Glomerulus Ureter Glomerular Capsule Urinary Bladder Renal Tubule Urethra Renal Pelvis Urinary Meatus [PDF]

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STUDENT READING REPORT 1: Name

: Mohamad Rizki Adi Prasetyo

Student Number : 18711032 Class

:A

Date of announcement: March 16, 2020 UNIT: URINARY SYSTEM ( The Language of Medicine, 10 th Edition) Exercise A Using the following terms, trace the path of urine from the renal arterioles (bloodstream) tothe point at which urine leaves the body. The first answer is provided. glomerular capsule

renal pelvis

ureter

urinary bladder

Glomerulus

renal tubule

urethra

urinary meatus

1. Glomerulus

5. ureter

2. glomerular capsule

6. urinary bladder

3. renal tubule

7. urethra

4. renal pelvis

8. urinary meatus

Exercise B Match the term in Column I with its definition or a term of similar meaning in Column II. Write the correct letter in the spaces provided. COLUMN I COLUMN II 1. voiding

C

A. hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates formation of red blood cells

2. trigone

I

B. notch on the surface of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter

3. renal cortex

J

C. urination; micturition

4. renal medulla

G

D. nitrogenous waste

5. urea

D

E. cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis

6. erythropoietin

A

F. small molecule that carries an electric charge in solution

7. renin

H

G. inner region of the kidney

8. electrolyte

F

H. hormone made by the kidney; increases blood pressure

9. hilum

B

I. triangular area in the bladder

10. calyx (calix)

E

J. outer section of the kidney

Exercise C Give the meanings of the following medical terms. 1. caliceal : pertaining to a calix (collecting cup of renal pelvis) 2. uric acid : nitrogenous waste excreted inurine; high levels of uric acid in the blood are associated with goutyarthritis 3. urinary meatal stenosis : narrowing of the urinary meatus 4. cystocele : hernia of the urinary bladder 5. pyelolithotomy : incision to remove a stone from the renal pelvis 6. trigonitis : inflammation of the trigone (triangular area in the bladder inwhich the ureters enter and urethra exits) 7. ureteroileostomy : new opening between the ureter and the ileum (an anastomosis); urine then leaves the body through an ileostomy; this surgery (ileal conduit) is performed when the bladder has been removed 8. urethrostenosis : narrowing (narrowed portion) of the urethra 9. vesicoureteral reflux : backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter 10. creatinine : nitrogenous waste produced as a result of muscle metabolism and excreted in the urine 11. medullary : pertaining to the inner, middle section (of the kidney) 12. cortical : pertaining to the outer section (of the kidney) 13. calciferol : active form of vitamin D secreted by the kidneys Exercise D The following terms all contain the suffix -uria, meaning urination. Write their meanings in the spaces provided. 1. nocturia : frequent urination at night 2. dysuria : painful urination 3. oliguria : scanty urination 4. polyuria : excessive urination

5. anuria : no urination Exercise E In the following terms, -uria means urine condition (substance in the urine). What’s in the urine? 1. pyuria : pus

4. glycosuria : sugar

2. albuminuria : protein

5. ketonuria : ketones or acetones

3. hematuria : blood

6. bacteriuria : bacteri

Exercise F Give the meanings of the following terms that relate to urinary signs and symptoms. 1. azotemia : excess nitrogenous waste in the bloodstream 2. polydipsia : condition of much thirst 3. urinary incontinence : inability to hold urine in the bladder 4. enuresis : bed-wetting 5. urinary retention : inability to release urine from the bladder 6. ketosis : abnormal condition of ketone bodies (acids and acetones) in the blood and body tissues Exercise G Give short answers for the following. 1. What is the difference between hematuria and uremia? Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine, and uremia is a toxic condition of excess urea (nitrogenous waste) in the bloodstream. Hematuria is a symptomatic condition of the urine (-uria), and uremia is an abnormal condition of the blood (emia). 2. What is diuresis? Diuresis is the excessive productionof urine (polyuria). 3. What is a diuretic? A diuretic is a drug or chemical (caffeine or alcohol) that causes diuresis to occur. 4. What is antidiuretic hormone? Antidiuretic hormone is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that normally helps the renal tubules to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream. It works againstdiuresis to help retain water in theblood.

5. What is hyponatremia? Hyponatremia is abnormally low levels of sodium in the bloodstream. 6. What is hyperkalemia? Hyperkalemia is abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood. The major cause is chronic renal failure. 7. What is PKU? PKU is phenylketonuria. This occurs when there are high levels of phenylketones in urine and phenylalanine in the blood. The condition causes mental retardation in infants. Exercise H Match the following terms that pertain to urinalysis with their meanings below. Albuminuria

hematuria

pyuria

Bilirubinuria

ketonuria

sediment

Glycosuria

pH

specific gravity

1. Abnormal particles present in the urine—cells, bacteria, casts, and crystals : sediment 2. Smoky-red color of urine caused by the presence of blood : hematuria 3. Turbid (cloudy) urine caused by the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and pus : pyuria 4. Sugar in the urine; a sign of diabetes mellitus and a result of hyperglycemia : glycosuria 5. Urine test that reflects the acidity or alkalinity of the urine : pH 6. High levels of acids and acetones accumulate in the urine as a result of abnormal fat breakdown : ketonuria 7. Dark pigment that accumulates in urine as a result of liver or gallbladder disease : bilirubinuria 8. Urine test that reflects the concentration of the urine : specific gravity 9. Leaky glomeruli can produce accumulation of protein in the urine : albuminuria EXERCISE I Describe the following abnormal conditions that affect the kidney. 1. renal failure : kidney does not excrete wastes 2. polycystic kidney : multiple fluid-filled sacs form in and on the kidney

3. interstitial nephritis : inflammation of the connective tissue (interstitium) lying between the renal tubules 4. glomerulonephritis : inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney (may be a complication after a streptococcal infection) 5. nephrolithiasis : condition of kidney stones (renal calculi) 6. renal cell carcinoma : malignant tumor of the kidney in adults 7. pyelonephritis : inflammation of the renal pelvis and parenchyma of the kidney (caused by a bacterial infection, such as with Escherichia coli, that spreads to the urinary tract from the gastrointestinal tract) 8. Wilms tumor : malignant tumor of the kidney in children 9. nephrotic syndrome : group of symptoms (proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia) that appears when the kidney is damaged by disease; also called nephrosis 10. renal hypertension : high blood pressure caused by kidney disease