Glossary of Terms in Wuxia, Xianxia & Xuanhuan Novels [PDF]

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Glossary of Terms in Wuxia, Xianxia & Xuanhuan Novels

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Table of Contents Novel Categories......................................................................................3 Cosmology................................................................................................4 Beings & Creatures...................................................................................6 World of Martial Arts.................................................................................8 Martial Arts.............................................................................................10 Cultivation...............................................................................................11 Alchemy..................................................................................................15 Items & Weapons....................................................................................16 Units of Measurement.............................................................................18 Miscellaneous Terms...............................................................................19 Terms of Address....................................................................................36 A. Family.............................................................................................36 B. Martial Family..................................................................................38 C. Miscellaneous.................................................................................40 Chinese Bestiary......................................................................................41













Compiled and arranged by CENT Translation

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Novel Categories Wuxia (武俠 wǔxiá) – literally means “Martial Heroes”. Fictional stories about regular humans who can achieve supernatural fighting ability through Chinese martial arts training and internal energy cultivation. Themes of chivalry, tragedy, revenge & romance are common. Xianxia (仙侠 xiānxiá) – literally means “Immortal Heroes”. Fictional stories featuring magic, demons, ghosts, immortals, and a great deal of Chinese folklore/mythology. Protagonists (usually) attempt to cultivate to Immortality, seeking eternal life and the pinnacle of strength. Heavily inspired by Daoism. ▪ Comparison: If Wuxia is “low fantasy”, then Xianxia is “high fantasy”. Xuanhuan (玄幻 xuánhuàn) – literally means “Mysterious Fantasy”. A broad genre of fictional stories which remixes Chinese folklore/mythology with foreign elements & settings. ▪ Xuanhuan and Xianxia novels may sometimes seem similar on the surface. Look for the presence of Daoist elements (the Dao, Yin and Yang, Immortals, etc…) in the novel to easily distinguish the two – if they aren’t present, then it’s probably a Xuanhuan novel.

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Cosmology The Three Realms (三界 sānjiè) – the universe is divided into the Heaven Realm and the Earth Realm, with the Mortal Realm in between. The term is ultimately derived from the Three Realms of Hinduism & Buddhism, but these novels use it to refer to… ▪ The Heavens (天 tiān) – where the Jade Emperor rules at the head of the Celestial Court. Characters in several novels rebel against the Heavens to change their fate or to seek vengeance for perceived wrongs. Immortal cultivation is often (though not always) said to go against the Will of Heaven. ▪ The Mortal Realm (人界 rénjiè) (人间 rénjiān) – also called the human world. The setting of most of these novels, although some later branch out to explore the other realms. ▪ The Earth (地 dì) – contains the Underworld (地狱 dìyù) in its depths. The Underworld is also commonly called the Netherworld (冥界 míngjiè) or the Yellow Springs (黄泉 huángquán). Six Paths of Reincarnation (六道轮回 liùdào lúnhuí) – in the cycle of reincarnation, it is possible to be reborn as either a [1] Deva, [2] Asura, [3] Human, [4] Animal, [5] Hungry Ghost or [6] a Tormented Being in Hell. ▪ Note: Devas & Asuras are reborn in the Heaven Realm, Humans & Animals are reborn in the Mortal Realm, and Hungry Ghosts & Hell-beings are reborn in the Earth Realm. Karma (业 / 缘 / 因果 / 功德) – cosmic merit or demerit accumulated throughout one’s life based on one’s deeds. Determines which type of reincarnation (out of the Six Paths) they will experience in their next life. Some novels expand on this concept and have Karma affect even the daily lives of the characters or bind certain characters together through karmic ties/relationships. Dao (道 dào) – the origin and source of all things. It can be translated in many different ways, including The Way / Road / Path / Method. According to Daoism, it is the absolute principle underlying the universe, combining within itself the principles of Yin and Yang and signifying the way, or code of behavior, that is in harmony with the natural order. In these novels, characters often try to gain insights into the Dao, which can give them supernatural powers or even control over aspects of the natural world. Yin & Yang (阴阳 yīnyáng) – the duality present in all aspects of the universe. For instance: Yin is Female / Soft / Death / Dark / the Moon, while Yang is Male / Hard / Life / Light / the Sun – the comparisons are endless. Yin & Yang describe how opposite or contrary forces are actually complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they mutually give rise to each other.

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Five Elements (五行 wǔxíng) – Wood (木 mù), Fire (火 huǒ), Earth (土 tǔ), Metal (金 jīn), & Water (水 shuǐ). The fundamental elements which compose everything in the universe. They have a detailed cyclic relationship, and each of them have several symbolic meanings. Somewhat analogous to the Western Four Elements. Qi (气) – the vital energy which exists in all things. The cultivation of Qi is a major theme in Wuxia, Xianxia & Xuanhuan novels. ▪ Qi is sometimes written as “Ki” or “Chi”. It can be translated in many different ways, including Breath / Vital Breath / Pneuma / Vital Energy / Spiritual Energy. (etc…) ▪ Spiritual Energy of Heaven and Earth (天地之气 tiāndì zhī qì) – the natural energy of the world.

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Beings & Creatures Gods (神 shén) – supernatural beings of tremendous power. In Xuanhuan novels, it’s often possible to attain some form of godhood through cultivation. Immortals (仙 xiān) – beings who ascended to Immortality through Daoist cultivation practices. They have magical powers, can fly freely through the air, and have a close connection to the Dao and the natural world. There are several types of Daoist Immortals, such as the Celestial Immortals (天仙) and Earth Immortals (地仙). Saints (圣 shèng) – similar to, but distinct from Immortals. They don’t have a strong relation to Daoism, and they may not necessarily have eternal life. But other than that, they typically also have a close connection to the natural world and similar magical powers achieved through cultivation. Very generally speaking, Saints appear more often in Xuanhuan novels while Immortals appear more often in Xianxia novels. ▪ Note: Unless explicitly stated otherwise, these are not the Christian Saints. Magical Beasts (魔兽 móshòu) – animals capable of cultivation. Some are innately magical and simply grow stronger over time, while others must actively practice a cultivation method. They tend to be much more intelligent than mundane animals, and some are capable of speaking in human languages. Magical Beasts which have reached a high stage of cultivation may even be able to take on a human form. ▪ These Beasts often possess a Core (魔核 / 妖核) within their bodies which contains their essence and/or cultivation base. Cultivators highly prize them. The Cores are generally either consumed by cultivators (to grow stronger) or used in the production of magical items. More information here. ▪ Beast Cores are also sometimes called Neidan (內丹), which can be translated more literally as “Internal Pellet”. ▪ Some novels give the Beasts slightly varying names such as Demonic Beasts (妖兽) or Spirit Beasts (灵兽), but they’re all essentially the same sort of creature. The names of the Cores vary similarly. Demons (妖 yāo) – sometimes left untranslated as “Yao” or alternatively translated as Monsters. Born when an animal, plant, or even an inanimate object absorbs spiritual energy over a long period of time and then gains spiritual awareness. Not inherently evil, although many have antagonistic relationships with humans. Devils (魔 mó) – sometimes left untranslated as “Mo” or alternatively translated as Fiends. Evil spirits/creatures of remarkable power and cruelty. Similar to the demons and devils of Western mythology. In some novels, evil cultivators emulate them by practicing devilish cultivation methods and committing atrocities in their pursuit of power.

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▪ ▪

Some novels consider Demons and Devils to be a single species (妖魔 Yaomo),  others as distinct species (妖族 Yao race / 魔族 Mo race). 魔 is sometimes translated as “Demon”, which can be confusing at times (particularly when 妖 is also used in the novel). The difference between the two is explained here.

Ghosts (鬼 guǐ) – evil spirits or the spirits of the deceased. Ghosts are strongly Yin in nature.

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World of Martial Arts Jianghu (江湖 jiānghú) – literally translates as “Rivers and Lakes”, but figuratively refers to the “Martial World” or the “underground world of martial arts”. A section of society consisting of martial artists, gangsters, thieves, beggars, prostitutes, merchants, entertainers, and anyone else wanting to operate outside of mainstream society or in the grey area of the law. ▪ Wulin (武林 wǔlín) – literally “Martial Forest”, figuratively refers to the “community of martial artists” within the Jianghu. The Wulin is typically controlled by an alliance formed by the Righteous/Orthodox sects in order to uphold justice. ▪ The martial sects of the Jianghu are often divided into two main factions  – commonly called the Orthodox & Unorthodox (黑白) factions or the Righteous & Evil (正邪) factions. Xia (侠 xiá) – a Hero of the martial world. Righteous, skilled martial artists who follow their own moral code. They sometimes come into conflict with the law, especially in novels where society or the government is depicted as corrupt. ▪ Wandering Xia (游侠 yóuxiá) – vagrant martial artists who protect the innocent and use their strength to correct injustices. Seen as champions of the common people. Similar to the romanticized European Knights-errant, but without any of the feudal overtones. Cultivation World (修真界 xiūzhēn jiè) – not literally a separate world, but rather refers to the broad community of cultivators and their sects/schools/clans/etc… Analogous to the Wulin of martial artists. Cultivator (修者 xiūzhě) (修士  xiūshì) (修仙者  xiūxiānzhě) – a person who trains in martial & mystical arts, generally in order to become powerful and increase their longevity. Meditation and the cultivation of Qi are common practices among cultivators. ▪ Rogue Cultivators (散修 sǎnxiū) – literally translates as “Loose Cultivators”. Independent cultivators unaffiliated with any sect, clan, or other martial organizations. ▪ Devil Cultivators (修魔者 xiūmózhě) – also translated as Demon Cultivators. Wicked cultivators who emulate Devils (魔) and seek power by any means necessary. They are often said to follow the Devil Path / Devil Dao (魔道), in opposition to the orthodox Immortal Cultivators (修仙者 xiūxiānzhě). Sect (宗 zōng) (派 pài) – an organization dedicated to the practice of cultivation and/or martial arts. Typically led by a Sect Leader (掌门) or Patriarch (老祖). With the help of Sect Elders (老), they instruct Disciples (弟子) in the proper methods of cultivation or training in the martial arts styles of the Sect. The Disciples live in the Sect, which

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provides for their daily needs. There is practically always a strict hierarchy amongst members of a Sect, and respect for the elder generations is demanded. ▪ In some novels, the common Disciples are divided into another hierarchy of Core Disciples (核心弟子), Inner Disciples (内门弟子), and Outer Disciples (外围 弟子) – based on their level of talent and meritorious service to the Sect. Disciples higher on the hierarchy have greater status and receive more resources from the Sect. ▪ Religious Sect (教 jiào) – a sect with a strong religious background. If the religion being practiced is evil, then this term is translated as a Cult. Commonly seen in Wuxia novels. School (门 mén) – a school of cultivation or martial arts. Doesn’t differ much from a Sect. Clan (家 jiā) – an extended family related by blood, sharing a surname. They often pass down heirlooms from generation to generation along with secret cultivation methods & martial arts styles which were developed by the clan’s ancestors. They tend to guard these jealously from outsiders. Association (帮 bāng) – also translated as a Union, Gang, Clan, or Brotherhood. A loose organization of people. The members may have something in common, like sharing a particular way of life, or they may simply be working together towards a mutually beneficial goal. Not religious in nature. Society (會 huì) – a secret society. Similar to Associations for the most part, but cloaked in secrecy and deeply involved in rituals/traditions. Sometimes religious or cult-like in nature. Escort Agency (镖局 biāojú) – a protection agency for hire. ● Escorts (镖人 / 镖师 / 镖客) typically work as bodyguards for travelers and merchant caravans. Commonly seen in Wuxia novels.

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Martial Arts Terms Martial Arts (武功 wǔgōng) – fighting styles & techniques. Also includes physical exercises, methods of mental discipline, and more. Chinese martial arts are commonly referred to as Kung Fu (功夫) or Wushu (武术). ▪ External Martial Arts (外家 wàijiā) – martial arts styles characterized by fast and explosive movements. They focus on the cultivation of physical strength and agility. ▪ Internal Martial Arts (内家 nèijiā) – martial arts styles characterized by soft and flowing movements. They focus on the cultivation of the mind, spirit and Qi. ▪ Hard & Soft (硬 yìng / 柔 róu) – terms used to describe how a martial artist counters the attacks of an opponent. Practitioners of “Hard” styles meet force with force, directly countering the opponent and seeking to overwhelm them with sheer power. Practitioners of “Soft” styles counter the opponent indirectly, by dodging or deflecting the attacks and seeking to take advantage of openings. Internal Energy (内力 nèilì) (內劲 nèijìn) – also called Inner Energy, Internal Strength, Internal Power, or Internal Force. The cultivated energy within a martial artist’s body. Utilizing it, a martial artist can accomplish superhuman feats of speed, agility, strength, endurance, etc… It can even be used to heal wounds and nullify poisons. Lightness Skill (轻功 qīnggōng) – often left untranslated as “Qinggong”. The ability to lighten the body and move with great agility & swiftness. At high proficiency, practitioners of this skill can run across water, leap to the top of trees, or even glide through the air. Striking the Meridians / Acupoints (点脉 diǎnmài) (点穴 diǎnxué) – often left untranslated as “Dianmai” and “Dianxue”. Also known as “Hitting / Sealing Pressure Points“. Fighting techniques which target the opponent’s meridians and acupoints in order to kill, cripple, immobilize, or control the opponent. More information here.

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Cultivation Terms Cultivation (修炼 xiūliàn) (修真 xiūzhēn) (修行 xiūxíng) (修仙 xiūxiān) – the process of improving health, increasing longevity, and growing powerful. This is accomplished by cultivating Qi and training in martial & mystical arts. In many of these novels, the ultimate goal of cultivation is to become an Immortal or attain godhood. Cultivation Method (功法 gōngfǎ) (心法 xīnfǎ) – a mystical art or collection of techniques which cultivators practice in order to cultivate.  Related: Qigong (气功) Cultivation Base (修为 xiūwéi) – the amount or capacity of refined Qi possessed by a cultivator. Manual (秘笈 mìjí) – a book containing detailed instructions on training in a cultivation method or martial arts style. Usually regarded as extremely valuable and thus kept secret (or at least, not made publicly available). ▪ Sutras & Scriptures (经 jīng) – sacred writings. In the context of these novels, they typically pertain to cultivation or martial arts. Used more or less interchangeably with “Manual”. Spiritual Roots (灵根 línggēn) – figuratively, the very foundation (roots) of one’s body and soul. Associated with a person’s innate talent and elemental affinities. ▪ Cultivation usually requires some minimum level of innate talent, and many people find it impossible to even take the first step. In some novels, the quality of a person’s Spiritual Roots can be tested to determine if they have the talent necessary to cultivate. Rare individuals may even have special Spiritual Roots which allow them to cultivate quickly or grant them other benefits. For example, someone with “fire spiritual roots” might learn fire spells more easily than their peers. Dantian (丹田 dāntián) – literally translates as “Cinnabar Field” or “Elixir Field”. Refers to the region in the body where a person’s Qi is concentrated. There are technically three dantians, but these novels simplify the concept and only use the lower dantian (located three finger widths below and two finger widths behind the navel). Meridians (经脉 jīngmài) – the network of vessels/channels in the body through which Qi flows. Like blood vessels, but for Qi instead of blood. ▪ Eight Extraordinary Meridians (奇经八脉 qí jīng bā mài) – act as reservoirs or pathways for the circulation of Qi. Of the Eight Extraordinary Meridians, the Governing Vessel (督脈) and Conception Vessel (任脈) are mentioned in these novels most frequently. The Governing Vessel runs from the dantian (in the lower abdomen) up along the spine to the head. The Conception Vessel runs from the dantian up the front of the body to the head, where it connects with the Governing Vessel to form a complete circuit.

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▪ ▪

Twelve Principal Meridians (正经十二脉 zhèngjīng shí’èr mài) – meridians associated with the internal organs. Acupoints (穴 xué) – “acupuncture points”, related to pressure points. There are several hundred of them on the body, mostly located along the meridians. Knowledge of acupoints can be used in healing (through acupuncture or similar practices) or in combat by deliberately striking them to achieve certain effects.

Qi Circulation (行气 xíngqì) – the act of controlling Qi to flow from the dantian, through the meridians, and back into the dantian in a cycle. The purpose of this varies between novels, but usually it helps replenish stamina, purify the Qi, or strengthen the meridians. Breathing Exercises (吐纳 tùnà) – also known as Tu Na Breathing. A special way of breathing which expels the turbid Qi within the body and draws in the Qi of the natural world. An essential part of cultivation. ▪ Embryonic Breathing (胎息 tāixī) – also known as Taixi or Fetal Breathing. A form of breathing without using one’s nose and mouth. Instead, the practitioner might breathe through their pores or dantian (for example). This is generally considered to be a highly-advanced Breathing Exercise which grants mystical benefits and brings the practitioner closer to nature. Often compared to how babies breathe in the womb (through the umbilical cord). Meditation (冥想 míngxiǎng) – a practice for training or calming the mind and spirit. Cultivators spend a great deal of time in meditation, as both the cultivation of Qi and contemplation of Insights generally require it. ▪ Lotus Position (盘膝 pánxī) – sitting in a cross-legged meditative position. ▪ Closed Door Training (闭关 bìguān) – also called Closed Door Meditation or Closed Door Cultivation. Training done in seclusion, usually to focus on breaking through a bottleneck or to avoid becoming distracted at a crucial moment and suffering a backlash as a result. Insight (参悟 cānwù) (顿悟 dùnwù) – related to enlightenment. Cultivators usually gain insights by meditating, engaging in life-or-death battles, or going out into the world to experience new things. These insights are often needed in order to master techniques or advance to higher stages of cultivation. Internal Demons (心魔 xīnmó) – literally translates as “Heart Devils”. Rather than standard demons or devils, these are a practitioner’s negative emotions and other mental barriers which hinder their training/cultivation. Internal Demons, in some cases, can even attack the practitioner from the inside, and failure to adequately resist them may result in Qi Deviation.

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Qi Deviation (走火入魔 zǒuhuǒ rùmó) – also known as Qigong Deviation. Literally translates as “to catch fire and be entered [possessed] by devils”. A state wherein the cultivation base becomes dangerously unstable, causing internal damage to the body and symptoms of psychosis. People who succumb to their Internal Demons, who practice cultivation/martial arts incorrectly, or who rashly use forbidden arts are all at risk of falling into this state. Bottleneck (瓶颈 píngjǐng) – the term for when cultivators figuratively hit a wall in their training and it suddenly becomes incredibly difficult to proceed. When they reach a bottleneck, cultivators may require new Insights, the aid of medicinal pills, or even harsher training in order to make a Breakthrough (突破 tūpò) and successfully bypass the bottleneck. Impurities (杂质 zázhì) – usually described as a smelly, black substance which is secreted from a cultivator’s skin when they reach new cultivation stages or consume special medicinal pills. The result of the body purifying itself and expelling the waste. Ranks / Levels / Layers (级 jí) (层 céng) – a common way to quantify martial power or the progress made in cultivation. In many cases (although not all) where these are used, there are 9 ranks/levels/layers to each stage of cultivation, with rank 1 being the start and rank 9 being the peak. After breaking through to the next stage, the practitioner starts at rank 1 of that new stage. The number 9 has a great deal of symbolism. ▪ Another set of commonly used terms are Early-stage (初期), Middle-stage (中期), Late-stage (后期) & Peak (巅峰). For example, someone might be a “late-stage Core Formation expert” or they could be at “the peak of the Nascent Soul stage”. ▪ A half step to __ (半步__境) – refers to someone who’s infinitely close to breaking through to the next stage of cultivation, but hasn’t achieved it yet. For example, someone who’s “a half step to Foundation Establishment” is still technically at the Qi Condensation stage, but they’re only a hair’s breadth away from Foundation Establishment. Houtian & Xiantian (后天 hòutiān / 先天 xiāntiān) – the names of two cultivation stages which appear in several novels, with the Houtian stage preceding the Xiantian stage. Houtian can mean Posterior Heaven / Postcelestial / Acquired. Xiantian can mean Anterior Heaven / Precelestial / Innate. Very roughly, the idea is that something “Xiantian” is primordial and thus close to the Dao, while something “Houtian” is degraded or further away from the Dao. ▪ “Houtian & Xiantian” are derived from Daoism and Internal Alchemy. There’s a belief that people are born with a small amount of Xiantian treasures (Essence, Qi and Spirit). By practicing Daoist cultivation and internal alchemy, they can absorb and refine the Houtian Qi of the natural world to steadily increase their supply of Xiantian treasures (which grant health and longevity benefits).

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Qi Condensation (凝气 níngqì) – also known as Qi Refining (炼气 liànqì) or Qi Gathering (聚气 jùqì). An initial stage of cultivation which involves absorbing Qi from the natural world and refining it inside the body. Foundation Establishment (筑基 zhùjī) – also translated as Foundation Building. The stage after Qi Condensation. Once a cultivator’s Qi crosses a certain threshold (in the volume and/or density of the Qi), they’ll be able to breakthrough to this stage. ▪ This term is derived from Internal Alchemy. Read more about it here. (page 25onward) Core Formation (结丹 jiēdān) – sometimes left untranslated as “Jiedan”. The stage after Foundation Establishment. It involves forming a Golden Core (金丹 jīndān) by using the Dantian as a crucible and the Cultivation Base as raw material. ▪ The Gold Core is sometimes left untranslated as “Jindan” or is more literally translated as Golden Pellet. In scholarly articles on Chinese internal alchemy, it is translated as the “Golden Elixir“. It is somewhat analogous to the Philosopher’s Stone of Western alchemy, although there are many differences between the two. Nascent Soul (元婴 yuányīng) – sometimes left untranslated as “Yuanying”. Literally translates as “Origin Infant”. The stage after Core Formation (in some novels). The Nascent Soul resembles an infant or miniature person and resides in the Dantian, typically sitting in a meditative position. In some novels, the Nascent Soul can travel outside the body and is like a second life for cultivators – if their main body dies, their consciousness can continue to exist in the Nascent Soul. Immortal Ascension (成仙 chéngxiān) – also known as Apotheosis. The stage wherein the cultivator becomes a Daoist Immortal. There are many differences between novels, but usually the cultivation/maturation of the Golden Core or Nascent Soul plays a key role in ascending to Immortality.

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Alchemy Terms Alchemy (丹道 dāndào) (外丹 wàidān) – the refining of plants, minerals, and other substances into medicinal pills & elixirs. In these novels, Alchemists (丹师) are essentially pharmacists who work with magical materials and make miracle drugs. Cauldrons & Pill Furnaces (鼎 dǐng) (丹炉 dānlú) – the tools alchemists use to produce medicinal pills & elixirs. Medicinal Pills & Elixirs (丹药 dānyào) – miracle drugs which can have all sorts of effects. Often taken to boost cultivation, heal wounds, cure poisons, purify or strengthen the body, and much much more. Medicinal Plants / Herbs (药草 yàocǎo) – a generic term for any kind of plant which can be used by alchemists to make poisons or medicinal pills & elixirs. Older medicinal plants (100-year, 1000-year, etc…) are generally considered to be more potent. ▪ Ginseng (参) & Lingzhi Mushrooms (灵芝) appear quite often in these novels, where they’re claimed to have great medicinal qualities. Spiritual Plants / Herbs (灵草 língcǎo) – also called Spirit Grass. A magic plant which has absorbed spiritual energy from the natural world and is highly sought after by both cultivators and alchemists alike. Usually either eaten to absorb the spiritual energy it contains or refined into spirit medicines.

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Items & Weapons Magic Treasures (法宝 fǎbǎo) – also translated as Magical Items. A generic term which encompasses all of the magic weapons/clothing/trinkets/talismans/etc… which cultivators make and use. ▪ Magic Tools (法器 fǎqì) & Spirit Tools (灵器 língqì) – terms which are almost interchangeable with “Magic Treasures”. Spirit Stones (灵石 língshí) – translucent crystals with spiritual energy trapped within. Mainly used as currency amongst cultivators. They can also be used to cultivate (by absorbing the spiritual energy), create magical items, or power spell formations. Flying Sword (飞剑 fēijiàn) – a magic sword which can fly through the air and can be directed to engage in long-range attacks. Perhaps the most iconic cultivator weapon. In some novels, cultivators stand atop their flying swords and ride them as a form of transportation. Interspatial Ring (空间戒指 kōngjiān jièzhi) – a magic ring with a pocket dimension inside it. With a mere thought, the owner can store items inside it and retrieve them at will. Depending on the novel, there may be some restrictions – for example, the size of the storage space might be limited or the ring might only be capable of storing certain types of items. ▪ Storage Treasures (储物法宝 chǔwù fǎbǎo) – a generic term for items similar in function to Interspatial Rings. Some novels, for example, may have Bags, Belts, Gourds, and other objects which also have magical storage spaces inside them. Talisman (符 fú) – sometimes translated as a Seal. A strip of paper with mystical diagrams & calligraphy drawn on it. In these novels, they’re essentially consumable spells. (When activated, they cast a spell and will disintegrate once their magic is depleted.) Jade Slip (玉简 yùjiǎn) – a long, narrow strip of jade used as a magical item. A cultivator can magically store information inside it, and other cultivators can then use that Jade Slip to directly transmit the stored information into their minds. Based on the Bamboo Slips used in ancient China.

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Four Major Weapons: ▪ Sword (剑 jiàn) – a double-edged, straight sword. The weapon of choice for many, many characters in these novels. ▪ Saber (刀 dāo) – a single-edged, curved saber. Heavier and considered somewhat brutish in comparison to the elegant Sword. ▪ Spear (枪 qiāng) – a spear, often with a leaf-shaped spearhead and a tassel lashed just beneath it. ▪ Staff (棍 gùn) – a staff made from wood or iron. Hidden Weapons (暗器 ànqì) – weapons that are concealed in some way (often hidden in the owner’s clothing). Their use and effectiveness relies heavily on the element of surprise. Poisoned projectiles (darts/needles/etc) are an especially popular type of hidden weapon. But in the hands of a hidden weapons expert, almost anything can be lethal – in Wuxia novels, even things like abaci, coins, chopsticks, and musical instruments are used as hidden weapons. A partial list of weapons which may be unfamiliar to new readers: Duster / Fly Whisk / Horsetail Whisk (拂尘)

Fan (扇)

Ribbon (丝带)

Ruyi Scepter (如意)

Loom Shuttle (梭)

Wheels (轮)

Ruler (尺)

Seal (印)

Awl (锥)

Butterfly Knives (蝴蝶双刀)

Judge’s Brush (判官笔)

Crutches (柺)

Flying Guillotine (血滴子)

Flying Claw (飞爪)

Flying Daggers (飞刀)

Emei Piercers (峨嵋刺)

Rope Dart (绳镖)

Sleeve Arrow (袖箭)

Three Section Staff (三节棍)

Monk’s Spade (月牙铲)

Hoop / Ring (环)

Nine Section Whip (九节鞭)

Snake Lance (蛇矛)

Hook Swords (钩)

Glaive / Guandao (关刀)

Meteor Hammer (流星锤)

Wolf-tooth Club (狼牙棒)

Horse-chopping Saber

(斩马刀)

Nine-ringed Saber (九环刀)

Dagger-axe (戈)

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Units of Measurement PINYIN

HANZI

TYPE

VALUE

NOTES

Shi Chen

時辰

Time

2 hours

“Double-hour“, aka “Chinese hour”

Wen

文

Money

0.001 taels of silver

aka “Copper-cash“, (see below)

Liang

兩

Mass

31.25 grams

“Tael“

Jin

斤

Mass

500 grams

“Catty“, = 16 Taels

Cun

市寸

Length

3 ⅓ cm

aka “Chinese inch“

Chi

市尺

Length

33 ⅓ cm

aka “Chinese foot“, = 10 Cun

Zhang

市丈

Length

3 ⅓ meters

10 Chi

Li

市里

Length

500 meters

aka “Chinese mile“, = 1500 Chi

Mu

亩

Area

666 ⅔ meters²

aka “Chinese acre”, = 60 Zhang²

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Note: The coins could be strung together into “strings of cash” (一贯钱) for convenience. A string of 1000 Wen was equal in value to one Tael of Silver (a silver ingot).

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Miscellaneous Terms A list of miscellaneous terms from Wuxia, Xianxia & Xuanhuan novels which weren’t included in the main glossary. 9 (九 jiǔ) – the number Nine is an auspicious number in China. It sounds just like 久 (jiǔ), which means “everlasting”. Perhaps because of this, Nine is strongly associated with Dragons and the Emperor. There are also Nine Heavens (九天), along with a lot of other symbolism. 81 (八十一) – the number Eighty-One is an auspicious and “complete” number in China, particularly because 9×9 = 81 (with 9 already being very auspicious). In several novels, cultivators must resist 81 lightning bolts while undergoing a Heavenly Tribulation. This might be a reference to Journey to the West, where the monk  Xuanzang faces 81 tribulations along his journey. When he completes his journey and successfully transcends the tribulations, he attains Buddhahood. 100 (百 bǎi) – the number One Hundred can be used figuratively to mean “numerous” or “all kinds of”. So for example, if there’s a “Hundred Herbs Shop” in a novel, it probably means that the shop sells a wide variety of herbs, rather than literally 100 types. 108 (一百零八) – the number One Hundred and Eight is steeped in symbolism, particularly with regards to religion and martial arts. 10000 / Myriad (万 wàn) – the number Ten Thousand can be used figuratively to mean “myriad” or “innumerable”. This is actually the same as in English or Greek, where the word Myriad can mean either the number 10000 or an indefinitely large number. So if something in a novel is said to be “ten thousand years old”, that might actually mean it’s unfathomably ancient, rather than literally age 10000. Amitabha / Amitābha (阿弥陀佛 ēmítuó fó) – a Buddha. He is known as the Buddha of Boundless Light. It is believed that people who sincerely call out his name will be welcomed into his Pure Land after they die. Because of this, Buddhist monks will often chant “Namo Amitabha” (a salutation to Amitabha) or say his name as a greeting or blessing for others. Arhat (阿罗汉 āluóhàn) (罗汉 luóhàn) – sometimes written as Lohan or Luohan. A Buddhist title meaning “one who is worthy”. Arhats are basically Buddhist sages, often with magical powers. ▪ Buddhists disagree on what exactly an Arhat is. The Mahayana branch claims Arhats to be far advanced on the path to Enlightenment (but ultimately beneath Buddhas and Bodhisattvas), while the Theravada branch claims Arhats to be little different from a Buddha (both having attained nirvana).

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Auspicious Clouds (祥云 xiángyún) (彩云 cǎiyún) (瑞霞 ruìxiá) – represent the Heavens and good fortune. Cloud (云 yún) sounds similar to Luck (运 yùn), and clouds float up in the sky – close to the Heavens. Auspicious Clouds are often red (a lucky color) and shaped like a Lingzhi Mushroom (the “mushroom of immortality”). ▪ Transcendent figures (Gods, Buddhas, Immortals, etc…) are sometimes said to ride on Auspicious Clouds. Beggar Sect (丐帮 gài bāng ) – also known as the Beggar Clan. A fictional martial arts sect which appears in many Wuxia novels. The sect is mostly made up of beggars and is renowned for its incredible information gathering skills. It’s commonly portrayed as the largest and one of the most powerful sects. ▪ 丐帮 would be more accurately translated as the Beggars Union or Beggars Association.

▪ Dog-Beating Staff (打狗棒) – also known as the Dog Beating Stick. The famous weapon carried by the Chief of the Beggar Sect. Only the Chief can wield the staff and learn the fearsome Dog-Beating Staff technique (打狗棒法) which complements it. ▪ Eighteen Dragon-Subduing Palms (降龙十八掌) – a very famous martial art of the Beggar Sect. Often called the most powerful ‘external‘ martial art in the world. Many novels (even non-Wuxia) make references to it. Bodhi (菩提 pútí) (觉 jué) – a Buddhist term meaning “awakening” or “enlightenment“. The understanding of the true nature of things and the universe. A person who attains Bodhi becomes a Buddha and is freed from the cycle of reincarnation (samsara). ▪ The Bodhi Tree (菩提树 pútíshù) is the tree under which Siddhārtha Gautama meditated and attained enlightenment. Sacred Fig trees are often called Bodhi Trees because of this. Bodhisattva (菩萨 púsà) – roughly means “one who is set upon enlightenment”. A Buddhist title for a person of great compassion who wishes to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. They often have magical powers and are sometimes venerated as gods (or god-like beings). The Bodhisattva and “Goddess of Mercy” Guanyin is an example of this. Buddha (佛 fó) (佛陀 fótuó) – means “awakened/enlightened one”. A Buddhist title for a person who has achieved perfect enlightenment and has escaped from the cycle of reincarnation (samsara). “Buddha” often refers to a particular person (Gautama Buddha / Siddhārtha Gautama), although it’s important to remember that there are actually multiple Buddhas in Buddhism. ▪ The title Tathagata / Tathāgata (如来 rú lái ) roughly means “one who has thus come” or “one who has thus gone”. It refers to Buddhas and their transcendent nature (being part of the world and yet also being beyond it).

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Buddha Palm (如来神掌 rú lái shén zhǎng ) – also known as Buddha’s Palm. An iconic martial art technique seen in Wuxia novels, movies, and tv series. It’s a palm strike – usually a supernaturally powerful one. Calabash (葫芦 húlú) – also called a Gourd or Bottle Gourd. It’s a fruit that, after being hollowed-out and dried, can be used as a container. In these novels, calabashes or gourds of wine are often mentioned. They’re also commonly seen as Storage Treasures or medicine containers. The association with medicine might come from Iron-Crutch Li of the Eight Immortals, who has a magical gourd containing miraculous medicine. Cinnabar (丹 dān) (朱 zhū) (朱砂 zhūshā) – a red-colored ore (Mercury sulfide). Commonly used in ancient China to make bright red ink, lacquer and cosmetics. It was also highly valued in Chinese alchemy, particularly because liquid mercury (quicksilver) could be produced by burning it. Alchemists were fascinated by this and considered cinnabar/quicksilver to be a vital ingredient in making the Elixir of Life. Clasped Hands (抱拳 bàoquán) (拱手 gǒngshǒu) – also translated as Cupped Fist or Cupped Hands. A respectful salute or greeting. ▪ The Baoquan (抱拳) is a salute which originated among martial artists. The Gongshou (拱手) is a salute commonly used by Chinese people in general. Confucius (孔子 / 孔夫子) – also known as Master Kong or the Great Sage. A very famous teacher/philosopher and the founder of Confucianism. He emphasized the importance of strict social etiquette and filial piety. Many wise sayings are attributed to Confucius. Congee (粥 zhōu) (糊 hú) – a type of food. It's rice porridge or gruel. Coolie (苦力 kǔlì) (苦工 kǔgōng) – unskilled workers or indentured servants who perform (often harsh) manual labor. Dao-heart (道心 dàoxīn) – the heart’s path. Dao (道) can mean “path/road”, and Heart (心) can also mean “mind/core”. So a person’s Dao Heart is the direction they want to move in and what they truly desire from life, deep down in the core of their being. ▪ In cultivation novels, pure and resolute Dao Hearts are valued highly by cultivators. Cultivators who have weak Dao Hearts or who deny/betray their feelings won’t easily progress on the path of cultivation, and they may even face a deadly backlash. Dharma (法 fǎ) (佛法 fófǎ) – in Buddhism, the Dharma is cosmic law and order, as well as the teachings of the Buddha. It is somewhat similar to the Dao of Daoism.

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Dragon Pearl (龙珠 lóng zhū) (如意珠 rú yì zhū) (宝珠 bǎo zhū) – also known as a Flaming Pearl. A symbol of spirituality, wisdom, truth, enlightenment, prosperity, good fortune, and the Sun & Moon. Dragons are commonly depicted holding or chasing after these flaming pearls. They’re also said to have great magical powers and to be capable of granting wishes. Dual Cultivation (双修 shuāngxiū) – also known as Pair Cultivation or Paired Cultivation. A unique, often sex-based form of cultivation. It stems from the principle of Yin & Yang. ▪ Human Cauldron (炉鼎 / 鼎炉) – also known as a Cauldron or Furnace. A person who is drained of their vital energies during Dual Cultivation. Dugu 9 Swords (独孤九剑 dúgū jiǔjiàn) – also known as the Nine Swords of Dugu. A famous martial art created by the mythical Dugu Qiubai. The “Nine Swords” are nine sword stances, and each stance was designed to counter and defeat a particular type of weapon / martial arts. “Dugu 9 Swords” is referenced in several novels as a supreme martial art. Earthfire / Earth Fire (地火 dìhuǒ) – in ancient China, natural gas fires and coal seam fires were sometimes called Earthfire. The fearsome and mysterious sight of fire suddenly flaring up from underground caused Earthfire to gain mystique, making it seem magical and more dangerous than “mundane” fire. In cultivation novels, Earthfire is typically a magical and powerful type of flame which cultivators use to do things like forging magical items or concocting medicinal pills. Earthly Branches (地支 dìzhī) – a Chinese system for reckoning time, among other things. There are twelve Earthly Branches, each of which represents a particular double-hour, an animal in the Chinese Zodiac, a direction (in degrees), and more. ▪ The Chinese 60-Year Cycle (六十干支) makes use of the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches. Eight Immortals (八仙 bāxiān) – a famous group of Daoist Immortals in Chinese mythology. More information here. Eight Trigrams (八卦 bāguà) – often left untranslated as the “Bagua”. Thought to represent the fundamental principles of reality. In real life, it’s used in fortune-telling. In these novels, it’s mainly only mentioned in passing. For example, a battle formation or martial arts move might have the “Eight Trigrams” in its name Emei Sect (峨嵋派 é méi pài ) – a fictional martial arts sect which appears in many Wuxia novels. It’s located on and takes its name from Mount Emei. It’s sometimes portrayed as an entirely female sect, perhaps because “Emei” (峨嵋 é méi) sounds just like “Beautiful Women” (蛾眉 é méi).

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Essence (精 jīng) – often called Blood Essence (精血). It’s basically “lifeblood” or “life force”. Powerful techniques sometimes require cultivators to expend their Essence, shortening their lifespan as a result. ▪ Essence is one of the Three Treasures of Internal Alchemy. Essence of the Sun and Moon (日月精华 rìyuè jīnghuá) – the energy of the great celestial bodies. Practically the same thing as the Spiritual Energy of Heaven and Earth (天地之气), which is the natural energy of the world. Magical beasts are often said to cultivate by absorbing or swallowing the Essence of the Sun and Moon. If an ordinary plant or animal absorbs enough natural energy, then they can gain magical powers or even eventually transform into a Demon (妖). Face (面子 miànzi) – a person’s reputation in society and amongst their peers. If someone “has face” (有面子), they have a good reputation. If they “have no face” (没 面子), then they have a bad reputation. “Giving face” (给面子) to someone means to defer to or pay homage to them. “Losing face” (丢脸) means that a person has hurt their reputation. “Not wanting face” (不要脸) means that a person is acting shamelessly, in a way that suggests they don’t care about hurting their reputation. Fairy (仙女 xiānnǚ) (仙子 xiānzǐ) – a term used to describe a woman of otherworldly beauty. ▪ Note: Not to be confused with the Western concept of Fairies. Fellow Daoist (道友 dàoyǒu) – a title meaning “friend of the Dao”. Daoists commonly address each other as “Fellow Daoist”. Feng Shui (风水 fēngshuǐ) – literally translates as “Wind Water”. A form of traditional Chinese divination/fortune-telling, often performed using the Eight Trigrams and a Feng Shui compass (罗盘 luópán). In these novels, it’s mainly only mentioned in passing. Five Grains (五谷 wǔgǔ) – a grouping of vital crops in ancient China. This includes rice, wheat, beans, and two types of millet. In cultivation novels, “Five Grains” is sometimes used to refer to the food of mortals in general (which Immortals and cultivators might refrain from eating). Formations (阵 zhèn) (阵法 zhènfǎ) – divided into battle formations and spell formations, although they are often just called “formations”. Battle formations are “fantasy-fied” tactical formations used by several cultivators or martial artists attacking in concert. Spell formations are also called Arrays. They’re essentially magic circles which cast a continuous area-of-effect spell on the location the formation encompasses.

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▪ ▪

Formation Flags (阵旗 zhènqí) – magical flags set up at key points in order to activate a spell formation (usually around the perimeter). Restrictions (禁制 jìnzhì) (禁法 jìnfǎ) – also translated as Seals, Restrictive Spells, or Spell Restrictions. Somewhat similar to formations. They are spells which form a barrier around a location or act to seal/suppress a person or object.

Four Treasures of the Study (文房四宝 wén fáng sì bǎo) – refers to the four essential items of calligraphy and scholarship. These are: Writing Brush (笔), Ink (墨), Paper (纸), and Ink-stone (砚). Granny Meng (孟婆) – also known as Meng Po or Old Lady Meng. The Goddess of Forgetfulness in Chinese mythology. She resides in the Chinese Underworld, near the Bridge of Helplessness. Prior to reincarnation, the souls of the dead are made to drink Granny Meng’s soup, which erases their memories of their previous lives. ▪ Granny Meng’s Soup (孟婆汤 / 迷魂汤) – also known as the Waters of Oblivion or the Five Flavored Tea of Forgetfulness. Varying sources refer to it as a soup, broth, tea, brew, or elixir. ▪ Bridge of Helplessness (奈何桥) – also known as the Naihe Bridge or the Bridge of Despair. A bridge which spans the River of Forgetfulness. The souls of the dead must drink Granny Meng’s soup and cross the bridge before they can reincarnate. ▪ River of Forgetfulness (忘川) – also known as the Wangchuan River or the River of Oblivion. A river in the Chinese Underworld, analogous to the River Lethe of Greek mythology. Gu Poison (蛊 gǔ) – a demonic poison produced through sorcery / black magic. The basic method of producing it involved sealing several different poisonous or venomous creatures in a container and waiting until there was a single survivor. It was believed that the poison from all the other creatures would be concentrated in the survivor as Gu poison. ▪ Gu (蛊) can also refer to any sorcery that harms humans. Guanyin (观音) – a Bodhisattva and the Goddess of Mercy. A very popular goddess. Her name roughly means “Perceiver of the World’s Sounds”. She is sometimes depicted with a thousand arms, which she uses to reach out to and comfort all of the suffering people in the world. Hand-seals (掐诀 qiājué) – also translated as Incantation Gestures. Daoist hand and finger gestures performed to cast spells. Heavenly Stems (天干 tiāngān) – also known as the Celestial Stems. A set of ordinal numbers, originally used for the days of the week in ancient China. There are ten

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Heavenly Stems, and each of them also symbolizes either a Yin or Yang aspect of one of the Five Elements. ▪ The Chinese 60-Year Cycle (六十干支) makes use of the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches. Heavenly Tribulation (天劫 tiānjié) (重劫 zhòngjié) – in some novels, a trial encountered by cultivators at key points in their cultivation, which they must resist and ultimately transcend. Because immortal cultivation (generally) goes against the Will of Heaven, the Heavens will send down tribulations to oppress high-level cultivators who make progress towards Immortality, often right when they enter a new cultivation stage. This typically takes the form of a lightning storm, with extraordinarily powerful bolts of lightning raining down from the Heavens to strike at the cultivator. Horse Stance (马步 mǎbù) – an important, fundamental posture in Chinese martial arts. It’s commonly used to practice punching or to strengthen the legs and back. The Horse Stance takes its name from the posture used while riding a horse. Houyi (后羿) – a godly archer in Chinese mythology. He’s credited with performing many heroic feats. Houyi is also the husband of Chang’e, the goddess of the moon. Hun and Po (魂魄 húnpò) – the dualistic components of a soul. Hun is the spiritual, intelligent, and Yang component of the soul. Po is the physical/corporeal, animalistic, and Yin component of the soul. Upon death, the Hun component goes to the afterlife, while the Po component remains and rots away in the corpse. In Daoism, the soul is said to consist of three Hun and seven Po (三魂七魄). Immortal’s Cave (洞府 dòngfǔ) – also translated as Cave Estate or Immortal Estate. The abode of a cultivator. Often high up in the mountains in a cave where spiritual energy is abundant. Similar to a Grotto (洞天). Incense (香 xiāng) – aromatic material which releases fragrant smoke when burned. Used in religious ceremonies, to aid in meditation, and in many other cultural activities. Incense Sticks (or Joss Sticks) are frequently mentioned in these novels. ▪ “The time it takes an incense stick to burn” is a common phrase which refers to a short time period – generally around either 5 or 30 minutes. Other ancient Chinese time measurements can be found here. ▪ Hun could be compared to the Ego or Superego, with Po as the Id. Jade (玉 yù) – a type of gemstone that was more valuable than gold in Ancient China. It was even thought to have mystical powers/properties and to be associated with the soul and immortality. In cultivation novels, magical items are often made from jade. And anything beautiful, refined, or lustrous is commonly described as being “Jadelike”.

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▪

Jade comes in two types: Jadeite and Nephrite. Jadeite is usually a vivid green color, and this is what Westerners are more familiar with. Nephrite comes in many colors, one of which is a creamy white. This white jade is called “muttonfat jade” (羊脂玉) by the Chinese, and they consider it to be the most valuable kind of jade.

Jade Emperor (玉皇 yù huáng ) (玉帝 yù dì ) – also known as the Celestial Emperor (天帝). The Ruler of the Heavens and the Celestial Court. He is one of the most important Daoist gods. Kalpa (劫波 jiébō) – a Hindu/Buddhist term for an “Aeon”. A very very long period of time, or the period of time between the creation and recreation of a world or universe. Kasaya (袈裟 jiāshā) – the robes worn by Buddhist monks and nuns. Killing Intent (煞气 shàqì) – a murderous aura which emits from a person when they desire to harm someone. People who have experienced bloody battles and/or have already killed others tend to have much stronger Killing Intent than an ordinary person. Experts may be able to disguise their Killing Intent, as well as intentionally release it as a form of mental attack. King Yama (阎王 / 阎罗王) – also known as King Yan. The Ruler of the Underworld, the Judge of the Dead, and the Overseer of the Cycle of Reincarnation. He is assisted by (or is one of) 10 Yama-Kings who hold court in the Underworld and judge the souls of the dead based on records of their past deeds. The Yama-Kings administer punishments and determine how the souls will be reborn in their next lives. ▪ The Underworld (地狱 diyu) – also known as Hell, the Netherworld (冥界), or the Yellow Springs (黄泉). There are said to be eighteen levels of the Underworld, where sinners are punished prior to reincarnation. ▪ Ox-Head and Horse-Face (牛头马面) – two guardians who meet with the newly dead and escort them through the Underworld. ▪ The Black and White Guards of Impermanence (黑白无常) – two deities who serve as subordinates to King Yama and guardians of the Underworld. Ksitigarbha / Kṣitigarbha (地藏 dì zàng ) – a great Bodhisattva who resides in the Underworld and vowed to forego Buddhahood until all souls are saved (achieve enlightenment). His name can mean “Earth Treasury”, “Earth Store”, “Earth Womb”, or “the one who encompasses the earth”. Kunlun (昆仑 / 昆仑山) – a mystical mountain in Chinese mythology. A dwelling place of Gods, Immortals, and mythical creatures. Somewhat analogous to Hinduism’s/ Buddhism’s Sumeru. Not to be confused with the real-world Kunlun Mountains.

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Kowtow (叩头 kòutóu) – an act of deep respect shown by prostration. The highest sign of reverence in Chinese culture. It involves kneeling and bowing so low as to have one’s head touching the ground. The person kowtowing may also knock their head repeatedly against the ground (to the point of injury), especially when they’re desperately pleading for something or wish to show their utmost sincerity. Laughing Buddha (布袋 bù dài) – a Buddha commonly depicted as a very fat and jovial monk – symbolizing happiness, good fortune, and abundance. He is sometimes conflated with the prophesized Maitreya Buddha, who is a savior-like figure and the successor of Gautama Buddha. Life Tablet (命简 mìng jiǎn ) – also known as a Life Slip. A magical item which is intangibly connected to a cultivator. If the cultivator dies, their life tablet will subsequently shatter – no matter how far away it is. In some novels, sects keep track of their disciples’ statuses using life tablets. ▪ Life tablets are slightly similar to the spirit tablets used in ancestor veneration. Longan (龙眼 lóngyǎn) – a type of fruit, also known as the “Dragon Eye Fruit”. Similar to a Lychee. Medicinal pills in Chinese cultivation novels are sometimes described as being “the size of a longan“. ▪ Related: “the size of a mung bean” & “the size of a soybean“ Lotus Flower (莲花 liánhuā) – symbolizes purity & enlightenment in Chinese culture. Appears quite often in these novels. Magic Power (法力 fǎlì) – basically a cultivator’s mana or spiritual energy. Mantou (馒头 mántou) – a type of food. It’s a steamed bun. Mantra (曼特罗 màntèluó) (咒語 zhòuyǔ) – a sacred utterance believed to have spiritual power and chanted to assist in meditation. In cultivation novels, they typically act as spells. Mother-Child /  Mother-and-Child (子母 zǐmǔ) – a set of objects consisting of a primary (mother) object and secondary/supporting (child) objects. In these novels, it is generally used to refer to weapons. For example, Mother-Child Swords might consist of a main sword paired with one or more lesser swords. Mount Tai (泰山 tàishān) – a mountain in China, considered to be sacred. Ceremonies and sacrifices have been performed there for thousands of years. ▪ There are several popular idioms which refer to Mount Tai. A few of them can be found here.

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Mustard Seed (芥菜籽 jiè cài zǐ) – a tiny plant seed. In these novels, “Mustard Seed” is sometimes mentioned in the context of storage treasures and dimensional spaces (basically: pocket dimensions). The reason for this is explained here. Nine Cauldrons (九鼎 jiǔ dǐng) – a set of nine ritual cauldrons which symbolized the power and authority of the Emperor in ancient China. They were supposedly created by Yu the Great, and subsequent Chinese Emperors used them in ceremonies for ancestor worship. The Nine Cauldrons were lost at some point in history. Nine Cycles (九转 jiǔ zhuàn ) – a term which basically means “Perfect”, “Complete”, or “Consummate“. It’s occasionally included in the names of cultivation methods, mystic arts, martial arts techniques, etc… ▪ 九转 is often translated in many different ways. Some examples include: “Nine Circles”, “Nine Turns”, “Nine Rotations”, “Nine Revolutions”, or “Nine Reversions”.

▪ This term is derived from ancient Daoist cultivation and internal alchemy. On the path to immortality, Daoists commonly compared the refinement of the Golden Elixir (金丹) and the cultivation of the Immortal Embryo (仙胎) to fetal development and childbirth (example). Just like human fetuses require 9 months of gestation to fully develop, ancient Daoists believed their cultivation would require 9 cycles of transformations in order to reach a state of completeness and perfection. Nine Heavens (九天 jiǔ tiān ) – in ancient Chinese cosmology, the Heavens were sometimes thought to be divided into 9 vertical layers, and the Ninth Heaven was considered to be the Highest of the Heavens. Alternatively, the divisions were thought to consist of the eight cardinal directions plus the center. Nirvana (涅槃 nièpán) – a Buddhist term meaning “extinguished; blown out” (as in a candle). It’s the realization of non-self and emptiness when a person achieves Enlightenment, and it liberates the person from karmic bondage and the cycle of reincarnation (samsara). ▪ With nirvana, the thing being extinguished is either the person’s sense of “self” or the metaphorical “fire” which keeps the cycle of reincarnation turning. Northern Dipper (北斗 běidǒu) – the Chinese name for the Big Dipper. In these novels, the Dipper or the name of its stars are sometimes used in the names of sects, formations, techniques, etc. ▪ The seven stars of the Northern Dipper are called the Celestial Pivot (天枢), Celestial Rotating Jade (天璇), Celestial Shining Pearl (天机), Celestial Balance (天权), Jade Sighting-Tube (玉衡), Opener of Heat (开阳), and Twinkling Brilliance (摇光).

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Nuwa / Nüwa (女娲) – the goddess who created humanity in Chinese mythology. She’s also famous for mending the Heavens after a war between two other gods destabilized the world. Nuwa is the sister and wife of Fuxi, a god of invention and civilization. Other Shore (彼岸 bǐ’àn) – a Buddhist term referring to “perfection” (see: Paramita). The etymology of the Sanskrit term can be taken to mean “that which goes beyond” or “gone to the other side”. The idea is that achieving enlightenment is like crossing a river and arriving on the opposite shore. Pangu (盘古) – the creator of the universe in Chinese mythology. Pangu was born from a cosmic egg in the primordial chaos. He then summoned a giant axe and cleaved the chaos – separating Yin and Yang and creating order from chaos. Yin formed the Earth, while Yang formed the Heavens. However, Pangu later died from his exertion. Parasol Tree (梧桐 wútóng) – also known as the Chinese Parasol Tree or the Wutong Tree.  A type of tree which is widely-planted and considered beautiful and useful in China. In mythology, Phoenixes like to nest in Wutong trees. ▪ “Phoenix” here refers more specifically to the Fenghuang (凤凰) and Luan (鸾) Birds. Pavilion (阁 gé) (亭 tíng) – a type of building. The pavilions in these novels probably look more like this, rather than this. Pagoda (塔 tǎ) – a tiered tower with multiple, prominent eaves. Often has a religious function or is considered sacred. Peacock Plume (孔雀翎 kǒng què líng ) – also known as the Peacock Feather. A famous hidden weapon (暗器) which resembles a tail feather of a peacock. It’s a projectile weapon often described as being dazzlingly beautiful and containing a lethal poison. It appears in many novels (even non-Wuxia). Phoenix Eyes (丹凤眼 dānfèng yǎn) – also known as Red Phoenix Eyes. An eye shape in which the outer corners of the eyes incline upwards. They are considered striking, beautiful, and alluring. Pipa (琵琶 pípa) – a musical stringed instrument. Sometimes translated as “Lute”. Practitioner (武者 wǔzhě) – roughly means “martial person” … in other words, a Warrior or Martial Artist. ▪ In some novels, Practitioners are distinguished from Cultivators (武者 vs 修者, wuzhe vs xiuzhe). When this is the case, Practitioners are portrayed as mere

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mortals who train their bodies and martial arts using mundane methods, while Cultivators train using mystical methods and can potentially ascend to immortality. Pure Land (淨土 jìngtǔ) – a Buddhist term for a sacred or holy land, typically the abode of a Buddha or Bodhisattva. Pure Lands are somewhat similar to the Secret Realms seen in cultivation novels. Purple Qi from the East (紫气东来 zǐqì dōng lái) – also known as Violet Qi from the East. A profound spiritual energy and supernatural phenomenon closely linked to Daoism. Qing (青) – sometimes called “grue” or blue-green in English. Qing is the color of nature. It can be Green, Blue, or Black… the specific color it refers to changes based on context. In most cases (particularly with plants/vegetation), it’s Green. When referring to the sky, it’s Blue. When referring to hair or eyes, it’s Black (or “Dark”). These are just a few examples. Realgar (雄黄 xiónghuáng) – a toxic mineral. In ancient China, realgar powder was frequently sprinkled around houses to repel pests (like snakes, rats, and insects). Because it was believed to have the power to “ward off evil”, people would sometimes drink realgar wine or use realgar as medicine… not knowing that it was actually toxic. Refining (炼 liàn) – a term which appears extremely frequently. Cultivators sometimes seem obsessed with refining just about everything – pills, treasures, Qi, and even themselves! This stems from Chinese alchemy, where it was believed that materials which underwent multiple refinements would gain spiritual value and slowly grow closer to the Dao and perfection. Robes (袍 páo) – the characters in these novels usually wear robes, as was the norm in ancient China. Cultivators are often said to wear Scholar / Daoist robes (道袍). Martial artists are frequently depicted wearing Tang suits (唐装). Samadhi / Samādhi (三昧 sānmèi) – the Sanskrit word for “Concentration” (related to Meditation) brought to China via Buddhism. ▪ Samadhi True Fire (三昧眞火) is a reference to the mystical and inextinguishable flame of the character Red Boy from Journey to the West. Samsara / Saṃsāra (轮回 lúnhuí) – the Buddhist term for the cycle of reincarnation, in which all living beings are trapped in suffering. Escape is only possible through enlightenment and attaining nirvana.

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Sandalwood (檀 tán) – a type of wood popular for its fragrance. It’s commonly used in religious ceremonies and by monks as a meditation aid. Scholartree / Scholar Tree (槐 huái) (槐树 huáishù) – a type of tree considered auspicious. In the past, many Scholartrees were planted in the Imperial Palace, and the Emperor and his officials would often have discussions under their shade. Scroll Painting (图轴 túzhóu) – a painting on a scroll. Ink landscape paintings are particularly iconic. Handscrolls and Hanging scrolls are two of the main types of scroll paintings. Sea of Bitterness (苦海 kǔhǎi) – a Buddhist term used to describe the mortal world, which Buddhists see as metaphorically drowning in suffering (Dukkha). Secret Realm (密境 mìjìng) – a minor world/land which is partitioned off from the rest of the mortal world (usually in a separate dimension with a hidden entrance connecting the two). In these novels, cultivators often attempt to find Secret Realms and raid them for the rare treasures, herbs, and beasts within. Sedan Chair (舆 yú) (轿 jiào) – also translated as a “Litter” or “Palanquin”. A seat or carriage carried on poles by people as a means of transportation. Used mostly by the elite of society, who would sit or lay in it and have their servants carry them around. Shaolin Sect (少林派 shào lín pài ) – a fictional Buddhist martial arts sect which appears in many Wuxia novels. It’s based on the real-life Shaolin Temple (少林寺). It’s commonly portrayed as one of the largest and most powerful orthodox sects. Spiritual Sense (灵识 língshí) – also known as “Consciousness” or Divine Sense (神 识 shénshí). An ability possessed by cultivators to scan their surroundings (far beyond the limits of their ordinary 5 senses) with their spirit. The distance/total area they can scan corresponds to the strength of their spirit. Also used in some novels to remotely control magical items such as Flying Swords. Stele (碑 bēi) (石碑 shíbēi) – a rectangular tablet with inscriptions on it, often erected at tombs or temples. They act as gravestones or are meant to commemorate something. Stone-lock (石锁 shísuǒ) – a type of weight, similar to a dumbbell, used for strengthtraining exercises. Sumeru (须弥 xūmí) (须弥山 xūmíshān) – a sacred, cosmic mountain in Hinduism and Buddhism.

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Sun Wukong (孙悟空) – also known as the Monkey King (猴王) or the Great Sage Equal to Heaven (齐天大圣). A mythological monkey with incredible strength, speed, and supernatural powers. His name means “Monkey Awakened to Emptiness”. Sun Wukong is a very famous trickster figure best known for his role in the novel Journey to the West, where he accompanied and protected the monk Tang Sanzang during the eponymous journey. ▪ Ruyi Jingu Bang (如意金箍棒) – the legendary weapon of the Monkey King. It can be translated as the “Compliant Gold-banded Staff“. It’s an immensely heavy staff which can make copies of itself and can magically expand or contract (in both length and width) according to the wishes of the user. It was supposedly originally used by Yu the Great to measure the depths of the sea and flood waters. When Sun Wukong isn’t fighting with it, he normally shrinks it down to the size of a needle and tucks it behind his ear. Sunflower Manual (葵花宝典 kuí huā bǎo diǎn ) – an infamous martial arts manual which requires practitioners to castrate themselves before they can begin training. In The Smiling Proud Wanderer, Dongfang Bubai (“the Invincible of the East”) became the most powerful martial artist in the world after mastering its secrets. The Sunflower Manual is referenced in many other novels as well. Sword Embryo (剑胎 jiàntāi) (剑胚 jiànpēi) – known in English as a “Sword Billet“. The unfinished blade of a sword, often still undergoing the forging/smithing process. Sword Intent (剑意 jiànyì) – somewhat similar to Killing Intent. A dangerous aura emitted from a sword or master swordsman which causes others to feel as if they’re about to be cut by a sword. In some novels, experts can even create physical manifestations (consisting of energy and their knowledge of sword-arts) with their Sword Intent, and this can be used to attack their foes. Sword-light (剑光 jiànguāng) – also translated as a Sword Ray. A dazzling, powerful energy attack released from the edge of a blade. Forming Swordlight generally requires a profound cultivation base and a deep mastery of swordsmanship. ▪ Sword Energy (剑气 jianqi) is basically the same as Swordlight. Taiji (太极 tàijí) – sometimes translated as the “Supreme Ultimate” or “Supreme Polarity”. Taiji is the cosmological term for the “oneness before duality” in the primordial universe. Daoists claim that Taiji (the initial singularity) birthed Yin and Yang. And from the intermingling of Yin and Yang, everything in the universe eventually came into being. ▪ The famous martial art Tai Chi is named after this term. ▪ Modern Taiji philosophy emphasizes the importance of balancing and harmonizing Yin and Yang. The “Yin-Yang Symbol” that most people imagine when they think of Daoism is actually a Taiji diagram.

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Tang Clan (唐门 táng mén ) – also known as the Tang Sect. A fictional martial arts clan which appears in several novels. Their members usually bear the “Tang” surname. The Tang Clan specializes in poisons and hidden weapons (暗器). They’re said to be located in Sichuan Province. Three Treasures (三宝 sān bǎo) – Essence, Qi, and Spirit. Three essential energies which are thought to sustain life. The term “Three Treasures” (三宝) can also refer to the Three Treasures of Daoism or Buddhism, but this isn’t as commonly seen in Chinese webnovels. ▪ Essence (精 jing) – basically “lifeblood”. ▪ Qi (气 qi) – basically “spiritual energy” or “the breath of life”. ▪ Spirit (神 shen) – basically “the mind” or “consciousness”. Traditional Chinese Medicine (中医 zhōngyī) – medical knowledge, skills, and practices which were used in China for thousands of years prior to the arrival of Western medicine. TCM is still widely-practiced today, although much of it is now considered to be alternative medicine. Herbal remedies, Acupuncture, and Moxibustion were commonly used in TCM. ▪ The doctors in Wuxia / Xianxia / Xuanhuan novels often diagnose patients simply by reading their pulse, use needles to treat all kinds of illnesses, and prescribe herbs and elixirs to patients. This all comes from TCM. Triangular Eyes (三角眼 sānjiǎo yǎn) – eyes which are shaped vaguely like triangles. Triangle Eyes are sometimes considered to be ugly or shifty, as opposed to Phoenix Eyes (丹凤眼) which are considered to be beautiful and alluring. Turtle Breathing Art (龟息功 guīxīgōng) (龟息大法 guīxīdàfǎ) – also called the Turtle Breathing Method. A fictional martial arts technique used to restrain one’s breath and reduce one’s heartbeat. It’s a powerful concealing technique which can even allow the user to feign death. Twenty-Eight Mansions (二十八宿 èrshí bāxiù) – part of the Chinese constellation system. Ancient Chinese astronomers divided the night sky into four regions, each named after one of the four divine beasts (Azure Dragon, Black Tortoise, White Tiger, and Vermilion Bird). Each of the four regions has seven mansions, for a total of twentyeight mansions. These mansions were used to track the Moon’s movement in its orbit around Earth. Vajra (金刚 jīngāng) – means both “Thunderbolt” and “Diamond”. The Vajra symbolizes Irresistible Force (thunderbolt) and Indestructibility (diamond). In Hinduism, the Vajra is the invincible weapon of the chief god Indra, who uses it to slay sinners and ignorant people. In Buddhism, the Vajra symbolizes Bodhi (enlightenment), which can descend on a person like a thunderbolt and pierce through all ignorance.

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▪

The weapon form of the Vajra (金钢杵) is commonly called the Vajra Scepter, Vajra Pestle, or Thunderbolt Mace.

Weiqi (围棋 wéiqí) – means “encircling game”. A strategic board game played on a grid with white and black game pieces (stones). Sometimes translated as Chess or Chinese Chess, but it is better known by the Japanese name for the game: “Go”. It should not be confused with the other game of Chess. Wooden Fish (木鱼 mùyú) – a musical percussion instrument. Often used by Buddhist or Daoist monks during their rituals. Wudang Sect (武当派) – a fictional Daoist martial arts sect which appears in many Wuxia novels. It’s located in and takes its name from the Wudang Mountains. Wuji (无极 wújí) – sometimes translated as “Without Ultimate” or “Without Polarity”. Wuji is the cosmological term for the nothingness prior to the birth of all things in the universe. Daoists claim that from the Nothingness (Wuji) came Oneness (the Taiji singularity), which in turn birthed the Duality of Yin and Yang, which then intermingled to form all things. Young Master (少爷 shàoye) (公子 gōngzǐ) – a form of address for the son of an important person (such as an official, a noble, or a boss). In these novels, a common trope has the main character unintentionally offend an arrogant and spoiled young master, who then becomes an antagonist. The young master inevitably draws his family or backers into the conflict when he fails to defeat the main character. ▪ Other terms of address commonly used in Chinese cultivation & martial arts novels can be found here. Zhoutian (周天 zhōutiān) – sometimes translated as “Universe” or “Cosmic Orbit”. It’s an obscure Daoist term relating to the methods of Qi Circulation. Daoists in ancient times took inspiration from the movements and cycles of the Sun, Moon, and Stars. They then started practicing certain meditation and breathing exercises, which they believed would allow them to control the flow of Qi through their meridians (in imitation of the movements of celestial bodies). ▪ Microcosmic Orbit (xiǎo zhōutiān) – also called a “Small Universe”. This is a basic form of Qi Circulation, wherein the practitioner controls their Qi to flow from the Dantian, through the Governing Vessel, through the Conception Vessel, and back into the Dantian in a full circuit. The Qi is purified during this process. ▪ Macrocosmic Orbit (大周天 dà zhōutiān) – also called a “Big Universe”. This is an advanced form of Qi Circulation, wherein the practitioner controls their Qi to flow from the Dantian, through all Eight Extraordinary Meridians and throughout their entire body, and then back into the Dantian. This is supposedly more effective, but also much more difficult.

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Zither (琴 qin) (古琴 guqin) – a musical stringed instrument. Sometimes translated as “Lute”. The Se (瑟) and Guzheng (古箏) are similar and are also commonly translated as Zither.

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Terms of Address in Wuxia, Xianxia & Xuanhuan Novels Family In Chinese culture, some of the terms of address for family members (“brother/sister”, “uncle/aunt”, etc…) can also be used for friends, neighbors, and even strangers. Naturally, these terms appear very frequently in Wuxia, Xianxia & Xuanhuan novels, and it can be confusing for new readers to see the characters refer to anyone and everyone using these kinship terms. The important thing to remember is that just because a character calls someone else their “brother”, “aunt”, etc… it doesn’t necessarily mean they’re blood-related. It’s possible that the speaker is just being polite or affectionate by using these terms. The following table is not a comprehensive list of the kinship terms. PINYIN

HANZI

TRANSLATION

ALTERNATIVES

Shushu

叔叔

Uncle

–

Ayi

阿姨

Aunt

Auntie, Aunty

Xiongdi

兄弟

Brother

–

Dage

大哥

Big Brother

Boss, Eldest Brother, Big Bro

Ge / Gege / Xiong

哥 / 哥哥 / 兄

Elder Brother

Older Brother, Big Brother, Big Bro

Di / Didi

弟 / 弟弟

Younger Brother

Little Brother

Jiemei

姐妹

Sister

–

Dajie

大姐

Big Sister

Eldest Sister, Big Sis

Jie / Jiejie

姐 / 姐姐

Elder Sister

Older Sister, Big Sister, Big Sis

Mei / Meimei

妹 / 妹妹

Younger Sister

Little Sister

Xiaojie

小姐

Miss

–

37 NOTES

Shushu 叔叔 (Uncle) – literally translates as “father’s younger brother”. Used to politely address men much older than the speaker. Ayi 阿姨 (Aunt) – literally translates as “mother’s sister”. Used to politely address women much older than the speaker. Xiongdi 兄弟 (Brother) – Men commonly call their male comrades / close friends their “Brothers”. Dage 大哥 (Big Brother) – used to politely address men around the same age or older than the speaker (but not old enough to be considered an “Uncle”). Translated as “Boss” when referring to a leader, especially a leader of a group of male friends or of a criminal organization. Used alternatively with Laoda (老大) in this context. Dajie 大姐 (Big Sister) – used to politely address women around the same age or older than the speaker (but not old enough to be considered an “Aunt”). Xiaojie 小姐 (Miss) – literally translates as “little elder sister”. A somewhat antiquated term of address for young ladies.

To give some examples of how these are used: ▪ Two male neighbors named Tang Ping 唐平 (age 32) and Shen Hu 沈虎 (age 36) could call each other Brother Tang 唐兄弟 and Elder Brother Shen 沈兄. ▪ Two close friends (or a romantic couple) named Ren Hui 任辉 (male, age 19) and Li Lan 黎兰 (female, age 17) could call each other Big Brother Hui 辉哥哥 and Little Sister Lan 兰妹妹. ▪ A traveler (age 25) asking a random middle-aged woman for directions could address her as Auntie 阿姨. But if he wanted to flatter her or be especially polite, he might instead address her as Big Sister 大姐. In groups of people (and especially in families), the members are sometimes distinguished and addressed according to age/rank, rather than by name. Examples: ▪ In a group of male friends, they can call each other Boss / Big Bro 大哥, Second Bro 二哥, Third Bro 三哥, Fourth Bro 四哥, Fifth Bro 五哥, etc etc… This could be according to birth order or their social ranking within the group. ▪ If someone has several uncles, they can simply be referred to as First Uncle 大 舅, Second Uncle 二舅, Third Uncle 三舅, etc etc… This is according to their birth order. ▪ If someone has five daughters, they can be referred to as Eldest Daughter 大女 儿, Second Daughter 二女儿, Third Daughter 三女儿, Fourth Daughter 四女儿, and Youngest Daughter 小女儿. This is also according to their birth order.

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Martial Family In martial sects and similar organizations, younger disciples often directly apprentice themselves to an elder. The relationship between Master and Apprentice is deep, akin to Parent-and-Child… and the terms of address within a sect reflect this. Note: Even disciples without masters still use the following terms. PINYIN

HANZI

TRANSLATIO N

ALTERNATIVES

NOTES

Shigong / Shiye

师公 / 师爷

Grandmaster

Martial Grandfather

lit. “teacher grandfather”

Shifu

师父 / 师傅

Master

–

lit. “teacher father”

Shibo / Shishu

师伯 / 师叔

Martial Uncle

Uncle-Master

lit. “teacher father’s elder brother” / “teacher father’s younger brother”

Shigu

师姑

Martial Aunt

Aunt-Master

lit. “teacher father’s sister”

Shizhi

师侄

Martial Nephew / Martial Niece

Apprentice-Nephew / Apprentice-Niece

lit. “teacher nephew”

Shixiong / Shige

师兄 / 师哥

Senior Brother

Senior Martial Brother, Senior ApprenticeBrother

lit. “teacher elder brother”

Shidi

师弟

Junior Brother

Junior Martial Brother, Junior Apprentice-Brother

lit. “teacher younger brother”

Shijie

师姐

Senior Sister

Senior Martial Sister, Senior Apprentice-Sister

lit. “teacher elder sister”

Shimei

师妹

Junior Sister

Junior Martial Sister, Junior Apprentice-Sister

lit. “teacher younger sister”

39 ADDITIONAL NOTES

Shishu 师叔 (Martial Uncle) – Despite the literal translation, this term is also commonly used to refer to Martial Aunts. Shizhi 师侄 (Martial Nephew) – Despite the literal translation, this single term is used for both Martial Nephews & Martial Nieces

In other words: ▪ Your master is your “father”. Expanding from there, your master’s master is your “grandfather”. Your peers in the sect are your “brothers” and “sisters”. Your master’s peers are his siblings, making them your “aunts” and “uncles”. And when your peers (brothers/sisters) one day take on apprentices of their own, those apprentices will be your “nieces” and “nephews”.

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Miscellaneous Senior (前辈 qiánbèi) – a term of address for members of an elder generation. Junior (晚辈 wǎnbèi) – a term of address for members of a younger generation. ▪ These two terms are relative. A person’s “seniority” in comparison to someone else is often determined by age, but social status, expertise, and other factors also play a role. For example, an expert in a field of study would likely be addressed as “Senior” by a novice in the field, even if the novice is older than the expert. And in a company or organization, higher-ranking members/ employees are typically Seniors while those beneath them are Juniors. Lao (老) – means “old/venerable”. Translated as Elder. Appended to a person’s surname to show respect. ▪ Example: Someone named Zhao Wei 赵伟 could be called Elder Zhao 赵老. Xiao (小) – means “small/young”. Translated as Little. Appended to a person’s given name to show familiarity & affection. ▪ Example: Someone named Yao Fang 姚芳 could be called Little Fang 小芳. Er (儿) – means “child”. A diminutive suffix sometimes appended to the given names of children or close friends. Considered cute/endearing. ▪ Example: Someone named Liu Yan 刘艳 could be called Yan’er 艳儿. Fatty (胖子 pàngzi) – literally “fat person”. Appended to an obese person’s name as an epithet, usually by friends. At least in ancient China, this wasn’t necessarily an insult. Fatness symbolized wealth, prosperity, happiness, and strength. (Since someone who was fat probably wasn’t an impoverished and starving peasant…) ▪ Example: Someone named Song Xiang 宋翔 could be called Fatty Song 宋胖 子.

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Chinese Bestiary A partial list of Chinese mythological creatures which have appeared in Xianxia and Xuanhuan novels. This Bestiary is meant to complement the Beings & Creatures section of the main glossary. Dragon (龙 lóng) – a mythical, chimeric creature of utmost importance in Chinese mythology and culture. It represents Yang, the Chinese Emperor, masculinity, imperial power, transformation, good fortune, and much more. Dragons wield tremendous power over the natural world and are particularly adept at controlling water and the weather. ▪ Chinese Dragons are quite different from Western Dragons. ▪ Chinese Dragons have the physical attributes of many different animals, some of which include a camel’s head, a snake’s body, a carp’s scales, a catfish’s whiskers, a stag’s antlers, an eagle’s talons, etc… ▪ Dragons are sometimes divided into four categories: Jiaolong (蛟龙) which are scaled dragons, Yinglong (应龙) which are winged dragons, Qiulong (虬龙) which are horned dragons, and Chilong (螭龙) which are hornless dragons. Phoenix (凤凰 fènghuáng) – also known as the Fenghuang. A mythical bird of great importance in Chinese mythology and culture. It represents Yin, the Chinese Empress, femininity, virtue, and good fortune. ▪ Although it’s commonly translated as “Phoenix”, the Fenghuang is quite different from a Western Phoenix. ▪ The Fenghuang looks like a pheasant with five-colored plumage and the tail feathers of a peacock. The Four Divine Beasts (四神兽 sì shénshòu) (四大神兽) – also known as the Four Symbols (四象). They hold great significance in Chinese cosmology, with each beast representing a Cardinal Direction, a Season, and an Element. ▪ Azure Dragon (青龙 qīnglóng) – represents the East, Spring, and the Wood element. ▪ White Tiger (白虎 báihǔ) – represents the West, Autumn, and the Metal element. ▪ Black Tortoise (玄武 xuánwǔ) – represents the North, Winter, and the Water element. It’s also known as the Turtle-Snake (龟蛇), and it looks like a tortoise entwined with a snake. The Black Tortoise is closely connected to the warrior god Xuanwu. ▪ Vermilion Bird (朱雀 zhūquè) – represents the South, Summer, and the Fire element. It looks like a red pheasant, although sometimes it’s depicted with multi-colored plumage. It shouldn’t be confused with the Chinese Phoenix.

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Yellow Dragon (黄龙 huánglóng) – a deity which is sometimes included as a “Fifth” Divine Beast. It represents the Center of the Universe, the Changing of Seasons, and the Earth element. ▪ In mythology, the Yellow Dragon is an incarnation of the Yellow Emperor – the reputed ancestor of the Chinese people. The Four Auspicious Beasts (四瑞兽 sì ruìshòu) – also known as the Four Divinities (四灵). A revered group of animals which symbolize prosperity and longevity. They are the Dragon, Phoenix, Qilin, and Tortoise. ▪ The Four Auspicious Beasts are sometimes said to be the rulers of all other animals. Dragons rule over animals with scales, Phoenixes rule over animals with feathers, Qilins rule over animals with fur or hair, and Tortoises rule over animals with shells. Qilin (麒麟 qílín) – also known as Kylin, Kirin, or the Chinese Unicorn. A divine and auspicious beast, sometimes described as looking like a hybrid of a dragon and a deer or horse. Known for its great wisdom, nobility, benevolence, and magical powers. ▪ Qilin is sometimes translated as “Unicorn”, but it’s different from Western Unicorns. However, they’re similar in that they’re both good and “pure” creatures. Also, Qilin horns and Unicorn horns are both considered to be very rare and magical. Dragon King (龙王 lóng wáng) – the supreme Chinese Dragon. An extraordinarily powerful water and weather deity. The Dragon Kings of the Four Seas (四海龙王) are said to be its incarnations. The Nine Sons of the Dragon (龙生九子 lóng shēng jiǔzǐ) – according to legend, the Dragon King has nine offspring, and they each have very distinct appearances and personalities. There are more than nine creatures listed below because not all sources agree on which creatures make up the set of “Nine Sons”. ▪ Qiuniu (囚牛) – looks like a small yellow dragon. Known for its love of music. ▪ Yazi (睚眦) – looks like a hybrid of a dragon and leopard. Known for its bad temper and love of fighting. ▪ Chaofeng (嘲风) – looks like a savage beast. Known for its fearlessness and love of high places. ▪ Pulao (蒲牢) – looks like a small dragon. Known for its love of roaring. ▪ Suanni (狻猊) – also called the Suanni Lion. It looks like a hybrid of a dragon and lion. Known for its fierce appearance and love of tranquility and burning incense. ▪ Bixi (赑屃) or Baxia (霸下) – looks like a hybrid of a dragon and tortoise. Known for its great strength and love of carrying heavy objects (often stone steles) on its back.

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Bi’an (狴犴) – also called the Bi’an Tiger. It looks like a hybrid of a dragon and tiger. Known for its awe-inspiring presence and love of justice and righteousness. Fuxi (负屃) – looks like a dragon. Known for its love of literature and calligraphy. Chiwen (螭吻 / 鸱吻) – looks like a hybrid of a dragon and fish. Known for its love of swallowing things and its power over water. It can suppress evil and extinguish fires. Gongfu (蚣蝮) – looks somewhat like a dragon. Known for its love of swimming and its power over flood waters. Jiaotu (椒图) – looks like a hybrid of a dragon and a snail or clam. Known for its love of solitude. The Qilin, Pixiu, Hou, and Taotie are also sometimes counted among the Nine Sons of the Dragon, but they have separate entries in this bestiary.

Torch Dragon (烛龙 zhúlóng) – also known as Zhulong or the Candle Dragon. A deity with a human face and a long, serpentine body. It can control day and night simply by opening or closing its eyes. It can also control the weather simply by breathing. Flying Raindragon (应龙 yìnglóng) – also known as Yinglong or the Responding Dragon. A very powerful, winged dragon with power over rain. ▪ In mythology, the Raindragon was a servant of the Yellow Emperor, assisted Yu the Great in taming the floods, and is sometimes credited with killing Chiyou and Kuafu. ▪ It’s called the “Responding Dragon” because it responds to the prayers of people wishing for rain. Flood Dragon (蛟 jiāo) (蛟龙 jiāolóng) – also known as Jiao or Jiaolong. An aquatic dragon with power over storms and floods. Sometimes associated with crocodiles. Coiling Dragon (蟠龙 pánlóng) – also known as Panlong or the Coiled Dragon. An aquatic dragon similar to a Flood Dragon. Soaring Dragon (飞龙 fēilóng) – also known as Feilong or the Flying Dragon. A type of dragon which flies among the clouds. The term “Soaring Dragon” is also used to refer to very talented people. Golden Crow (金乌 jīnwū) – also known as the Sun Crow (阳乌) or the Three-legged Crow (三足乌). A divine beast which symbolizes fire and the Sun. ▪ In mythology, there were originally ten Suns in the form of ten Golden Crows. They one day went on a rampage and scorched the earth, which led to the godly archer Houyi slaying nine of them to put an end to the crisis.

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Jade Rabbit (玉兔 yùtù) – also known as the Moon Rabbit (月兔). A divine beast which symbolizes the Moon. ▪ In mythology, it’s a rabbit that lives on the moon. It accompanies the moon goddess Chang’e and produces the elixir of life by pounding medicinal herbs. Heavenly Dog (天狗 tiāngǒu) – also known as Tiangou or the Celestial Dog. In mythology, it’s a black dog which caused eclipses by trying to eat the sun and moon. People would customarily beat on gongs and set off firecrackers during an eclipse in order to scare the Heavenly Dog away. ▪ The Heavenly Dog is possibly associated with the star Sirius, which is called the Dog Star in many different cultures. In China, the star is called 天狼 = the Celestial Wolf, Heavenly Wolf, or Sky Wolf. Fox Spirit (狐狸精 húlijīng) – also known as a Fox Demon (狐妖). A mythical fox that has gained spiritual awareness and magical powers, usually by absorbing the natural energy of the world over many years. Some Fox Demons are capable of assuming a human form, and the malicious ones will transform into beautiful women in order to seduce and devour men. [Picture] ▪ Nine-tailed Fox (九尾狐 jiǔwěihú) – an especially powerful Fox Demon. Generally, Fox Demons will gain additional tails as they grow older and more powerful, with a total of nine tails being the maximum number. Xiezhi (獬豸 xièzhì) – a mythical beast somewhat similar to the Qilin, but with only a single horn on its head. The Xiezhi symbolizes justice and can magically distinguish between good and evil, truth and lies, the innocent and the guilty. When faced with a wicked person, it will gore them with its horn and then devour them. Pixiu (貔貅 píxiū) – an auspicious beast which looks like a winged lion with the head of a dragon. It has great powers of luck, being capable of attracting wealth to itself while warding off evil. ▪ In some accounts, there are two different types of Pixiu: the Tianlu (天祿) which has one horn and can attract wealth, and the Bixie (辟邪) which has two horns and can ward off evil. Guardian Lions (石狮 shíshī) (石狮子) – also known as Guardian Stone Lions. Mystical beasts which guard temples, homes, and other buildings. They always come in pairs: male and female, representing Yin and Yang. They have protective powers and a connection to Buddhism. Baize Lion (白泽 báizé) – also called the Beast of the White Marsh. An auspicious beast which can speak human languages and is known for its great wisdom. It looks like a white lion with horns and (sometimes) multiple sets of eyes. ▪ “Baize” literally means “White Marsh”.

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In mythology, the Baize taught the Yellow Emperor about all the supernatural creatures in the world and how to overcome them.

Dragon Turtle (龙龟 lóngguī) – an auspicious beast which looks like a hybrid of a dragon and a turtle. Dragon Horse (龙马 lóngmǎ) – also known as Longma. A wise, auspicious beast which looks like a hybrid of a dragon and a horse. It’s somewhat similar to the Qilin. ▪ In mythology, Fuxi is said to have learned the Eight Trigrams (Bagua) from a Dragon Horse. Thousand Li Horse (千里马 qiānlǐmǎ) – a mythical horse which can run a thousand li (roughly 400 km or 250 miles) in a single day. Sometimes said to possess wings. This term is also used to refer to any fine horse in general. ▪ The Heavenly Horse (天马 tiānmǎ) is a similar creature. Ba Serpent (巴蛇 bāshé) – also known as the Bashe. A mythical giant snake which can swallow elephants whole. Feiyi Snake (肥遗 féiyí) – a mythical snake with a single head and two bodies. Drought occurs wherever it appears. Zhuyan Ape (朱厌 zhūyàn) – a mythical ape with a white head and red legs. War breaks out wherever it appears. Zhujian Leopard (诸犍 zhūjiān) – a mythical beast which resembles a leopard. It has a single eye, a long tail, and the ears of an ox. Known for its great strength and loud roaring. Kui Beast (夔 / 夔兽 kuíshòu) – a one-legged mountain demon which resembles an ox. Hou (犼) – also known as the Denglong (蹬龙). A fierce, chimeric creature which has a habit of being a guardian. It is sometimes said to be the mount of Bodhisattva Guanyin. Peng (鹏 péng) – also known as the Kunpeng (鲲鹏) or Golden-winged Great Peng (金翅大鹏). An unfathomably gigantic bird which transforms from a fish. Just by spreading its wings, it can shroud the heavens. And with a single flap, it can travel vast distances. ▪ The fish is the Kun, the bird is the Peng, and together they are called the Kunpeng.

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The Peng is often conflated with the Roc and the Garuda – two other gigantic, mythical birds of prey.

Luan Bird (鸾 luán) (鸾鸟 luánniǎo) – a mythical bird related to the Fenghuang (Phoenix). For this reason, it’s also called a Phoenix at times. The Luan’s plumage is blue, as opposed to the red or multi-colored plumage of the Fenghuang. ▪ Luan Birds are sometimes said to serve as the mounts or messengers of the gods. For example, the Qingniao (“Blue Birds”) belonging to the Queen Mother of the West are supposedly Luan Birds. Nine-headed Bird (九头鸟 jiǔ tóu niǎo) – also known as the Nine Phoenix (九凤 jiǔfèng) or Nine-headed Phoenix. A mythical bird distantly related to the Fenghuang (Phoenix). Its nine heads are depicted as either bird or human heads. Jian Bird (鹣 jiān) – a mythical bird with only one eye and one wing. Jian Birds survive by joining in pairs (鹣鹣), and this mutual dependence symbolizes the bond between a husband and wife. Bifang Crane (毕方 bìfāng) (必方) – a mythical fire bird. It resembles a Red-crowned Crane, but only has a single leg. The name “Bifang” is supposedly an onomatopoeia for the sound of wood crackling in a fire. They are considered to be ominous, with sightings of Bifang Cranes heralding disastrous wildfires. The Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils (天龙八部) – eight races of deities from Buddhist cosmology, sometimes said to be protectors of Buddhism. Although they are much more powerful and long-lived than humans, they too are trapped in the cycle of reincarnation (samsara). A famous Wuxia novel was inspired by and named after these deities. ▪ Deva (天人) (天众) – heavenly beings. They are said to be the highest and most blessed lifeforms in the Three Realms. ▪ Naga (那伽) (龙众) – dragon-like or serpent-like beings. They are sometimes said to live in the seas and to have powers over water. They have great enmity with the Garudas. ▪ Yaksha (夜叉) – demonic beings that eat human flesh. Interestingly, they are also sometimes said to be benevolent nature spirits. Possibly related to Rakshasas. ▪ Gandharva (乾闼婆) (乾达婆) – heavenly beings known for their skill as musicians. They consume fragrances (especially from incense) instead of ordinary food. ▪ Asura (修罗) (阿修罗) – also known as Shura or Ashura. Warlike beings commonly depicted with three heads and six arms. Well-known for their anger, belligerence, and great strength. They once warred with the Devas and were cast out of the Heavens.

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Garuda (迦楼罗) – gigantic bird-like beings which hunt Nagas. Garudas are often conflated with Rocs and Pengs. Kinnara (紧那罗) – heavenly beings sometimes depicted as half-human and half-bird. Known for their skill in singing and dancing. Mahoraga (摩睺罗伽) (摩睺罗迦) – serpent-like beings which live beneath the earth.

Rakshasa (罗刹 luóchà) – also known as Raksha or Luocha. Ugly, demonic beings which eat human flesh. Often said to be shapeshifters with powers of illusion. They may belong to the same species as Yakshas, with Rakshasas being the evil nature spirits and Yakshas being the good nature spirits. They are also sometimes considered to be related to Asuras. Hungry Ghosts (饿鬼 èguǐ) – also known as Preta. Tormented spirits which suffer from insatiable hunger, often depicted with distended bellies. Born from the souls of people who were excessively greedy or miserly in life. Alternatively, born from the souls of people who’ve been forgotten by their descendants (and thus no longer receive offerings through ancestor worship). The Four Fiends (四凶 sìxiōng) – in mythology, a group of monsters which were banished by Emperor Shun to bring order to human society. ▪ Hundun (混沌) – represents Chaos. It’s a faceless being, sometimes described as resembling a dog or bear. It attacks the virtuous and obeys the commands of the wicked. “Hundun” is also the name of the Primordial Chaos in Chinese mythology. ▪ Taotie (饕餮) – represents Gluttony. It has no body, only the head of a ferocious beast. It seeks to devour everything. ▪ Taowu (梼杌) – represents Ignorance. Sometimes described as resembling a tiger or boar. It spreads ignorance among humans. ▪ Qiongqi (穷奇): represents Deviousness. It looks like a winged tiger. It eats people, instigates wars, and commits many other evil deeds. The Five Venoms (五毒 wǔdú) – also known as the Five Poisons. A group of venomous/poisonous creatures which are occasionally mentioned in  Traditional Chinese medicine, in martial arts techniques, or as a component of charms and amulets. The group consists of the Centipede, Snake, Scorpion, Toad, and Lizard. The Spider sometimes replaces the Lizard, since Lizards aren’t actually venomous. ▪ The Five Venoms are used in Chinese charms and amulets based on the concept of “fighting poison with poison” (以毒攻毒). The idea is that a charm bearing the image of the Five Venoms should be effective in warding off pests, evil spirits, and other sources of poison.

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Gu Insects (蛊 gǔ) (蛊虫 gǔchóng) – also known as Gu-Bugs. Demonic creatures born from Gu Sorcery. They possess terrifying venom/poison. Jiangshi (僵尸 jiāngshī) – also known as a Hopping Corpse or Chinese Vampire. A reanimated corpse which feeds on the Qi of living people. Usually depicted dressed in the garments of a court official and with a paper talisman attached to its forehead. Due to rigor mortis, it moves by either hopping or walking awkwardly, often with its arms outstretched. Drought Demon (旱魃 hànbá) – an evil spirit which either appears in times of drought or can cause drought itself. It resembles a Jiangshi or Zombie. ▪ They possibly have a connection to Ba, the daughter of the Yellow Emperor. According to legend, she was a goddess with powers over drought. She was one day sent down to the mortal world to fight her father’s enemies. She defeated them, but in the process, she lost too much of her divine power and became unable to return to the Heavens. She was forced to remain in the mortal world, and drought continued to follow in her footsteps. For this, people cursed her as a “Drought Demon”. Yayu (猰貐 yàyǔ) (窫 窳) – a man-eating beast which makes a sound like a child crying. It looks like a dragon or tiger, and is sometimes described as having a human face. ▪ In mythology, the Yayu was originally a kindly deity and a child of the Torch Dragon. However, it died and then resurrected as a savage beast. Houyi eventually killed it for good.