

44

46

Unit three

48

verbs

1

SECTION 4

48

OVERVIEW

49

SECTION

i

SECTION 2

Predicting

50

True, untrue, possible: present

52

Past conditionals

5

Necessity, duty

and advice

54

88

Metaphor

90

Word

92

formation: prefixes and

suffixes

Exam

practice 5

94

Progress test

1

(testing contents

of Units

96

and past

SECTION 3

86

Vocabulary SECTION 6

Entry test

Unlikely conditionals in the

present and future

SECTION

Modal

3

1

-5)

CONTENTS

Unit six

Vocabulary

ioo

SECTION 5

Linking clauses

common

Entry test

100

OVERVIEW

101

SECTION 6

Exam

Time and Reason

102

SECTION 2

Result and Purpose

104

SECTION

Concession clauses

106

SECTION

I

3

Singular, plural uncountable:

1

Compounds

practice

138

phrases 140

8

142

Unit nine

144

Determiners and pronouns Vocabulary SECTION 4

Expressing purpose and effect

SECTION 5

Agreeing or not

Exam

110

6

practice

108

Entry test

144

OVERVIEW

145

SECTION

I

112

Unit seven

114

146

no, none

SECTION 2 1

whole, neither, either,

All, both, the

SECTION 3

Each and every

148

Ones, another, other(s), one

150

another, each other

and adverbs

Adjectives

SECTION 4

Entry test

114

OVERVIEW

115

SECTION

I

Adjective structures; adjective

Inversion after negative adverbs

118

SECTION

Making comparisons

120

Vocabulary

Amount and

SECTION 7

Groups of and parts of

Exam

practice

122

SECTION 5

Sentence adverbs

124

Unit ten

126

Noun

practice 7

eight

Nouns and

128

articles

OVERVIEW I

Using

the

or no article

130

134

Adjectives and verbs as

nouns

I

SECTION 4

Classifying

136

158 160

162

163

SECTION

SECTION

9

156

162

129

132

extent

OVERVIEW

SECTION 2

Singular, plural, uncountable

SECTION 4

154

clauses

128

SECTION 2 3

152

Entry test

SECTION

Entry test

SECTION

Any, some, somewhere, anywhere,

section 6

Differences and similarities

1 Unit

lot of,

most

etc.

SECTION 4

Exam

few,

(a) little,

Vocabulary

SECTION 2 3

SECTION 5

116

or adverb?

Quantifiers: much, many, a (a)

3

Thflt-clauses

164

Wh-clauses

166

To-infinitive

Reference:

and

-ing clauses

this, that, these, those;

168 170

such; so

Vocabulary SECTION

5

SECTION 6

Exam

Nouns from

phrasal verbs

172

Lack, shortage and excess

174

practice

10

176

Progress test 2 (testing contents of Units

i7il

1-10)

1

CONTENTS

H Unit

eleven

182

Unit fourteen

224

Verb complementation

Relative clauses

1

Entry test

182

Entry test

224

OVERVIEW

183

OVERVIEW

225

184

SECTION

SECTION

I

Words used with

relative

pronouns

SECTION 2

Omitting

relative

SECTION

Nominal

relative clauses

3

i

section 2 pronouns

226 228

Reflexive

and

186 188

and reciprocal verbs

Verbs followed by that-clauses

SECTION

3

adjectives

Verbs used with prepositional

230

and adverbial phrases

Vocabulary SECTION 4

Reference words

190

Vocabulary

SECTION

Problems and solutions

192

SECTION 4

5

Dependent prepositions and

232

prepositional phrases

Exam

1

194

Unit twelve

196

practice

Emphasis 196

OVERVIEW

197

i

Fronting Introductory There and

SECTION

Emphasis using What,

SECTION 4

200

It

All

and

5

14

236

238

Verb complementation 2 Entry test

238

OVERVIEW

239

SECTION It

i

202

Verbs followed by -ing and

240

infinitive

Nominalisation

204

Vocabulary SECTION

practice

234

198

SECTION 2 3

Exam

Expressing knowledge and belief

Unit fifteen

Entry test

SECTION

SECTION 5

Substituting one phrase for

206

section 2

Verbs followed by

SECTION

Verbs followed by as

3

infinitive

242

244

Vocabulary

another

SECTION 6

Exam

Intensifying

and emphasising

208

practice 12

210

Unit thirteen

212

SECTION 4

Competition, opposition,

246

disagreement

SECTION 5

Exam

and ending: creating and destroying Starting

practice

15

248

250

Reported speech 212

Entry test

OVERVIEW section

i

SECTION 2

213

Tenses in reported speech

214

Report structures

216

Vocabulary SECTION 3

Quoting, reporting and

218

interpreting

SECTION 4

Exam

Communicating

practice 13

220 222

Progress test 3 (testing contents

Key

252

of Units 1-15)

257

Syllabus Unit

map

one

Grammar

page 16

Problem tenses

OVERVIEW

_i

2

Other Perfect tenses Past Perfect Perfect infinitives and -ing forms

3

Continuous Perfect Continuous; Past Continuous for Continuous infinitives; Perfect Continuous passive

Perfect tenses; continuous tenses; the future

Present Perfect Present Perfect with other tenses; idiomatic phrases

4 The future Future forms;

common Vocabulary

will in

/

Future Perfect;

time and

plans, polite requests;

if-clauses;

phrases to refer to the future

5,

Stative verbs Uses in Continuous and non-Continuous tenses

6

Collocation Meaning; fixed and open; grammatical forms

Unit two

Grammar

page 32 1

Passives

Agents and objects Mention of agents; verbs with two

objects;

limitations of passive

OVERVIEW 2

Form, and reasons

for using,

Passive and infinitive Infinitives after certain passive verbs; passive infinitives; report verbs

the passive 3^

Get and have Causatives; Get +

4

Transitive to intransitive Changing subject without using passive;

-ed; I've

had

my

car stolen, etc.

meanings of ergative verbs

Vocabulary

5^

Verbs

common

the passive Verbs with no agent;

in

-ed adjective

or passive?;

prepositions with passives; phrasal verbs

6

Phrasal verbs Prepositions and particles; position of object; prepositions after passives

Unit three

Grammar

Modal

page 48 verbs

1

OVERVIEW

grammar; main uses of modals 1; alphabetical list

1

Predicting Certainty; possibility; expressing opinions

2

Truth and possibility True /untrue; expressing opinions; giving reasons; expressing annoyance

Basic

3

Necessity, duty, advice Must, have

to,

should, needn't, don't have to etc.;

other verbs for necessity and advice

of modals

4

Possibility, probability, certainty Likelihood: bound

5^

Obligations Legal

/

to, etc.;

improbability

institutional, moral, personal obligations;

freedom of choice

Unit four

Grammar

Modal

page 62 verbs 2

OVERVIEW

Main uses of modals 2; key difficulties with meanings

Vocabulary

j_

Intention, frequency, habit Intention

/

refusal; offers

2

Ability,

was

I

were able

permission Can

I

Could

v.

to;

/

requests; frequency

theoretical possibility;

permission; register 3

Should; modals

modal

in

the past Special uses of should; modals

in the past;

Perfects

4

Frequency Adverbs and phrases;

5

Ability, quality

adjectives; habits

and achievement Dependent

connotation; metaphor

and trends

prepositions; collocation;

SYLLABUS MAP flft

Unit five

Grammar

page 80

Subjunctives and

Unreal Past; Conditionals

i_

2

OVERVIEW Subjunctives; Unreal Past;

when and

conditionals;

if

Subjunctives and Unreal Past Present and Past subjunctive; Unreal Past Likely conditionals Verb forms; will I won't mixing time references; false conditionals

in (/-clauses;

3^

Unlikely conditionals Verb forms; would in if-clauses;

4

Past conditionals Verb forms; would

5

Metaphor Compound

6

Prefixes

have...

would

If...

have;

are to

I

omitting

were

to

if etc.

alternatives to if

Vocabulary

suffixes

and

suffixes

adjectives

and nouns;

Changing meaning;

and part of speech;

single words; idiomatic phrases

prefixes in non-existent words;

changing meaning

suffixes

Unit six

page 100

Grammar

Linking clauses

OVERVIEW Types of clause; reasons

£ Time and Reason Time

clauses: Ever since, etc.;

Reason

clauses: because, etc.

2

Result and Purpose Result clauses:

3

Concession clauses Position of linking words; background information; unexpected contrast

for

so, etc.;

Purpose

clauses: in order

to,

etc.

use; position

Vocabulary

4

Purpose and

5

Agreeing or not Not giving

effect

Purpose

/

intention; result, cause

in;

and

effect

weighing things up; giving

in

Unit seven

Grammar

page 114

Adjectives

and

i_

adverbs

Adjective structures Adjectives after nouns; structures after adjectives; late, lately, etc.

2

OVERVIEW 3^

Position of adjectives and adverbs; adverbs

Inversion After negative adverbs; uses

Making comparisons Comparatives; preferences; as

I like;

as if

I

similarities;

double comparatives;

though

from

adjectives; adverbial phrases

Vocabulary

4

Differences and similarities Collocation; synonyms; modifiers; linking phrases; idiomatic phrases

5

Sentence adverbs Definition; uses

Unit eight Grammar

page 128

Nouns and

1

The or no

2

OVERVIEW Countable I

nouns always

singular;

nouns without

Singular, plural, uncountable Always plural; uncountable with

There

a

article The with

articles;

general or specific: adding the

articles

/

is I are;

uncountable

/

-s;

collectives;

countable

uncountable:

an, the, or

no

article;

other determiners

Vocabulary

3^

Classifying Referring to groups: plural,

the,

a / an; special groups

4 Adjectives and verbs as nouns The unemployed, gerunds with / without the 5

Singular, plural

and uncountable

Common

the supernatural, etc.;

phrases: on foot,

in all weathers, etc.

6

Compounds Noun + noun; other combinations

adjective

+ noun;

adjective

+

adjective;

Up

SYLLABUS MAP

Unit nine

Grammar

page 144

Determiners

and pronouns

oil,

Each and every Differences

OVERVIEW

Pronoun

3 v.

in

meaning

/

none

Uses;

common

use; singular

/

phrases

plural;

common

phrases

One and

another, other(s), one another, each other Uses;

common

4

phrases

Vocabulary

much, many,

Quantifiers: formality;

singular, plural, uncountable;

common

(a) few, etc. Articles; use in negatives

/

questions;

phrases

common

5^

Any, some, somewhere, anywhere, etc. Uses;

6

Amount and extent

7

Groups of and parts of Describing groups; informal

phrases

Extent and degree; words expressing quantity phrases; collocation

Unit ten

Grammar

page 162

Noun

clauses

i_

That-clauses After nouns omitting

OVERVIEW 2 Definition; types; position

adjectives

/

report verbs; as subject;

relative clauses

W/7-clauses Uses; with prepositions; with

and

To-infinitive

adding subjects;

4

Reference:

infinitives;

whether and

if;

5^

6

-ing clauses Sentence position; differences;

common

phrases those; such; so

this, that, these,

referring back;

Vocabulary

/

comparison with

that;

exclamations 3_

common

Nouns from phrasal verbs noun v. phrasal verb Lack, shortage

Time

/

distance;

phrases Position of particle; transitive

and excess The

haves;

The have

/

intransitive;

nots

Unit eleven

Grammar

Relative clauses

page 182 _i_

Words used with relatives after

relative

pronouns

/

pronouns

determiners

OVERVIEW 2

Defining relative

/

phrases

determiner;

using determiners together;

common

both, the whole, neither, either, no,

j_

2

non-defining;

Vocabulary

wh- words

to omit; replacing clauses;

descriptive clauses

pronouns; position

of pronouns

When

Omitting relative pronouns

Prepositions; /

3_

Nominal

relative

what before

a

pronouns

Definition; uses; followed

by

to-infinitive;

noun; contact clauses

4

Reference words Types of reference: specifying, arranging, focusing,

5_

Problems and solutions Facing problems, finding collocation; idiomatic phrases

solutions, etc.;

etc.

SYLLABUS MAP

Unit twelve

Grammar

Emphasis

page 196 i_

2

OVERVIEW

Fronting Definition; uses; fronting noun clauses; introduction phrases Introductory There

and

It

Dummy

subjects;

+

clause

/

am

going

to

it

+

report verb;

referring forward Stress

/

intonation; stronger

words; repetition; sentence

3

Emphasis using What, All and was Tim who ran into the office.

It

What

I

All I

do

is

etc.;

...

It

adverbs; passives; other

grammatical changes

Vocabulary

4

Nominalisation Definition; uses; have a

5^

Substituting

one phrase

for

talk,

make a comment,

another Using adverbs

nouns

/

etc.

/

adjectives

/

phrases; multiple changes

6

Intensifying

and emphasising

Adjectives; collocation; adverbs of degree;

exaggeration; adverbials, etc.

Unit thirteen

Grammar

Reported speech

page 212 i_

Tenses

in

reported speech Tenses of report verb; reporting past

OVERVIEW

2

Grammar / vocabulary changes; orders flexible

/

present

modal verbs

tenses; reporting

Report structures Types of clause;

infinitive

and

-ing;

impersonal reports;

summarising; personal comments

questions;

/

changes

Vocabulary

3

Quoting, reportingjand interpreting Referring

doubting;

directly;

interpreting

4

Communicating Ways of speaking; phrasal

verbs; idiomatic phrases

Unit fourteen

Grammar

Verb

complementation

page 224 _i

2

Verbs + f/jaf-clauses and adjectives Verb +

/

intransitive;

structures after verbs;

/

commonly

reflexive;

3^

4

that-clause;

/

adjective

Verbs + prepositional

/

adverbial phrases Verbs of movement /position;

verb

link verbs

+

noun

verb Transitive

and reciprocal verbs Use; verbs always

meaning changes

l

OVERVIEW

Reflexive

+

describing

phrase

/

+

adverb

/

+ way

Dependent prepositions Verb

/

adjective

/

noun +

preposition;

prepositional phrases 3_

Expressing knowledge and belief Collocation;

common phrases

Unit fifteen

Grammar

Verb

page 238 t_

2

OVERVIEW

Verbs followed by bare

Using two verbs; preposition

Verbs followed by ing or infinitive Differences; perfect

+

Vocabulary

-ing;

verb

+

-ing

or bare infinitive

complementation 2

3^

-ing

infinitive; for

+

infinitive

Verb +

to-infinitive

I to

be

I

Perfect Infinitive

object

Verbs followed by as Defining a

role or function; as

+ noun

/

adjective;

defining objects; similar structures

4

Competition, opposition, disagreement Collocation; word formation; prepositions

5^

Starting

/

ending; creating

/

destroying

Common phrases;

phrasal verbs

/

Acknowledgements This book

is

dedicated to John Eckersley.

The authors would

like to

thank the following:

Sue and William, Sally and Claire for their untold patience.

John Eckersley Clive, Judith

The

staff

for his generosity

and the

staff

and support.

and students

at

BEET Language

Centre, Bournemouth.

and students of The Eckersley School of English, Oxford.

Introduction

ABOUT THIS BOOK

frequently with others are a particular focus. This involves a consideration of collocation (see Unit 1.6) as well as

Who

is this

book for?

what grammatical

structures

we can

use

with certain words.

Each Unit has two Sections dedicated to vocabulary, This book it is

is

for

any advanced student of English but

particularly relevant to people studying for the

Cambridge

Certificate in

Advanced English (CAE) or

the Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE)

also a lot of vocabulary in the

is

Sections: groups of

words often share

grammatical patterns,

assume that anybody using this book has knowledge of and ability to use English, up to Cambridge First Certificate standard.

Unit

14.2),

Grammar

similar

verbs that are

e.g.

followed by thflt-clauses or

We

exams.

but there

commonly

to-infinitive structures (see

commonly followed by it The Sections often end with

or verbs that are

a reasonable

+

at least

examples of

clause (see Unit 12.2).

common

phrases and idioms which use

the grammatical structures. Vocabulary Sections

What this

sort of grammar

complement

in

is

book?

Syllabus

This book covers the main areas of English

grammar

and concentrates on areas you need It looks, for example, at verb and noun structures, adverb and adjective structures, and ways of linking complex sentences and texts. It also provides information on style and register, for example whether some structures are more typical of written or spoken English. Although grammar and at

advanced

level

to pass the exams.

vocabulary are obviously important in

advanced exams, special attention

is

all

given to

which are frequently tested in Paper 3 Use of English. For example, modal verbs (see Units 3 and 4) and relative clauses (see Unit 11) have occurred in virtually every Paper 3 in the CPE exam in recent years. Some areas of grammar, such as relative clauses and determiners (see Unit 9), occur most frequently in the cloze test (see page 14 below), structures

common

in

sentence

gapped sentences - the practice exercises in the book reflect this. Other areas of grammar, such as articles (see Unit 8), may cause you more difficulty in Paper 2 - Composition. Again, the practice exercises in the

book

map

(pages 6-9) shows

reflect this.

this

is

in

such as legal or technical jargon or academic or literary usage, is not included because is not tested in the exams. specialised,

How can

I

level,

use this book?

Several options are available to you. References

within the Sections will point you in the direction

of explanations of related areas of grammar or vocabulary in other Sections or Units.

THE ENTRY TEST Each Unit begins with an Entry test. Each exercise is related to one of the Grammar Sections within the Unit. If you have difficulties with an in this test

is

a cross-reference to the relevant

vocabulary to learn. all. It is

also

you need.

exercise easy,

there

is

an enormous amount of

No book can

much more

hope

to cover

in the

exams. This book

focuses on areas of vocabulary that are useful in a

wide range of situations, e.g. agreeing and disagreeing, frequency, problems and solutions, starting and ending, etc. Words that combine

On

all

the explanation and

the other hand,

if

you

find the

may mean that you are perfectly that area of grammar and you may

it

competent in wish to ignore that Section.

it

difficult to predict

vocabulary which will occur

it

There are many different ways to use this book. You can use the Contents or Syllabus map to look up a particular area of grammar or vocabulary that you want to study. Or, you may want to study complete Units in the order in which they appear.

practice

book?

At advanced

The

language that would normally be considered

Section which will provide

sort of vocabulary

topics.

this.

Some of the grammar or vocabulary in the book may be formal or used in limited contexts, though

exercise, there

What

Sections where

with separate

areas of the

-

while modal Perfects are very

Grammar

the preceding

possible, whilst others deal

THE OVERVIEW The Overview provides which students

a

summary of the grammar

advanced classes should already be familiar with. For example, with relative clauses (see Unit 1 1) you should already know about the differences between defining and non-defining in

11

©

INTRODUCTION

relative clauses

- these

are

summarised

THE PROGRESS TESTS

in the

Overview. The Watch Out! boxes highlight areas that

After Units

often continue to cause difficulty. If you have any

CAE

difficulties

with the points covered in the Overview,

Grammar and Vocabulary for First Luke Prodromou (Longman). look

at

Certificate

by

Will I pass Proficiency if I do

THE GRAMMAR SECTIONS Each Unit has between two and five Grammar Sections which deal with aspects of a particular area of grammar. These Sections contain explanations and descriptions with many of example sentences. The page ends with a short exercise so that you can check whether you have understood the main

grammar

points.

Opposite

is

page of related practice

a

practice

is

exercises.

always a straightforward

understanding the main

test

The

of

grammar points in the more complicated and

Section; the later practices are

reflect the level and style of the advanced exams. These practices can be done in class or for homework. If you are doing them in class, you may want to discuss your answers with other students or with your teacher before checking the correct answers in the Key at the back of the book (in 'with Key' editions). Discussion helps everybody to understand and remember the main facts or issues.

THE VOCABULARY SECTIONS Each Unit has two Vocabulary Sections. These deal with a particular area of vocabulary such as words connected with differences and similarities (see Unit 7.4) or competing (see Unit 15.4). Lexical areas such as collocation,

word formation,

phrasal verbs,

prepositions and idiomatic phrases are also covered, specifically in particular Sections

and generally

in

other Vocabulary Sections. There are several short Pre-practices within the explanations.

Practice exercises contain

much

The main

of the vocabulary

presented in the explanations but also add other related items.

THE EXAM PRACTICES At the end of each Unit there is an Exam practice which revises the grammar and vocabulary in the whole Unit using CAE and CPE-type exercises. Each paper has the same score so that you can monitor your general progress as you work with different Units.

12

everything in this book? One textbook

is

never enough to become fluent.

We recommend that you

read widely in English

(books, magazines, newspapers...) as well as take

every opportunity to listen to English

(satellite

and speak the language, so that you can use it naturally and easily. Everybody can learn a language (we have all already learned at least one!), but it takes time, patience and hard work.

television, film, radio...)

PRACTICES first

5, 10 and 15 there are Progress tests in and CPE-exam format. They revise the grammar and vocabulary of the previous five Units together with any other previous Units.

INTRODUCTION

ABOUT THE EXAMS

PAPER 3 This

What CAE

is

level are

Cambridge

many

CPE

is

between English and CPE.

at

more widely recognised

as well as

being a qualification

teach English.

you should be

A

CPE - Use It is

British Universities for English

Language entry requirements

pass at

CPE

is

undergraduate

for the in

many

Paper

for

essential for

at a level

First Certificate in

recognised by

book concentrates on grammar and vocabulary

needed

CAE and CPE?

an advanced exam

level.

same purpose countries to

an indication that

The

all

although

this

information

is

of English (2 hours)

four different

on

3,

the other Papers in the exams.

part of this paper, Section A, consists of

first

grammar and vocabulary tasks based and sets of sentences. The second

a short text

part, Section B, asks

you

to read a passage,

number of comprehension and vocabulary

answer a questions,

and summarise a specified aspect of it.

CAE -

able to follow lectures in English,

English

in

Use

(1

hour 30 mins)

write essays, understand the books you need to read,

This paper focuses on grammar, vocabulary and

and contribute effectively in undergraduate seminars and classes. In other words, it is quite a high level. For both exams, grades A, B and C are passes. D is a narrow fail and E is a fail.

register,

and includes

tasks such as

gap

filling,

PAPER 4 CPE -

of the other papers.

45 mins)

PAPER

four different spoken situations, such as (1

hour)

of twenty-five

multiple choice vocabulary questions.

The second

part, Section B, consists of fifteen multiple choice

comprehension questions on three CAE - Reading (1 hour 15 mins)

texts.

CAE -

texts followed

approximately

fifty

Listening Comprehension (approximately

CAE

and

CPE

consist of recordings of three or

conversations, interviews, extracts from radio programmes, recorded telephone messages, etc., and a variety of matching, completion and multiple

choice tasks.

PAPER 5

by a total of matching and multiple choice

There are four

Listening Comprehension (approximately

40 mins)

Both 1

proof

reading and text completion.

Both exams consist of five papers. The first three papers are normally taken on the same day. Papers 4 and 5 may be on different days within a week or two

CPE - Reading Comprehension The first part, Section A, consists

A

CPE - Speaking CAE - Speaking

(approximately 15 mins) (approximately 15 mins)

questions.

This part of the exam consists of a conversation with

PAPER 2

photographs, give opinions and discuss some

CPE - Composition (2 hours) You must complete two writing

The examiner

something such

you

an examiner. You are asked to talk about some

tasks of 350 words each out of a choice of five topics. These usually include a discussion of a topic, a description of

letter.

You

also

and a have the option to write about one of as a festival or city, a story

issues.

your pronunciation, fluency, range of vocabulary, grammatical accuracy and general ability to hold a natural conversation in English. CAE interviews are conducted in pairs will assess

will be asked to discuss things both with the examiner and the other candidate.

three prescribed reading texts, usually novels.

CAE -

Writing

(2

hours)

You must complete two writing including a

letter, report,

memo,

tasks usually

infomation sheet,

review, article, etc., but not a story. Section

A

is

a

compulsory task based on reading information with a maximum of 450 words. Section B consists of one task from a choice of four.

13

INTRODUCTION

What

Sentence transformation sentence transformations which ask you to rewrite a

sentence using a different beginning. Example: 1

Multiple choice In Section A, there are twenty-five multiple choice

vocabulary items in a question

In this

example:

like this

On your

answer sheet, indicate the against the number of each

C 25

letter A, B,

item

to

1

or

Even the

B

(Answer:

C

portion

speck

inversion,

In Section A there is a short passage (under 200 words) in which twenty words are missing. You must decide what the words are. Example:

of the

numbered blanks

in

the passage

suitable word.

gull's ability to eat

from

the young of

its

that into account before

own

before you went and spent

has

kind,

modern

in

life.

made

Britain to

commonly

Areas

tested in this question include

verbs, conditionals

and idiomatic phrases.

A

ends with eight sentences which must be

rewritten using a given it

word

is

changed

be

a by-product

For each of the sentences below, write a

new

sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the word given. This

...

word must not be altered

(Answers: eat almost

(1)

anything from

fish to...

(a)

of the (2)

that cannot be

any way. Example:

have

(3)

which

account

into

your money.)

all

r

,

recent years because of the increasing of edible refuse

(4)

Its

you

your money.

all

Word transformation

almost (1)

species

of the (2)

gapped sentences where

(Answer: You should have taken that

in actually thriving at this time.

six

are missing in each gap. Example:

You should

Section

The herring

one

continues with

each of the blanks with a suitable word or phrase

modal

THE HERRING GULL

of

A

went and spent

in

etc.

etc.

(a)

multiplied

have contact with

I

changing verbs to nouns,

words

several

Cloze test

one

people

Gapped sentence

Fill

fish to

few

Nobody

else

in

in

any way.

the country possesses his

skills

species... etc.)

on the trumpet.

unmatched

Words relative

gapped include pronouns (including pronouns), articles, determiners and linking

typically

words such

as however, but, such... that.

collocation and prepositions.

It

can also

test

(Answer: anybody)

His skills on the else (or

This question

anyone

tests

trumpet are unmatched by

else)

in

the country.)

your knowledge of common

phrases and changing verbs to nouns,

14

J

|

Areas tested include conditionals, reported speech,

D

shred

PAPER 3

one

have contact with disapprove of

damage

of dust can

meanings of words, collocations,

with

I

(Answer: None of the

Section

each

the people

for the

This question tests your knowledge of the different

Fill

it.

None

D)

1

such a way

in

as similar as possible to the sentence

approve of the changes.)

tiniest

piece

All

D

delicate electrical equipment.

A

is

the changes.

to each question. 1

each of the following sentences

it

(a)

one answer only

or phrase you choose. Give

Finish

that

printed before

word or phrase

section you must choose the

which best completes each sentence.

word

second part of Section A, there are eight

In the

CPE?

expect in PAPER

we

types of questions can

etc.

INTRODUCTION

What

types of questions can

What

we

CAE?

expect in

six Parts

and

a total

about the other exercises

and papers

The CAE has been revised from December 1999. In CAE, specific grammar and vocabulary questions are all in Paper 3 - English in Use. The Paper includes of 80 questions.

in

CAE and CPE? you will need to be wide range of grammar

In addition to the above tasks,

able to recognise

and vocabulary

and use

in

order

a

to:

•

understand the reading passages in Paper 1 write letters and compositions in the Paper 2 answer the questions in Paper 3 Section B

This consists of a passage with fifteen gaps. For each

•

understand what

gap you must choose one word from

•

understand and speak to the examiner and other

• •

MULTIPLE CHOICE CLOZE a choice

of

four.

candidates in Paper

The only

being said in the Paper 4 5.

in this

book

will

be

a

great help.

exercise that

similar to

is

gapped passage). There exam.

test (a

CAE

is

The grammar and vocabulary

OPEN CLOZE

%

ERROR CORRECTION A text about sixteen lines

long

CPE

is

the cloze

are fifteen gaps in the

is

provided.

Most

lines

have either an extra, unnecessary word which you

must find, or a spelling or punctuation mistake which you must correct.

WORD FORMATION FCE but the base words and may involve more changes. There are two passages in which you are required to new more

This

task

are

difficult

is

similar to

write the missing

using the

word

word

in the correct part

of speech

given. For example, transform

becomes transformation. Remember to check whether you need to make a noun plural, an adjective negative, etc.

There are

fifteen gaps.

INFORMATION TRANSFER This consists of a gapped text in which you are asked to rewrite information

from another text in a For example, you may have

different style or register.

to

fill

the gaps in an informal letter with information

make any grammar so

taken from an advertisement. You must necessary changes in vocabulary and that the style

is

appropriate. There are thirteen gaps.

DISCOURSE CLOZE

A

text is provided from which various phrases have been omitted. From a list of these phrases, you are asked to put back the correct phrase in each gap. there are six gaps and three distractors.

15

Unit o

Problem tenses Entry test way

that

it

as similar

is

all

a What all

through the

b

thefwst time

is

had

I've

to

work

ait

to

I

fix

through

Next summer, d He claimed c

Most of us became salesmen when we

last

the engine

morning, but

all

finally

had to admit defeat.

the night.

a

doing with yourself over the

couple of days?

night before.

This

have been writing this composition

I

evening.

to

it.

work

example: I've never had to

each of the blanks with a suitable word

example:

such a

in

meaning as possible

in

the sentence printed before

Fill

or phrase.

each of the following sentences

Finish

1

3

left

somehow

university.

e

Most of us have Our current manager started working here ten b

I

here for ten years.

living

I

meaning

to

tell

me

about

it

but

forgot,

was

asking her

if

she'd

like to

come

to the

races on Saturday.

years ago.

Our current manager has c

I

FOR CONTINUOUS TENSES, SEE SECTION

3.

haven't heard from Sarah for a couple of months.

The last d used to I

4 find

computers

before

difficult

I

started

Fill

each of the blanks with a suitable word

or phrase.

taking these lessons.

example:

Look

out!

We're going to

the car

hit

in

Since

e Michael

Owen

front! is

the best player

I've

seen so

far in

a At

this competition. I've

we

yet

this rate,

we're

b The minute the try to find

FOR PRESENT PERFECT, SEE SECTION

1

c

:.

be exhausted by the time

finish.

train

standstill,

get on and

a seat,

By December,

working there for

he'll

eighteen months.

2

Fill

d They claim to be

each of the blanks with a suitable word

a When

I

off

b She'd c

d

It's

the

We

were

just

about

the house

when Sue

electricity.

for this

company,

I

six years.

FOR FUTURE FORMS, SEE SECTION

studying marine biology but she

decided on geography,

They

on the road for a mere

when

achieving

called.

started working

an architect for

finally

e

As soon as he saw what had happened,

he switched

on

everything they set out to do.

or phrase. example:

virtually

five

minutes

they had a puncture.

almost half past nine:

I

would think they

got there by now.

e

My

intention

is

finished

my

studies by June.

FOR FUTURE PERFECT, PAST PERFECT AND OTHER PERFECT FORMS, SEE SECTION

16

2.

finEsa_

4.

PROBLEM TENSES

OVERVIEW

It

USES OF PERFECT TENSES

Present Perfect use Present Perfect to talk about things that

•

tell

me

he's

bought another new

with an

in the past

•

my

gone

was improving every day. I grow older.

that describe a short action, e.g. is

been ringing him

all

morning but he never seems

key.

activity begins or ends, they give the

you

jo had been working

impression

all

morning and was now

spending a happy half hour doing nothing more taxing

out.

was looking forward

to

her holiday in Scotland in a few days' time.

use Past Perfect to talk about things that took

3 EXPRESSING THE FUTURE

place:

before something else in the past (see Section I took the decision after I

•

to

are arriving in the middle of a scene:

than staring into space. She

•

hit,

repeated rather than

often use Past Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous to set the background to narrative events. Because it may not be clear when the

Past Perfect

We

don't

We

•

car!

with the time adverb just meaning 'a short time ago' (American English uses Past Simple here): She's just

we

be in.

effect or result in the present:

I'm afraid I've forgotten

(=

the rain started

continuous: I've

but we're not saying exactly when:

in the past,

when

think I'm getting more forgetful as

knock, blink, the action

took place: • during a period that includes past and present: They've been waiting here for an hour. Don't

the building.

will finish)

With verbs

•

•

it

William's piano playing I

We

left

aren't interested in

that are in the process of changing:

• 1

was raining when we

know or or when

had spoken

to John.

during a period before an event in the All

day

I'd

2.1):

English does not have one future tense. Instead,

past:

future (see Section

been feeling nervous but the feeling

vanished as soon as

I

saw

we

use other tenses and modal verbs to refer to the 4):

This time next week we'll be sitting our exams.

her.

(= we'll be

When you

middle of them) you are to go straight

in the

arrive,

to the

Future Perfect registration desk.

We •

use Future Perfect to talk about:

something that

will

be finished before a specified

time in the future (see Section I'll

For, since, already, yet,

We •

2.2):

have signed nearly a hundred still,

letters

by tonight.

watch out!

We

often, etc.

don't use Present Perfect

time often use Perfect tenses with these time words.

Note important variations

We

still

We'd

still

X not

heard from her by the time evening arrived. (= formal)

I

her absence yet.

She's

We've been

/ We went

more •

haven't heard a convincing explanation of

phoned already?

phoned already. Has she

It's

•

•

use Continuous tenses to talk about things:

don't need to say

when

it

don't

know

London

London

in

in

1

1997

.

997.

much work

six.

today.

been raining for ages.

We

use Past Perfect for something that happened before something else. We can only it with another Past tense: went to see him because his wife had asked me to. We omit will in time clauses (see Sections 1.4 and 4.2): X I'll phone you as soon as we will have arrived y I'll phone you as soon as we have arrived.

I

Continuous tenses show that we either view the

we

to

use

continuing over a period, and temporary. event as incomplete, or that

to

haven't done

already phoned, has she?

We

exact past

no connection with

We've been here since half past

She's already phoned. She hasn't

OF CONTINUOUS TENSES

when an is

But we can use the Present Perfect if the period mentioned includes the past and present: I

2 USES

mentioned and there

the present:

in their position:

haven't heard from Olga.

is

or

started or finished:

•

.

We're studying Shakespeare at school at the moment.

(= temporary activity during these weeks) 17

GRAMMAR

SECTION

4 USE WITH FUTURE FORMS

I

In time clauses (after when, as soon as, until, before, etc.)

Present Perfect

we

don't use

have done

and so the Future Perfect

will,

we

not possible. In these cases

is

will

use the

Present Perfect to refer to the future:

Present Perfect often combines with other tenses in the

1

•

5 USE WITH SINCE

use Present Perfect with other Present tenses:

with report /comment verbs or phrases

with the phrase This

is

second /only, etc. time

•

This

is

time

I've ever really

they're

event

is

somebody who Princess

is

to be here?

met anyone yet who can run

and

who

It's the

only

They've made

life

You've had

ever or never): so absent-minded.

is

else will

a Past tense to refer to

it!

etc.

I've

complain strongly about)

That's torn

it!

Now you've

done

point: I've

lost

(= He's lost his

it.

You've got

me

there!

no idea what the solution

is)

with appear, seem,

etc.):

He sounds It

Good

He's

last)

when commenting on

in the past (usually

had

(= She's achieved fame, success,

acceptance, etc. at

(=

something

I've

do any more)

have done something that someone

patience or self-control) the present results of

to

(= You've done something seriously wrong)

She's arrived.

most extraordinary person

want

(= You're in trouble)

it!

(= You, we,

don't

I

ever read about.

sound,

as fast as him.

...

(= They've succeeded)

it!

enough. (= I'm fed up.

dead: the

meet anyone who

COMMON PHRASES

6

unusual or unique in your

Diana was

haven't

or: I've yet to

got angry with him.

never met anybody

yet:

/ It's / That's the first/

However, we commonly use

•

meant

I

...:

(often with a superlative I've

Do you

traffic.

the first time he's been late

when an

AND YET

learned that she's in Rome.

reckon Gloria's been held up in

suppose they've forgotten •

he's recovered his

Note the position and emphatic uses of since and There was no news this morning but we've since

(guess,

imagine, suppose, etc.): J

when

composure.

USES WITH OTHER PRESENT TENSES

We

We'll continue the meeting

same sentence.

as if he has run

all the

way

here.

seems they've already decided without consulting

us.

2 USES WITH PAST TENSES

We •

use Present Perfect with Past tenses:

to describe states or events that have continued

^

since a time in the past (with since, ever since, etc.):

He's been a

Ever since

bit

more

I first

careful since he

heard

it

I've

had

*/&

7//

that warning.

been trying

to

find a

~~.

til

recording of that song. •

to describe long-term or repeated feelings

V l^/m.

\

(Jk^^^