English For Modern Policing [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

Mark Roberts (coordinator) Ioana Bordeianu Camelia Budişteanu Andrea Călugăriţa Ileana Catina

Ileana Chersan Cătălina Harabagiu-Dimitrescu Amalia Niţu Gabriela Şerbănoiu

ENGLISH for MODERN POLICING A practical English language course for law-enforcement students and professionals. STUDENT’S BOOK

TEXTBOOK UNITS UNIT 1 Descriptions

UNIT 8 Policing the Multicultural Society

Ileana Catina, Centrul de Studii Postuniversitare, Bucureşti

Mark Roberts, British Council, România Amalia Niţu, Academia de Poliţie, “ A.I.Cuza”, Bucureşti

UNIT 2 Crime and Punishment

UNIT 9 Trafficking in Human beings

Ileana Chersan, Academia de Poliţie, “A.I.Cuza”, Bucureşti

Ioana Bordeianu, Şcoala de Agenţi de Poliţie de Frontieră,” Avram Iancu”, Oradea

UNIT 3 Criminal Investigations

UNIT 10 Dealing with Vehicle Crime

Cătălina Harabagiu-Dimitrescu, Centrul de Studii Postuniversitar, Bucureşti

Ioana Bordeianu, Şcoala de Agenţi de Poliţie de Frontieră,” Avram Iancu”, Oradea

UNIT 4 Crime, investigation and social relevance

UNIT 11 Countering Terrorism Mark Roberts, British Council, România

Mark Roberts, British Council, România

UNIT 5 Crime in Society: Domestic Violence and Violence against Women

UNIT 12 Computer Crime, Fraud and Economic Crime Mark Roberts, British Council, România

Cătălina Harabagiu-Dimitrescu, Centrul de Studii Postuniversitare, Bucureşti

UNIT 6 Crime in Society: Child Abuse

UNIT 13 Combatting Organised Crime

Mark Roberts, British Council, România

Mark Roberts, British Council, România Gabriela Şerbănoiu, Academia de Poliţie “A.I. Cuza”, Bucureşti

UNIT 7 Women: For Better and For Worse

UNIT 14 Criminology

Camelia Budişteanu, Academia de Poliţie, “A.I.Cuza”, Bucureşti

Andreea Călugăriţa, Academia de Poliţie “A.I. Cuza”, Bucureşti Mark Roberts, British Council, Romania

UNIT 1

DESCRIPTIONS

INTRODUCTION Police officers will, on many occasions in their service, either be required to describe a person or obtain a description. Think about the topic. Discuss the following questions. 1. 2. 3. 4.

What is a description? Why do we use descriptions in police work? What should you pay particular attention to when compiling a description of a person? When compiling a description of property what details should you pay particular attention to? 5. Are there any special skills required for police officers in producing a reliable and accurate description of things which they have seen? Activity 1 Think about the members of your class. Try to describe one of them so accurately that all the others in the class would identify that person from your description. The following checklist may be of help to you- but obviously you do not mention his/her name yet! a)

b)

c) d) e)

Full name, including any alias/ nickname age: he/she is 20 years old; he is 20 years of age; he is aged 20; he is a 20 year old youth; he is in his twenties/ early 20s/ late 20s; he is about/ approximately 20. age group: school age / young/ middle aged/ old. age range: under…/ over…. Appearance Height: tall/ short/ medium height/ average height Build: fat/ heavy/ medium/ slim/ thin/ slightly built/ well built Colour (ethnic origin): Caucasian or white European/ dark European/ Asian/ AfroCaribbean /Latin-American Complexion: fresh/ ruddy/ pale/ pimply/ uses cosmetics Hair: length/type- short/ long/ curly/ wavy/ bald/ colour- dark/brown/blond/grey/dyed. He has got dark hair/ he is dark haired Hair on face (facial hair): beard/ moustache/ dark chin/stubble Eyes – colour of the eyes: He has got blue eyes/ he is blue eyed Distinctive (distinguishing) marks: birth marks/ moles/ warts/ scars/ tattoos/ deformity other identifying marks. Characteristics and habits: drinking/ smoking/ known associates Dress (clothing): smart/ casual/ sporting/ scruffy/ vagrant Items of clothing.

Try to build up a complete description of yourself.

Activity 2 Grammar: Order of adjectives 1. She has got curly blond long hair. 2. He is wearing a long black leather jacket. 3. He is a middle aged short man. 4. He is driving a black small car. What’s wrong with these sentences? This is generally the correct order of adjectives: Size

Style/pattern

Colour/material

(Noun)

Put the adjectives in order in these phrases: a) b) c) d) e) f)

grey brown grey short cotton blue

short large woolen silk striped dark

straight round long floral blouse four-door

hair eyes sweater dress short-sleeved saloon

Activity 3 Translate the following text into English: Martorul incidentului a declarat ofiţerului anchetator că l-a văzut pe cel care a tras două focuri de armă asupra victimei. El a descris suspectul după cum urmează: “ Suspectul era un bărbat alb, de talie mijlocie, în vârstă de aproximativ 30 de ani. Avea părul negru tuns scurt şi mustaţă. Purta un tricou de culoare deschisă şi pantaloni negri. După atac s-a urcat într-o maşină albă, model japonez, cred, şi a părăsit locul faptei în viteză. Asta-i tot ce îmi amintesc.” Activity 4 Reading OPERATION GRANGER Detectives investigating a series of serious indecent assaults in Havant and Hayling Island know that at least two were carried out by the same man. And the methods used in the other incidents- between December 1999 and July 2000- suggest that he could also have been responsible for at least three others. A major inquiry team has been set up to investigate the assaults, and DNA evidence has shown there is a positive link between two of the attacks – on a 51-year- old woman between Havant and Emsworth and on a 13- year- old girl in a Hayling Island church yard. Detectives are especially keen to find the perpetrator before he strikes again because his attacks are becoming progressively more violent and showing signs of more planning.

In the most recent attack – on Friday, July 7, 2000, at 7.50pm – a 15- year- old girl was cycling home north along the disused Hayling Billy railway line, now a public footpath. As she reached West Lane she heard someone on the path behind her. Thinking it was a jogger or walker she made way for them to pass, but instead she was grabbed from behind by a man. The attacker threatened to kill her if she struggled and tried to drag her into the bushes at the side of the footpath. But the girl managed to fight her way free and screamed for help, frightening the man off. The terrified girl was then able to cycle to a petrol station and phoned the police. She has been able to describe the man who attacked her as follows: • White • Clean shaven • 5ft 7ins tall • Short grey to fair hair • Physically weak • Wearing a black woollen hat • Long sleeved dark coloured top and jogging bottoms • Gloves She has also helped detectives piece together a CD-fit image of the attacker. This attack bears all the hallmarks of at least four other incidents since December 1999 – and another reported prowler incident could also have been the work of this man. Based on the victims’ statements, the composite description of the man responsible for their ordeals is that he is: • Aged 35 to 55 years • 5ft 5 in to 5ft 8in tall • Slim to slight build • Described by all the victims as physically weak • Reasonably deep voice • Smelled very strongly of cigarettes • In four out of the five attacks he wore gloves. In the May attack, -the only one in daylight – he wore a dark blue sweatshirt or, possibly a blue jacket with side pockets, and pale blue or possibly white trousers or jeans. Police officers want to hear from anyone who recognise the description. Exercise 1 Decide which statements are true and which are false. Write T if you think the statement is true and F if you think it is false. 1. Detectives are investigating a series of indecent exposure cases. 2. DNA evidence has shown there is no positive link between two of the attacks. 3. A 15-year-old girl was cycling home 4. She was grabbed by the hand. 5. The attacker dragged her into the bushes at the side of the footpath. 6. The victim drove off to a petrol station and phoned the medical services. 7. The girl described the man as being black, short but strong, wearing light coloured clothes.

8. The suspect is known as a heavy cigar smoker. 9. The same attacker may also be responsible for at least three other attacks. 10. Police launched a nationwide hunt for the man who carried out the assaults. Follow - up discussion Work in groups or with a partner and discuss the following issues: Motive for the attack Known description Expected description Follow-up investigation Chances of the attacker being caught Punishment for such offences under the criminal code Activity 5 a) Vocabulary – specialist terminology related to suspects’ description. Find the right equivalent in Romanian. To describe a person To give a description To compile a description To produce a reliable and accurate description To draw a sketch To build a description/picture Personal description/word picture/spoken picture /sketch portrait Face image Computer description (CD) fit/identity kit/photo-fit system Computer –generated image (E-Fit) Mugshots/ mugbook Features (the face or countenance) Description of suspect/offender To fit/ match the description To locate suspects Suspects wanted for Suspects considered to be armed and dangerous Suspect described as follows Last seen wearing

Exercise 2 Choose the right word from the list above to complete the text : INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM To all Station Commanders The Serious Crimes Squad is requesting the assistance of your office in ____1______ four suspects ____2_____ for the shooting of a Turkish businessman at the Palace Hotel in Bucharest. The members of our Squad are in the process of ____3_____ the pictures of the alleged shooters based on descriptions ____4_____ by witnesses. Using ____5___ from police criminal records we’ve found no one _____6_____ the offenders’____7_____. Photocopy pictures of the suspects will be made available to you as soon as possible. Should your officers locate any of the suspects, report location immeadiately. Do not attempt to apprehend . Suspects are to be considered ___8____ and ___9___. Thank you for your assistance in this matter and if you have any further questions please do not hesitate to contact our investigating officers. Exercise 3 Use a verb from the left and a noun phrase from the right, make phrases describing police activities. You can use the verbs with more than one phrase. Make up sentences of your own. Investigate Conduct Collect Take (to) Attend Give Arrange Search (for) Check Interview Describe

evidence identification parade crime scene examination investigation police files suspects witnesses crimes prints emergency call information

Exercise 4 Put in the correct prepositions: POLICE BUILD PICTURE _1__ ALLEGED TERRORIST WHOSE CHOICE _2__ CAR WAS BASED _3__ SIZE _4__ BOOT A saleswoman who sold the car used __5_ the Ealing bombing _6_ a suspected member _7__ the Real IRA cell behind the attack said the man had chosen the vehicle _8__ the biggest boot. Speaking yesterday as police issued an e-fit _9__ the man believed to have bought the car, the woman said the man had paid _10__ cash and it had taken only 20 minutes _11__ him first seeing the car untill he drove away _12__ it.

The five-door grey Saab turbo was bought __13__ the car lot _14__ Ilford, Esseex, _15__ July 19, two weeks before the explosion __16__ Ealing, west London, last week which injured 11 people. The e-fit shows a white man _17__ his mid-30s, 5ft 10in _18__ 5ft 11in tall and _19__ slim build. He has straight blond hair and a pitted face which suggests he suffered _20___ acne __21__ some time. The man has a slightly dimpled chin and speaks _22__ a soft Irish accent. After buying the car he asked directions _23__ the A46, known _24__ Londoners as the north circular road, suggesting he was not local. Re-read the text and translate it into Romanian. Use all information in the text to fill in the “Police Report” at the end of this unit. Activity 6

PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY AND INJURIES

Injuries - vocabulary To receive/sustain injuries Minor/ serious/ injuries Slightly injured Severely injured Killed Deaths – fatalities Casualities Wounding – to wound Stab – to stab Concussion – to concuss Bruise – bruising Shotgun wound Exercise 5 Translate the following sentences into Romanian: Two police officers received serious injuries while attemting to quell a disturbance outside a town centre discotheque. 1) The post mortem examination revealed that death had been caused by a single shotgun wound to the head. 2) The victim of the assault complained that he had two broken ribs and bruising to his head and back. 3) The murderer stabbed his victim in the heart with a kitchen knife.

4) No casualities were reported in last week’s accident but the driver was treated for severe concussion 5) The gunman shot his victim once in the chest. Activity 7 LISTENING MISSING FATHER AND SON Before listening Discuss the following questions with a partner: 1. Why do people go missing? 2. What do you do if you are concerned about a missing person? 3. Are there any specific requirements in reporting a missing person to the police? 4. Is there a national service or helpline one can apply to when there is a longterm absence or where there is cause for concern? 5. What problems are associated with finding persons who go missing? 6. Give your own opinions (speculate) as to what may happen to a missing person. In such cases, it is common to speculate about where a person may be now or what may have happened to her. So we can speculate about the present using May/might +infinitive May/might be +….ing ( may be holding; might be keeping her prisoner; might be working) Or about the past using May/might have + past participle May/might have been + past participle (PASSIVE) Examples She/he may be with her/his relatives in countryside.(PRESENT) Someone may have abducted her/him (PAST) and may be keeping her/him hostage. During listening Make notes while listening to the tape. Write down all important details. After listening You have just listened to a police report. Use the notes you have made to answer the following questions. 1. How old is the missing son? 2. Since when have the pair been missing? 3. What is the prime concern of the police? 4. How tall is Simon ( the father)?

5. What distinctive mark does he have? Where? 6. What was the baby wearing when last seen? 7. What vehicle (s) could the pair be travelling in? 8. Where have the police displayed posters featuring photographs of the pair? 9. What is Simon keen on? 10. What do the police urge the father to do? Activity 8 Translate the following text into English: POLIŢIST UCIS CU MITRALIERA LA TIMIŞOARA Un poliţist a fost ucis cu focuri de mitralieră, iar un altul a fost izbit cu maşina în timp ce urmăreau un autoturism furat. Este pentru prima oară când hoţii recurg la mitralieră în confruntarea cu apărătorii legii şi ordinii Un poliţist din Timişoara a fost ucis cu focuri de mitralieră, în zori zilei de duminică, 4 martie 2001, în timp ce urmăreau o maşină furată. Un alt poliţist implicat în urmărire a fost izbit cu maşina. Poliţia din Timişoara a primit, sâmbătă noaptea, o sesizare privind furtul unui autoturism Mercedes de pe o stradă din oraş. Maşina a fost dată în urmărire locală şi a fost identificată, la puţin timp, de o patrulă mobilă de poliţie, care i-a făcut semn şoferului să oprească. Persoana aflată la volan a redus iniţial viteza, după care l-a lovit în plin pe unul din subofiţerii de poliţie, Ioan Mateescu, aruncându-l la doi metri distanţă, pe carosabil. Celălalt membru al echipajului de poliţie, plutonier major Saşa Disici, a urcat în maşina personală şi a plecat în urmărirea autoturismului furat. Disici a luat legătura telefonic cu poliţistul lovit, pe care l-a anunţat că în maşina urmărită se aflau trei persoane care au deschis focul asupra sa, cu o mitralieră. „ Trag cu o mitralieră. Mă ciuruiesc!”- acestea au fost ultimele cuvinte ale poliţistului. Mateescu a plecat cu un autoturism în căutarea colegului său, pe care l-a găsit pe marginea şoselei, împuşcat mortal în piept şi cu pistolul din dotare în mâna stângă. Poliţiştii timişoreni au realizat portretul robot al uneia din persoanele implicate în uciderea unui poliţist în timpul exercitării atribuţiilor legale. Poliţiştii susţin că unul dintre agresori este brunet, cu părul lung, are faţa ovală, nasul lung, ochi mari, negri, şi fruntea îngustă. Ei afirmă că agresorul are în jur de 30 de ani, aproximativ 1,80m înălţime şi era îmbrăcat cu o geacă maro din piele. ( „ Monitorul”, 5 martie, 2001)

Activity 9 Try to describe the two persons photographed here.

What are the most important distinguishing features for each? Activity 10 Identify and correct the mistakes in each sentence 1. He is long brown hair. 2. She has a freshly complexion. 3. He is average high. 4. She has dark brown dye hair. 5. He is blue eyes. 6. He is a tattoo on his right forearm. 7. The suspect was casual dressed. 8. He is known to associate with drug addictions. 9. The suspect uses heavy make-ups. 10. He is a white european. Border police and other law enforcement officers have special training to enable them to spot imposters! Can you identify from the two photographs if it is the same man?

POLICE REPORT 1. Person reporting: Address: Complainant: Address: Incident as Reported Reported To: 2.Where Committed House No. 3.When committed At/ Between and If M/Vehicle Used Show Reg. No. (or Part)

Age

Time& Date Name of premises Street District or Town Time Day Date Month (24hrs)

Sex

Year

No.of witnesses

Description of Suspect/Offender Dress Marks

Smart Tattoos

Casual Scar

Sporting Deformity

Enter Appropriate Code in Box Below Heigh Build Ethnic t origin 1 under 1 fat 1 White 1 1.60m European 2 1.602 heavy 2 Dark 2 1.75m European 3 over 3 medium 3 Asian 3 1.75m 4 4 slim 4 Oriental 4 5 5 thin 5 Arabian 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 un9 un9 unknown 9 known known Offender/Suspect Name&Address

Hair colour balck

1 local

brown

2 north

ginger

3 south

blonde white grey bald dyed unknown

4 5 6 7 8 9

Reported Sex C.R.O.No.

Scruffy Other identifying marks

Accent

Scots Welsh Irish foreign unknown

Suspected DOB

Vagrant

Age group 1 school age 2 young

Age Range 1 under 12yrs 2 12-13yrs

3 middle age 4 old 5 6 7 8 9

3

14-16yrs

4 5 6 7 8 9

17-20yrs 21-29yrs 30-39yrs 40-49yrs 50-59yrs 60yrs& over

Wanted

Complainant requests no publicity (Tick) Officer in Case ……………………….. Officers Attending Scene (Officers Time and Date of Arrival ) Section Officer Reporting Officer Plain Clothes C.I.D. Crime &Vandalism Squad Crime Prevention Other Supervising Officer Others Witnesses: (Name, address- nature of evidence)

Report of Investigating Officer: I have made enquiries as follows: SCENE Searched Fingerprint examination result awaited Occupants interviewed Visitors Relations Employees Tradesmen Others

VICINITY OF SCENE Local residents Tradesmen Passers by Suspected persons Suspected vehicles Unusual telephone calls

SEARCH OF AREA FOR Route taken by offender Abandoned property Instrument Abandoned vehicles ENQUIRIES TO TRACE SUSPECTS Places of entertainment Hospitals/surgeries Licensed premises Places of refreshment Hotels/hostels Gipsy encampments Observations to be kept Photographs shown Informants

Periodic visits Photo-fit shown

Liaison C.R.O. Crime Int. P.N.C. Date

Officer

Rank & No.

UNIT 2

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

Activity 1 Discussion 1. Why do we have rules and laws? Why do people follow them? Why do people break them? 2. Is ignorance of the law an excuse? Why (not)? 3. A policeman on duty kills a criminal while defending a victim? Has the officer committed any crime? 4. What is crime? Take two minutes to write a possible definition for crime. 5. There is more crime than there used to be. Do you agree? Why (not)? 6. You are innocent until proven guilty! Why do you think miscarriages of justice still occur? 7. Where can you find the following signs? What do they tell you?

WARNING NO TRESPASSING

ZONE

NO DUMPING ALLOWED

30

Perpetrators will be prosecuted $500 FINE

Activity 2 What effects do you imagine the following have had on crime? 1. the invention of gunpowder 6. war 2. the creation of police 7. the discovery of fingerprints 3. street lighting 8. cars 4. employment in factories 9. the colour of man’s skin/religion 5. the payment of police 10. the welfare state Activity 3 Look at the “spidergram” below and say what effect each of these factors has on the crime rate and why. Alcoholism/drugs

Severity of punishment

Social values CRIME RATE

Individual morality

Police/other prevention Poverty

Activity 4 Writing Crime is on the increase. Offer some possible solutions. Use the following phrases in an essay of around 200 words. It is my firm belief that... One way to combat crime would be... The result of this would be ... Furthermore... Due to the fact that... Activity 5

A further advantage of this... On the other hand... It would certainly be a good idea if ... One final suggestion...

Crimes

Preliminary acts as crimes Read the following text and choose the best word for each space. Certain types of behaviour take place before the ……1……of a crime but are nevertheless complete crimes in……2….. These offences – solicitation, attempt and conspiracy – give the police the opportunity to prevent the intended crime. Each offence can be punished even if the ……3….intended never occurred. A number of states make …4….. a crime for a person to solicit (ask, command, urge, advise) another person to commit a crime. In most states an attempt to commit a crime is in itself a crime. To be guilty of the crime of attempt, the accused must have ……5….intended to commit a crime and taken some substantial …6….toward committing the crime. …7……preparation to commit a crime is not enough. The difficult problem with the crime of attempt is determining ……8….the actions of the accused were a step toward the …9…..commission of a crime or mere acts of preparation. A common example of attempt is the situation in which a person decides to shoot and kill someone but, being a poor…10……., misses the intended victim. The person doing the shooting would be ……11…for attempted murder. A conspiracy is an agreement between two or more persons to commit a crime. The crime of conspiracy is designed as a means of preventing other crimes and ……12…against criminal activity by groups. ……13…..it is sometimes criticised as a threat to freedom of speech and association. 1. a) commission 2. a) them 3. a) bad 4. a) it 5. a) also 6. a) way 7. a) little 8. a) when 9. a) actual 10. a) man 11. a) accused 12. a) striking 13. a) despite

b) achievement b) itself b) harm b) this b) both b) possibility b) just b) that b) current b) guy b) liable b) urging b) although

c) accomplishment c) they c) wrong c) c) too c) step c) a few c) whether c) existing c) killer c) sentenced c) beating c) however

d) finalisation d) themselves d) worse d) of d) still d) action d) mere d) therefore d) present d) shot d) exonerated d) interrupting d) as well

Activity 6 Crimes against the person Crimes against the person are serious offences. However the law protects the defendant by defining the various levels of these crimes and by considering the circumstances of each offence. Using dictionaries and working in pairs, give definitions to the following crimes. assault, battery, homicide, murder, first-degree murder, second-degree murder, voluntary manslaughter, grievous bodily harm, involuntary manslaughter, abduction, slander, libel, hate crime

Share your results with the class. One has been done for you. Hate crime is defined as "the violence of intolerance and bigotry, intended to hurt and intimidate someone because of their race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, or disability." (Community Relations Service, 1997)

N.B. In the texts, some of the crimes are specific to the American legal system, some to the English. The two systems have different terminology, the more serious crimes in the US system are called felonies and the less serious are called misdemeanors. There are different terms for specifc crimes, too, e.g. larceny (US) is divided into petty and grand. In English law, the crime is theft. Activity 7

Crimes against property

Use the words in the box to complete the text.

arson, burglary, computer crime, embezzlement, extortion, forgery, mugging, receiving stolen property, robbery, shoplifting, unauthorised use of a motor vehicle, vandalism, theft

The category of crimes against property includes crimes in which property is damaged or cases in which property is stolen or otherwise taken against the will of the owner. a) … is the willful and malicious burning of another person’s property, whether owned by the accused or not. If any property is burned with the intent to defraud an insurance company this is usually a separate crime. b) … also known as malicious mischief, is the willful destruction of, or damage to, the property of another. It includes such things as smashing telephone kiosks, breaking windows, ripping down fences, flooding basements and breaking car aerials. Depending on its extent, it can be either a felony or a misdemeanor in the USA.

c) … is the unlawful taking of property of another with intent to steal it permanently. This crime also includes keeping lost property when a reasonable method exists for finding the owner, or if you keep property delivered to you by mistake.. d) … is a form of theft (or larceny in US). It is the crime of taking items from a store without paying or intending to pay for them. e) … is the unlawful taking of property or money by someone to whom it was entrusted. IN UK it is a form of theft. f) … is the unlawful taking of property from a person’s immediate possession by force or intimidation, generally in banks, trains etc. In fact, it involves two criminal intentions: theft of property and actual or potential physical harm to the victim g) …, popularly called blackmail, is the use of threats to obtain the property of another. Its statutes generally cover threats to do future physical harm, destroy property or injure someone’s character or reputation. h) …, originally defined as breaking and entering the dwelling of another during the night with intent to commit a felony (commit theft –UK), now includes the unauthorised entry into any structure with the intent to commit a crime, regardless of the time of day. i) … is a crime in which a person falsely makes or alters a writing or document with intent to defraud. It can also mean altering or erasing part of a previously signed document. j) … is a crime of receiving or buying property that you know or have reason to believe is stolen. Knowledge that the property is stolen may be implied by the circumstances. k) … is committed when a person takes, operates, or removes a motor vehicle without consent of the owner, including joy-riding. A passenger in a stolen car may also be guilty if that person had reason to believe the car was being used without permission. l) … can be broadly defined as the unauthorised access to someone else’s computer system. Most of the time such action is designed to steal government or trade secrets and sell them to business rivals or foreign governments. m) … is attacking and violently robbing a person out of doors (e.g. in a park, in a car park or in the street). Activity 8 Work with a partner and test each other. One person turns the page over, the other asks questions. e.g. What do you call the crime of burning another person’s property? Define ‘forgery’. “Thief” is a very general term. Write more specific names for a thief in each space.

THIEF

Activity 9 Listening Listen and complete the sentences below with a word, phrase or number. Car theft accounts for 1)……….. of all crimes. Methods include 2)………………. and equipment, and installing 3) …………….. Neighbourhood Watch schemes help preventing 4)……………. and thefts. Crime Concern was established in 5) ………………… In inner city areas the risk of burglary is 6)…………. than in rural areas. Mass shootings have resulted in a review of regulations controlling 7)……………….. The problem of “drinking and driving” is combated by measures such as 8)……………. Racial incidents consist in 9)…………………..and 10)……………….. in shops. Activity 10 CRIME AND THE MEDIA Explain and rewrite the headlines in detail. 4 bodies found in Camden County house; 6 arrested in drug raid nearby Student kidnap case against bus driver on hold for mental review Two arrested in woman's slaying Search on for gunman in triple-killing Robbery suspect takes hostages at California bank Gunman Kills 2 Men; Mother, Unborn Baby Shot Articles Hurt Search For Yates' Jurors Life Or Death For Deputy Killer? Five Killed In Murder-Suicide

Activity 11 QUIZ • Among people victimized while working, men are more likely than women to experience a violent crime. True or false? • Which of the following methods is more likely to be used for killing a person? Why? a) shooting b) hitting or kicking c) sharp instrument d) strangulation e) other • Who among the following is least/most likely to kill you? For what reasons? a) a friend or acquaintance b) a present or former spouse or lover c) another member of your family d) a stranger e) a terrorist • More women than men are found guilty of shoplifting. True or false?

Activity 12

Crime Fixation

We all tend to be cynical about tabloid media sensationalism, but do you realise just how much your perceptions of crime have probably been distorted? Take a look at the table below and then discuss on it with a partner. Perception

Statistical Picture

“Violent crime accounts for roughly a half of all Violent crime accounts for only 6% of all crime. crime” (average estimate in public responses to NOP poll). “Young children and the elderly are the most at Those least at risk from violent attacks are young risk from violent attack”. children and the elderly (only 2% of mugging or beating victims are elderly). 25% of people expect to fall victim to violent Only 1% of people ever experience violent crime. crime. “It’s dangerous to be out on the streets after A greater number of violent attacks take place in the dark”. home than on the street. 85% of adults believe it’s more dangerous for Over the last 25 years there has been no increase in children after dark now than when they were child murder by strangers. The overall murder rate young. Attack by strangers is the biggest fear (all age groups) has been almost static over the last (survey by Dr Barnardo’s children’s welfare 10 years. agency). “There are weirdoes everywhere these days” In most cases of violence, the offender is known to (quoted from a bystander at a child murder case, the victim, rather than fitting the stereotype of interviewed on BBC News). suspicious stranger or ‘weirdo’. “They (violent offenders) are all on drugs these The offender is seldom on illegal drugs, but is often days”. drunk. 57% of women fear going out at night alone Only a small percentage of victims of outdoor (compared to 11% of men). violence are female. Those most vulnerable (statistically) are young males. Activity 13 Punishments 1. A policeman on duty defends a victim and kills the criminal. What is he guilty of? 2. Do you agree with the death penalty? Why (not)? If you do, under what circumstances? 3. Imagine that you discover that your best friend has found a way of cheating in an important exam which the two of you are taking soon. What would you do and why? Mention any personal experience you may have had. 4. Should police officers carry guns? Why (not)?

What reasons can you give for choosing punishments? Select the three that seem most important to you. Justify your choice(s). -

to make the punishment fit the crime; to teach them a lesson; to make them pay for their crimes; to give them a second chance;

Activity 14

-

to deter others; to allow opportunity for rehabilitation; to ease the burden on tax payers; to set an example.

Sentencing

Read about the court sentences in the text and think of a crime to fit each one. If it is someone’s first offence, and the crime is a small one, even a guilty person is often unconditionally discharged. He or she is set free without punishment. The next step up the ladder is a conditional discharge. This means that the guilty person is set free but if he or she commits another crime within a stated time, the first crime will be taken into account. He or she may also be put on probation, which means that regular meetings with a social worker must take place. A very common form of punishment for minor offences is a fine, which means that the guilty person is sentenced to a certain number of hours of community service. Wherever possible, magistrates and judges try not to imprison people. This costs the state money, the country’s prisons are already overcrowded and prisons have a reputation for being “schools for crime”. Even people who are sent to prison do not usually serve the whole time to which they were sentenced. They get “remission” of their sentence for “good behaviour”. There is no death penalty in Britain, except for treason. It was abolished for all other offences in 1969. Although public opinion polls often show a majority in favour of its return, a majority of MPs has always been against it. For murderers, there is an obligatory life sentence. However “life” does not normally mean life. A parole system operates to give prisoners, even convicted murderers under certain circumstances, an opportunity to be released "earlier". Activity 15 Work with a partner and discuss the following questions: 1. What purpose do prisons fulfill in current society? What purpose should they fulfill? Comment on the points in the list below. 2. What kinds of problems do prisoners face, both while they are in jail and after they are released? 3. Why are people sometimes tempted to take the law into their own hands? Are there any circumstances in which this is justifiable? Activity 16 Writing Write a short essay- about 200 words- on punishment. Try to use the following words and phrases: depression, humiliation, fear of violence from guards or other inmates, contact with more experienced and hardened criminals, drug abuse, ostracism, stigma attached to it, slip back into his old ways, finding housing and employment, the law has failed them, a code of honour, a blood feud, a vendetta, to take revenge on somebody

Activity 17

Appropriate sentences

Read the accounts of nine cases. The sentences have been left out. What do you think the sentence should have been? Choose from the following: the death penalty 1,500 years in jail 15 years in prison. nine years 12 years

life in prison without parole. 18 years in prison three years in jail 15 years in prison

1) SAN FERNANDO, Jan. 14 - A 16-year-old boy convicted of murdering two other teen-agers on a La Crescenta playground over about $660 worth of marijuana was sentenced today to……... 2) A former Immokalee man who has been in prison since 1996 pleaded no contest Monday to shooting and killing another Immokalee man. Willie Barrett could have faced the death penalty if convicted of first-degree murder in the shooting death of Henry Jean "Baby Ruth" Marshall on Dec. 22, 1995. Instead, Collier County Circuit Judge Lauren Miller formally found him guilty of a reduced charge of second-degree murder and sentenced him to ……. 3) A former baby sitter was sentenced to ………. for causing the death of a toddler in her care. Tawny Sue Gunter had pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter for causing 2-year-old Billy Deon Blankenship to fall over the side of a staircase Nov. 15, 1990, at her Concordia, Mo., residence. Last Nov. 15, Gunter admitted grabbing Billy in a burst of anger and causing his fall. 4) A former police officer who admitted killing his wife was sentenced in Rockland County Court yesterday to …………. after appeals from his daughter for leniency and from his former motherin-law that he be jailed longer. 5) Thursday, September 06, 2001 OKLAHOMA CITY, Okla. — The city's new district attorney is pressing ahead with state murder charges against bombing conspirator Terry Nichols — and is seeking………... - despite Nichols' federal conviction and the high cost of prosecuting him. 6) Shooting spree leader gets ……….Three bored Athens teen-agers with idle time, a car and a hunting rifle spent a weekend last February shooting up empty schools, cars, and occupied homes for kicks. 7) A man who did cocaine, ecstasy and cannabis in a nursery school in Edinburgh, was sent to prison for…………... John Curran was arrested by police after a successful operation was mounted. The drugs recovered had an estimated street value of £220.000. 8) An all-white jury in Oklahoma City yesterday convicted a Negro, aged 22, of raping a white employee of a telephone company. They sentenced him to …………..after the prosecution said that 500 years would be just a “slap on his wrist”. 9) A Glasgow housebreaker is now serving ………..after an intensive police investigation put him behind bars. Following a series of break-ins, the “Operation Magpie” squad carefully analysed each crime and established a pattern, suggesting the same person was responsible.

The painstaking investigation led to a Glasgow criminal called David Kelly. He was arrested and charged with a total of 33 break-ins across Edinburgh.

Activity 18

Role play

Read the following newspaper stories. The class will be divided into 2 groups, one will be the prosecution and one will be the counsel for the defence. Elect three representatives in each team. After preparation, each representative will talk to his/her counterpart, in turn. Decide on the appropriate punishment for the offenders in each case; prepare to make demands, plead, justify, negotiate. A B C An innocent man was released from prison today after serving ten years of a thirty year prison sentence for murder. The man had been found guilty on false police evidence. Before leaving the court, the man’s solicitor spoke to the reporters: “Thank God we don’t have capital punishment any more”, he said.

Activity 19

A boy and a girl were in hospital yesterday after being attacked by guard dogs. They had climbed over a factory wall to fetch their football. “If they hadn’t been in the factory this wouldn’t have happened”, said the owner. “My dogs were just doing their job.”

A young mother appeared in court yesterday. She was charged with £20 worth of food from a supermarket. The woman told the court that she had stolen the food for her children. She had lost her job and had no money.

Listening

Listen to the following report on drink-driving and fill in the blanks in the table below with a number, word or short phrase. Conviction Imprisonment Causing death by 1)…………. 2) ………….. whilst under the influence of drink/drugs Driving whilst 3)………through 6 months drink

6)………….. of a vehicle

7)……………….

Refusing to provide a 9) …………….

6 months

Ban 2 years

Fine

4)…………….. £5,000 or 3 yrs if convicted 5)……………. in 10 yrs. 8)………….. 12 months

What are the punishments for such offences in your country?

10)………….

Reading Activity CRIMINALS This is the story of a serial killer called ‘Son of Sam’. • What is a serial killer? Have you heard of any? • What do you expect to find out about serial killers after reading this text? Read the text. Some sentences have been removed. Decide where they should go. Look at the underlined vocabulary items and look up any unknown words. Son of Sam PART ONE ….a)… Two young women, Donna Lauria, and her friend Jody Valenti, were talking in Jody's car in the Bronx, New York City. A man pulled out a Charter Arms .44 Bulldog handgun from a paper bag, squatted down and fired into the car five times. Donna died immediately, hit in the neck. Jody, shot in the thigh, leaned on the horn while the man continued to pull the trigger, even though the chamber was now empty. On the night of October 23, 1976, three months after the Lauria girl’s senseless murder, twenty-year-old Carl Denaro was shot five times in the head. A little more than a month later, on the evening of November 26, 1976, Donna DeMasi and her friend Joanne Lomino were fired at and barely survived. Of these three assaults which had occurred in two different areas, the Bronx and Queens, only one bullet had been recovered intact. Consequently, police were not yet able to link these attacks to a single individual. Things quietened down for two months. Then in the early hours of January 30, 1977, the killer went hunting for his next victim. Christine Freund and her finance John Diel left The Wine Gallery in Queens around 12:10 A.M. and strolled towards his car. As they sat in the car, two shots broke the night, shattering the windshield. Christine grabbed her head; both shots had struck her. John rested her head on the driver's seat and ran for help, trying to flag down passing cars, but to no avail. People in nearby homes had heard the shots and had called the police. A few hours later Christine died in hospital. Forty-three-year-old Detective Sergeant Joe Coffey and Captain Joe Borrelli started to work on this latest homicide. Coffey could see that the bullets used to kill her were not typical. …b)…Investigating further, he discovered that her murder matched those other assaults on Donna Lauria, Donna LaMasi and Joanne Lomino. Coffey had a hunch that they were dealing with one psycho using a .44, stalking women in various parts of the city. As his investigation began to bear fruit, a homicide task force was formed under Captain Borrelli. After probing into the backgrounds of the murders and their victims, police were unable to find any suspect on record; ….c)…It was beginning to look as though a psycho had randomly targeted attractive young women for assassination.

• • •

When did the police realise that the attacks belonged to the same individual? What information can the type of the bullet provide? Why is the background of a murderer important in solving a crime

PART TWO On the evening of Tuesday, March 8, 1977, an attractive young Barnard College honor student named Virginia Voskerichian was shot in the face and died immediately. The next day, the police had a match on the bullet. It had come from the same gun that had killed Donna Lauria. The following day, the police commissioner held a press conference to announce to the City of New York that they had linked the various shootings. …d)….

As expected, the phantom reappeared. On April 17, 1977, Valentina Suriani, and Alexander Esau. Valentina was shot twice. She died immediately and Alexander a bit later at the hospital. This psycho who would keep on killing until he could be found among the millions of men who fitted his description. But -- this time there was something different: the killer's letter left at the scene of the murders addressed to Captain Borrelli. The letter did not have any useful fingerprints and the envelope had been handled by so many people that if there were any of the murderer's prints, they were lost…. e)….. Operation Omega was growing in size and resources. It had expanded to some two hundred detectives. Catching the perpetrator of six murderous assaults would mean tremendous awards for the detectives involved -- and they knew it. It was an extra incentive to put in long hours to catch this nut. Such long hours, however, brought frayed nerves. The Omega task force was flooded with calls. Everyone, it seemed, knew the killer: …f)….Every one of these thousands of leads had to be checked out and disqualified -- a huge chore for any task force. While the police were chasing down every suspect, checking registrations for .44 weapons, tracing activities of former mental patients and generally running themselves ragged, the Son of Sam had become emboldened by the publicity. He decided to write to a reporter for the Daily News. Partial fingerprints were salvaged from the letter, which were of no value in finding the suspect, but would be valuable to match against a suspect once captured. Donna Lauria, Son of Sam’s first victim, had been murdered on July 29, 1976. Considering the Son of Sam’s letter, police were worried about an anniversary killing. …g)… The Omega task force was desperate. How to protect a whole city of young women from a random killer? Detective Coffey even considered placing cops in bullet-proof cars with mannequins to try to lure the killer. …h)…Tensions built steadily until July 29 and nerves were at a breaking point all that day and night, but no Son of Sam. Not that day. Two days later when the police were beginning to feel relieved that the anniversary had passed without another murder, the Son of Sam took his last victims. In the early morning of Sunday, July 31, 1977, a pretty young woman named Stacy Moskowitz and her handsome young boyfriend Bobby Violante were shot. He barely survived. She didn’t.

• • • •

Why is important for the press to know the development of the case? What is the impact of hunting a dangerous criminal on detectives’ lives? Why are fingerprints important? Why did the police expect the killer to strike again on July 29?

PART THREE A Sam Carr remembered then the odd guy, David Berkowitz, who had briefly rented a room in their house in early 1976. "He never came back for his two-hundred dollar security deposit when he left. Well, he was always bothered by our dog, too." On August 3, 1977, the two Yonkers cops, Chamberlain and Intervallo, proceeded cautiously and queried the state computer network about Berkowitz. The computer gave a brief profile of him from his driver's licence. Berkowitz appeared to be approximately the same age, height and build as the Son of Sam, as described by various witnesses. In the meantime, things seemed to be popping all over. Officer Chamberlain of the Yonkers PD responded to a call about a suspected arson at Berkowitz's apartment house at 35 Pine Street. That same afternoon, Sam Carr, upset over the shooting of his dog and what he saw as non-action by the police, independently pursued the matter with the Omega Task Force…. i)… The day of Berkowitz's arrest, Sergeant Joseph Coffey was called in to interview him. Calmly and candidly, David told him about each of the shootings. When the interview was over there was no doubt that Berkowitz was the Son of Sam. The details that he supplied about each assault were bits of information that only the killer would know. ….j)….

While David did not start his life under the most auspicious circumstances, he grew up in a middle-class family with doting adoptive parents who showered him with gifts and attention. His real mother had arranged for his adoption even before David was born on June 1, 1953. Perhaps the most significant factor in his life was that he was a loner. His parents weren't particularly socially oriented and neither was David. He was always big for his age and always felt different and less attractive than his peers. His neighbors remember him as a nice-looking boy but with a violent streak, a bully who assaulted neighborhood kids for no apparent reason. He was devastated when his foster mother died of breast cancer in the fall of 1967. His faith in God was shaken. He began to imagine that her death was a part of some plan to destroy him. David joined the Army in the summer of 1971 and stayed there for three years. He was an excellent marksman, particularly proficient with rifles. Anger and frustration with women, coupled by a bizarre fantasy life, started him down the road to violence when he got out of the Army in 1974. Even before the murders began, David had set some 1,488 fires in the city of New York and kept a diary of each one. He was acting out a control fantasy. Robert Ressler in his book Whoever Fights Monsters explains: " …k)… With the simple act of lighting matches, they control events in society that are not normally controlled; they orchestrate the fire, the screaming arrival and deployment of the fire trucks and fire fighters, the gathering crowds, the destruction of property and sometimes of people." His former tenants’ German shepherd was a noisy dog and howled frequently. The neighborhood dogs howled back. In David's diseased mind demons lived within the dogs and their howling was the way they ordered David to go hunting for blood -- the blood of pretty young women. David's apartment on Pine Street also had its dogs: Sam Carr's black Labrador, which he shot with a gun. Sam Carr, in David's elaborate delusion, was the host of a powerful demon named Sam. When David called himself the Son of Sam, it was the demon living in Sam Carr to which he referred. David was classified by the defense psychiatrists as a paranoid schizophrenic…. l)….This story is repeated time after time in every city experiencing the attacks of a serial killer. The demands of the citizens to know what is happening is balanced against the reality that feeding these demands for information virtually ensures that the killer will keep on killing. Legitimate police work is seriously hampered by a deluge of bogus tips from well-meaning citizens. The only party that benefits from this common problem is the media.

• • • • •

What personal information can be found in a state computer network? What kind of information “would only the killer know”? Why did the killer adopt the name “Son of Sam”? Do you agree with the punishment he received? How can the media benefit from such a problem?

Here are the sentences you must put into the correct places. 1. The list of suspects was endless. 2. The fact was, despite the subsequent excuses, Sam Carr had just handed them the name of the killer and they sat on it. 3. They had come from a powerful, large caliber gun. 4. When Son of Sam first struck on the morning of July 29, 1976, no one could expect that a serial killer was making his debut. 5. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 365 years in jail. 6. Who was David Berkowitz anyway and how did he become the Son of Sam? 7. The commissioner stated that the only description of the murderer was that of "a white male, twentyfive to thirty years old, six feet tall, medium build, with dark hair." 8. This letter was leaked to the press in early June and the world finally heard the name, "Son of Sam." 9. Most arsonists like the feeling that they are responsible for the excitement and violence of a fire. 10. ….nor could they find any common thread that linked the victims to one another or a third party.

11. It was a waiting game 12. The newspapers made absolutely certain that the entire city expected another killing on or around that day.

Activity 21 Find words and phrases in the text which mean:

crouched, meaningless, hardly, happened, walked slowly, unsuccessfully, guess, without method, became larger, extraordinary, tiring task, ex , encouraged, saved, weird, shortly, questioned, went on, little pieces, favourable, people of the same age, hindered, false

Activity 22 A) Match the words and phrases to make common word combinations. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

To be alleged To break To be arrested To be convicted To commit To go/ be To have To restrain To serve To be sought

a law on the run a crime or an offence of theft for questioning a violent suspect for stealing a diamond ring to have killed someone a criminal record a sentence

Activity 23 Complete these sentences using the word associations from the exercise above. You will have to make some changes to fit the grammar of the sentences. 1. She … three times in the last two years and because she … no one is willing to give her a job. 2. You must realise that you … when you park on the pavement. 3. He is … in cold blood and then … ever since. 4. The police … and he will remain in custody until his behaviour improves. 5. The man who … is suspected of having received stolen goods. 6. He … when he was 19 and he … in a high security prison ever since. 7. She … although she claims she got it as a gift.

Activity 24 How good are you at detective work? The following conversation includes many slang words. Match the words to their definitions. Have you heard about Brian? He’s been nicked. He was blagging a bank with his brother and somebody grassed on them. Who knows? Brian’s got a lot of enemies. Nine years.

No. What? You’re joking. What happened? Who’s the nark? What did he get? Nine years inside! I thought you said he had a good brief. Where’s he going to do it? Oh, no. The screws in there are the worst in the world. Top quality gold rings. Fifty of them.

Well, he thought he did. Dartmoor. So, what have you got for me? Are they hot?

What do you think? Would I come to a fence like you with them if they weren’t?

Leave them with me tonight and I’ll give you a price for them in the morning.

Leave it out. Do I look like a mug? I’m surprised at you, trying a scam like that. I wasn’t born yesterday. I want a price now.

Sorry, worth a try! Definitions of slang expressions 1 a buyer of stolen property 2 a lawyer 3 a person who is easily deceived 4 a prison guard 5 a trick 6 an informer 7 in prison 8 stolen 9 to arrest 10 to hold up, to rob using weapons 11 to inform the police

=……… =……… =……… =……… =……… =……… =……… =……… =……… =……… =………

Activity 25

Name the crime A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 B

Across: 1. getting money from people by threatening to publicise facts they do not want revealed 2. going through a ceremony of marriage when you are still married to someone else 3. betraying your country to a foreign power 4. saying something which damages someone’s character 5. acting in such a way as to make someone believe he or she will be hurt setting fire to a building 6. taking goods illegally into or out of a country 7. making an illegal copy of a banknote or document 8. stealing, taking property which belongs to someone else 9. getting money from people by using threats 10. offering money corruptly to get someone to do something to help you 11. killing someone illegally and intentionally Down: A-B killing someone unintentionally or in mitigating circumstances

UNIT 3

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS

Before you read the text, discuss with a partner the steps undertaken by the police in detecting and solving a crime

What is the role of the police as a law-enforcement agency? What other law-enforcement agencies do you know? Which departments of the police service deal directly with crime detection and apprehension of criminals? What is the act that governs the activity of the police in UK? What are the arresting procedures in UK? Who can press or drop charges? Who can try and sentence a criminal?

Principles of Police Investigations How closely are the essential principles of investigations related to Human Rights? What are the consequences of the non-observance of these principles? What are the causes of abuse in police work? Exercise 1 Read the following text, complete it by putting in appropriate prepositions and discuss the issues involved. The Principles of Police Investigations. THE CRIME SCENE Processing a crime scene includes the application (1) … diligent and careful methods by investigators (2) … recognise, identify, preserve and collect facts and items of evidentiary value that may assist (3)… reconstructing that which actually occurred. It is (4) … the utmost importance to the success of any investigation that the investigating officer makes no errors (5)… the crime scene or (6) … follow-up investigations. Also, the first officer (7)… the scene must avoid diminishing or destroying potential clues which may eventually lead (8) … the apprehension of the criminal. Though the police are expected to investigate crime, a basic function (9) …the police is noninvestigative, that is to keep the peace and protect the people.

Exercise 2 Interviews ands interrogations In investigations, the interviewing of witnesses, victims and suspects, personal searches, searches of vehicles and premises, the interception of correspondence and communications, the police are guided by a series of fundamental principles, as shown below. Complete the text with the appropriate word from the box compelled/ presumed/ treated/ subjected / prohibited/ conducted/ exercised/ permitted/exerted

-

everyone has the right to security of the person everyone has the right to a fair trial everyone is to be (1) ____________ innocent until proven guilty in a fair trial no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence no one shall be (2) _____________ to unlawful attacks on his honour or reputation no pressure, physical or mental, shall be (3)____________ on the suspects, witnesses or victims in attempting to obtain information torture and other inhuman or degrading treatment is absolutely (4) _____________ victims and witnesses are to be (5)_____________with compassion and consideration confidentiality and care in the handling of sensitive information are to be (6)____________ at all times no one shall be (7)________________ to confess or to testify against himself investigatory activities shall be (8)____________ only lawfully and with due cause neither arbitrary, nor unduly intrusive investigatory activities shall be (9)__________

Reading text Operation ‘Magician’ Discuss these issues with a partner before reading the text. How and where can a police officer gather information on a case? Who does he speak to? What are the steps an investigating officer takes immediately after discovering a crime? How important is crime prevention? What is the situation in Romania? What can the police do in order to deter crime? How can the police raise public awareness on every person’s role in detecting, reporting and deterring crime? What concrete steps can they take? How cost-effective can crime prevention be compared to crime investigations? How important are standardised policies, practices and procedures in police work? Do these limit the liberty of police officers in their work or do they help them?

Read the text Operation Magician How the Flying Squad foiled the world's biggest ever robbery Intelligence In summer 2000 the Metropolitan Police Flying Squad developed intelligence that pointed to a major armed robbery plot. Its location was unclear, but police knew the identities of some of the robbers. They also knew the gang was highly organised and would probably be armed. Over a period of months detectives worked tirelessly to develop the intelligence picture. A major surveillance operation was launched, using officers from the Met’s Directorate of Intelligence. Within weeks, police were sure they knew the venue of the robbery – The Millennium Dome in Greenwich. The exact target within the Dome was not yet clear. Discuss: how big a risk were the police taking at this point? Surveillance On 1 September 2000 three of the suspects, William Cockram, Raymond Betson and Aldo Ciarocchi were seen at the venue filming with a camcorder and studying the plans of the Dome. Over the coming weeks the surveillance continued, and further members of the gang were identified and some of the men were spotted testing a speedboat in a harbour in Kent. Detectives thought the gang might use the boat as a getaway. The robbery was getting close. Discuss: What practical steps should the police already have been taking? The JCB Mechanical Digger By early October police inquiries had identified another venue linked to the robbery – The Old Coal Yard in Whitehart Road, Plumstead. The detectives observed gang members with a yellow mechanical digger, registration L245 AJU. The digger had been reported stolen some months earlier and would clearly have some role to play in the robbery. Discuss: JCBs ( yellow construction/digging vehicles) had been used before in a new version of the “smash and grab” raid known as “ram raids” What precautions should the police have taken? The River Police could not be sure when or indeed exactly how the robbery would take place On a number of days in October the gang looked as if they were about to commit the offence. On three separate days they towed a speedboat to Greenwich and placed it in the river opposite the Dome. Other activity on those days tended to indicate that the robbery was close – but strangely it didn’t materialise. Detectives were sure that there was more to this than merely a loss of nerve on the robbers’ part. They analysed the times and days of the aborted attempts and found that they had something in common – the tide. On each of the days when the robbery was aborted the tide was at its highest possible level. This was vital to the robbers’ escape, since the boat could only be launched on the north side of the Thames when the water was high. Through studying the patterns of the tide, police were able to predict the optimum times for the robbery to take place. One of these days was 7 November 2001 Discuss: Speedboat .. river.. possible mooring and launching locations.. tides.. a very obvious deduction and conclusion by the police ?

Activity 1 The Day of the Robbery Match the two parts of the sentences to complete the text. 1) At 3 a.m. on 7 November 2001, approximately 200 officers involved in Operation Magician... 2) They were prepared for a tactical operation which had been months... 3) Public safety was the prime consideration and officers had plans.... 4) Amongst those present were 40 specialist firearms officers.... 5) Others were sent into the Dome in disguise.... 6) Surveillance officers disguised as Dome employees... 7) A further 60 armed Flying Squad officers were stationed around the Thames.... Officers also moved to a number of observation points between the Old Coal Yard in Plumstead and the Dome. 8) The Dome’s CCTV room was turned into a police control room... A.

gathered at the Dome for a dawn briefing

B.

dressed as cleaners they concealed their guns in black plastic bags and rubbish bins.

C.

to ensure that the robbers could be arrested quickly and safely at any given stage during the incident.

D.

from where Det. Supt. Jon Shatford ran the whole operation.

E.

and 20 on the river itself.

F.

who would be hidden behind a secret wall within the Dome and in other places.

G.

in planning and providing contingencies for many different outcomes.

H.

also patrolled the area.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

A

Discuss: If you had been a gang member would YOU have been keeping surveillance on the Dome?

8

Timetable of events on the morning of 7 November 2001 7:26

8:11 8:39

A white Transit van registration N770 AHE was seen towing the red and white speedboat along West Ferry Rd on the Isle of Dogs. The passenger was later identified as Kevin Meredith. White Ford Transit van, registration number C673 COR, drove into the Old Coal Yard in Plumstead. The JCB was parked there. A red and white speedboat was seen travelling east along the Thames towards the Dome. The driver, later identified as Kevin Meredith, then crossed the river into Bow Creek where he tied the boat up and waited.

8:43

The JCB and van drove out of the Yard towards Plumstead. The JCB driver – later identified as Betson- was wearing a fluorescent waistcoat. The JCB traveled towards Greenwich, turning right into Anchor and Hope Lane. At this point the white van was lost. The driver was not identified and the vehicle has never been recovered.

9:07

9:33 9:35 9:36

The JCB travelled along Bugsby Way towards the Dome. It turned left beneath the A102 Blackwall Tunnel Approach and parked up out of sight. Police believe that this is where Ciarocchi, Cockram and Robert Adams got into the JCB alongside Betson. The gang had modified the cabin to fit four people. The JCB turned left into Ordnance Crescent towards the Dome. It stopped in Drawdock Road, just short of the Dome’s perimeter fence. The JCB crashed through a gap in the fence, flattening a metal bollard as it went. It headed towards Gate 4 of the Dome. The JCB rammed open the double locked gates at Gate 4 and moved into the grounds of the Dome. The speedboat crossed the Thames toward the Dome from Bow Creek. It got into position at Millennium Pier where it waited for the robbers.

9:37

The JCB crashed through the side of the Millennium Dome and careered towards the Money Zone. It braked quickly outside the diamond exhibition, and Adams, Ciarrocchi and Cockram jumped down from the cabin. All three were wearing gasmasks and body-armour. Adams and Cockram entered the vault while Ciarrocchi kept watch outside.

Inside the vault, Cockram dashed to the cabinet containing the 777-carat Millennium Star diamond. He fired into the glass with a loaded Hilti gun. Adams then set about smashing the cabinet with a sledgehammer. Having broken the glass he started on the second cabinet - where the De Beers Millennium Diamonds were displayed: eleven rare blue stones and the 777 carat flawless Millennium Star. Worth over £200 million, the diamonds are second in value only to the Crown Jewels. At this point Det Supt Jon Shatford gave the order to arrest the suspects. 9:37 Outside the vault Ciarrocchi was still keeping watch. As armed officers approached him, he threw a grenade in their direction - which exploded into a ball of blue smoke. Ciarrocchi was quickly overpowered and arrested. When searched he was found to be carrying further grenades, a firework and ammonia.

The arrests and after Damage in the vault

With the suspects outside the vault safely detained, armed officers moved towards the vault itself. Distraction devices were thrown inside as officers entered and overpowered the pair. As they handcuffed Adams they noticed a strong smell of ammonia and discovered that both he and Cockram were carrying bottles of the substance. Betson, who remained inside the JCB was also swiftly arrested and handcuffed. Armour and ammonia

Meanwhile officers on the river moved in to arrest Meredith. Armed officers deployed on three boats left their hiding places and moved towards Millennium Pier. They quickly cut off his escape route, and arrested him. Meredith was carrying a large quantity of petrol – which police believe would have been used to set fire to the boat after the robbery. A sixth man was arrested on the north side of the river Thames at the Lower Lea Crossing. He was parked in the White Ford Transit van (N770 AHE) which was seen towing the speedboat earlier that morning. The robbers were taken to different police stations in South East London for questioning. On 8 November, the following day, they were charged. Conviction and Sentence Exercise 4 Listen to the text and complete the notes On 18 February 2002 at the Old Bailey, Adams, Ciarrocchi, Cockram and Betson were convicted of conspiracy to rob and Meredith was convicted of ……………………….. Betson and Cockram were each jailed for …………………... Adams and Ciarrocchi were each jailed for 15 years and Meredith was jailed for 5 years. A sixth man involved in the robbery plot was jailed at the Old Bailey on Wednesday 20 February. Lee Wenham, aged 33, was sentenced to four years in jail …………………….to conspiracy to steal. ………………………….. he was sentenced to nine years after pleading guilty to an attempted robbery which took place at Aylesford, in Kent, in June 2000. Proceedings …………………………..against another man, 59-year-old James Wenham, who had been charged with conspiracy to rob in relation to the raid on the Dome. Exercise 5 Comprehension check. Complete the statements with the correct answer:

1) The police operation was a) poor and superficial b) massive and meticulous c) obstructed by local politicians d) detected by the gang at an early stage 2) ‘Magician’ was the codename of the a) police operation b) intervention strategy c) robbers’ plot d) gang leader 3) The gang was supposed to be a) badly organised and unarmed b) well organised and armed c) a group of criminals unknown to each other d) former security officers at the Dome 4) The getaway of the gang was a) a white van b) a mechanical digger c) a speedboat d) a tunnel through the vault 5) The day of the robbery was connected to a) an eclipse of the sun b) the position of the stars c) the phases of the moon d) Atlantic high tides 6) The police ensured that the arrest would go a) calculating a high risk to the public b) quickly although riskily c) spectacularly to set an example d) rapidly with minimal risk to the public 7) The plan of the robbery a) was known from the very beginning b) had to be carefully figured out c) had been instigated by police “agent provocateurs” d) was based on a previous foiled plan 8) The prime consideration of the police was a) their own safety b) the apprehension of the robbers c) the guarding of the diamonds d) public safety e) ensuring long prison sentences for the gang leaders 9) The police operations’ room was a) the ground floor of the police headquarters b) the Dome’s CCTV room

c) The Old Coal Yard in Whitehart Road, Plumstead d) The Old White Hart public house 10) Amongst the 200 officers involved in Operation ‘Magician’ there were a) DVU and Internal Affairs officers b) CPT and Fraud Squad officers c) Flying Squad and Specialist Firearms officers d) VAT and National Lottery protection officers Activity 2 With a partner, try to retell the story in your own words. Look in the papers or on the Internet for other such operations. Do they involve reactive or proactive approaches? Homework activity: Give a written account of a real police operation that you know about from Romania. This should be described in about 150 words. Caution in UK: ‘You do not have to say anything. But it may harm your defence if you do not mention, during questioning, something which you later rely on in court. Anything you do say may be given in evidence’. Caution in US: ‘Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law’ Activity 3 Try to classify the following actions according to the person who performs them. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. There may also be a natural sequence or “chronology” related to some actions. WORK IN GROUPS! Use the following abbreviations. Investigating Officer = (IO) Victim=(V) Witness= (W) Offender= (O) (CPS) = Crown Prosecution Service Court = (C) Investigating Victim Officer

Witness

Offender

CPS

Court

GROUP 1 to detect a crime, to report a crime, to commit a crime, to catch a criminal, to arrest a suspect, to interrogate, to make a confession, to break the law, to put an APB on a criminal, to take into custody, to browse a mug-shot book, to gather evidence, to prosecute, to send to prison, to handcuff a suspect, to commit to trial, to send to court, to take a statement, to give a statement, to release on parole, to release on probation, to plead guilty, GROUP 2 to charge, to execute a search warrant, to press charges, to drop charges, to issue an warrant, to be on call, to perpetrate a crime, to conduct a crime scene examination, to

report for duty, to follow a lead, to shadow a suspect, to apprehend a criminal, to be served with a subpoena, to admit an offence, to perform a ballistics match, to resort to the polygraph, to conceal facts, to combat crime, to conduct an interview, to exercise their right to silence, to elicit information from a suspect, to deny involvement, to establish the identity of a suspect GROUP 3 to withhold information, to request legal advice, to locate a crime, to check an alibi, to do the fingerprints’ match, to handle exhibits and evidence, to obtain a confession, to record an interview, to prove an offence, to caution a suspect, to conspire with, to view an identification parade, to accuse, to carry out an intimate search, to detain a suspect, to witness an offence, to have the power to stop and search, to be assigned to a case, to be put on a case, GROUP 4 to question a suspect, to pass sentence, to be under subpoena, to do a positive ID on somebody, to violate the law, to find guilty on all counts, to find guilty as charged, to bring charges against, to invalidate a confession, to dismiss a case, to hear a case, to disclose evidence, to arrest in anticipation of violent behaviour, to reach a verdict, to return a verdict, to sign a restraining order, to institute criminal proceedings, to testify, to arrest on suspicion of murder Activity 4 Word association Each of these four words below can be linked by one other word. All the words are to do with police matters. What are the missing link words? 1. intimate

body

house-to-house

underwater vehicle

2. investigating

custody

duty

arresting

crime prevention

3. first-time

juvenile

repeat

habitual

4. detention

search

arrest

eviction

5. open-and-shut

hit-and-run

murder

unsolved

Activity 5

What’s in a name?

When a criminal is caught by the police he is first (a)(an) ……..…….., then (a)(an) …………….., after that (a)(an)……………, probably both the …………………… and the ………………….. when he is in court, after sentencing he is a frequently (a)(an) ……………………………! Choose from the following and put them in the right order: arrestee, detainee, convict, suspect, accused, defendant, chargee. Are there any other possible stages (with names!) for a criminal? Grammar focus

Modal verbs can also express possibility- may, could or might for greater doubt to replace phrases such as ‘it is possible’, ‘maybe’, ‘perhaps’, ‘it is likely’ etc; probability or deductions - must to replace phrases such as ‘it is probable, it is almost certain, I am sure, etc. and impossibility - can’t or couldn’t to replace phrases such as ‘it is impossible that’, ‘it is unlikely that’.

Exercise 6 Re-phrase the following sentences by using an appropriate modal verb. EXAMPLES It is possible to invalidate a confession under the provisions of the Codes. A confession may be invalidated under the provisions of the Codes. Probably the accused failed to mention facts to the police. The accused must have failed to mention facts to the police. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The confession is likely to be unreliable. It was possible that the action employed by the police was unfair. It is impossible that the interviewing officers bullied the suspect. Possibly the judge will direct the jury to ignore the evidence. It is almost certain that the defendant was drinking with the victim on the night of the mugging. 6. Probably the jury took into consideration the defendant’s mental condition when passing such a light sentence. 7. It is likely that the defendant benefited from mitigating circumstances. 8. The police were positive that the suspect had previous experience of being interviewed at a police station. 9. It is possible that the police have made more limited disclosure of evidence than is normal. 10. I’m sure that the witness didn’t see as much as he claimed to have seen. Exercise 7 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the infinitive (active or passive) or the – ing form. When (1) ………………………. (investigate) crime, the police choose between reactive and proactive policing. The reactive approach involves the police in (2) ……………….. (respond) to public calls for help. It has the advantages that the police operate openly and in response to real public demand and with the consent of the public. When (3) ………………. …..(not answer) calls, the police are expected (4) ………………….. (patrol) openly (5) ……………….. (deter) wrongdoing – but it has been pointed out that the strategy, especially patrolling, is very inefficient – the police rarely bump into criminals who are on their way home from a burglary. The proactive approach involves (6) …………………. (build) up pictures of threats to law and order and potential criminality through the targeting of potential criminals and the surveillance. Intelligence is vital so that threats can (7) ……………………….. (identify) and appropriate counter-measures (8)…………….. (take). This form of policing tends (9) …………….. (involve) specialist squads who are reliant on the analysis of crime patterns and information from the informants.

Activity 6 A key part in modern criminal investigation is played by DNA testing. This activity is based on materials from the UK Forensic Science Service (FSS). www.fss.org.uk These are two of their FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions. Q: Can a DNA profile ever be exclusive to one person? A: Apart from the case of genetically identical twins, the DNA contained in every person’s cells is different from that contained by any other person. The FSS looks at eleven information sites using the current DNA profiling technique Q: What is the best reference sample to submit – a blood sample, a buccal scrape or hair sample? A: DNA can be extracted from any cells that contain a structure called the nucleus. This is where the DNA resides within the cell. Nucleated cells are found in (white) blood cells, buccal (cheek) cells, spermatozoa, vaginal cells, hair root sheath cells and body tissue cells. The choice of the appropriate reference sample depends on the case. The DNA unit would prefer to receive blood samples because of the ease of processing. Alternative samples such as buccal scrapes (as used for the National DNA Database) or hair samples (pulled) may be taken. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) gives the police powers to take buccal scrapes or hair roots (non-intimate samples), by force, in certain circumstances and with the authority of a very senior police officer. Activity 9 Put together the parts of the sentences to get true information about SALIVA stains 1. DNA in saliva can be analysed from a variety of places 2. The DNA is NOT present in the liquid saliva

A. is very variable. B. for example, swabs from the body, drinking .

3. There are occasions when DNA may be recovered from drinking vessels or straws or even food 4. It is impossible to predict the quantity

C. while a well-chewed cigar butt would have many. D. so all items should be stored frozen or submitted to the laboratory as soon as possible. E. of any mouth cells in any saliva sample or stain.

5. For this reason the success rate of DNA profiling on saliva 6. A partially smoked cigarette may have few cells present 7. DNA in mouth cells is very prone to degradation due to high numbers of bacteria in the mouth

1 B

2

3

F. but currently this is rare. G. but in mouth (buccal) cells which are shed (released) into the saliva.

4

5

6

7

UNIT 4

CRIME, INVESTIGATION AND SOCIAL RELEVANCE

In this unit, after some revision activities, we look briefly at the safety of the citizen, considering the responsibilities of the police to investigate crime. The unit also highlights the social pressures which the police find themselves under and some of the factors which lead to successful (or unsuccessful) results. The race issue- from the troubled times of the 1950s and 1960s in the USA and in modern Britain- is one that should be taken into careful consideration by anyone studying crime in contemporary European or American society. The bombing of a Jewish Temple in Atlanta, Georgia in 1958 and of the Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963, may not seem to have much to “teach” the contemporary police officer. However, the issues involved were and are highly complex and all-too-relevant, as the 2000 case involving the murder of a young Nigerian boy in London shows. On a different level, the FBI investigation of fraud connected with murder underlines the fact that more “white-collar criminals are turning to violence to achieve their ends.”

Exercise 1 Procedures for criminal investigation and prosecution Complete the words to describe criminal investigation and prosecution procedures 1. First, the police m…………….. an a………….. 2. The police t………….. the sus…………….. to the police station. 3. Perhaps the police h……………. an identity p………………… 4. The wit……………….. may identify the suspect from an identity p…………….. or from photographs in the data base – known as criminal rec……………. 5. To help identification of suspects, detectives use computers to construct “identi-kit” or “ph……………- kit” likenesses of the suspect. 6. In serious crimes, these photographic likenesses may appear on pos …………… which are displayed outside police stations or in public places. 7. They always int……………….. the sus……………. 8. The police t………………… sam………. – fingerprints, head-hair, dirt from clothes, fibres etc. 9. The police l…………… a charge as soon as possible. 10. The suspect h……… the right to contact a l ………….. 11. The police either rel………… the defendant on bail or, in more serious cases, they t……………… the defendant before a mag………………. to hold the defendant on r…………. 12. In the court proceedings, the mag…………………… . h…………… the evidence alone in less serious cases. 13. In more serious cases, there is a jud……………….. who hears the evidence. Again, in more serious cases, there is a ju………………., usually consisting of 12 members. The ju …………………….reaches a v…………………………… after hearing all the ev………………………… . 14. In English law, there are only 2 possible v……………… - “Guilty” or “ Not Guilty”.

15. If the v……………. is guilty, the court (judge or magistrate ) p…………… sen…………. 16. The sentence for off………………… is different according to the nature of the offence, summary or indictable (petty or serious) ( USA ; misdemeanor or felony). 17. The jurisdiction of the courts is diff………….. acc……………… to the nature of the offence, too. 18. Prisoners who are given cus…………………………. sentences may be sent to “open” or closed prisons. 19. The first category of prison is reserved for prisoners who have comm……………… less serious offences. 20. “Closed” prisons are for criminals who have comm____________________ serious offences. 21. Some offenders may be h______________ in “solitary confinement” if they are at risk from attack by other prisoners. For example, offenders in child abuse or sex crimes involving children. 22. The death penalty or “cap …………. punishment” does not exist in Britain but is still used in many states of the United States. 23. Many prisoners are entitled to apply for par……………….. after having served a certain number of years of their sentence. 24. If the par…………… board (committee) considers the prisoner is not a risk or danger to the community, he may be released “on par …………..”. He will have to report to a “par…………….” officer who is usually a “prob……………………officer”.

Exercise 2

Sentence transformations

Rewrite each of the following sentences to mean the same as the sentence printed before it. Use the words given. Two EXAMPLES are given. EXAMPLE: You will end up in trouble! Behave yourself! If …………………… ANSWER: If you don’t behave yourself you will end up in trouble!

EXAMPLE: Would you like me to call the police? Shall ………………………………? ANSWER: Shall I call the police? 1. My advice to you is to call the police. I think you …………………………………………………………………… 2. The policeman told us to fit new locks on all our doors and windows. He suggested …………………………………………………………………. 3. The thief didn’t wear gloves so he left a lot of fingerprints. If the thief …………………………………..………………………………………. 4. Thieves broke into our house when we were on holiday. Our house ……………………………………………………………………..

5. Please come to the conference! I’d be grateful ..………………………………………………………………… 6. No, Jerry definitely didn’t steal the jewels. I had the only keys with me. Jerry couldn’t …………………………………………………………………. 7. The police informed the reporters that the number of crimes had decreased. The reporters ………………………………….……………………………….. 8. Recruiting more police would mean a fall in crime rates! If we …………………………………………………………………………… 9. It was impossible for them to complete all the paperwork on time! They ………………………..………………………………………………….. 10. If there is a road traffic accident causing injury the police are obliged to make a full report. The police …………………………………………………………………………….

Activity 1 Before hearing about a case in England, read the following text and discuss the issues involved. Race trail pricks Norway’s Conscience Andew Osborn, The Guardian Weekly, January 2002

Norway, which fancied itself to be free of the xenophobia which infects other Nordic societies, has been forced to confront a less palatable reality. The verdict is expected this week in a trial of three neo-Nazis accused of stabbing a black teenager to death, simply because they did not like the colour of his skin. Prosecutors demanded the maximum sentence of 21 years for one man. 19 years and 4 months for another and a lesser sentence of two and a half years for a third defendant. It is Norway’s first recorded racially motivated murder. The killing, which, in the words of the former Prime Minister, Jens Stoltenberg, marked a “watershed’ in Norway’s history, happened in January 2001. Benjamin Hermansen, a 15 year-old boy of mixed Norwegian-Ghanaian extraction, was attacked only 500 metres from his home in an Oslo suburb. He died of multiple stabbing wounds and had received a severe kicking. Joe Erling Jahr, 20, one of the defendants had admitted stabbing “Benny”, but said he had “ just wanted to give him a scratch” and that the death was an accident. But another of the defendants, Veronica Andreassen, 18, told the court that she, Jahr and a third accused. Ole Nicolae Kvisler, 22, went looking for “foreigners” in their car and she picked out Benny Hermansen as a perfect target.

Activity 2 Listening POLICE ACTION UNDER SCRUTINY IN DAMILOLA TAYLOR TRIAL LISTEN TO THE ACCOUNT OF DAMILOLA TAYLOR’S DEATH Complete the details in the box PERSONS 6 passersby who ………………………… ……………………………………………. ……………………………………………. - 3 youths ………………………………… ……………………………………………. ……………………………………………. - Mr Mark Parsons ……………………….. ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. - Maynard Cox George …………………… ………………………………………… ………………………………………… - Mohammed ElNagdy………………………………………… ………………………………………………… ………………………………… - Jordan Fayemi…………………………………… ………………………………………………… ……………………………………… - Superintendent Rob Jarman ………………………………………………… ……………………………………… - Gloria Taylor ………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ENVIRONMENT - housing estate (council blocks)………………. ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… - street lighting ………………………………… ……………………………………………….. ……………………………………………….. - rubbish chute ………………………………… ………………………………………………..

TIMES/DATES

-

-

four months ago (August 2000) …………… ……………………………………………… 4:45 p.m ………..…………………………….………… ……………………………….…….. 5 p.m. ………………………………………………… ……………………………………… “minutes later” ………………………….. …………………………………………… PLACES

-

-

-

stairwell in the council apartment block ……………………………………………. ……………………………………………. North Peckham Estate ……….………...……………………………… ………………………………… Oliver Goldsmith Primary School ………………………………………………… ………………………………… Blakes Road ………………………… ………………………………………. OFFENCES AND ANTI-SOCIAL ACTIVITIES bullying ………………………………………………… ………………………………… stabbing ………………………………………… ………………………………………… stealing ………………………………………... ………………………………………... taunts (racist or “You’re gay!”) ………………………………………... ………………………………………... attack (assault) ……………………………………….. ………………………………………..

Activity 3

A Racist Crime?

What’s your opinion? AGREE OR DISAGREE? 1. The crime had racist overtones. 2. The suspects were also victims of their environment. 3. The school should have taken the bullying of Damilola more seriously. 4. The police should have been more vigilant in such a high-risk area. 5. The local people should have been more aware of the need to protect their community. 6. The planning of such housing estates should be much more carefully done. 7. Such a murder emphasises the inherent racism in British society. 8. The fact that the family got an apartment from the Council shows the positive side of British society. 9. The family should have been more careful, knowing the risks of racist attacks in London. 10. The perpetrators should be kept in prison for life. 11. Public opinion will have been shocked by this murder. 12. The police will have a relatively easy task in finding the offenders.

Activity 4 Consider the vocabulary items in the box. How many of these words would you consider to be absolutely essential “core vocabulary” for your own language progress? VOCABULARY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

bleak: miserable, unpleasant, unattractive to taunt: provoke or attack a person with words; abuse verbally drenching: making very wet to stem: stop the flow of (blood) to piece together : to put the pieces (of the incident) together to be slashed: to be cut through very badly to settle (down); to adjust to a different way of life or different environment bulldozed: to be made flat by bulldozers to swear at someone : to use vulgar or obscene language at someone to call someone names: to abuse someone verbally to take something seriously: to consider something to be serious to bump into: to meet someone by chance a black eye: the wound resulting from a blow or punch in the eye to sift through: to examine very carefully 15. rubbish chute: rubbish disposal system in the apartment blocks

Activity 5

Now read the following text for more recent developments POLICE ACTION UNDER SCRUTINY IN DAMILOLA TAYLOR TRIAL Astrid Zweynert, Reuter February 27 2002 Police have suffered another blow when a judge cleared a defendant on trial for the murder of Damilola Taylor and threw out the evidence of the prosecution’s main witness. The judge criticised the police for breaking rules and offering inducements to their key witness, a 14 year-old schoolgirl, which had contributed to making her evidence unreliable. The defence said officers gave the girl clothes and mobile phones and told her she was more likely to get a ₤50000 newspaper reward if she said she saw the killing, as police believe she did. Justice Anthony Hooper said there was “a very real danger” that detectives persuaded the girl to tell lies when they offered her the inducements to convince her to give evidence in court. “No part of the evidence which is adverse to any defendant can be relied upon,” Justice Hooper told the jury at London’s Old Bailey. Even though the trial against the other three juvenile defendants continues, Wednesday’s ruling once again put the spotlight on police practices in high-profile cases. A government report in 1999 lashed the Metropolitan Police for its bungled investigation into the murder of black teenager, Steven Lawrence, who was stabbed to death by a gang of white youths in 1993 as he waited at a bus stop. His killers have never been brought to justice. Both cases sparked soul-searching in Britain and led to calls for a crackdown on gang violence and thuggery. Police chiefs say the force has worked hard to clean up its image, but the pressure to solve crime is acute as street crime in the capital rockets, with figures in January 2002 49% higher than a year before. Cortenay Griffiths, QC, a defence lawyer in the Taylor case, told the court that police had “manufactured” the schoolgirl to become their “star” witness because they could not afford another unsolved murder like that in the Lawrence case. Griffiths said criticism aimed at the police after the Lawrence enquiry had motivated officers to “break every rule in the book” in their handling of the schoolgirl, who cannot be named for legal reasons. The defence said officers had told the girl that she could help one of the defendants, who was her friend, by saying she saw the killing. According to the defence, she was also told that reward money offered by a newspaper would be “more guaranteed” if she said she had witnessed the murder. Defence lawyers produced evidence that she and her mother had run up a ₤ 4100 hotel bill before the trial and that police had bought her clothes, mobile phones and had paid ₤ 1000 of telephone calls to her friends.

Police admitted to the hotel bills and to buying the girl clothes and giving her two mobile phones, but denied that this was meant to entice her into giving evidence at the trial. Exercise 3 Read the text and answer the questions: TRUE or FALSE or NOT CLEARLY STATED 1. The police offered rewards to the girl to give false evidence. 2. The judge stated that the police acted in a way that made the truth more difficult to identify. 3. Some of the main witness’s evidence may still be used in court. 4. Police inducements to the girl had included money payments to her and her mother. 5. The girl was related to one of the accused. 6. Police chiefs say that the image of the Metropolitan Police is not compromised as people are generally satisfied because of the falling crime rate. 7. Criticism of the police over their conduct in the Stephen Lawrence case has meant that police are under pressure to solve the Taylor case by any means. 8. The hotel bills involved friends staying with the girl. 9. The trial itself is now compromised and the case may be dismissed. 10. The police hope there will be a more successful outcome to this case than to the Lawrence case. 11. The girl has already been promised money by a newspaper for her story 12. One of the accused has been released as a result of the fact that her evidence is unreliable. Exercise 4 Find words from the text in the box which mean …

inducements/ blow / adverse / soul-searching / rockets / run-down ambushed/ put the spotlight on / high-profile / bungled / lashed / entice / be relied on A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M.

a setback; a reversal ( suffer a …..) to encourage someone by offering something; to tempt a person (Verb) extremely important, especially for the media attacked without any warning; (a surprise attack) harmful to ; against a person to focus carefully on something or somebody increases rapidly examination of people’s values, attitudes and priorities criticised very severely offers or rewards given to a person for information, help or support in a very poor condition; neglected badly handled or managed to be counted on; to be believed

The Temple Bombing – Atlanta, Georgia, October 1958 Material taken from Melissa Fay Greene’s “The Temple Bombing”, (1997), Vintage Press, Random House, London. GROUP READING: Introduction

THE TEMPLE BOMBING This activity relates to an incident in Atlanta, Georgia in October 1958. There are 4 different texts. The class should be divided into students who read text A, who read text B, who read text C and those who read text D. Students should use dictionaries to deal with unknown words. After reading ONE text and answering the questions, students should then form into groups of 4, with a combination of A, B, C, and D “text-readers”. The 4 students should exchange and complete the information by means of SPOKEN reports about the part they had read. In this way, all students should have knowledge about all aspects of the case without necessarily having read all 4 texts. This may be done at a later date, as a homework assignment or for selfstudy.

TEXT A

THE ATLANTA POLICE FORCE

It was a widely respected police-force, an award-winning police force. Murders were solved, speeding autos were apprehended, drunks and transients were dealt with, order was maintained. In the 1950s, the secret of exposing wrongdoers lay not primarily in the retrieval of microscopic evidence from a crime scene (although the FBI was making rapid strides in matching bullets to gun types and Detective W.K. Perry solved a rape case in 1957 by matching pubic hairs and underwear fibres). The emphasis was on knowing about people’s characters – the ability to spot a “bad apple”, to recognise suspicious behaviour, to make out an alibi as “not holding water” and the ability to break a suspect under interrogation and pressure. Good, upstanding moral character radiated from the top- from Mayor Hartsfield and from Chief of Police Jenkins and from all the clean-cut, straight-arrow, square-shouldered police officers on the force – white and black- because the force had been integrated under Hartsfield and Jenkins since 1948. Social deviants in the community stuck out like the proverbial “sore thumb”, especially in Atlanta. Here, the city’s civilized acknowledgment of the Supreme Court’s ruling on integration was being implemented at the highest levels. Elsewhere in the South, mayors, police chief, city councillors were cutting themselves loose from the rule of law. While long lines of social misfits followed their example. Community leaders ignored the federal courts and the directives from Washington – it was like opening the doors of the insane asylum! Klan-robed trash paraded through the streets, they bribed and accepted bribes from public officials and knew themselves to be untouchable. But in Atlanta, the names of the trouble-makers were known, appeared on the police chief’s desk and the police patrols were instructed to drive slowly through certain areas looking for trouble.

Text A Answer the questions by choosing the best alternative , a, b, c, or d. 1. The Atlanta police force was

a) corrupt and inefficient c) competent and capable

b) racist and intolerant d) linked to the Ku Klux Klan

2. Police investigative work in Atlanta relied very much on a) forensic accuracy b) lucky “breaks” c) FBI –provided data d) basic psychology and experience 3. Social deviants (potential lawbreakers) in Atlanta were a) concealed by the police b) kept under surveillance c) allowed to cause trouble without fear of punishment d) discouraged by the Klan and other white supremacist groups. 4. The situation in Atlanta was

a) b) c) d)

quite different from other cities in the South much less tolerant than other places about the same as most cities in the Southern states extremely tense with Klan leaders in control

5. The City leaders and officials in Atlanta

TEXT B

a) b) c) d)

were known for their corrupt practices had a high moral code rejected Washington’s directives were in the pay of the Ku Klux Klan

THE MAIN SUSPECTS

At the top of Police Chief Jenkins list of suspects in the Temple bombing were the men arrested that summer for the anti-Semitic picketing of the newspaper trial. (The Constitution had been charged with publishing anti-Jewish statements and was found guilty.) George Bright, Chester Griffin, Luther Corley all members of the white extremist organisation, the National States Rights Party (NSRP). The Atlanta police moved towards locating, detaining and questioning these men. But the FBI had earlier gone a step further than the Atlanta police. They had had an informant within the NSRP almost from the beginning. George Bright had been suspicious of informants infiltrating their group and he was right in his suspicions. L.E. Rogers –a vulgar, overweight, out-of-pocket, unskilled janitor services man. He was an FBI spy- or in the language of the day- a sneak. He had joined both the NSRP and the KKK for the purposes of relaying information to the FBI- he had done it, according to his own high-minded statements, for the highest motives of citizenship. Meanwhile he earned $50 to $75 for each report and had earned $1,150 by October 1958, filling the FBI files with reports of discussions such as the one in May 1958, where the NSRP members’ talk was of shooting down Jews in the streets. The FBI therefore concurred with the Atlanta Police Department, contributing three more names: the brothers Richard and Robert Bowling, known since boyhood for trouble-making and experimenting with explosives, and who had been spotted recently in the company of some of the South’s most dangerous extremists.

TEXT B Answer the questions by choosing one of the alternatives a, b, c or d. 1. The Atlanta police

a) had no really clear suspects b) did not know of the extremist activities c) was fairly sure who was involved d) knew all the suspects at once

2. The FBI informant was

a) motivated only by high moral principles b) claimed he was acting only for the good of the country c) open about his financial reasons for being a spy d) a man of good character and education

3. The NSRP members were

a) totally unaware that there might be a spy among them b) aware of the possibility that they were being spied on c) aware of Rogers’ role but were feeding him false information d) able to identify Rogers easily

4. NSRP meetings were

a) harmless and innocent b) only social occasions c) full of racial hatred and extremist ideas d) taken over by the Ku Klux Klan for their own purposes

5. The Bowling brothers were

a) unknown to the police and FBI b) already in the files c) not known for extremist opinions d) generally considered harmless

TEXT C

ONE SUSPECT APPREHENDED

On Monday 13 October 1958, the day after the bombing, Atlanta police detectives were sent out by Police Chief Jenkins to arrest the suspects. Robert Bowling was apprehended without incident, but Chester Griffin and Richard Bowling had disappeared. The moment that Griffin learned of the bombing- on the morning of the bombing-, he guessed that he would be the target of a massive manhunt and had taken off. He had gone to Stone Mountain in search of James Venable, the Imperial Wizard of the National Knights of the Klan, who had represented Griffin and the others when they were arrested for picketing the Constitution trial. “ Knowing the warped minds of the FBI, the Atlanta police, the Anti-Defamation League and the Atlanta newspapers, I well enough anticipated what lay in store for me. They had already broadcast that regardless of whether I was guilty or innocent, they were going to come over and try to pin anything that happened on me. So, that’s why I drove out to Stone Mountain and tried to get in touch with Mr Venable.” But Venable was out. Griffin delayed returning home. “I decided the best thing to do was to lay low and try to get in touch with my attorney first thing bright and early on Monday morning,” he said later.

“So, I went to East Point and saw a show and then I came back to Atlanta and caught a cab and went over to Highland Theater and I saw it was the same one I had already seen, so I just stayed around that drug store at the corner of Highland and Greenland until the show at the Plaza was due to come on, and finally around eight o’clock, I went on to that show and it was a long one and it was about 11:30 before I got out and I walked across the street, caught a taxi at the Briarclif Hotel, went home. When I got home, there were 2 FBI men and a city policeman who surrounded me and they didn’t … they tried to prevent me from paying the taxi operator and it was necessary to shove them out of the way before I could do so. I hollered for my brother so he would know what was happening and do something about it, and I demanded that they show me a warrant for my arrest which they did not have and they commenced questioning me about where I had been. Text C Answer the questions by choosing one of the alternatives a, b, c, or d 1. Griffin reacted by

a) calling his lawyer b) staying home c) fleeing the city and hiding d) giving himself up

2. He claimed that

a) he would be treated fairly by the authorities b) he would be falsely charged c) he would be falsely accused d) he would be tortured until he confessed

3. His alibi story

a) was lacking in detail b) accounted for a day when he wasn’t suspected of anything c) was full of holes and obvious contradictions d) accounted for the time of the bombing

4. Griffin claimed the police and FBI

a) dragged him out of the taxi b) prevented him from getting out of the taxi c) beat him up and shoved him around d) stopped him giving the driver the fare

5. If what Griffin said is true the FBI and Atlanta Police a) acted incorrectly b) acted unconstitutionally c) used brutal methods d) planted evidence on the suspect

TEXT D

ANOTHER SUSPECT: Wallace Allen

Detective W.K. Perry drove forty minutes north of town to arrest Wallace Allen. Allen was home when the detectives appeared. He let his dog loose on them. “Well, we had a warrant to go up there and arrest him,” said Perry, later the chief of homicide. “We got up there and he had a chain link fence right up against the sidewalk and the gate was closed. He had a large front yard to his house and he was on the porch. I told him I had two uniformed men with me as well as my partner. I started to open the gate and he told me not to come in the yard. He was real arrogant. And I told him who I was and I said, “I’ve got a warrant for your arrest.” About that time he turned his dog loose on us. He called him “Adolf”- that was the dog’s name and the dog started running towards the gate. Well, I knew I was going in that gate, so I off and told him “When that dog gets to this gate, I’m going to kill it.” So, I pulled my gun and the dog stopped just before it got to the gate. He hollered at him and he stopped, because I would have shot him.” “ But anyway we went on in, and he had a picture of Hitler over the mantle with little electric candles burning underneath it. He was in the printing business. He had all kinds of pamphlets that

he would print. We were looking for explosives or anything pertaining to the bombing, but we didn’t find it.”

Text D Answer the questions by choosing the best alternative from a, b, c, or d. 1. Perry set out to arrest Allen

a) with uniformed officers and his partner b) alone c) with agents from the FBI d) through the local sheriff

2. Allen had ..

a) locked himself in his house b) opened fire with a gun when Perry appeared c) given himself up immediately d) tried to intimidate the officers

3. Allen’s personality seems to have been

a) rational and reasonable b) provocative and aggressive c) totally crazy d) weak and submissive

4. The inside of Allen’s home was

a) nothing out of the ordinary b) full of explosives and bomb-making materials c) indicative of his extremist politics d) decorated in Nazi emblems and symbols

5. Incriminating evidence

a) was not found at all b) was found in the form of explosives c) was found in the form of racist pamphlets d) had been hidden from the police

ALL THE CLASS SHOULD READ THE NEXT TEXT THE TEMPLE BOMBING: the limits of forensic science in 1958 One hundred officers were assigned to the case, given highest priority by Chief Herbert Jenkins. FBI laboratory technicians were flown in from Washington. Police departments in Alabama, Florida and Tennessee opened their bombing files to the Atlanta police. Atlanta detectives were paired with FBI agents to visit hotels, and railway, bus and air terminals; they set up roadblocks on Peachtree and questioned drivers; and knocked on doors in a block-by-block search of the area around the Temple. On Monday, detectives announced the recovery from the rubble of a piece of brown wrapping paper, which they turned over to the FBI. In an announcement to the press, FBI

laboratory experts confirmed that the paper was “similar to that used in wrapping dynamite.” This was the extent of the information collected at the crime scene. GRAMMAR FOCUS The remainder of this text concentrates on what … could have happened might have happened would have happened if modern FBI and Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Agents (ATF) ….

had visited the scene. had had better equipment

Exercise 5

Complete with a suitable modal form

If modern FBI and ATF experts had visited the Temple on October 12 1958, they (1) (recover) __________________________________ chemicals, gunpowder, fuse fragments, footprints and tire markings. Within a few weeks, they (2) (know) _____________________________ precisely the type of nitroglycerine used in the bomb, how much of the substance was “available” in America. They (3) (find out) __________________________________ the names of people with access to it, how it (4) (transport) _____________________________ into Georgia and whether it had been in any of the vehicles or houses of the suspects. They (5) (know) __________________________________ what kind of timing device was used and (6) (check) ________________________________ in what other locations such a device had been used. Whereas the 1958 experts announced the recovery of a small piece of brown wrapping paper that they thought was “similar” to that used to wrap dynamite, modern experts (7) (know) ____________________________ precisely. Not all brown wrapping paper is identical. The piece of wrapping paper recovered from the bomb crater (8) (reveal) _________________________________ a lot of information to modern experts, it (9) (be imprinted) ___________________________________ with a grain of gunpowder, a fleck of skin, a hair follicle or even a fingerprint that (10)

(cause) _________________________________________ computers to become active and lights to flash back at headquarters. If modern detectives (11) (be airlifted) _______________________________ to the crime scene, via a time machine, the whole, dark history of the South (12) (be altered) _____________________________. Where there were no arrests, there (13) (be) _____________________ arrests, arrests but no convictions, there (14) (be) _____________________convictions. The children killed in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963 might be alive today, raising children in an integrated world because the criminals who bombed their church (15) (be identified) ________________________________ earlier or (16) (be imprisoned) ______________________________________ for their earlier crimes. Weak, vague alibis (17) (sound) _______________________________ even more feeble confronted by the poster-sized blow-up of a suspect’s fingerprint on a timing device or electronic voice recognition evidence from surveillance microphones. Almost forty years ago, all the police could say with any degree of certainty was that whoever had planted the bomb was knowledgeable about explosives.

They “believed” that funds for the bombing had come from sources outside the South. They “believed” that the bombing was linked to others around the South. They “knew” the bomb had been wrapped in paper commonly used for wrapping dynamite. “The bombing was definitely done by someone who knew his explosives,” said one detective in a news conference. “An amateur tends to set the fuse so that only one or two sticks explode and the rest just scatter.” That “knowledge” narrowed down the field of suspects to several thousand army veterans and munitions experts!

Activity 6 Read the details of an “old” case with a fairly recent end result! Church Bombing Case at a Glance Important dates in the investigation of the 1963 bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. September 15 1963 Dynamite bomb explodes outside Sunday service at 16th Street Baptist Church, killing 11 year-old Denise McNair and 14 year-olds Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson and Addie Mae Collins and injuring 20 others. May 11 1965 FBI memorandum to director, J.Edgar Hoover concludes the bombing was the work of former KuKluXKlansmen, Robert E.Chambliss, Bobby Frank Cherry, Herman Frank Cash and Thomas Blanton Jr.

- 1968 FBI closes its investigation without filing charges - 1971 Alabama Attorney-General Bill Baxley reopens investigation November 18 1977 Chambliss convicted on a state murder charge and sentenced to life in prison. - 1980 Justice Department report concludes Hoover had blocked prosecution of the Klansmen in 1965 October 29 1985 Chambliss dies in prison, still professing his innocence. - 1988 Alabama Attorney-General Don Siegelman reopens the case, which is closed without action - 1993 Birmingham-area black leaders meet with FBI, and agents secretly begin new review of the case February 7 1994 Cash dies July 1997 Cherry interrogated in Texas; FBI investigation becomes public knowledge October 1998 Federal Grand Jury in Alabama begins hearing evidence May 2000 Blanton and Cherry surrender on murder indictments returned by grand jury in Birmingham April 10 2001 Judge delays Cherry trial, citing defendant’s medical problems amid questions about Cherry’s mental competency May 17 2001 Blanton convicted of murder and sentences to life imprisonment. Activity 7 Discuss the following issues with a colleague. 1. What do you think the case illustrates about the American justice system? 2. Without the pressure in the 1990s under a Clinton regime, do you think the investigations would have been re-opened? 3. How would the majority of Americans react to this most recent verdict? 4. Do you think the FBI engaged in some sort of cover-up? 5. Find some information on the Grand Jury. Does it seem like a necessary step? 6. What laws are there in Romania relating to the time a crime has been committed and when a person may be charged with that crime? 7. What laws relate to “double jeopardy” i.e. not being able to try a person twice for the same crime? Activity 8 “SIDS” or Murder? From the FBI homepage www.fbi.gov White Collar and Violent Crime: The blurred line Baby Tara was Dina Abdel Haq’s second healthy infant to die mysteriously in just over a year. The death of her first child in September 1994, only 18 days old, was attributed to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), a diagnosis applied where the cause of death remains unexplained after an autopsy, investigation and review of the family medical history. Seven week old Tara'’ death in November 1995 was also a medical mystery, but different in one significant way. Approximately two weeks before Tara’s death, Abdel Haq had purchased a $200,000 life insurance policy, naming herself as the sole beneficiary. She submitted a claim within two months of Tara’s death.

Despite what seemed a heinous possibility, that she had killed Tara for the insurance money, no state charges were brought. There was neither physical evidence of a murder nor any medical or forensic indicators. The autopsy was negative and Abdel Haq had herself placed a very emotional 911 call to the local police department after the baby died. At first, nothing except the life insurance policy seemed to point to a motive for murder, but a federal investigation was launched. There was not enough evidence to successfully prosecute the case as murder. Therefore, a special agent from the Chicago field office investigated the case with an eye to prosecuting it as a fraud. The agent did research on SIDS and found reports suggesting that multiple SIDS deaths in a single family were most likely the result of homicide by a parent. The Special Agent worked with the US Assistant Attorney’s Office on the theory that baby Tara had not died of SIDS but had been suffocated by a troubled young mother. By proving murder, they would be able to prosecute the case federally as a fraud against the insurance company and the murder of the child could be considered “relevant conduct” during sentencing. The evidence began slowly to point to the truth. The initial investigation revealed that Abdel Haq was addicted to gambling, having engaged in a series of financial crimes, insurance frauds and health care frauds for years to obtain money to support her addiction. Original gambling records documented Abdel Haq’s winnings at Illinois riverboat casinos and established her whereabouts on important days, proving that she had lied on numerous occasions to insurance investigators. Further, Abdel Haq was found to have submitted claims to at least 8 insurance companies regarding various thefts, accidents and injuries she allegedly suffered since 1980. The Special Agent combined the information he had subpoenaed from public and private agencies with other evidence including police reports of Abdel Haq’s confessions to petty crimes, domestic incidence reports and civil lawsuits where Abdel Haq was the defendant. The Agent created a comprehensive crime time-line from 1980 through 1998, showing an increasingly common pattern of criminal conduct. The circumstantial evidence was overwhelming and in February 1999, a federal jury in Chicago returned a guilty verdict in the case on all counts. AT the conclusion of the onemonth trial with many witnesses and hundreds of exhibits, the jury found that beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had deliberately killed Tara, thus committing a fraud against the insurance company. Abdel Haq was sentenced on September 8 1999 to 21 years incarceration, a substantially higher sentence than for normal mail fraud, to make the punishment consistent with the magnitude of her crime. Attorneys for Abdel Haq immediately filed an appeal but on April 7 2001, the Appellate Court unanimously upheld the conviction of Dina Abdel Haq.

Answer the questions about the text. Choose the ONE best answer. Do NOT mark more than one alternative. 1. SIDS is a) a classification of infant disease b) a classification of unexplained death c) an established medical diagnosis d) a classification of a crime 2. Family medical history means…

a) the health pattern within a family b) the number of healthy members in a family c) the details and background of the family doctor d) the number of hospitalisations in a family

3. The mother had taken out the insurance policy when a) Tara was 18 days old b) Tara was five weeks old c) Tara was seven weeks old d) The day Tara was born 4. According to the insurance policy… a) the mother would receive US$ 200,000 in the event of the death of the insured b) the mother and father would receive the insurance money only if the claim was submitted within two months c) no insurance money would be paid if the death occurred within the first two months d) the mother would receive US$ 200,000 in the event of the death of a child under two months old 5. The medical evidence seemed … a) to indicate a cleverly disguised murder b) to be inconclusive c) to indicate a possible undetected medical cause of death d) to point to an accident which had been covered up 6. The mother’s behaviour immediately after the baby died was described as being a) highly suspicious b) highly distressed c) cold and calculating d) extremely calm 7. The FBI agent’s research showed that a) multiple SIDS cases often occurred in poorer families b) parental homicide was common in multiple SIDS cases c) parents who committed other crimes were often involved in multiple SIDS cases d) multiple SIDS cases were most likely related to fraud 8. After consultation, the FBI agent decided to a) prosecute the case as murder but with mitigating circumstances b) treat the mother as a disturbed person and not pursue the investigation c) carry out a murder investigation on behalf of the insurance company d) investigate the strong possibility of fraud

9. The initial investigation concentrated on a) the mother’s involvement in crime to pay for her addiction to drugs b) the mother’s previous criminal activities to pay for her betting addiction c) the mother’s previous neglect of her child because of her addiction d) the mother’s involvement in crime to pay for her lawyers in other criminal cases 10. The false insurance claims Abdel Haq had made between 1980 and 1995 related to a) accidental injuries she had supposedly received b) the costs of contesting custody hearings for the first child c) the accidental death of her husband in a car crash d) increased unemployment benefits which she was entitled to from public aid funds. 11. The FBI Agent’s gathering of the evidence showed a lot of information came as a result of a) extremely methodical investigation b) Abdelhaq’s own confession to the murder charge c) a raid on an Illinois riverboat casino d) the public telephoning the FBI with evidence 12. When the case went to court the jury… a) was confused by the large amount of evidence and returned an incorrect guilty verdict b) found the defendant guilty of the lesser charge of fraud but not guilty of murder c) was able to identify from the evidence, on a balance of probabilities, that the killing was intentional d) decided the unlawful killing was carried out in pursuance of a fraud 13. The federal trial in Chicago… a) lasted until sentencing in September b) lasted 21 years c) lasted about four weeks d) lasted from September till April 14. Abdel Haq was sentenced to a long prison term… a) which was appropriate for the type of mail fraud she had committed involving an insurance company b) because so many witnesses clearly showed the SIDS was murder c) which was more severe because of the serious nature of the accompanying circumstances d) in view of the fact that the minimum punishment for fraud is 21 years 15. Abdel Haq's attorneys a) appealed against the severity of the sentence on the grounds of misdirection b) demanded a re-trial on the grounds of lack of evidence c) decided to appeal on the issue of the guilty verdict on fraud charges d) decided to affirm the conviction and appeal against the incarceration

UNIT 5

CRIME AND SOCIETY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

• • • • • •

INFORMATION BOX The West Yorkshire Police alone took reports of 26,000 incidents of domestic violence in the year 2000. In 75% of the cases the complaint was withdrawn and the case terminated. In Bucharest, of 500 violent incidents in 1999, 300 were domestic violence cases, and of 110 killings, 70 were victims at the hands of family members 983 is the Romanian helpline for victims of domestic violence Between January and October 2000, when a study was published, 350 had used the helpline number. People throw around statistics saying that up to 70 or 80% of children of batterers are also abused. That statistic is wrong. EVERY child who witnesses abuse is a victim of abuse. 4 million American women experience a serious assault by an intimate partner during an average 12-month period.

Before reading the text, discuss with a partner what domestic violence really entails. Who commits it and why? Who are the victims and how can it be eradicated? Text A There is still a lot of confusion and misunderstanding about domestic violence – what it is, who suffers from it, who commits it and why. Violence or abuse suffered by women in their home which is carried out by their partner, ex-partner or anyone they are living with is known as domestic violence. Victims of domestic violence are usually women, but this is not always the case. Women experience domestic violence regardless of their social group, class, age, race, disability, sexuality and lifestyle. Violence and abuse can begin at any time – in the first year or after years of marriage or living together. Domestic violence can take a number of forms such as physical assault, sexual abuse, rape, and threats. In addition, it may include mental and verbal abuse and humiliation. Women experiencing domestic violence tend to play down rather than exaggerate the violence. For some, the decision to seek help, to leave the abuser, or get the abuser to leave is quickly and easily made. For many, the decision will be long and painful as they try to make the relationship work and stop the violence. Women who leave often return to their partners hoping for an improvement in the relationship or because of financial or social pressures. Men who are abusive to women do not necessarily abuse children, but it can happen. Children will react in different ways to being brought up in a home with a violent person. They may be affected by the tension or by witnessing arguments and assaults. They may feel that they are to blame, or feel insecure, alone, frightened or confused.

Domestic violence is a crime which the police now deal with as a very serious matter. Most forces have specially trained and experienced officers that can arrange medical aid, transport and a safe place for the victims. There are several organisations that can give practical and emotional support to the victims. Refuges provide safe emergency and temporary accommodation, advice, information, support and a range of other services for women and children escaping violence. Women’s Aid is a key support agency for women and children experiencing domestic violence and runs a domestic violence helpline. Their services are confidential and completely free. The Samaritans offer confidential emotional support 24 hours a day by phone, face-toface or by letter. There are over 200 branches in the UK and Eire staffed by trained volunteers. Activity 1 Match a line in A with a word/phrase in B and a line in C: A There is still a lot of confusion and misunderstanding Women experience domestic violence Victims of domestic violence are usually women Domestic violence can take a number of forms Victims should seek legal advice from a solicitor Women who experience domestic violence feel Women do have legal rights in relation to their children

B about

C all the changes and upheavals.

because of

they have left the relationship.

after

women and children experiencing domestic violence. a very serious matter.

Women’s Aid is a key support agency The police now deal with domestic violence Women often experience depression and anxiety This may happen

such as

regardless of despite

domestic violence.

for

this is not always the case.

as

their social group, class, age, race, disability, sexuality and lifestyle. what their partners say.

that but if

physical assault, sexual abuse, rape and threat. they are concerned about their children. they are to blame.

Activity 2 Fill in the blanks with one of the following adverbs: completely, directly, effectively, aggressively, often x 2, necessarily, specially, financially, physically, sexually, emotionally, sympathetically, in silence, in fear, alone. a) Nobody has the right to assault anybody ……………………, ……………….. or ………………………….. b) Women don’t have to suffer ……………………… or live ……………………. c) The police will deal with the victims …………………………. d) The victims’ inquiry will be …………………………. confidential. e) The police is committed to ……………………………. improving the service offered to victims of domestic violence. f) It is not easy for the victims to accept that someone they love and have trusted can behave so ………………………………. towards them. g) Children are ……………… affected by the tension or by witnessing arguments and assaults. h) Men who are abusive to women do not ………………………………. abuse children, but it can happen. i) Most police forces have ………………………… trained and experienced officers to deal with domestic violence. j) Abused women …………………wonder how they will manage …………………………..if they leave home. k) Whatever abused women decide, they don’t have to suffer ……………………. l) Domestic violence victims can contact Victim Support offices ………………… or ask the police to put them in contact with their local group. Text B For over a year before she was murdered by her husband Avelino, Maria Teresa Macias pursued every possible avenue to escape his years of violence against herself and their three children. She reported to Child Protective Services, obtained restraining orders, cooperated with investigators, talked to friends, went to churches, attended counseling, brought her mother in from Mexico and her sister from Ireland, and tirelessly reported new incidents to authorities, verbally and in writing. In just the last three months of her life, between January and April 1996, Teresa and witnesses reported Avelino’s crimes against her to the Sheriff’s Department on at least 18 different occasions. Teresa’s struggle to be free of Avelino’s violence was relentless. And it was doomed. The help she reached for, failed her at every turn. After Child Protective Services took her children because she was unable to keep Avelino away from them,

Teresa made a comment to her mother that seemed to describe the efforts of her entire last year. “Instead of helping me,” Teresa told her mother, “ they sank me even more”. On April 15, four days before she was going to take the final step of fleeing north with her kids, Avelino lay in wait at the Sonoma house she and her mother were due to clean. Avelino ended Teresa’s life with a bullet to the head, shot her mother through the legs, and then turned the gun on himself. In the last couple of weeks of her life, Teresa became enveloped by an ominous sense that Avelino would indeed succeed in his threats to kill her. If he did, she told her mother, she wanted the story told. “If I die, I don’t want other women to suffer what I am suffering”, she said, “I want them to be listened to.” Activity 3 Decide on the appropriate collocations: marriage consent evidence extra marital domestic change patrol police

form of adultery violence relations certificate officer in policy service

to produce to grant to seek to take to experience to run to express to take

help a divorce an organisation a decision evidence abuse action concern

Exercise 1 Put in the correct past participles of the verbs in brackets to complete the list: Women who experience “domestic abuse” could be... • (call)………………..names • (give) ………………. no money • (rape)……………….. • (stop) ………………. from seeing family and friends • (punch)………………… • (tell)……………………. what to wear • (threaten)…………………………..with worse violence • (strangle)………………………….or (choke) ……………….almost to death • (humiliate)……………………….. • (not allow) ……………………to go out alone • (degrade) …………………………

Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with ONE suitable word. The first letter(s) is/are given. The problems (1) con ………………… with domestic violence are widely recognised, yet, only recently has the focus (2) sh………………… to helping the victims. As far as the police service is (3) con ……………………., it is essential that positive action is taken in all cases at the (4) sc…………………….. of domestic violence. Consequently, wherever there is evidence of an (5) o…………………, in the first instance the arrest should be made (6) irr…………………. of the wishes of the victim. The wife’s, partner’s or girlfriend’s pleas of ‘Don’t lock him up’ or ‘Leave him alone’ to the (7) a…………………. officer may be purely for her (8) o……………… protection for when he returns home later. If there is (9) in……………………. evidence to make an arrest but problems are(10) ant …………………in the near future, then an arrest for breach of the (11) p……………………. is appropriate. This will effectively remove the victim from immediate (12) d………………………and provide time to (13) dis………………..…the circumstances in private. This process must be carried (14) o……………….. without fail, despite previous instances of withdrawals of (15) com ……………… by the victim. Moreover, the quality of the files (16) rel………………… to DV assaults must be high, otherwise the CPS cannot do their (17) j……………… A large number of files are being withdrawn by the CPS on the (18) g…………………that the complainant no longer wishes to prosecute. So, the police service is reconsidering the situation to decide whether, even without such witness (19) st. ……………….. and formal complaints, a prosecution should be (20) all.………………. to proceed. In addition to the role of the police and the CPS, the judiciary also has an important part to play and should (21) p………………….. more custodial sentences. Locked away, the (22) per……………………………… would have time to consider his situation carefully. Concerted, long-term 23) str…………….., implemented by police, judiciary and the government are absolutely essential, while substantial financial (24)in ……………….. must be continued for those agencies which are trying so (25) h………………. to help and rehabilitate. The time for fine words and good intentions has made way for action. Activity 4 Project work: Choose a topic from the following and make a project about crimes of domestic violence and associated punishments giving as many details as possible and using charts, pictures and photographs: a) Watch the news on TV and read newspapers to find out which crimes are reported and how many of them relate to domestic violence in a week b) Retell a case of domestic violence that you know or have heard of, either recently or in the past c) Is punishment for domestic violence effective or should it be changed? d) Conduct a survey on how people feel about domestic violence (Is it ever necessary … acceptable … not a case for concern?) e) Responsibility in the case of domestic violence

f) The role of the police in preventing, detecting and solving Domestic Violence cases. See if the police in your town or sector have information leaflets related to Domestic Violence. Activity 5 A bit less serious! Paraphrase the following sentences to avoid the idioms. 1) A burglar got busted on the job last night just two blocks away from here 2) No lawyer can help him: the police caught him red-handed. 3) I’m tired of you throwing away money like that! 4) Paul, can you give me a hand with my report? 5) Fortunately, Mike gave me a lift this morning. 6) Please keep me posted about any further developments in the case. 7) His name rings a bell, but I have such a bad memory. 8) It was difficult for them to make both ends meet. 9) Could we invite Tom to the party? He’s always good at breaking the ice. 10) Homeless persons usually live from hand to mouth. Activity 6 Form the adverbs from the following adjectives: attentive, cautious, comfortable, cowardly, early, efficient, equal, fast, fatal, fearless, friendly, good, hard, hopeful, immediate, kind, late, lively, lucky, mental, near, noisy, poor, proud, simple, skilful, sudden, terrible, wrong. Exercise 3 Paraphrase the following sentences using an adverb in the place of the words in italics. 1. Our public order forces behaved like heroes in the riot. 2. The policeman left the room in a hurry. 3. One can often see homeless people in the streets looking with hunger at the people in restaurants. 4. The woman told the police she had hurt herself by accident. 5. The victims were beaten without mercy. 6. The chief constable spoke with pride about his force. 7. The demonstrators marched to the parliament building in peace. 8. The two policemen handcuffed the aggressors with ease. 9. The witness at the crime scene seemed unbalanced in his mind. 10. ‘We hope that we’ll bring the suspects in for interview by noon’, said the officer in charge.

Activity 7 Remember that an adjective qualifies a noun while an adverb qualifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb! Decide which are the adjectives and which the adverbs in the following sentences: A B 1) I work late. I work late hours. 2) These are hard times. She tried hard to compile the weekly report. 3) I can hardly walk. They could hardly see a friendly face. 4) Why do you drive so fast? That was a fast movement. 5) He came home terribly early. There was a terrible storm outside. 6) He speaks English well. Get well soon! 7) That’s very kind of you! We kindly ask you to send us your offer. 8) The report was extremely badly written. 9) The increase in violent crime is surprisingly easily explained Grammar focus The verbs be, get, become, seem, look (=seem), taste (i.v.), feel (i.v.), smell (i.v.), etc always require an adjective if used to express a state or sense relationship. (i.v.) = intransitive verb Compare The soup tasted delicious (intransitive) The cook tasted the soup and said it needed more salt. (transitive usage) Exercise 4 Choose one of the variants (adjective or adverb) to complete the sentences.

1. The policeman remained calm/calmly in spite of the hard/hardly situation. 2. The officers gathered evidence cautious/cautiously. 3. The doctor felt the victim careful/carefully. 4. All is good/well that ends good/well. 5. The witness seemed happy/happily to see the victim alive. 6. ‘These doughnuts taste delicious/deliciously’, said the policeman. 7. It’s getting late/lately. 8. The body looks heavy/heavily. 9. The fire officer looked fearless/fearlessly through the clouds of dense smoke. 10. They could hard/hardly smell the cigarette smoke in the hall.

Activity 8

Cercul vicios Adevărul despre violenţa în familie – un fenomen care ia amploare Translate into English Violenţa în familie reprezintă violenţa sau abuzul suferit de un membru al unei familii comise de către orice persoană care locuieşte cu el. Victimele sunt, în cele mai multe cazuri, femeile şi copiii, dar câteodată şi bătrânii sau soţii. Acţiuni de violenţă în familie sunt considerate violenţa fizică, ameninţarea, abuzul sexual, violul, abuzul psihic, umilirea şi crima, în cazul în care se înfăptuiesc în familie. Cum este normal, toate reclamaţiile ajung la poliţie. „În ultimii 10 ani, în Bucureşti, s-a înregistrat o creştere a infracţiunilor de acest gen. Ele reprezintă mai mult de jumătate din totalul actelor de violenţă”, a declarat col. G.R., de la Direcţia de ordine publică a Poliţiei Capitalei. Conform unui studiu efectuat de „Centrul de asistenţă şi protecţie a victimelor violenţei în familie”, femeile căsătorite sunt bătute, în medie, de 35 de ori până ca ele să solicite ajutorul poliţiei. Riscul unui atac violent în propriul lor cămin este mult mai mare decât cel cu care femeile se confruntă când merg singure pe stradă în timpul nopţii. Violenţa fizică şi cruzimea psihică în cadrul familiei sunt principalele cauze ale tendinţelor infracţionale şi violente la tinerii în prezenţa cărora se comit astfel de acte. Exercise 5 Domestic Violence Safety Plan The information below is taken from a leaflet with this title, published by the Women’s Center, Melbourne, Florida. Complete the text entitled Safety during an explosive incident 1. If an argument (seem) ________________ unavoidable, try to have it in a room or area with an exit and not in the kitchen, bathroom or anywhere near weapons. 2. Practise how to get out of your home safely. Identify which windows, elevator or stairs (be) ______________ best. 3. (have) __________________ a packed bag ready and keep it in a secret but accessible place so you can leave quickly. 4. Identify a neighbor you can tell about the violence and ask them to call the police if they (hear) _________________ a disturbance coming from your home. 5. Devise a code word to use with your children, family, friends and neighbors when you (need) _________________ the police. 6. Decide and plan where you (go) _________________ if you (leave) _____________ home ( even if you (not think) __________________ you (need) ______________ to).

7. If the situation (be) ________________ very dangerous, use your own instincts and judgements to keep yourself safe. Call the police as soon as it is safe to do so. Activity 9 The official position! This text is from the STATE ATTORNEY’S OFFICE in the same location as the Women’s Center. It is a three copy report (white, pink, yellow) and is entitled VICTIM’S NOTICE OF STATE ATTORNEY OFFICE APPOINTMENT As a result of your Domestic Violence Complaint you are required to meet with an Assistant State Attorney to talk about your case on ___________ at ______________. NOTICE OF LEGAL RIGHTS AND REMEDIES AVAILABLE AS A VICTIM OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, you may ask the State Attorney to file a criminal complaint. You also have the right to go to court and file a petition requesting an injunction for protection from domestic violence which may include, but need not be limited to, provisions which restrain the abuser from further acts of abuse; direct the abuser to leave your household; prevent the abuser from entering your residence, school, business, or place of employment; award you custody of your minor child or children and direct the abuser to pay support to you and the minor children if the abuser has a legal obligation to do so.

Imagine a dialogue between a Spanish-American woman victim and a Florida policeman to deal with the procedure based on this form! Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman:

Why can’t you lock him up straight away? _____________________________________________ But I have reported the incident to the police already. Yes, but you have to meet the Assistant State Attorney But my husband is at home ______________________ Then you have to file ____________________________ How long _____________________________________ ? Well, first you have this appointment __________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ So, with this injunction, you can lock him up. No, but ___________________________________________ He works in the same factory as me. Then the injunction will order him to _____________________ ___________________________________________________ And what about money? I can’t support my 3 children on my salary. ____________________________________________________ How exactly will you do that? The injunction will instruct the employer ___________________ But we are paid cash and we have no social security card. Oh, __________________________________________ !

Exercise 6 Listen to the report about cases of rape in England and Wales and complete the information. Clare Dyer, The Guardian Weekly, April 11-17 2002

Only one woman in _____________ reporting a rape will see her assailant convicted according to the first study to look at the investigation and prosecution of rape cases from start to finish. The report, produced jointly by __________________________________ and the CPS, the ____________________________________ , finds failures throughout the system and calls for a package of measures to ________________________________ Among key recommendations are more sensitive ______________________________ of rape complainants to increase their confidence in the system and ___________________ ________________________________ to handle rape cases. The report found that 7.35% of all cases reported to the police _____________________ ______________________________________. Home Office statistics show that the rate of conviction for rape _____________________________ from ______________ of reported cases in 1977 to ______________ in 1999. The study of 10 police forces and CPS areas found that only ________________ of cases reported to the police resulted in ____________________________________________ and only _______________ of cases referred to the CPS reached court. When cases reached court, the conviction rate (including guilty pleas) was 60.8% but ________________________________________________________________________ were acquitted. Key findings include: • the sensitive treatment of victims is the key to securing a conviction • better training and gudiance are needed for police, and _______________________ • all allegations of rape should ________________________________________ with specialist training • case review descisions by CPS lawyers, such as ____________________________ or____________________________ should be discussed with another specialist lawyer • prosecuting counsel should be _____________________________ to ensure that victims are not forced ________________________________________________ Stephen Wooler, chief inspector at the CPS inspectorate, said the figures were “ quite disturbing in relation to what is an awful crime, there being few crimes which have such a lasting effect on their victims.”

Activity 10 “Honour” killing in Sweden silences courageous voice on ethnic integration. Johanne Hildebrandt, Guardian Weekly, March 2002

For four years, Fadime Sahindal’s father threatened to kill her. But last week, she took a risk and went to say goodbye to her mother and her sisters before leaving to study in Africa. Just before 10 p.m., as they sat in her sister’s flat in the Swedish city of Uppsala, the doorbell rang. Her father burst in and shot Fadime in the head. She died in her mother’s arms. Sahindal paid the ultimate price for falling in love with the wrong man and defying the patriarchal values of her culture. Her father was an illiterate Kurdish farmer who moved to Sweden in 1980. His family arrived four years later when Fadime was seven. Her parents discoraged her from speaking to Swedish children at school. Instead she was told the important thing was to return to Turkey and get married. She grew up under the control of her father and younger brother, who physically abused her. During a computer course in 1996, she met and fell in love with a Swedish boy called Patrik Lindesjo. Sahidal was under no illusion as to her father’s reaction. She knew that he would think she was dishonouring the family. They kept their relationship a secret for over a year but when her father eventually found out, his first reaction was to beat them both up. Her father disowned her, but the couple refused to be intimidated. Lindesjo’s parents went to Fadime’s parents to propose on his behalf but were turned down. Sahindal moved to another town , only to be pursued and threatened by her brother. The police simply advised her to stop talking to her family. Instead she turned to the press, giving interviews about the conditions facing Kurdish girls in Sweden. Single-handedly she started a debate about integration and double standards. The police’s inaction in the face of her father’s threats infuriated the public. On a visit to Uppsala her father spotted her with Lindesjo. He attacked her, spat in her face and screamed: “Bloody whore. I will beat you to pieces.” She told police: “He said I was rejected from the family and was not allowed to come back to Uppsala. If I did I would never leave the city alive.” Her father was charged and in 1998 was convicted of making unlawful threats. Her brother, who had cursed her as a whore during the trial, was also found guilty. It was a bitter-sweet victory for Sahindal, who had stood up for her beliefs but had lost her family. She often said that she loved her father and that he understood no better way of treating her. Then in June 1998, as the couple prepared to move into a flat together, Lindesjo was killed when his car crashed into a concrete pillar. A police investigation, which found nothing suspicious, has now reopened.

Fadime carried on and in November 2001 spoke to the Swedish parliament about her struggle for freedom. Then last week, her father caught up with her. He was arrested a couple of hours later. In court, he called Fadime “the whore” and then confessed to having killed her. He said that he had to protect the family’s honour. The story has stirred deep emotions in Sweden. The government has promised about US$170,000 to help girls in the same position. The legal age of marriage for foreigners will be raised from 15 to 18, on a par with the age for Swedes. Six groups representing foreigners in Sweden want to turn Sahindal’s funeral into a demonstration against patriarchal cultures that allow “honour” killings. Sahindal, who had said she did not want a funeral according to the rites of her native religion, may be laid to rest beside Lindesjo at Uppsala’s Protestant cathedral. Who would you blame? Discuss with a partner. The father alone. The younger brother. The young woman herself. The Swedish partner. The police. The judicial system The Swedish government Other Kurdish people in Sweden.

DID YOU KNOW? The Romanian version of “Playboy” published an article a few years ago entitled “How to beat your wife without leaving marks”. The magazine claimed it was a joke!

UNIT 6

CRIME AND SOCIETY – CHILD ABUSE

The topic “Child Abuse” is an extremely sensitive and delicate issue. As a police officer, concerned with legal and social circumstances, you should know about the realities of this sad topic, both in your own country and elsewhere. Although, many of the texts and activities seem to focus on language, the serious nature of the subject underlies everything. Please keep this in mind and remember the human misery and suffering which is involved.

Discussion points What is the status of children in Romania? How serious is the issue of “street children”? How do you view the issue of “institutionalised children”? Is it a European issue or a national issue? Read the text and comment on the issues raised. Refugee children in Britain According to Amnesty International, around 100,000 children who have escaped from war, torture and intolerance are living in Europe, separated from their parents. For example, around three thousand arrived in Britain in 2000. Responsibility for the care of refugee children living alone lies with social services departments. The children are covered by the Children Act (as are UK-born children) in which according to Section 20, the local authority has a “duty to safeguard and promote the safety of the child”. The child is “fostered” or accommodated in a children’s home and checks are kept on the child even after the 18th birthday. But for separated refugee children, Section 20 of the Act is not applied (although it could be and is applied by some local authorities). Instead, Section 17 covers the status of separated children and only obliges the authority to house the children in bed-and-breakfast hotels, with little support from social services. It is very difficult for these children to provide any evidence of age, risk of persecution or personal danger and the Home Office still considers it necessary to “eliminate the incentives which attract unaccompanied children”. The Home Office policy is to prevent them from settling in UK but suggests that “where there is no prospect of safe return, exceptional leave to stay may be granted to unaccompanied children for 4 years or until their 18th birthday.” The Home Office seeks to “enforce the removal of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children who have been refused asylum and who have no other basis to stay in the UK when they reach 18”. As Amnesty International comments: “It becomes clear why these children are almost never granted refugee status – at 18 anyone can be deported, under 18 there are impossible protective measures which have to be met before a child can be returned.” 1. What are the main concerns of the British government? 2. Are these children any less entitled to protection because they are “refugees”? 3. Should Britain be seeking European assistance in trying to solve these problems or is it an exclusively British one?

LANGUAGE INFORMATION BOX COLLOCATIONS A collocation is a co-occurrence of two or sometimes three words. Collocations are very common in both general and specialist domains of language. Sometimes collocations become like idioms or even cliches, as in “public conveniences” (old-fashioned euphemism for “toilets”!), “bed and breakfast” (a form of accommodation for guests offered in Britain), or “high and dry” (a fairly common way of expressing the idea of being “stranded” or “isolated”). In police and justice domains for example, “ ethnic” collocates frequently with “minorities”. The sad collocation “ethnic cleansing” is of fairly recent origin. The word “foster” collocates with “child”, “home”, “parents” and has its own British point of reference to mean “ children being temporarily cared for by adults other than their parents but not adopted by them”. Another form of collocation may occur where there is a relationship between two words joined by “and” or “or” - “law and order”; “abuse or neglect”, “drink or drugs”. The collocation may be very genre-specific. “foster home”, for example, will occur mainly in discussions on social welfare ( a collocation!), institutionalised children (another collocation!) or “Children in Need” (another collocation) although it might come into the discussion on, for example, values in modern society, social psychology and behaviour, parent:child relationships etc.

Activity 1 Decide on appropriate collocations tragic sadistic careless vicious negligent wilful habitual acute severe serious

| driving | event | conduct | cruelty | stress | disability | treatment | drunkenness | attack | injuries | assault | circumstances

| need | behaviour THERE MAY BE SEVERAL POSSIBLE COLLOCATIONS WITH SOME ITEMS

Activity 2 Read the text and complete the exercises.

Father who left baby faces jail by Jeanette Oldham It was hot and the baby had been fractious but, finally, he had dropped off for his afternoon nap. Steven MacDonald, glad of the peace and quiet, wanted to go for a walk along the East Anglian beach so he could feel the family really was on holiday at last. Elder son, Jamie, seven, was impatient to get going, but what to do with baby Robert? He looked so peaceful in his cot in the car. After all, he was fast asleep and five minutes would not do any harm, despite the rising temperatures. That five minutes, however, became hours and still the mercury rose. Now 30-year-old MacDonald is facing jail. It had started as a holiday to help a family to forget its mounting troubles, but ended in a magistrate’s court with the Paisley father accused of child cruelty. MacDonald told magistrates at

Exercise 1

Great Yarmouth yesterday he had intended to be away for only a few minutes, but the time grew into hours. With the car window left just a couple of inches open, Robert soon woke and began crying. The alarm was raised more than an hour later by Louise Watkinson, an off-duty special constable, who was parked in the clifftop car park in Marine Parade, Gorleston, near Great Yarmouth, and heard the baby’s cries. Ray Osborne, prosecuting, told magistrates: “She went and looked and it appeared the baby was in distress, so she called for police officers to attend.” MacDonald, of Ferguslie Park Avenue Paisly, pleaded guilty to an act of cruelty to his son by allowing him to be wilfully assaulted, ill-treated, neglected, abandoned or exposed to danger. Sentence was adjourned until August 17 for reports.

Rephrasing

Rephrase the underlined sections using a word or phrase from the text

A. He is likely to be punished by imprisonment. He _______________ jail He _______________ a jail term. B. A member of the public contacted the police because she thought there was danger. She _____________________ the alarm. C. The father wrongly believed everything would be all right, leaving his son in the car. He didn’t think this ______________________________

D. Except for this incident, there is no indication that the family neglected or abused the child There does not appear to be any evidence that the child __________________ _________________________________________________________________. E. The counsel for the prosecution, Mr Ray Osborne, summed up his case by praising the action of Ms.Watkinson. Mr Ray Osborne, __________________, praised Ms.Watkinson’s action. Exercise 2 Prepositional use Put in the correct preposition A. He was very impatient _______ start the meeting. B. The child was left in the hot car ________________ the high temperature. C. The father has been accused _______________ wilful cruelty. D. He had intended to be absent ______________only a few minutes. E. The time passed and minutes grew _____________ hours. F. The off-duty special constable called ______________police officers to attend. G. The sentence was adjourned ___________ social services’ reports. H. No child should be exposed ____________ acts of parental cruelty. I. He pleaded guilty _____________ an act of cruelty. Exercise 3 More phrases and collocations From the text, find expressions meaning … A. to be in a deep sleep B. to fall asleep (suddenly) C. a short sleep (not at night) D. increasing problems E. in a very unhappy condition F. put/place someone in a dangerous situation Exercise 4

-

How important?

Decide if the word are CORE 1 / CORE 2 / or CORE 3 vocabulary items 1. peace and quiet 5. in distress 9. accused of 13. jail 17. mercury rising 20. neglected 23. fractious

2. nap 3. drop off 6. magistrate’s 7. court 10. plead guilty 11. adjourn 14. sentence 15. mounting 18. (time) grows into (time) 21. assaulted 22. ill-treated 24. raise the alarm 25. after all

4. get going 8. prosecuting 12. face 16. a couple of … 19. wilfully 26. cot

Exercise 5 Text comprehension Decide if the sentences are TRUE, FALSE or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION A. The mother was also responsible B. The father and the other boy were away for several hours. C. The alarm was raised by a special police officer. D. The father expressed his regret in court. E. The father was unemployed. F. The punishment for this crime is a fine not less than 1000 pounds. G. He said that he had not intended to abandon the child for a long time. H. The judge was very severe in administering the punishment. I. The temperature was over 30 degrees that day. Exercise 6 Text analysis A. Find examples of how the text is “journalistic” in structure or composition. B. Does the reporter tell the case only on the basis of the facts? C. Find examples of information which is “unspecified” or “vague” D. How does she describe the “hot day”? E. How does she describe the difficulties the family was facing? F. When she writes “ … by allowing him to be willfully assaulted, ill-treated, neglected, abandoned or exposed to danger” is she creating these terms herself? In Text 1 is the language “general English” or “specific English”? What examples of specialist terminology can you find?

Activity 3 Please read the text about a recent extremely shocking case in Britain. Father and “evil” stepmother guilty of killing Lauren, 6 The “evil and sadistic” stepmother of six-year-old Lauren Wright was convicted of her killing yesterday, as was the father who “turned a blind eye” to the abuse against her. A jury at Norwich Crown Court found Tracey Wright, 31, and Craig Wright, 38, guilty of manslaughter and cruelty after a four-week trial. The pair will be sentenced at a later date. Lauren’s emaciated body was covered in 60 bruises and she weighed just over two stones (about 14 kilograms) when she died on May 6 last year. The girl, whose digestive system collapsed after a severe blow to the stomach, died in agony, with “terrible and disgusting” injuries

reminiscent of a car crash victim, the court had been told. Acting Chief Superintendent Martin Wright, who led the police investigation, said: “ There will be a significant amount of satisfaction in many quarters that she has been convicted. Her behaviour can only be described as evil and sadistic and our thoughts, of course, will be with Lauren today.” The Department of Health ruled out a public enquiry after the Norfolk social services chief, David Rogers, said he was writing to Lord Laming, the chairman of the hearings into the death of Victoria Climbie, another child abuse victim, to ask him to consider the case.

I am sure you agree that this a very sad and shocking case These 3 link headlines were next to the article. What do they suggest? Discuss the issues involved in such cases. Tragic tale of a child unwanted from day of her birth

People in a small village don’t want to get involved. Growing workload blamed for failing children at risk

What do you think about “corporal punishment” for children by parents? Should it be prohibited by law as in some countries? What is the nature of corporal punishment in families in Romania? Has the situation improved in recent years? What are the responsibilities of neighbours, relatives, the authorities? When do the authorities intervene in Romania?

. Activity 4 In trying to improve your language skills, you should think of vocabulary priorities. These will not be identical for all learners but it is clear that for a police officer, certain terms have more frequent use and occurrence than for non-specialists. Discuss the “location” of the vocabulary items from the text and headlines. CORE 1 public inquiry hearing chairman child abuse manslaughter victim lead the investigation cruelty trial jury find guilty sentence workload to fail ( someone) to get involved convicted children at risk severe Crown Court

CORE 2 stepmother a blow ( .. to the head etc.) bruise emaciated digestive system sadistic injuries

CORE 3 reminiscent of turn a blind eye to .. in many quarters our thoughts are with … rule out

EXERCISE 7

Grammar: third form conditional

Complete using the correct form of the verbs given to express the circumstances of the two cases. You may select an appropriate MODAL form, add negatives as necessary or use a PASSIVE version. 1. If the window of the car (be open) the baby (die) __________________________________________________________________ 2. If the special constable (call) the police the father (charge) with cruelty. ___________________________________________________________________ 3. If the family (have) problems perhaps the father (act) in this cruel manner. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. If the father (be) alone (i.e. not with his other son) he (come back) earlier. ______________________________________________________________________ 5. If the village people (intervene) the little girl Lauren (save). ______________________________________________________________________ 6. If the local social services (be) more observant they (notice) the signs of child abuse. _______________________________________________________________________ 7. If the father (care about) his own daughter he (prevent) the stepmother from being so cruel to Lauren. ________________________________________________________________________ 8. A public inquiry (hold) if there (be) another child abuse case hearing. ________________________________________________________________________ 9. If social workers (have) such a heavy workload they (be able) to help cases like Lauren’s. ________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8 Children in need Classifying needs. Look at the descriptions of the official “need code” categories for Children in Need. Locate the headings for each description.

SOCIALLY UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOUR ABSENT PARENTING DISABILITY ABUSE OR NEGLECT FAMILY IN ACUTE STRESS PARENTAL ILLNESS/DISABILITY LOW INCOME FAMILY DYSFUNCTION 1. _________________________ Children in need as a result of, or at risk of, abuse or neglect. 2. ___________________________ Children and their families whose main need for services arises* out of the children’s disabilities or intrinsic condition*. 3. __________________________ Children and their families whose main need for services arises because the capacity of their parents or carers* to care for them is impaired* by disability, illness or mental disorder. 4. ___________________________ Children whose needs arise from living in a family going through a crisis such that parenting* capacity is diminished* and some of the children’s needs are not being adequately met.* 5. ____________________________ Children whose needs arise mainly out of their living in families where the parenting capacity is chronically inadequate. 6. ______________________________ Children and families whose needs for services arise primarily out of their children’s behaviour which impacts* detrimentally* on the community. 7. _______________________________ Children living in families or independently, whose needs arise mainly from being dependant on an income below the standard state entitlements.* 8. ________________________________ Children, whose need for services arises* mainly from having no parents available to provide for them. Add the items marked with an asterisk * to the appropriate core vocabulary collection.

Activity 5 Children in Need Listening This text is taken from an official report, published in England (i.e. not including Scotland, Wales and Ireland) in early 2000. Local authorities, responsible for dealing with the problem of children in need, had been asked to provide statistical data. As you listen, complete the statistical information and other details. MAIN RESULTS Numbers of children in need • There were just under (1)__________________ Children in Need in England in February 2002 • (2) ___________________ of them were “children looked after” and the remaining 317.000 were other Children in Need • Social Services are providing services for nearly a (3) _______________ Children in Need in a typical week • 92% of Children Looked After and 54% of other Children in Need receive a service or have money spent on their behalf in a typical week (either in terms of (4) ________________________ or in terms of the Local Authority paying for facilities (e.g. accommodation/ residential costs) Characteristics of Children in Need ♦ The main need for social service intervention is cases of “abuse and neglect” which account for (5) ______________________ of all Children Looked After and 28% of other Children in Need ♦ About 12% of the Children in Need population are (6) _________________disabled, and they received (7) ___________________ of the gross expenditure on Children in Need ♦ At least 16% of Children in Need are from (8) __________________ which is about one and a half times the figure for the under 18 population as a whole) Costs and resources ƒ Services for Children in Need cost Social Services on average about ₤41 million a week ₤26 million per week on Children Looked After and ₤15 million on other Children in Need. ƒ About half of these costs are accounted for by regular welfare benefit payments (on residential/ fostering/ adoption costs) for Children Looked After ƒ The average Child Looked After costs Social Services (9) ₤ ________________and other Children in Need cost ₤85 per week to maintain. Activity ™ The average Child Looked After receives 4.3 hours per week of service from Social Work staff, either in (10) ________________________ ™ Other Children in Need receive on average about 2.9 hours per week of staff or centre time

EXERCISE 9 Adverbs in official texts Notice the way adverbs are used in official communication and select from these adverbs to complete the sentences. In some sentences, there are several possibilities. mainly/ primarily /inadequately/ fundamentally unacceptably/ chronically / detrimentally/ A. This need arises _________________ because of parental neglect although there are some other less significant factors. B. The child must be looked after as he has behaved __________________in the community and at school. C. The parents both have drinking problems which means they are ________________ prepared to look after the children. D. Over a long period of time, the parents have shown themselves to be _____________________ incapable of looking after their own children. E. Removing the child from the home environment would impact _________________ on its obvious improvement in behaviour and social responsibility. F. The social services “Children in Need” report deals ________________ with those children who are in the care of local authorities. There must be many more whose needs are ______________________ met by present social services arrangements. EXERCISE 10 Statistics in reports Notice the way various expressions are used to express quantity or statistical relationships. Find these expressions in Activity 5 ……. the remaining at least … about one and a half times the figure … as a whole … the average child … receives on average … per week… just under … nearly quarter of a million… accounts for just over … just over half of … about … What do these figures refer to ? A. 4.3 B. 56% F. ₤435

C. 16% D. 64,000 G. ₤ 41 million/week

E. 14%

EXERCISE 11 Vocabulary round up Correct the mistake in each sentence (from the section underlined) with an appropriate word from the text. 1. Social services assess the action to be taken to help a child as the need raises. _________________________________________________________________ 2. If a parent is ill or has acute or chronic mental problems, the capacity of that parent is said to be imperfect. _______________________________________________________________________ 3. A child’s anti-social behaviour has an impression on the family, school-life and social surroundings. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. The payments which the state (social services) might make to an individual or to a family are called wellbeing payments. ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Social services spend a lot of money to mention the needs of children at risk. ____________________________________________________________________

UNIT 7

WOMEN – FOR BETTER AND FOR WORSE

Women are far less criminally inclined than men Activity 1 Before reading the text, discuss with a partner the different types of offences which come under the category of sex crimes. FIND THE CORRECT SEQUENCE OF THE TEXT BELOW LAW ON SEX CRIMES TO BE TIGHTENED A

B

C

D

E

F

G

A) Ministers also want to strengthen the law on rape to tackle the appallingly low 9% conviction rate, and define consent by setting the prosecution the lower test of proving that the victim had not given their ‘voluntary and genuine agreement’. B) It is expected that the new offence would apply to a man or woman over 18 who was involved in a sexual act with a child under 16. This would ensure that all children under 16 get the same level of protection. The law would cover those who incited, induced or compelled a child to carry out a sexual act, “whether on the accused, another person or the child himself”. C) Ministers want to call the new offence “adult sexual activity with a child”, rather than “adult sexual abuse of a child” so it might include offences involving no physical contact, such as a recent case where a man incited two young girls to undress. The offence would cover an adult who forced a child to witness a sexual act, whether it was live or recorded. It would ensure that much heavier penalties were available to courts for child sex offences. It is also expected that the offence would not carry any time limits. D) A new crime of “adult sexual activity with a child”, and a reform of the law on rape are to be included in an overhaul of Britain’s laws on sex offences, which are to be introduced into parliament this year. The catch-all criminal offence – the first of this kind anywhere in the world – recognizes that sexual activity between adults and children is unacceptable, and that some cases are so serious that they warrant a life sentence.

E) It would still be for the prosecution to prove that the woman did not consent to sex if the defense said that she did. The law will still list examples where such consent is not present, such as where the person was asleep, or too affected by alcohol or drugs to give “voluntary and genuine agreement”. F) Ministers have begun to thrash out their detailed response to an internal Home Office review of the law on sex offences, published in July 2000. The new crime of “adult sexual activity with a child” will replace the seven different sex offences used to prosecute in child sex cases such as indecent assault, intercourse with a girl under 13, gross indecency and buggery G) The changes in law on rape will not see the introduction of a lesser offence of “date rape”. The legal concept of “consent”, however, is to be clarified and defined as “voluntary and genuine agreement”. (Alan Travis: The Guardian) HERE IS A QUOTATION ON A DOMESTIC VIOLENCE STUDY MADE BY AN AMERICAN UNIVERSITY. The battered woman is pictured by most people as a small, fragile, haggard person who might once have been pretty. She has several small children, no job skills, and is economically dependent on her husband. It is frequently assumed that she is poor and from a minority group. She is accustomed to living in violence, and her fearfulness and passivity are emphasized above all. Although some battered women do fit the description, research proves it to be a false stereotype.”

Activity 2

DEBATE

A. Do you agree with this point of view? Does the description above fit your perception of “battered women”? Present your personal point of view on the issue. B. In pairs discuss the subject according to the following key issues on the topic of domestic violence Low self-esteem; violent background; traditionalism; economic factors; cultural factors; family stress; changing pattern of family life

Exercise 1 Fill in the gaps using the words in the table: advertisements, across, able, and, clutches, condemn, contract, director, difficult, end entrepreneur, efforts, fate, involved, nation, of, Patriarch, personal, romantic, southern, streets, they, threatens, Ukraine, with, wound.

One shrewd 1)..… formed a company called "Love You". This company is 2) ..… in enlisting Ukrainian women and girls to marry Serbian men, who live in the mountainous regions of southern Serbia. 3) ..… say that this program of marriage received the unofficial approval 4) ..… the Yugoslavian government and the blessing of the Serbian 5) …... Paul, because it proposes to renew the gene pool of the 6) ..…. Obviously, this firm has enough profits to place TV 7) ..… for enlistment of women from the Orthodox world especially from 8) ..…. Beginning in the spring of 1997, the city of Cherkass 9) ..… the oblast (region) had the opportunity to view several 10) ..… TV advertisements proposing marriage in the picturesque mountain region of 11) ..… Serbia, with similar ads in the local newspapers. Some women were brave enough to make radical changes in their 12) ….. lives. We cannot 13) ..… them in this. We are all aware that life in Ukraine at this time is 14) ..… and especially so for women. But if our women knew the 15) ...… that awaited them they would make all 16) …. to remain at home. One resident of Cherkass was 17) ..…, through a miracle, to escape the 18) ..… of her new Serbian husband. But now she has a problem with the 19) ..… of this marriage agency who threatens her 20) ..… death if she doesn't compensate him monetarily for breaking the 21) ..…. This "businessman" 22) ..… to find her in Ukraine if she manages to get 23) ..… the border of Yugoslavia. This woman might easily 24) ..… up without any documents or help on the 25) ..… of Belgrade. Activity 3 Read the text SERBS CRACK DOWN ON SEX SLAVE TRADE Serbian police have begun to crack down on “white slave trade” in women tricked into prostitution in the Balkans. In the biggest operation conducted so far by the organized crime department, hundreds of officers raided more than 400 nightclubs, dance bars and cafes, freeing dozens of young women. They arrested 150 people on charges ranging from procuring prostitutes to possessing drugs and arms. “This is good news”, said Enrico Ponziani, head of the international office for migration in Belgrade, which is opening a safe shelter for liberated women and children. “We are talking

about thousands, not hundreds, of women and children who are trafficked through Serbia every year. We need more operations of that nature”. He said that Serbia was often the starting point for the trade in women and children as young as 14. Most were from Romania and former Soviet republics of Moldova and Ukraine, fleeing economic misery at home. They arrived in Serbia believing they were going to jobs as nannies and waitresses in Western Europe. “When they cross the border they are housed somewhere in Serbia and ordered to hand over their passports, Mr. Ponziani said. “At that point they start to realize they have been tricked. They are slaves because they’re being forced to do things they had no idea they would be forced to do”. He said the women were traded between Albania, Serbia and Bosnia many times. They were moved illegally into Macedonia, Kosovo and Bosnia to serve new clients. In Serbia one of the women freed said that she had been sold for $500. She escaped from Kazanova dance club in Panchevo, near Belgrade, which is run by Rade Spelovic. Serbian police describe Mr. Spelovic as one of the untouchable leaders of the slave trade. They said that he had threatened to unleash fierce dogs on any of the women who tried to escape. Western officials say that for every Serb running the trade, there are many more people in Romania, Ukraine and Moldova organizing their end of the business. The officials are mounting an awareness campaign in the Balkans and in the former Soviet Union to alert police and victims to the realities of “work abroad”. Exercise 2 Match these words or phrases with the underlined expressions in the text. a) to untie, to let loose b) to accommodate (often temporarily) c) to tighten up, to restrict severely d) to vary between, e) to fool, to cheat f) to start, to launch ( a programme/ campaign etc.)

Activity 4 Translate into English Deşi nici concubina nu-i ştie adevăratul nume, ‘CREIERUL’ UNEI RETELE DE TRAFIC DE CARNE VIE A FOST CAPTURAT DE POLITISTII DE LA CRIMA ORGANIZATA După mai multe săptămâni de cercetări, poliţiştii Centrului Zonal de Combatere a Crimei Organizate şi Antidrog Timişoara şi colegii lor din cadrul Direcţiei Generale Bucureşti, au reuşit să dezlege misterul care blocase cercetările într-unul dintre ultimele dosare referitoare la activitatea unei reţele de trafic de carne vie. La începutul lunii februarie, poliţiştii timişoreni au descins într-un apartament de pe malul Begăi şi au găsit aici cinci tinere, între care două minore, care urmau să fie trecute ilegal în Iugoslavia, pentru a ajunge în Italia şi Spania, ca să se prostitueze. Atunci a fost reţinut şi unul dintre proxeneîi – Buciu Raoul, de 24 de ani, din Timişoara, care a fost arestat pe 30 de zile pentru proxenetism. Din cercetări sa stabilit ca adevăratul ‘creier’ al afacerii era alt barbat, despre care nu se ştia decât ca-l cheamă Dan. S-a aflat doar că acesta are o concubină în Timişoara. În urma descinderii la

locuinţa acesteia s-a stabilit că nici femeia, care era gravidă în luna a opta cu cel căutat, nu-i ştia adevărata identitate. A fost găsită o fotografie, care a constituit punctul de plecare. În urma verificărilor, poliţiştii Direcţiei Generale de Combatere a Crimei Organizate şi Antidrog l-au identificat pe cel din poză ca fiind Buciuleac Ioan, de 31 de ani, zis Dan, care avea domiciliul in Bucureşti. Ofiţerii de la Crimă Organizată din Bucureşti au descins la locuinţa acestuia, dar o persoană aflată în interior a refuzat să le deschidă uşa. Dupa obţinerea autorizaţiei de percheziţie, poliţiştii au intrat în forţă, reţinându-l pe suspect. Acesta are la activ mai multe furturi, înşelăciuni şi alte infracţiuni. Demn de remarcat este faptul că, de multe dintre pedepse a scăpat, ascunzându-se până la prescrierea faptelor. Sâmbătă, Buciuleac a fost prezentat Parchetului de pe lângă Tribunalul Timiş, cu propunere de arestare preventivă pe 30 de zile, sub acuzaţia de proxenetism în formă agravată. În cazul în care va fi găsit vinovat, el riscă o pedeapsă între 2 şi 7 ani de închisoare. (Dragoş Boţa) Activity 5 Read the text WOMEN’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT From suffragettes to policewomen Born in Worthington in 1820, Elizabeth Greer was educated at the Female Seminary in Worthington where she later taught. In 1844, Elizabeth married Harvey Coit and moved to a house on 3rd street in Columbus where she eventually had eight children. An avid supporter of women's rights, Elizabeth Greer Coit became the first president of the Woman's Suffrage Association in Columbus. For many years, the Suffrage Association met in her home once a month to plan the advancement of women. A friend of such luminaries as Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Frances Willard, and Mary Livermore, Elizabeth opened her home to suffragists. Her husband and children sympathized with her work. A delegate to a state convention for women's suffrage that met in Columbus in 1884, she was also treasurer of the state association, attended their meetings, and served as an effective speaker on the suffrage lecture circuit in Columbus and neighboring towns when this cause was singularly unpopular. As a reward for her hard work, Elizabeth received much public opprobrium, spiteful personal remarks, and hateful letters. She bore it all with great patience. Once her eight-year-old daughter Belle ran home from school sobbing, "Mother, are you strong-minded and do you wear pants?" In response, Elizabeth calmly replied, "My dear, I hope I am strong-minded. I should be very sorry to have had children if I were feebleminded."

INFO BOX Suffragette A suffragette was a woman in Britain, Australia and the United States in the early 20th century who was a member of a group that demanded the right of women to vote and that increased awareness of the matter with a series of public protests. In one incident, the suffragette Emily Davidson threw herself under the King's horse at the Derby in 1913 in order to draw attention to the campaign. Suffragist A suffragist is someone who supports suffrage, esp. a supporter of the right of women to vote in the early 20th century. Suffrage The right to vote in an election, esp. for representatives in a parliament or similar organization. Examples There have only been Labour administrations for 20 out of the 72 years since universal male suffrage was introduced. Female suffrage was introduced in South Australia in 1894.

Discuss the idea of emancipation, women’s rights and women’s liberation in the modern world. The text above contains a paradox: As a reward for her hard work, Elizabeth received much public opprobrium, spiteful personal remarks, and hateful letters. Activity 6

DEBATE:

-

In groups of three (a suffragette, a politician and a moderator) discuss Elizabeth’s case and try to find a solution.

Activity 7 Read the text about the situation in Afghanistan Discuss with your partner what the status of refugees means and that of “internally displaced persons” (IDPs)

This text was written before the intervention in Afghanistan in October 2001 SOME AFGHANS SURVIVE BY SELLING THEIR CHILDREN By BRIAN MURPHY, Associated Press Writer

MAZAR-E-SHARIF, Afghanistan (AP) - The deal was arranged even before the baby's birth. The price for the infant: enough to feed the family for another month In an extraordinary act of desperation, some Afghan parents say they've sold their children for about the price of a restaurant meal in the West — an amount that even in this impoverished country is not huge but can make the difference between life and death for the poorest of the poor. "Parting with my baby was hard. But watching my family die slowly of hunger is even worse," said Agha Mir, 25, who claimed he turned over his 4-day-old son in December to a relatively prosperous Afghan family for the equivalent of $60. The money, he said, paid for about a month's worth of food for his wife and six remaining children in the teeming Dashteh Arzana refugee camp outside the northern city of Mazar-eSharif. He said a middleman from the city's bazaar made the arrangements while his wife was pregnant. "And now the money is gone," moaned Mir's mother, Oyna Khal. "We're back to living on wild grass and carrots. Maybe we will have to sell another child." It is impossible to independently verify all the claims of baby selling or estimate the number of children sold. There is no record-keeping, and the transactions occur on the murky margins of society. But relief coordinators and others acknowledge the reports and note that setting a price for family members in Afghanistan is not taboo. Traditionally, dowries of several thousands of dollars — huge sums for Afghans — are paid for brides. Infants — especially boys for families with only girls — also apparently have commanded a good price in the past. "We get information about baby selling, but it's hard to say how widespread it is," said Mahboob Shareef, head of northern Afghanistan operations for UNICEF. "We knows this happens among the poorest of the poor." Mohammed Hashim can only walk a few paces before the pain becomes too much. Severe arthritis has left his joints swollen and misshapen. In mid-January, he set off by car from his villages in the Dar-e-Suf region south of Mazar-e-Sharif for a refugee camp along the main northern roadway. To pay for the journey, he said, he sold his 2-year-old son to a family in a neighboring village with only daughters. He received about $30.

"I was alone. There was no other way," said Hashim, a 25-year-old widower whose wife died two years ago. "I miss my boy so much. I could only sell the little one. They didn't want the other." His remaining son, 9-year-old Sejawdin, is almost completely deaf. Faisal Mohammed, administrator of the central orphanage in Mazar-e-Sharif, said he came across a man in the city's bazaar begging someone to buy his 6-year-old daughter. "It struck me how bad our country has become when you can put your child for sale like a piece of fruit," Mohammed said. "We cannot deny that people are selling their children. After 23 years of war, people are left with nothing and, worst of all, no hope. They see no other options." In past generations, poor Afghan families would sometimes send children to live temporarily with better-off relatives. Now, it appears that system may be eroding because of the twin hardships of warfare and drought, Mohammed said. "We saw this happening during the Taliban time. Some people saw their children as a way to make quick money," he said. Eight months ago — while the Taliban was still in power — a pushcart porter and his wife said they sold their 4-day-old son to neighbors because they couldn't afford the medicine to treat the woman's postnatal bleeding and other medical complications. They received about $30, said the couple, who have six other children. "We used to go see the boy, but the family now has told us to stay away," said the mother, Dilaram, who like many Afghans goes by one name. "The money was soon gone. I am still sick and our child is gone forever." QUESTIONS: • How can war affect the lives of ordinary people? • Is selling children a solution for the Afghan’s future life? • Has selling their own children anything to do with the social condition of the Afghan woman?

A young lady in Kosovo

Activity 8 THE PROBLEM OF WHITE SLAVERY AT THE END OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM - Listen to the tape. You will hear three prostitutes talking about their distressing lives. -

Can you characterise the persons on the tape?

-

How do you see prostitution- as a job, a profession, a scandal for a civilised society?

-

Do you agree with any form of legalisation of prostitution in Romania? Give reasons for and against.

Activity 9 Below you have a fragment of a letter.Who do you think has written this letter? What could you do in answer to the plea in the letter? Choose two class mates and devise a plan of action meant to counter the situation described in the letter.

"...Help the girls from Ukraine. Their situation is hopeless. They need immediate help. They were taken in a deceiving manner to local bars to work as dancers, where they are forced into prostitution. The girls do not receive any money and the bar owner makes a tremendous profit on them. The corrupt local police help to establish these places and to avoid planned police raids. The girls' documents are taken away. They threaten and harass them. They have no way of escaping from this hell and almost all want to return home. During the day they keep them prisoners in a room, and at night force them to sleep with clients. In one such night, with one girl, the owner makes 200-300 German marks and for one hour- 100 marks. If the girl begins to protest, they get harassed, beaten and not given anything to eat. They have no place to look to for help. They are later resold to the Muslim part of Bosnia, from where there is no return forever. These people are without heart, horrible mafiosi, who work in close contact with the police. Often the girls commit suicide. In their name I turn to you to help them return home to Ukraine. My name I cannot give because I will be killed by the mafia if they find out about this letter. In the name of God and Truth help! Each woman has a right to life, has a right to manage herself and her body. She is not a white slave who can be discounted or killed. I hope for your help very much.."

Discuss with a partner the trends in criminal activity which make it very important that young women become police officers.

A seminar on career development for policewomen was held in September 2001 in Holland . The philosophy emphasised during the seminar is written below. •

Good human resource management guarantees the optimum use of human potential within the police. "Human Capital" (i.e. the qualities of men and women) should be developed to their fullest potential. The combination of both "male "and "female" characteristics improve the standards of policework overall.

•

The public is better able to identify with a police service in which women work side by side with men at every level and in every type of job; in effect, as a reflection of the society at large.

•

The police, as enforcers of the law, should set an example as far as equal treatment of women and men is concerned.

Activity 10 Using the words in the box, enlarge on the ideas emphasized by the seminar by writing a few sentences about each point.

- Human capital - Human resources management - Police service - Equal treatment of women and men in the police Compare your ideas with your partner's. Look at the objectives below. What organisation do they belong to? Can you think of standards and processes you could employ to achieve the objectives ? •

Exchange of knowledge, information and experiences within the European Police organisations;

•

Stimulating international research and training in order to maximise the experiential learning for women police officers within Europe;

•

Organising a Bi-annual European Conference;

•

Organising specific seminars for both policewomen and -men to promote the exchange of good practice, information and learning;

•

Stimulating and supporting the establishment of national networks of policewomen.

•

A database to achieve centralisation of comprehensive information and enable efficient dissemination of the same.

Jokes ? A police graduate fresh from the Academy is on the beat. He sees a priest in the street. Without any warning he begins beating him. After a while, having beaten him severely, he says panting: “A Ninja, ha? So you think you’re a Ninja from the American movies, do you? That’s what I think of you, Ninja!!!” What did the policeman say after coming out of a sewage canal he had fallen into? It’s a good thing the lid wasn’t on!’ Two policemen meet: Hi, Ghitza! Hi, Costica! Can you tell me what ‘vacuum’ means? Well, I have it in my brain, but I can’t explain it to you now.

GRAMMAR Verb + full infinitive (with to) Verb + -ing Verb + short infinitive (i.e. without to ) Some verbs are followed by a to infinitive, but they cannot take an –ing verb. Some examples are given in the box.

agree, aim, ask, decline, demand, fail, hesitate, hope, hurry, manage, offer, plan, prepare, refuse, want, wish. EXAMPLES 1.

The suspect agreed to accompany te police ofiicer to the station.

2.

The prisoner demanded to see a lawyer immediately.

3.

The police have managed to identify the suspects.

Some verbs take the –ing form of the verb, but do not accept a to infinitive after them. Examples

admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, dread, envisage, feel like, finish, imagine, recall, regret, resent, risk, suggest EXAMPLES 4. The British police have sometimes considered carrying guns but many officers can't imagine having them as a matter of routine. 5. The defence counsel regretted calling the accused's brother as a character witness. Some verbs are followed by a short infinitive after an object; there are also a few verbs, with idiomatic meaning, that require a short infinitive after them:

feel, hear, overhear, see, watch, have, let, make, hear, tell, make believe, let go 6. The surveillance officers overheard the suspects admit to have been in the building at the time. 7. The officers could only watch the kidnapper leave with his hostages.

Exercise 3 REPHRASE using the correct form of the verb in capital letters and one of the patterns. 1. Maybe this is the hotel we are looking for.

(APPEAR)

2. They said they would like me to come with them on the trip.

(INVITE)

3. I’m sorry I haven’t seen the movie.

(REGRET)

4. The police believed he was the criminal because of the evidence. (LEAD) 5. Does using the hotel sauna cost a lot?

(PAY)

6. Coming first in the race meant we could buy a new car.

(ENABLE)

7. It is compulsory for all students to be present at lectures.

(REQUIRE)

8. She might fail her driving test again.

(RISK)

9. Susy succeeded in finishing the assignment in time.

(MANAGE)

10. Calling Bob is pointless, because his phone is out of order

(BE NO USE)

Exercise 4 Choose the most appropriate answer(s) 1. We needed … a) the car to be mended b) the car mending c) the car to be mending d) the car mended 2. The teacher reminded ……… the papers. a) us where to leave b) us where we had to leave c) where we had to leave d) where to leave 3. I’d advise …… more. a) to study

b) you to study

c) you studying

d) your studying

c) him winning

d) him to win

4. I remember …… the contest. a) he winning

b) he to win

6. The burglar confessed……. a) commit the crime b) to commit the crime c) to have committed the crime d) committing

e) having committed

7. We persuaded……… a new car. a) him to buy

b) him buy

c) him buying d) his buying e) to him to buy

8. He ……… that he had caught the huge fish himself. a) made us to believe b) makes us believe c) made us believe d) made us believing 9. We waited for the taxi …… before saying goodbye. a) coming

b) to come

c) come

d) came

10. They noticed …… away from school. a) him to run

b) him run

c) him running

d) him ran

UNIT 8

POLICING THE MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1. What do you understand by the notion “multicultural society”? 2. Do you regard your society as being multicultural and can you explain why? 3. Can you describe how at least one ethnic group in your society is culturally different? Letting the side down Read the text and comment on the implications. Gary Younge, The Guardian, Monday December 17, 2001 At the Majestyk nightclub in Leeds city centre, neon lights cut through dry ice to reveal huge quantities of bare flesh. In two separate cages, suspended from the ceiling, women in white bikinis and huge snow boots writhe to the pulsating music then step aside for young men with torsos shimmering with baby oil to replace them. Down below, with the help of sweet, fizzy alcohol, the dating game is slowly evolving into the mating game. Young people with lust in their eyes and a drink in their hand are coming down with a ritual attack of Friday night fever. (1) Outside, the bouncers stand with their backs to the main entrance looking over the city square. It is the ideal vantage point from which to retrace the flight of Sarfraz Najeib as he ran from his attackers. But these were no ordinary assailants. Among the accused were footballers Jonathan Woodgate, who has been found guilty of affray, and Lee Bowyer, who has been cleared of all charges. Though race was ruled out as a motive (2) in the retrial of Woodgate, Bowyer and two other men, the case came as a blow (3) to the club which has spent more than a decade struggling to shake off a reputation as one of the most racist in Britain. The Asian student had been beaten to within an inch of his life (4) and the two were originally charged with racially aggravated assault. The players' fame would ensure national headlines; the race of their victim initially ensured national debate. The combination of the two would send both the city and the criminal justice system into denial.(5) The first trial collapsed in April, when the media also found itself in the dock. (6) While the jury was still deliberating, the Sunday Mirror published an interview with Najeib's father insisting that the attack was racist. The judge ruled it the "most serious form of contempt". (7) When the trial restarted last month, the jury sat in a quite different world. Nearby Bradford had been scarred by some of the worst racial unrest since Brixton 20 years earlier. The events of September 11 added fuel to the fire and once again racial tensions were running high. So while media attention this time has not been anywhere near as intense, the ramifications are still considerable. For in a one-team city which has spent much money and energy reshaping its image, the repercussions will begin now the trial has ended. In the past, when club supporters have been involved in violence, the city council has been quick to distance itself. (8) This time it will not be possible. Leeds United, despite having, in the 1960s, one of the first black players to play in the Football League, has always considered itself to be a whites-only club. But the reality of life in the city ran counter to that. More non-white immigrants settled, particularly in the

Chapeltown area, and the wave of organised racism that spread through the country in the 1960s and 70s settled on the terraces of Elland Road, where the National Front recruited openly. Nick Varley, a Leeds supporter and author of the authoritative Park Life, a Search for the Heart of Football, recalls hearing at his first match a call-and-response chant involving "hundreds, possibly thousands of fans", aimed at the one black player on the pitch. "Trigger, trigger, trigger," called one side of the stand. "Shoot that f****** nigger," came the reply. "Which f****** nigger?" "That f****** nigger," was the answer, as the crowd pointed at the target of their venom. "All around me were fans who joined in," writes Varley. "Not everyone, by any means, but a lot." By the late 70s, a white Leeds fan, Paul Thomas, had had enough of standing among what he felt was the silent majority. Along with friends and activists from the local trades council, he set up Leeds United Against Racism, in order to challenge the presence of fascists at the ground. "I thought either you tolerated the racism or you did something about it," he says. When they told police they intended to leaflet (9) the ground with an anti-racist message, the initial reaction was hostile. The police made it known through the press that they feared political violence would break out. The club considered suing the campaigners for unauthorised use of the club badge on the leaflets. But, says Thomas, the response from fans was encouraging. "Quite a few came up and congratulated us, saying stuff like: 'It's about time somebody did something about that lot.” Under pressure from the council, which then owned the ground, club officials were persuaded to meet the demonstrators. Despite the choruses of hate ringing from its stands, the managing director refused to believe there was a problem and demanded proof. The anti-racists produced Terror on the Terraces, recording the abuse. "It's not as though we did any great undercover work," says Thomas. "We were just reporting what had already been reported." Gradually, thanks to persistent activism, a change of management at the club and more pressure from the council, the atmosphere started to improve. There were statements condemning racist chanting from senior management and regular adverts in the programme against racism. The club developed its links with local black and Asian communities (it is presently working with Kosovan refugees). It also distributes antiracist certificates to schools. Racism has not been eliminated there, any more than it has anywhere else in the country, but it is no longer the dominant culture. Recently Thomas sat near a racist heckler and was backed by other fans when he asked him to stop. When the man threatened Thomas, he called the club's anti-racist hotline to complain. The club called him back quickly, asked detailed questions about the incident, and then called again to say the man's season ticket had been withdrawn. Now, once again, Leeds United finds itself associated with allegations of racism, although this time very much against the run of play. Many Leeds fans - including committed anti-racists such as Thomas - believe racism was not a factor: "I think it tells you more about young men and alcohol than it does about race," he says.

Activity 1 Explain the meaning of the underlined words Discuss with a partner the issue of racial abuse, football ‘culture’ and the roles of the police and the authorities. Is this poster effective? Why?

The above poster is part of the Metropolitan Police (London) campaign to stop socalled “hate crime”. There are other posters in the series which can be seen at their web-site

www.met.police.uk

Read this text about the approach to multi-ethnic society policing in the Netherlands. Activity 2

" Keeping the shop open!"

“Some years ago, it might still have been possible to wonder whether the multiethnic society was a reality. Nowadays, we would do better not to fool ourselves with such basic questions any longer, and to face the facts instead. Allow me to use a metaphor to illustrate our vision. In major European cities, there are probably still a number of small local shops, such as the greengrocer on the corner of the street in an old quarter of the city. There are shops like that in Rotterdam, too. The greengrocer has always sold traditional Dutch vegetables such as sprouts and cauliflower, which are displayed, fresh from the auction, in wooden boxes in front of the shop in the morning. But the population in these districts has changed and many residents of exotic origins prefer eggplants, olives and rice to traditional goods like cauliflowers and potatoes. The greengrocer now has two options: * he may either adjust the range of products he sells to the altered population of the neighborhood and stay in business; * or he can keep on selling what he has always sold, and as a result he will have to close down his shop after a while. The police are, in fact, in the exact same situation as this greengrocer. But there is one major difference: the police can never close down their shop: they will always be in business”. (Eric van der Horst – Rotterdam – Rijnmond Police Department) Discussion What do you regard as your police service mission in “Policing a multicultural society”? With a partner, speak about the necessary changes, aims and objectives with reference to this dimension of policing. Exercise 1

Complete the text using the words in the box below: enforcement, out, enforced, public, image, force, warden, uniform, probation, to observe, embodies

Law must be ......(1) if civilized man is to survive. Society cannot depend completely on simple persuasion to induce law observance, and therefore it must require enforcement of law. The term .......(2) implies, as does the very nature of man, the potential use of ........(3) and this potential, then, is necessarily a part of the police role. But the manner in which this potential is viewed by the public ......(4) often determines whether the police .....(5) is good or bad. Because good police image tends, to affect favorably an individual’s willingness ........(6) the law voluntarily, police retain a rightful interest in a good image. The law enforcement officer .....(7) the law so visibly and directly that neither the policeman nor the public find it easy to differentiate between the law and its enforcement. Relatively few citizens recall ever having seen a judge, fewer still, a prosecutor, coroner, sheriff ........(8) officer or prison .......(9). The patrolman is thoroughly familiar to all this ......(10) picks him ....(11) from the crowd so distinctly that he becomes a living symbol of the law. Whether the police like it or not, they are forever marked men.

Read the text about a strategy developed by the Dutch police in order to meet the needs of a multicultural society. A few years ago we came to the conclusion that was necessary to develop a police policy in our service that would address the issues of multi ethnicity and the consequences for our organization. We especially aimed at Turkish and Moroccan youngsters for several reasons. One of the reasons was that we already had police officers with another ethnic background coming from our former colonies. We have chosen an integrated approach. Therefore this project was divided into four sub-projects: 1. recruitment and selection 2. inflow and career development 3. police training 4. prevention, conflict handling and combating discrimination It was necessary to develop new methods and policies in these four fields. In our regular recruitment campaigns we used national newspapers, radio and television guides for our advertisements. We also broadcast commercials. It became clear that we couldn’t reach certain ethnic communities through media. Therefore we had to look for other ways to get in contact with our target group. We contacted ethnic minority organisations and asked them for advice. Another important part of the project concerned selection. We discovered that to a certain extend our selection process was culturally biased. As an answer to that problem we tried to develop so-called culturally sensitive tests: BACON BEARD BEER ADULTERY Question: What does not belong in this series? In this example, it is important to realise that you have to approach it from an Islamic reference in order to be able to answer the question. We also learned that it is very important to involve colleagues from the “grass-roots” level in recruitment and selection. Colleagues were trained to do selection interviews. This way they have the idea that they are able to recruit their own future colleagues, and, by doing this, feel committed to the newcomers from a very early stage. More changes were needed to offer a friendly environment to these newcomers. A very simple example is the menu in the police restaurant. This also became more and more multicultural over the past few years. Discussion Do you think that it is necessary to recruit members of minority groups into all aspects of the justice system? Does this happen in Romania and in our police organization?

Exercise 2

Select the correct answer ( True or False)

1. The police policy to be developed aims at Moroccan and Arabic youngsters. 2. They didn’t have, until now, police officers with another ethnic background. 3. One of the sub-projects is “inflow and career development”. 4. In the recruitment campaigns they used leaflets. 5. The selection process was culturally biased. 6. The selection interviews were done only by the police managers.

Activity 3 Role play Imagine that you have been assigned to do a selection interview with a 30-year-old man from an ethnic minority background. In pairs, prepare a set of questions and answers. Do not forget such aspects as family background, training, motivation, etc.

Exercise 3 Choose a correct form of the passive to complete the sentences 1. The government recently stated that measures .........(take) at both the administrative and legislative levels to guarantee the freedom of religion. 2. The authorities announced that the process of restitution of properties confiscated under the former regime......(accelerate). 3. The new legislation.......(pass) in June 1997. 4. Allegations .......(transmit) to the government in a number of cases related to issues of wrongful arrest, harrassment and ill treatment. 5. It.....(decide) by the authorities that, there is a need to create a multicultural perspective in the juvenile system. 6. The portrait of the wanted man ..........(issue) by the police. 7. The new strategy ........(discuss) nowadays by the Ministry of Interior. 8. The anti-discrimination legislation.......(implement) by next year. 9. The fact that many Western European countries become multi-ethnic communities ........(cause) by postwar migration. Exercise 4 Choose the most appropriate word underlined. 1. This neighbourhood is inhabited by / from Muslims. 2. The conflict area was immediately surrounded from / with police troops. 3. The shop windows have been smashed from / with rocks. 4. After the meeting the street was covered by / from leaflets. 5. A new training programme is included in / with the new legislation. Exercise 5 Put a suitable preposition in each space. 1. The police officer was accused........ serious misconduct. 2. The murderer was sentenced ........20 years in prison by the Court. 3. The investigation showed that the accused has been involved ......breaking into the house. 4. Troops were called ...........when racist groups began gathering outside the downtown library. 5. The community was promised that the problem would be looked ..... 6. The whole story told by the suspect in court was completely made .......... 7. Access to the basement level was blocked ..........by police and security guards.

Exercise 6

Match the description with the headings POLICE AS A MIRROR OF SOCIETY. CULTURAL ADDED VALUE PROFESSIONALISING THE ORGANISATION TRANSPARENT PROCEDURES

1. It is not only nice to know but there also is a need to know what is going on in society and anticipate those changes. No one is born with the necessary skills to provide full police services. 2. To establish their importance as a legitimate force in society, the police have a professional interest in reflecting the same ethnic diversity in their organisation. 3. Racial incidents reported to the police must be treated carefully. Victims must be heard and helped. Procedures should be transparent, especially for victims. 4. Learning from and respecting each other. It is obvious that you will only learn to overcome cultural differences if you meet and interact with other cultures. Exercise 7 Decide on appropriate collocations. (A + B) and (B +A) B A behaviour, undercover, to take, statutory, legislation, authority, minority, law, to enforce, racial, liaison, community, racist, action, operation, officer, of code, ethnic, protection practice, sexist, ombudsman, incident

Reading text 3 Briefing Paper for discussion on Muslim Delegation’s meeting with Home Office Minister, Ms. Angela Eagle. Fault lines in Community Relations. A delegation of Muslim community leaders met the Home Office Minister Ms. Angela Eagle this afternoon. The meeting was planned in order to raise with her their serious concerns over the dangerous fault lines that have shown up in recent weeks in community relations in Britain as manifested by the outbreak of disturbances in Northern England. The most blatant example of rash and mindless police behaviour, if not, let us assume, an act of deliberate racism, was the senseless and brutal beating up of none other than the Labour Party National Executive Member Shahid Malik – and in front of the rolling TV cameras. Everyone watched Shahid Malik telling the police to hold back, “It’s OK”, he was saying to them after having restrained a group of angry youths behind him. He was instead pounced upon by the police and hit ferociously, thrown on the ground and handcuffed. This one incident did raise a few important questions the delegation told the minister.

Didn’t the police in Burnley know who Shahid Malik was, instead of mistaking him for one of the “thugs”? If they did not know Shahid Malik nor even his father, the deputy mayor of the town, then it says a great deal about the police relationship with the local community. However, even if they happened not to know who the gentleman was, couldn’t they see that here was a citizen trying to prevent a clash between the police and the youths? The case is highly significant, said the delegation, in that it served as a powerful and poignant reminder to the eyes and minds of the community on what it meant to be a Pakistani or Bangladeshi in Britain. The disturbances have shown a great deficit in police-community relations. However, the problem being large and multidimensional, besides local internal inquiries, the Muslim community leaders demanded the setting up of a high powered Commission of Inquiry, something like Scarman. The inquiry should examine the failures and shortcomings of policies and look into the causes that have been breeding social tension and conflict; it should recommend measures and policies in order to stop the slide towards social exclusion and create a genuinely equal and inclusive multicultural society. Exercise 8 Find a word in the text that has the same or similar meaning to the following: worriers outburst unashamed sudden attack (v) conflict reproduce ask for DISCUSSION 1. Do you think the police have failed in their relations with the community? Why? 2. In what way do you think this article and the way the events are emphasized influence public opinion? 3. Discuss the role of the media in conflicts like this. Activity 4 Role play Imagine you are at a press conference. The class is divided into two groups- the reporters and representatives of the police authorities. Prepare a set of questions and answers in order to find out the truth about what really happened to the Labour Party National Executive member, Shahid Malik and how the police think they will try to improve community relations in future. Activity 5 Translate into English This is a summary of the other recommendations made to the Minister. - Importanţa stabilirii unor relaţii mai bune între comunităţile etnice şi liderii lor pe de o parte şi autorităţile locale pe de altă parte. - Nevoia de cooperare mai strânsă între moschei şi centrele islamice în vederea folosirii mai bune a facilităţilor de care dispun, prin înfiinţarea unor Comitete consultative.

- Moscheile şi Centrele islamice pot aduce o contribuţie considerabilă la combaterea consumului de droguri şi a comportamentului infracţional prin alocarea unor resurse proprii. - Nevoia de cooperare între autorităţi (guvern, autorităţile locale, poliţie, liderii comunităţilor religioase) în vederea prevenirii actelor de violenţă.

Activity 6 Drug Mules- the Jamaican Connection Listen to the text and complete the information Operation Trident – a joint Customs and police operation to tackle Jamaican “yardie” gangs. 1) On December 14 2001, British police charged ______________________________ with _____________________________ into London’s Gatwick Airport, just over a week after _____________________________________________________________ into Heathrow Airport. 2) The Jamaicans charged included _________________________ and all were believed to have _____________________________________. They could all face _________________________________. 3) Another seven people of unknown nationality were arrested after police allowed a “mule” on the same flight to _______________________________________________ and ________________________________________ where he was delivering the drugs. 4) It is not clear if the smugglers were ________________________________ or acting separately. A British Customs and Excise spokeswoman said the arrests underlined the fact that the British authorities would not tolerate drug smuggling and those who swallowed drugs were likely to get caught. 5) According to the spokeswoman, airlines ___________________________________ ______________________ when passengers’ behaviour was suspicious. For example, if passengers __________________________________, typical behaviour of those who have swallowed drugs. 6) Customs officers have stressed that ________________________________________ _____________________________________________ In October, a woman coming from Kingston _______________________________. 7) A post-mortem found that she ___________________________________________ 8) More than 30 other people ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 9) The latest arrests and ______________________________ recently passed on several Jamaicans should deter people from drugs smuggling.

10) Officials admitted that there was also a problem _____________________________ __________________________________ and there is certainly no assumption that anyone and everyone coming from __________________________________________ 11. The spokeswoman added that people in the UK do not automatically _____________________________________________________________ . They think of ________________________________________. Jamaica has its problems but so does everywhere else. 12. Senior Superintendent Carl Williams of the Jamaican Police Force Narcotics Division stated that, since the beginning of 2001, _______________________________ and at least __________________________________ . Activity 7 Dismantling Barriers This is the slogan of the police campaign in England and Wales to improve ethnic representation in the police service and among civilian staff working with the police. The various forces have targets which should be achieved by 2005. Discuss this selection from the table with a colleague, focusing on the representation and targets (correct - November 2002 ). (E.M.O. = Ethnic Minority Officers) Force

Size

Number of EMO

% of EMO

% of EM population in region

Avon and Somerset Bedfordshire Derbyshire Dyfed (Wales) G. Manchester Lancashire Merseyside (incl.Liverpool) Met. Police Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire Staffordshire West Midlands West Yorkshire

2965

35

1.1

2

Increase of EMO to achieve target 24

1050 1768 1013 6890 3245 4270

36 35 1 166 39 73

3.4 1.97 0.09 2.4 1.2 1.7

10 3.28 1 7.58 5 2.04

69 23 9 356 123 14

26106 1162

865 33

3.3 2.84

25 2.32

5661 On target

2269 2271 7215 5065

60 33 300 134

2.64 1.45 4.16 2.64

3.52 1.82 16.11 9.45

11 8 862 345

1. Which force (apart from Northamptonshire) has been the most succesful in recruitment of ethnic minority officers? 2. If you were Chief Recruitment Officer in Merseyside how would you feel about achieving the target? Very worried? Worried? Confident? Very confident? 3. And for Staffordshire? 4. Lancashire?

5. How successful has West Yorkshire police force been in recruiting ethnic minority officers? Very successful? Quite…? Not very…? Not at all …? 6. What do you think of the Met’s situation? With your partner, practice talking about the statistics in the table in a fluent, cohesive way. For example: The West Midlands police force has around 300 ethnic minority officers from over 7000 in the force. This represents just over 4% of all officers and compares with about 16% of ethnic minorities in the West Midlands region. To achieve the 2005 target, the West Midlands police will need to recruit 862 new officers- almost three times the present number.

Activity 8 Read the text and answer the questions below. More black people stopped and searched Alan Travis, Guardian Weekly, March 14 2002 The number of black people who have been stopped and searched by police has increased, according to official figures released by the Home Secretary, David Blunkett. The latest figures show that the police use of their stop-and-search powers fell by a further 17% in the year to April 2001 but the number of black people stopped went up by 4%. Black people are still seven times more likely to be stopped by police. The new figures dispel the claim that the police have retreated from using powers to stop and search black people because of fear of being branded as racist. In an attempt to restore both the confidence of both the police and the ethnic minority communities in the use of stop-and-search, Mr Blunkett says in an interview published in the black newspaper The Voice, that he will publish new guidelines. All those stopped by the police in future will be given a written ticket recording the event. It is expected that the extra bureaucratic burden on the police will be minimised by the uuse of hand-held computers by officers at the scene. Answer the questions- TRUE or FALSE or IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY 1. The police have implemented a clearly-defined non-racist policy of stop-and-search. 2. The evidence for racial bias in stop-and-search comes from ethnic community reports. 3. Stop-and-search powers have generally been used more selectively over the previous year. 4. The police are critical of the Home Secretary’s new guidelines. 5. There will be even more stop and search with the new guidelines. 6. Modern technology will reduce some bureaucratic problems for officers. 7. It was widely assumed that the police had reduced their stop-and-search activities for ethnic minority groups.

UNIT 9

TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS

INTRODUCTION Discussion • • • • • •

What is trafficking? Is there a difference between smuggling and trafficking? Who are trafficked? What are human beings trafficked for? What do you know about the world-wide nature of trafficking? How can illegal migration be an opportunity for organized crime? How are criminal organizations engaged in large-scale smuggling of illegal migrants into the European Union?

Comment on the text: Throughout the 1990’s, Central and Eastern Europe witnessed a massive increase in migration from the Commonwealth of Independent states, in comparison with the previous levels under communist rule. The reasons that prompt people to move across international borders, are deeply embedded in the basic features characterizing many former socialist and third world countries (e.g. economic hardship, poor living conditions, ethnic tensions, armed conflicts, political instability etc). At present, another main point of entry into Europe from Asia and the Pacific is from the tip of North Africa to the southern regions of France and Spain. The smuggling of “illegals” from South-East Asia is one of the biggest problems facing the European Union at the moment. A variety of immigrants enter Europe from all areas of the globe because of the array of possibilities that are available to the average “citizen”. It is believed that the Baltic States, Finland and Sweden are the main points of entry into Europe from the North. Two main migration routes lead through Poland. The Eastern route, controlled by Russian organized crime, is used to transport Asians, mainly Armenians, Indians, Afghans and Africans, mostly Somalis, Algerians and Nigerians. The southern route is most used by Balkan residents, with groups of Romanians, Albanians, Kosovars and Turks all heavily involved. Activity 1 Having read the text, discuss how trafficking is a gross violation of human rights. Make a list of the violations that are involved. Here is a surprising and shocking piece of information West Sussex Social Services Department is among the best in the country (UK) in relation to treatment of separated children. Yet a total of 71 child asylum seekers –most of them girls from poor Nigerian families- disappeared from its care between October 1995 and December 2000. So far, only two of the missing children have been found and nobody knows the fate of the others. Police conclude that most have been taken by traffickers for prostitution, forced domestic labour or crime.

Consider … TRAFFICKING IS - increasing rapidly all over the world - a cross- border issue with regional and global dimensions - closely linked to, but distinct from, illegal labour migration - a web of hidden, profitable, and expanding trade networks and movements of people, between countries of origin, transit and destination countries IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE USE OF - violence and force or threat of, deprivation of freedom of movement, - confiscation of identity papers and travel documents, deceit, and debt bondage - women and children for prostitution, but also for other forms of exploitation in the context of organized crime - exploitation of anyone regardless of age, sex, or origin.

Exercise 1 The following definition of trafficking of human beings is widely used. Complete the definition by filling in the blanks with appropriate words: The illicit and (1)…………….movements of persons across national borders, largely from developing countries and some countries with economies in (2)…………, with the end goal of (3)………human beings into sexually or economically oppressive and (4)…………….situations for profit of recruiters, traffickers and crime syndicates, as well as other (5)……..activities related to (6)…………., such as forced domestic labour, false marriages, clandestine employment and false adoption. ™ Choose the right word for each space: 1.a) clandestine 2.a) bloom 3.a) asking 4.a) odd 5.a) illegal 6.a) humanity

b) human b) transition b) involving b) general b) interesting b) trafficking

c) large c) search c) forcing c) supportive c) legal c) migration

d) huge d) future d) engaging d) exploitative d) dangerous d) exploitation

Exercise 2 Women and children… trafficked for what reasons? Tick the illicit purposes in the tables. Discuss your answers with a colleague. • • • •

Prostitution Car sales development The entertainment industry Bookshops

• • • •

Forced marriages Sports domain Mail-order brides Improve economic situation

• • • • •

Babysitter industry Illegal adoption of children Medicine industry Organ transplants Industrial work

• • • • •

Domestic work Begging Forced labour Drug trafficking Pornographic activities

Exercise 3 Vocabulary exercise Use a good monolingual dictionary. Select at least two words from the list and illustrate different meanings and use for them in sentences. Some words operate as verbs, nouns or both. Example: SECURE John is working in the media so his job seems secure. (safe) That building looks very secure. (firmly built) We must have a country with secure borders. (protected) The equipment was secured to the lorry by strong ropes. (Fixed firmly) CAUTION / BOOM / DELIVER/ DEAL / HARBOUR/ INTERFERENCE/ SHOW/ BOND Exercise 4

Trafficking in children and adults

Use the words from the box to complete the definition. recruitment/ phenomenon/ facilitated/purpose/ lived/ areas/measures/use/ slavery/ patterns All acts and attempted acts involved in the (1)………….., transportation within or across borders, purchase, sale, transfer, receipt or harbouring of a person involving the (2) of deception, coercion (including the use or threat of force of the abuse of authority) or debt bondage for the (3)………….of placing or holding such person, whether for pay or not, in involuntary servitude (domestic, sexual or reproductive) in forced or bonded labour, or in (4)……….-like conditions, in a community other than the one in which such person (5)……… at the time of the original deception, coercion, or debt bondage. Despite the diversity and complexity of the (6)………… of trafficking in human beings, it is in all cases exploitative and extremely dangerous. Only by ascertaining the true character of trafficking can we hope to adapt appropriate (7)…………. against it. Interestingly, routes and patterns of trafficking are not static phenomena. They are dynamic, changing networks that are affected as much by culture as by technology and history. Moreover, in addition to following to some extent the historical trafficking (8)……………. within the family, many trafficking routes tend to resemble legal migration flows. As autonomous labour migrants must live in thriving economic (9)…………. in order to find lucrative work, so must traffickers exploit locations with a high population density, a demand for informal labour, and a base of fluid capital. Further, some types of trafficking, particularly trafficking for purposes of illegal adoption or sex tourism, are facilitated by advances in telecommunications technology, like the Internet. Not only is the sale of children itself made more accessible and inexpensive through telecommunications advances, but the expansion of existing criminal networks is (10)……………. by rapid and enhanced contact-gathering and information exchange capacities.

Exercise 5

Some trafficking techniques

Match the first part with the second to make appropriate sentences. A. Local contacts

1) commonly paid to various officials or police to procure false documents or at border crossing

B. Direct sale

2) women and children are transported on foot, by motorcycle, minibus, pick-up, in trucks, vans and boats

C. Deceit

3) economic incentives to parents and arrangements which bond children and young women into sex- slavery or other exploitative forms of labour, though details of these debt terms are ill defined

D. Debt bondage

4) traffickers enlist the help of local persons to identify vulnerable families

E. Kidnap

5) women and children are sold to traffickers by parents or other family members

F. Falsification of documents

6) unscrupulous agents deceive parents, lure women and girls with false promises of wellpaid work in cities or marriage to rich partners

G. Bribes

7) criminal gangs or middlemen kidnap women and children, forcing them to work against their will, and often selling them to brothels

H. Transportation

8) false documents and passports make it difficult to identify and trace trafficked persons

Put your answers here A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

Now look back at the underlined vocabulary items. Add them to your “core” vocabulary lists.

A trafficking in human beings incident a few years ago ended in the death of over 50 Chinese “illegals” who were being transported in a refrigerated truck from Holland. The Dutch driver was later convicted of manslaughter.

Activity 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (the Helsinki Commission) was established by U.S. Congress in 1976 to monitor and report on the implementation of the decisions of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E). Read the text, discuss with a partner and argue from different points of view about the issues involved. Erich Honecker vs. Berlin Border Guards (Trials of Communism) Important attempts to deliver justice have been obstructed or suspended more than once. In March 1991, to the surprise and fury of many human rights activists and ordinary people, the former President of East Germany, Erich Honecker escaped to the then- Soviet Union – ignoring a warrant for his arrest on charges of ordering border guards to shoot East Germans trying to escape to the West. After a long and complicated set of negotiations between the Germans, the

Russians, and the Chileans (in whose Moscow Embassy Honecker had eventually sought refuge), Honecker was brought back to Germany for trial in July 1992. Meanwhile, a related set of prosecutions had been undertaken at the other end of the chain of command. In July 1991, four former East German border guards were arrested in connection with the shooting of the last East Germans who tried to flee before the Berlin Wall “collapsed” in 1989. The trial awakened painful memories of the period after World War II, when the issue of responsibility for following the orders of an immoral regime was equally pertinent. It also aroused passionate arguments on both sides, from those who believed that the state had an obligation to hold East German ‘criminals’ responsible, no matter where they fell in the hierarchy, to those who suspected that the government was trying to make scapegoats out of “the little people because it is incapable of punishing the big guys”.

Activity 3 VIOLENCE ERUPTS IN REFUGEE ‘HELL’ The text is adapted from an article from “ The Observer” (U.K.) 29 July 2001 Gang warfare has broken out in an asylum seekers’ camp in France after Eurotunnel barred their way to Britain, writes Stuart Jeffries. They wait for their chance to make it through the Channel Tunnel, but, since security was tightened, they do so with increasing desperation. And now they are fighting among themselves. Last week’s fight started when a Kurd stabbed an Afghan man during a night-time attempt to board a British-bound freight train, reportedly in a dispute over identification documents. “ It’s not a matter of us fighting against clandestine immigration,” said Francois Barel, Eurotunnel spokesman at Coquilles. “ Rather, we’re defending our business and protecting the jobs we’ve created”. Eurotunnel employees have told French newspapers that they fear for their jobs because of a decline in traffic on their trains. One employee told Liberation “Trains which should be full are half empty. You feel powerless, but we’re worried about being made redundant before the end of year. The firm does what it can, but they’re overwhelmed. You can’t have a guard every 10 meters. Already four people have died so far this year trying to get on to the trains. I’ve got a friend who heard a refugee screaming who had got his feet crushed. We weren’t hired for that. We’re not paid to roll these trains over people or see them injure themselves. We feel abandoned by the public authorities. Everybody’s just washing their hands of the problem”. One night last week 192 immigrants –including women with babies –were intercepted by guards. But a handful still regularly make it to England. Last week four men managed to reach Kent before being apprehended by police. Here are some words for you to study: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

To bar someone’s way = to obstruct; to hinder the progress of someone To tighten = not allowing somebody to get in or out; to restrict To stab somebody = to push a knife or other pointed object into somebody, causing injury Redundant = no longer need for a job and therefore out of work Overwhelmed = to be overloaded by something so you cannot respond satisfactorily To roll = a movement from side to side

Activity 4

SEX, DRUGS AND ILLEGAL MIGRANTS: SARAJEVO’S EXPORT TRADE TO BRITAIN Read the text Adapted from an article by Ian Burrell in Sarajevo, from” The Independent (UK), 21 January 2002 “

There are wolves, bears and unexploded mines in the snow-covered elm and pine forests that divide Bosnia-Herzegovina from the outside world. Yet the borders of the young state that has become a springboard for illegal immigration to Britain are so porous that thousands of people are smuggled through its 432 mostly unmanned crossing points every month. The situation is so serious that Tony Blair has persuaded the Bosnian government to allow a team of British immigration officials to try to plug the gaps being exploited by international organized crime. Last week, in a mountain gorge that separates Bosnia from Montenegro, Steve Parke, a British immigration officer, and Ian Johnston, a Merseyside police officer, were checking lorries, cars and buses for signs of people headed illegally for the European Union and Britain. Mr. Johnston, who works for the United Nations as deputy chief of the Bosnian border service, said: "The border is crossable anywhere. All 1,600 kms [1,000 miles] are passable, depending on how desperate you are to cross into the next country." Mafia gangs in Istanbul and Kosovo are exploiting the post-war destabilization in the former Yugoslavia, with its weak laws, liberal visa regimes and widespread corruption, to ferry Turkish, Iranian, Iraqi, Albanian and Afghan migrants into Europe for £5,000 a head. A report from the International Organization for Migration says 120,000 women and children are trafficked into the European Union each year for the “sex trade”. In Bosnia, 34,000 foreign visitors have disappeared after flying into Sarajevo airport during the past two years. Most have remained for just a few hours before being taken to the border by people smugglers. In his third-floor office in the blue and white United Nations building overlooking Sarajevo airport, Graham Leese, the project head of the British-led immigration team, is under no illusions about the scale of the problem. "For the EU as a whole - and the UK in particular - the Balkan route has long been identified as the most productive route in terms of illegal migration flows. It's quite easy to bribe border guards to turn a blind eye when you are smuggling across a lorry load of illegal immigrants." Bosnian organized crime is turning over an estimated £170m a year and, according to one member of the British team, government corruption is a major problem. "There are big fish here. They have massive influence and a lot of them are holding senior positions," he said. The view is shared by Ian Cliff, the British ambassador in Sarajevo, who said there was "massive" corruption among government officials administering the districts and cantons established in Bosnia after the Dayton Accord in 1995. Exercise 6 Decide if the sentences are TRUE or FALSE 1. Tony Blair has persuaded the Bosnian government to allow a team of British immigration officials to help. 2. Mr. Johnstone works for the United Nations as deputy chief on the Bosnian border. 3. Mafia gangs in Ukraine and Kosovo are exploiting the post-war destabilization in the former Yugoslavia.

4. For the E.U., the Balkan route isn’t the most problematic route in terms of illegal migration flows. 5. Bosnian organized crime is turning over an estimated £ 170 million a year. 6. The British ambassador in Sarajevo is John Clifford. 7. The present districts and cantons in Bosnia were established after the Dayton Accord . 8. A report from the International Organization for Migration says 1,200 women and children are trafficked into European Union each year for sexual exploitation. 9. It is not easy to bribe border guards to turn a blind eye when smuggling a lorry load of illegal immigrants. 10. In Bosnia, 34,000 foreign visitors have disappeared after flying into Sarajevo airport during the past two years. Activity 5

Writing

“When I realized that I had been sold from one place to another like goods I felt ashamed and disappointed. I’m a human being. I have the right to live like other people”. A Cambodian woman What is your point of view? Write a short composition of about 200 words on this subject. Exercise 7 Grammar Put the words into the correct sequence to complete the sentences 1. United Nations / based on/ documents /sources /other/of/information/are/reports/ articles/ and 2. Acknowledged/are /these/duly/gratitude/with. 3. Hoped/it /will/is/that/material/serve/this/action/as/for/a/catalyst/further. 4. Thousands/children/trafficked/are/women/and/countries/ from/ of/ their/ own 5. If/ unchecked/ will/ left/ continue/ trafficking/ momentum/ gain / economic/ in / the current/climatet/ in Asia.

Activity 6

Canada and U.S. Sign Smart Border Declaration

Listen to the declaration of the two statesmen and report… ™ Who said that they have agreed to an aggressive action plan? ™ How will the passage of people and goods be between the two countries? ™ Who speaks on behalf of President Bush? ™ What is the Action Plan good for? ™ What did they discuss about timing this activity? ™ Who is John Manley? And Tom Ridge?

™ How many points has the Action Plan? ™ How many new objectives does the Declaration include?

Exercise 8 Form nouns from the verbs given and make sentences with them. To achieve To improve To sign To agree To collaborate To meet Activity 7

Comments? Implications?

In December 2002, 14-year-old Rachel Lloyd from North Wales returned to British soil after having earlier run away to Turkey with her ‘fiancé’, 24-year-old Mehmet Ocack. Her family claims that she ‘married” the barman, whom she had met on a Summer holiday. The teenager’s return prompted chaotic scenes at Manchester Airport as the media struggled to speak to the girl who left Britain on a forged passport. In November, police had conducted a manhunt before ascertaining she had flown to Turkey. Interpol and Turkish police were brought in after Rachel phoned her family to say she had married her lover. She was traced to her fiancé’s home town and taken into the care of Turkish social services. Mr Ocack was detained and then released without charge.

Activity 8

SEA OF PROMISE

Read through the report from a European Assembly debate. Make notes on the given topics and match the underlined words with words or phrases with similar meanings from the box. Europe's governments want to crack down on human trafficking and stiffen asylum laws. But their economies can't afford to turn back the tide Immigration is the subject Europe's politicians would rather not talk about. Vowing to act tough on illegal immigrants and false asylum seekers plays well in the heartland; but crackdowns merely send refugees underground, forcing them to take ever-deadlier risks to get in. Easing entry requirements makes good economic sense, since Europe needs 75 million new workers over the next 50 years to replenish its aging population; but try telling that to downsized factory workers in Stuttgart or Glasgow. And diversity doesn't sell in the E.U.: just 5 million of its 350 million citizens live outside their native country. But they're still coming. Flung out of their native lands by war or persecution or poverty—or simply the promise of a better life—immigrants are crossing Europe's borders in unprecedented numbers. Last year 390,000 people applied for asylum in the E.U. Britain alone received 76,000

asylum applications, up from 4,000 in 1988. An estimated 500,000 foreigners entered the E.U. illegally last year, five times the number in 1994. And as the demand to enter Europe has widened, so have the opportunities for traffickers who would profit from these masses on the move. A common E.U. asylum policy isn't expected before 2004. Until then European countries will set their own standards, which isn't great news for immigrants. A new Spanish law that aims to crack down on smuggling also provides for the expulsion of immigrants residing in the country without legal permission. In the absence of a common E.U. immigration policy, governments are racing to the bottom in the level of benefits they offer immigrants hoping to stay. While refugeerights groups have criticized Britain's Labour government for issuing a meagre $50 weekly to asylum seekers, two-thirds of it in vouchers, other countries' policies are even worse. Germany, for instance, has slashed monthly pocket money to $40 and requires would-be refugees to stay in detention centers for their first three months. At a time of upheaval throughout the developing world, Europe's parsimony has done nothing for its reputation. If international opprobrium doesn't prod Europe to throw open its doors, there are signs that economic self-interest will. Last November the European Commission declared that "there is a growing recognition that the 'zero' immigration policies of the last 30 years are no longer appropriate." Germany announced plans last March to admit 20,000 foreign computer experts over the next three years, and Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder is pushing to expand this green-card initiative to workers in other sectors. Ireland has loosened immigration requirements for nonE.U. workers in technology, nursing and construction. Even Italy's government has introduced measures to admit 63,000 industrial laborers a year. Says British European Parliament Member Graham Watson: "Many states are seeing that in order to close the back door, we need to open the front door a bit more." Europe may still resist the idea that it is a Continent of immigrants. But in order to thrive, it has no choice but to become one.”

TOPIC

Common European immigration

COMMENT/INFORMATION

Policy

on

Benefits paid to refugees

Economic realities

“Opening the front door”

From the text

Words/phrases with a similar meaning A. to cut drastically

B. to grow in a healthy way; to flourish C. to push; to encourage D. to simplify E. to change the flow; to reduce the flow F. to tighten up; to limit; to restrict in a firm way G. meanness; tightness with money H. mean; tiny I. to renew; to re-fill J. with reduced numbers (of employees) K. to compete in a negative way L. to be thrown out aggressively or violently M. promising solemnly Activity 9 Listening This activity is adapted from material on the web-site for OSCE www.osce.org

Listen and complete the text The options for trafficked women are limited. If they get out of the environment in which they are (1)___________________ - either because the premises have been (2) ____________ by the police or because they have escaped- they are in unknown and often (3) _________________ territory. If they have escaped, there is often the question of where to go; whether they have the courage to go to the police and ask for help, or whether, (4) __________________, they have heard about the IOM (5) _________________________ and that there is an OSCE-sponsored safe house. The OSCE Mission in Kosovo has been supporting this safe house (6) ___________________ an international NGO, for some of the women who do succeed in (7) ________________________ of the trafficking ring. But is only for those who have chosen to be repatriated. It provides temporary (8) ________________ for 15 people. At present, more than 20 are there, with some women (9) ________________________________. The only alternative place to house them is the (10) _________________________ in Lipljane near Pristina and this is a very limited option. If the place they have been working has been raided, the women are still (11) ________________, possibly (12) _________________ charges of prostitution and having entered Kosovo illegally. Their papers have been taken by those who trafficked them and in cases involving trafficking the women have to have the courage to face their (13) ____________ ______________ in the courtroom and accuse them of kidnapping, or trafficking and of human exploitation. One of the priorities of the OSCE mission in Kosovo is to develop a (14) __________________ ____________________________ for trafficked women. Under the present system, there is almost no protection for women who do go to court or for those who return home. The main problem is the huge role played by organised crime in trafficking of women. Women who testify

in open court are (15) ______________________ those criminals. If they return home, they could face the very same men who organised their move in the first place. But such programmes are expensive and complicated and, at the moment, those who qualify are usually under protection for political reasons, not in cases where people have been trafficked. Activity 10 Read the text and discuss the implications. Based on a report from December 2002 The Sangatte Red Cross Centre in France closed on December 30 but a few weeks earlier, the British government had granted 1200 Iraqi and Afghan migrants four-year work permits. The deal was worked out as a compromise between the French and British governments and meant that Sangatte would close three months earlier than originally planned. The French authorities agreed to take responsibility for the remaining 4800 migrants in the camp who had registered before it closed its doors to new arrivals in November 2002. The French will also deploy an extra 750 border police to seal the Channel ports from illegal migrants. Britain's immigration control will, in effect, be moved to Calais in France when British Home Office immigration officers will begin to operate a full border control, including vehicle searches while still in France. The British Home Secretary, David Blunkett, defended the decision in the House of Commons and demanded that the opposition Conservative party should join him in condemning those antiimmigration pressure groups which were "bordering on fascism". The British Refugee Council welcomed the decision but said that the proposal to extend immigration controls outside its own borders was a worrying precedent. This could jeopardise the rights of refugees to obtain sanctuary in Britain.

UNIT 10

DEALING WITH VEHICLE CRIME

INTRODUCTION 1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

What is the link between cross border crime and organized crime? What is cross border crime? What aspects of car theft are you aware of? Do you think that people must be imprisoned for smuggling stolen cars? Is this such a serious criminal offence? Isn’t it enough to pay a fine, or to do some social work? In the Border Police, is there a need for specialists in stolen cars or is the assistance provided by the police forces enough?

Activity 1 In pairs, read one text and relate the facts in your own words to your partner. Comment from the professional point of view and consider the social implications of these circumstances. STUDENT A In Estonia, smuggling stolen cars is almost risk free. Very few people in Estonia have been convicted for smuggling stolen cars. The laws are incomplete in the courts have yet to rule on on matters of legal interpretation. In contrast to the Interpol section of other countries, Estonian officers work a lot in the streets. Thousands of stolen cars come to Estonia every year. They arrive from all over Western Europe on ferries and overland from the south. Most cars pass on to Russia. Estonia’s involvement is usually limited as couriers deliver cars to buyers in the St.-Petersburg area. Last year the Estonian police managed to return about 100 vehicles of which approximatively 20 had belonged to Swedish and 30 to German owners. STUDENT B It’s an open secret that Montenegro is the best hot car market in Europe: new models, priced to go. Most of the inventory however, appears on Interpol’s list of stolen vehicles. The International Police Agency has no authority here, for Yugoslavia- a pariah statehas no relationship with Interpol. A long time member of a car theft gang explained how the cars arrived in Montenegro: “The best method is to find someone in, say, Germany, who needs extra money and who is willing to have his car stolen. We drive the car over, and the owner declares it stolen once it’s already here. The owner collects the insurance policy plus a bonus from us, depending on what kind of car it is. Few cars stay in Montenegro or Serbia, and most often continue on to the Middle East.” When talking about cars, smuggling means: a) using a car in a robbery b) using a car to transport illegal immigrants c) illegal import and/or export of a vehicle (usually stolen) d) using cars to transport illicit goods (contraband) SMUGGLING. The offence of importing or exporting specified goods that are subject to customs or excise duties without having paid the requisite duties. Smuggled goods are liable to confiscation and the smuggler is liable to pay treble their value or a sum laid down by the law (whichever is the greater); offenders may alternatively, or additionally, receive a term of imprisonment.

Activity 2

ORGANIZED CRIME

The following definition of organised crime can be given, based on the practice of fighting against such crime: “ Criminal union organised for profit-seeking to commit diverse criminal offences, with the assumption of meeting objectives through corruption, blackmail, terror as well as the use of force and arms. “ Exercise 1 Make sentences using some of the underlined words. 1. Almost all criminal activity has as primary motive the idea of _______________. 2. It is remarkable how varied and ________________ the criminal imagination can be. 3. There is evidence to indicate that more criminals are prepared to use _____________ nowadays, particularly as guns are relatively easy to obtain. 4. Getting officials on your side, or to turn ‘a blind eye’ is indicative of the pattern of ______________ vital to any “successful” organised crime activity. 5. The secret criminal organisation or _______________ is not a new phenomenon. Even medieval society had secret societies, some committing criminal ________________ . Exercise 2 Match the two parts to form sentences 1) Criminal groups dealing with 2) They are headed by the “boss” or “organiser”, who 3) These people, functioning in European urban centres, pay 4) Another quite wide group of criminals 5) Couriers are entrusted with the task of transfer of 6) Another group of offenders engaged in this activity are people entrusted with 7) Finally, stolen cars are supplied to a buyer acting

a) in good faith or to persons receiving stolen property. b) a stolen car abroad to a final buyer, as urgently as possible. c) the task of moving stolen cars to new, safe places. d) car theft and smuggling are almost always hierarchically organized. e) for thefts, supply false documents and contract “countries” which smuggle cars abroad. f) deals with the financial side of the activity and “contract” thefts. g) are the car thieves themselves.

Exercise 3 Re- arrange the words to make sentences. 1. The theft/ is/ of/ serious/ a / automobiles/ problem/ world-wide 2. Vehicle/ can/ support/ profits/ terrorist/ organisations/ crime/ from 3. Trafficking/ mainly/ of/ criminal/ groups/ in vehicles/ is/ the work/structured and sophisticated. 4. South Africa/ stolen/ criminal/ is / by/ groups/ as/ to export/ a transit area / luxury/ vehicles/ used. 5. Germany / an increase/ is/ in/ facing/ cars/ rental/ of/ thefts/ nationals/African/ by 6. Italy/ concerned/ are/ Greece/ and/ criminal/ at / groups/ Albanian/ smuggling/ are/ who/ engaged/ actively/ car/ in 7. Violence/ increasingly / as/ to obtain / is/ an / ‘modus operandi’/ cars/ luxury/ common Exercise 4 IN MONTENEGRO, STOLEN CARS ARE WORTH THEIR WEIGHT IN MEAT! Put in one correct word from the box. There are 18 words in total. TENUOUS/ DIPLOMATIC/ DIRTY/ SHUT/ BUNCH/ LUXURY/ ANXIOUS/ HOT/ WEALTHY/ STOLEN/ UP/ NOTORIOUS/ LIFE/ SALARY/ ISOLATE/ ALLIED/ MAIN/ SIMILAR/

At a time when Montenegro’s political situation is (1) …….., Western countries are inclined to look the other way at Montenegro’s (2) ……. little secret. Montenegro is a key part of the West’s effort to (3) ……. Yugoslav President Slobodan Molosevic, indicted for war crimes last year by the Hague Tribunal. Montenegro’s President Milo Djukanovic has (4) …….himself with the West and has consequently received financial and (5) ……… blessings from the European Union. Though Montenegro is (6) ……….. as a place teeming with stolen goods, Western countries are (7) ……… to protect the republic’s image. While the Milosevic regime often categorized the Djukanovic administration as a (8) ……. of criminals and smugglers, the West points to the Djukanovic government as an example of ethnic tolerance that is a model for the Balkans. Meanwhile, Montenegrins are reaping the fruits of a shady trade.The deals don’t stop at cars. Podgorica’s (9) …. street, Sloboda Ulica (Freedom Street), is filled with people dressed in Italy’s latest fashions, their (10) ….. cars parked in front of busy cafes, where mobile phones lie next to cups of expresso and ashtrays. A visitor would never guess that Montenegro’s average monthly (11) ….. is less than $ 100 per month. Montenegrins have a reputation in the Balkans for valuing a good (12) ….. “Visitors often say that it seems nobody does anything in Podgorica, That the cafes are filled with well-dressed people sipping coffee all day, ” says a cosmetics “importer” named Milos.

Yet there is hardly any industry to provide jobs for Montenegro’s 600,000 citizens, aside from a smattering of fishing, textile and tourism. Factories are (13) ….. down. The republic imports much of its food. The (14) ……. car trade could be seen as a legacy of Montenegro’s geographical location and history. With (15) ……. Italy to the West, and Balkan conflicts in other directions, Montenegro is a natural transit point for goods across the Balkans In their defence, Montenegrins say they’re only doing what they’ve done for hundreds of years. This independent people eked out a living for centuries on one of the most inhospitable pieces of European territory while surrounded by Ottoman Turks. The land is so undesirable that the Turks simply gave (16) … trying to conquer what was then a much smaller Montenegro. Just as they receive Western patronage today for their role as a buffer state, in the 19thcentury Russia supported Montenegro for (17) …….. political reasons. In this context, Montenegrins spent centuries raiding and smuggling to survive. (18) ……. cars can be seen as part of that tradition

Exercise 5

CARS, CUSTOMS OFFICERS AND CRIME!

Match PART A with the correct and appropriate PART B 1. Are you the owner of the vehicle? 2. Get out of the car and open the boot, please. 3. The customs seal applied to the door of your vehicle shows indications of having been tampered with. 4. You can’t continue your trip because you had a serious accident on Romanian territory 5. When and under what circumstances did you make the hiding place for the illegal exit of a foreign citizen? 6. I must inform you that this is a signed and authorised statement of the offence in question. 7. We intend to prosecute you and you’ll go on trial. 8. What is your relationship with the person found hiding in your car. 9. Show me the bill of sale for the vehicle, please. 10. Did you buy this car abroad?

A. Certainly, officer. Here it is. Is there any problem? B. I didn’t notice it at all. My papers are in order. C. Right away, officer.

D. Yes, here are the documents.

E. It wasn’t my fault, but I do want to clarify everything regarding the accident. F. I don’t want to speak about this, I need a lawyer G. Give me the statement, please H. Yes, I did. I. I met him near the border, on the main road. He begged me to take him. J. I have the right to have an official lawyer

Exercise 6 Circle the synonym (s) of the following words. SHOW:

a) express

b) display

c) protect

d) polish

e) exhibit

SERIOUS:

a) grave

b) solemn

c) trivial

d) light

e) petty

FOREIGN:

a) strange

b) domestic

c) alien

d) native

e) rural

HIDE:

a) mask

b) expose

c) cover

d) reveal

e) conceal

ABROAD

a) near

b) overseas

c) close

d) far away

e) distant

Activity 4 Comment on the statement below and write a short composition (200 words) : “ Violence is an increasingly common ‘modus operandi’ to obtain luxury cars for trafficking.” Activity 5 Read the text carefully and make an imaginary dialogue between the Swedish officer and the car smuggler. Choose the moment when the officer is checking the passport and the visa. ESTONIAN CAR SMUGGLERS On the Swedish visa officer's desk the visa applications pile up. Earlier the same morning he had found a false passport of a known car smuggler. Frowning, he compares the photograph in the passport with the ones in two visa applications, one old and one new. "This passport is false," he concludes and puts it away to give it to the Estonian police. The Swedish Embassy has information on about 60 people who have been known to be involved in car smuggling in Europe and therefore are not granted visas. Some of these are known by the staff after trying too often to get a visa. Currently several north European governments are discussing abolishing the visa requirement for Estonians. "The consequence is that you completely lose control over who will come to your country," says the Swedish Embassy. Of course, there are competing interests. Business would benefit from an abolishment. Several people the reporter has spoken to at the Swedish Embassy stress that Estonia is on the right track compared to Lithuania, Latvia and Russia. They believe that Estonia is readier and more suitable for European Union membership than the other two Baltic states. Corruption is on the decrease and the Soviet system is losing ground. Interpol and several other institutions get good marks. The institutions are new and the staff is young. Lack of experience is balanced by a strong will to rectify the problems. Also, the Embassy officials stress that car smuggling is mainly a problem for the countries from where the cars disappear. "You just can’t complain about the Estonians and say that it is their fault."

At the car market. Under a pine tree in Kadaka car market in the outskirts of Tallinn a BMW 730 is parked. As we come closer a man appears from the van parked next to it. He wears a blue winter jacket which is tight around his fat belly and the man definitely needs a shave. "It is a nice car," he explains to us in Russian. "It was bought in Kiev only two weeks ago, and all the documents are in perfect order." His golden teeth glitter as he assures us that there are no problems whatsoever with the car. And it is a very nice car, and even better, the price is only $ 10,800. In Sweden, a similar car is twice as expensive. Exercise 7 Decide if the following sentences are true or false (T / F) or not stated (NOT STATED) 1.A Swedish officer has discovered a false passport carried by a known car smuggler. _______ 2. The car smuggler’s photograph was new on the passport and old on the driving licence. _______ 3. The Swedish Embassy has information about sixty Estonian car smugglers. _______ 4. There is a discussion about abolishing the visa requirement for Estonians. 5. Estonia is likely to be invited to apply for European Union membership. __________ 6. The car smuggler from the market has no teeth. _________ 7. The car was nice but has no documents and was very expensive. _______ 8. In Sweden the cars are twice expensive than in Estonia. _________ Activity 6 Theft of a motor vehicle Comment on the definition of motor vehicle theft. According to the standard definition, theft means depriving a person/organisation of property without force with the intent to keep it. Most countries include offences relating to motorboats and receiving/handling stolen vehicles but some countries have “loopholes” in their law relating to these aspects. How is this a disadvantage to European police activities? According to Romanian law, decide on the legal liability of all parties concerned in this case study. Consider the implications. A Romanian citizen is offered a 2001 BMW for 8000 US$ which is far below its real value. The seller states that the car was bought in Germany from a reliable dealer and that the papers are in order. The prospective buyer looks at the documents, sees that there seems to be no proof of purchase but is satisfied that the seller is the legal owner of the car as his name is on the (German) registration book. He pays the money and receives the car and its documents. When the Romanian takes the car for registration, he is informed that the car is on a list of stolen vehicles that has been circulated by Europol. He is informed that he will be charged with a criminal offence. Activity 7 Make a dialogue ( in English!) between the buyer and a police officer.

Activity 8

Homework task or just for fun? International vehicle registration

Read the names of some European countries and their capitals and then match the international identification letters with the right country. e.g. CROATIA/ ZAGREB/ HR

SWITZERLAND/ BERN/ CH

International Identification Letters AL FL BIH

F PL A

BY LT MC

L N I

RUS DK H

SK BG RO

UA AND M

V IRL IS

TR LV MD

GB MK P

GR EST D FIN CZ CH NL SLO B HR RSM E S ANDORRA LA VELLA / VIENNA/ SOFIA/ COPENHAGEN/ REYKJAVIK/ HELSINKI/ SARAJEVO/ DUBLIN TALLIN/ ATHENS/ MINSK/ PARIS/ BERLIN/ RIGA/ / VADUZ/ CHISINAU / VALLETA/ PODGORICA / OSLO BRUSSELS/ PRAGUE/ BUDAPEST/ ROME/ LUXEMBURG/ SKOPJE/ VILNIUS/ MONTE CARLO/ / KIEV SAN MARINO/ BRATISLAVA/ / BELGRADE/ / LJUBLJANA/ AMSTERDAM/ / LISBON/ WARSAW/ BUCHAREST/ MADRID/ / MOSCOW/ / STOCKHOLM/ / ANKARA/ LONDON / 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

ALBANIA ANDORRA AUSTRIA BELGIUM BULGARIA BOSNIA –HERZEGOVINA BELARUS CZECH REPUBLIC CROATIA DENMARK ESTONIA FRANCE FINLAND GERMANY GREECE HUNGARY ICELAND IRELAND ITALY LATVIA LIECHTENSTEIN LUXEMBOURG LITHUANIA MACEDONIA MALTA MOLDOVA MONACO MONTENEGRO NORWAY NETHERLANDS PORTUGAL POLAND ROMANIA RUSSIA SAN MARINO SERBIA SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SPAIN SWEDEN SWITZERLAND TURKEY UKRAINE UNITED KINGDOM

TIRANA

ZAGREB

BERN

CH

Activity 9 Listening

MOTORCYCLE THEFT IN UK

Listen to the text and complete the table. 1. What is the estimated value of motorbikes stolen every month in UK? 2. The NCIS report is a prelude to … What? 3. More thefts occur… Where? 4. In the Metropolitan Police area of London, what percentage of thefts occur? 5. Is this unexpectedly high for the country? 6. Thefts show a correlation with patterns of … ? 7. The top 4 makes of bikes account for …. of all thefts. 8. What do you know about recovery rates? 9. One simple modus operandi.

1.

2. 3. 4.

5. 6. (What does this mean?) 7. ( Honda, Kawasaki, S……. and Y …….. ) in UK. 8. 9.

10. How many bikes are stolen per month? 11. These stolen bikes are…

10.

12. Some people knowingly … 13. Some councils have invested in … 14. Who should be vigilant? 15. What is the public programme of passing information to the police called?

12. 13. (What are these?) 14. 15.

11. a) ……….. b)…………. c) ……….. or d) split ……

UNIT 11 INTRODUCTION Discussion

COUNTERING TERRORISM

Which terrorist groups are you familiar with? What do you understand by the word “terrorism”? Who decides if an act is “terrorism”? If an act comes from the state, e.g. a planned assassination of an opponent who the state considers a threat, is the act not “terrorism”? If something is defined as “terrorism” at one time, for example, the acts of extremist groups in Northern Ireland, should these people ever be allowed to participate in political discussions subsequently? If the “terrorists” have political motives, e.g. independence for their group or minority, does this mean they are not criminals but political prisoners if caught? Can terrorist groups that act “for nationalistic principles”, e.g. the Basque movement, ETA, continue without the support of the people they claim to represent?

Who do you think the person depicted above is? A terrorist? Where do you think he comes from? Do WANTED posters have any effect? If you think he is a terrorist, with what event may he have been connected? Your teacher has information about this man. Before considering this topic it might be useful to start at the theoretical end. These texts are derived from the U.S. Army, Field manual “Stability and Support Operations”, Combatting Terrorism, Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

What do you think?

Do these constitute terrorism?

1. Weapons and financial support for “freedom fighters” in their struggle for independence. 2. People sabotaging important electric and communications installations during an invasion of their country by a stronger power. 3. Nationalist separatists blowing up the ruling group’s administration buildings to reinforce their demands for independence. 4. Supplying weapons to groups opposed to a democratically and legally-elected government because it conflicts with the supplier’s ideological position. 5. Supplying equipment and installations to a “dangerous” state knowing that it may use these offensively or threateningly.

Read the text carefully. Is there a difference between terrorism and other criminal offences?

Exercise 1

Terrorism is a special type of violence. It is a tactic used in peace, conflict and war. The threat from terrorism is ever present and an attack is likely to occur when least expected. A terrorist initiates the event that marks the transition from peace to conflict or war. Combatting terrorism is a factor to consider in all military plans and operations. Combatting terrorism requires a continuous state of awareness; it is a necessary practice rather than a type of military operation. Detailed guidelines, establishing an organisational programme to combat terrorism, including preventive and protection measures and incident response planning can be found in the Joint Publication 3-07-2 (1993). terrorism is a criminal offense under nearly every national or international legal code. With few exceptions, acts of terrorism are forbidden in war as they are in times of peace. The Hague Convention (1907) and the Geneva Convention of 1949 reinforce this idea.

TERRORISM DEFINED

Complete the various parts of the definition.

Terrorism is the (1) ………………………… use of violence or the threat of violence to (2)…………………fear; it is intended to (3)…………………. or intimidate governments or societies in the (4)……………………….of goals which are generally political, (5) ……………………. or (6)……………………… . This definition is carefully formulated to (7) ………………….between terrorism and other forms of violence. CHOOSE THE BEST WORD FOR EACH SPACE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

a) special a) cause a) force a) objective a) religion a) idealistic a) differ

b) calculated c) considered d) intimidatory b) start c) induce d) initiate b) compel c) coerce d) threaten b) search c) accomplishment d) pursuance b) philosophical c) polemic d) religious b) illogical c) ideological d) nationalistic b) distinguish c) diverge d) devolve

Exercise2 JOIN THE PARTS OF THE SENTENCES TOGETHER TO COMPLETE THE TEXT A. People employ terrorism ….

1. … as terrorists generally know what they want to achieve B. The tendency to label as “terrorism” … 2. …in the name of a variety of causes. C. Terrorism is calculated…

3. …that is engendered in someone other than the victim. D. The selection of a target for terrorists… 4. …conducted for its impact on an audience E. Terrorism is intended to produce fear… 5. …is both planned and rational F. Terrorism is a psychological weapon… 6. …any violent act of which we disapprove, is erroneous. Activity 1 VOCABULARY Which words go with ..

goals fear (N) attack (N) cause (N)

Exercise 3

For example: to achieve goals For example: to induce fear For example: terrorist attack; carry out an attack on … For example: to fight for a cause;

SOME HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

USE THESE WORDS TO COMPLETE THE TEXT

compel/ unpredictability/ virtually/ aborted/profound/ incidental/ granted/ sought/undermine/ concessions Throughout history, extremists have practised terrorism to generate fear and to (1) __________________ a change in behaviour. Frequently, terrorism was (2) _______________________ to other forms of violent action- insurgency or war. Before the 19th Century, terrorists usually (3) ____________________ immunity from attack to certain categories of people. Like other warriors, terrorists recognized innocent people, not involved in the conflict. Terrorists usually excluded women, children and the elderly from their activities. For example, in late 19th Century Russia, radical planning the assassination of the Tsar, (4) __________________several attacks because they risked harming innocent people. “Oldschool” terrorism was direct; it intended to produce a political effect through the injury or death of the victim. The development of bureaucratic states led to a (5)

___________________ change in terrorism. Modern governments have a continuity that older, personalistic governments did not. Terrorists found that the death of a single individual, even a monarch, did not necessarily produce the policy changes they (6) ___________________. Terrorists reacted by turning to an indirect method of attack. By the early 20th Century, terrorists began to attack people previously considered innocents to generate political pressure. These attacks had the effect of creating a public atmosphere of anxiety and, as a result, were planned to (7)__________________ confidence in the government. The (8) ________________________ of the attacks, their apparent randomness made it (9) ____________________________impossible for governments to protect potential victims. The public demands protection that the state cannot give. Frustrated and frightened people then demand that the government make (10) _____________________ to stop the attacks.

Activity 2

THE TERRORISTS

Terrorists are inspired by many different motives. They may be classified into three categories: RATIONAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL OR CULTURAL. A terrorist, of course, may be shaped by all three. Decide into which category the statements may be placed. a) The terrorist thinks through his goals and options, making a cost-benefit analysis. b) “Splinter-groups” among terrorists are often more violent than their “parent” group. c) Terrorists do not even consider they may be wrong although others’ views may be assessed on merit. d) Terrorists tend to project their own anti-social motivation on others, creating a polarized “us” and “them” perspective. e) Some political systems have no effective non-violent means for changes in power structure or “succession”. f) Terrorist groups ask a crucial question: Can our actions be successful in attaining our goals without causing a backlash that will destroy the cause and perhaps our own people? g) A terrorist group must terrorise. As a minimum it must commit violent acts to maintain group self-esteem and legitimacy. h) Society generally rejects as unbelievable such actions as vendettas, self-destruction, ethnic cleansing, religious martyrdom, etc. when we observe it in others. i) When a terrorist group approaches its stated goals, it is often inclined to re-define them. j) A major determinate of terrorism is the perception of outsiders and anxiety about ethnic group survival. Fear of cultural extermination leads to violence. Can you think of authentic examples of these? For example, from Northern Ireland, from Spain, from Chechnya, from the Middle East, from North Africa …?

Activity 3 READING Read the text. It is an immediate response by Noam Chomsky to the September 11 attacks.Chomsky is perhaps the most famous living linguistic scientist. He has been critical of American policy for over 30 years and is considered an extremely intelligent person, although frequently very opposed to American foreign policy. What are your reactions to this?

Today's attacks were major atrocities. In terms of number of victims they do not reach the level of many others, for example, Clinton's bombing of the Sudan with no credible pretext, destroying half its pharmaceutical supplies and probably killing tens of thousands of people (no one knows, because the US blocked an inquiry at the UN and no one cares to pursue it). Not to speak of much worse cases, which easily come to mind. But that this was a horrendous crime is not in doubt. The primary victims, as usual, were working people: janitors, secretaries, firemen, etc. It is likely to prove to be a crushing blow to Palestinians and other poor and oppressed people. It is also likely to lead to harsh security controls, with many possible ramifications for undermining civil liberties and internal freedom. The events reveal, dramatically, the foolishness of ideas about "missile defense." As has been obvious all along, and pointed out repeatedly by strategic analysts, if anyone wants to cause immense damage in the US, including weapons of mass destruction, they are highly unlikely to

launch a missile attack, thus guaranteeing their immediate destruction. There are innumerable easier ways that are basically unstoppable. But today's events will, nonetheless, be used to increase the pressure to develop these systems and put them into place. "Defense" is a thin cover for plans for militarization of space, and with good PR, even the flimsiest arguments will carry some weight among a frightened public. In short, the crime is a gift to the hard jingoist right, those who hope to use force to control their domains. That is even putting aside the likely US actions, and what they will trigger -- possibly more attacks like this one, or worse. The prospects ahead are even more ominous than they appeared to be before the latest atrocities. Noam Chomsky These words may have caused some difficulty: janitor: caretaker of a building flimsy-flimsier-flimsiest : weak, without any real weight or force ( a flimsy argument or excuse) “ ..hard jingoistic right”: the right in politics is always considered more conservative, traditional, individual-country focused and more nationalistic; “jingoistic” is an expression which goes back to the days of the British Empire when national interests were always pursued very vigourously. Any threat to the Empire was rapidly responded to- usually by force!

Which words or phrases mean …? 1. countless:_____________________________ 2. repercussions: ________________________ 3. set off/initiate a reaction or response: ______________________________ 4. without any real justification: ____________________________________ Discuss the purpose and effect of the underlined sections. READING AND DISCUSSION FORMER OFFICER ON TRIAL FOR JUSTIFYING TORTURE IN THE ALGERIAN WAR Adapted from an article by Franck Johann from “Le Monde” which appeared in “The Guardian Weekly” edition, 06 December 2001

For the first time since 1962, a high-ranking French army officer has been tried in a criminal court on charges of justifying the use of torture during the Algerian war for independence. General Paul Aussaresses, 83, whose memoirs caused a furore earlier this year, faces a jail sentence of up to five years- for his writing rather than for his actions- even though he has admitted the torture and killing of 24 suspected rebels in the eight-year conflict which ended in 1962. A Second World War resistance hero, General Aussaresses is charged with “complicity in justifying war crimes”. The actual crimes are covered by an amnesty offered in the 1960s to all French soldiers who served in Algeria. Aussaresses regrets nothing, arguing that someone had to do the dirty work in Algeria. He did it, he says, without pleasure and without pity. And he

dispassionately told the story in “Services Speciaux: Algerie: 1955-1977”, which was published in June 2001. The General called his witnesses, most of them army men, many retired generals like himself – hoary, decorated, half-deaf, arthritic and full of war memories who came forward to defend their comrade. But the court also heard evidence from Henri Alleg, 80, who, during the conflict published Alger Republicain, a newspaper that was shut down by the French authorities. Alleg was arrested and tortured. During the three and a half years he spent in detention awaiting trial, he wrote The Question, a book that exposed the torture practised in French military jails during the Algerian war. His manuscript was smuggled out page by page. Alleg was tried in camera and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Giving evidence this time, he warned against a return to torture, “to barbarism in the name of civilisation, or the struggle against barbarism”. But his audiences, most of whom supported Aussaresses, were indignant. The next witness, the 71- year-old general Maurice Schmitt, was of a different calibre. A product of Saint-Cyr, the distinguished military academy, and a former prisoner at Dien Bien Phu (Vietnam), he was also army chief of staff from 1987-1991- the highest-ranking officer of his time. He got straight to the point: “Before they became terrorists, the members of the FLN (the Algerian National Liberation Front) were torturers,” he said. While it could not be denied that torture was practised in Algeria during the war, he argues that “it was the legitimate defence of a people whose lives were at risk”. And he added “If the choice is between getting my hands dirty or accepting the death of innocents, I choose to dirty my hands rather than risk losing my soul”. When he was not giving evidence, Aussaresses sat impassively. During the three-day trial he said little except to admit responsibility for everything, even for crimes he had not committed, such as personally torturing prisoners. Fabien Goget, the deputy public prosecutor observed that the plaintiffs saw the case as a trial of the Algerian war, while the defence saw it as a freedom of expression issue. “I see it as a trial of a book: when history enters a courtroom, out goes the law.” The prosecution called for the general and the two publishers of his book to be fined FF100.000 (about $13500) each. A verdict is expected in January 2002.

Exercise 4 Answer TRUE or FALSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

The courtroom was filled with enemies of the General. The prosecution was for the acts of torture. The General did not deny the charges. He was filled with pity when he ordered prisoners to be tortured. Genaral Schmitt was supportive of Gen. Aussaresses’ actions. Alleg had been tortured as a terrorist. The trial and conviction of Alleg was a public scandal. The deputy prosecutor thought the issue at stake was the whole conduct of the Algerian war. Alleg made a statement saying torture is a barbaric act. Many of the audience felt that the torture practised by the French was justified.

Activity 5

What do you think?

“ I choose to dirty my hands rather than risk losing my soul.” “ Someone had to do the dirty work.” “When a book enters the courtroom, out goes the law.” Use these three ideas to write a composition of about 200 words, expressing your own ideas.

Exercise 5 Using the Conditional idea of a “hypothetical” or “unreal” event in the past complete these sentences in which a French officer might justify the use of torture in the Algerian war. If we hadn’t extracted information by means of torture … a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)

lives of many French soldiers / at risk innocent civilians / kill terrorists/ become more reckless and fanatical not obtain/ intelligence information the war / prolong the terrorists/ increase their demands the French people/ interpret / as sign of weakness the French army / lose confidence in / its leaders

Activity 6 Discussion The issues of “war crimes”, “ethnic cleansing”, “ responsibility for the acts of others” etc. were discussed in the Adolf Eichmann trial in Israel in 1960. He had been seized by the Israeli authorities in South America and put on trial in Isreal. Charged with ordering the execution of millions of Jews, Eichmann claimed in his own defence that he was only following orders. What do you think? The trial of Slobodan Milosevic in The Hague is taking place without the defendant entering any plea to the charges (i.e. he will not ANSWER the charges) because he denies the authority of the Court to put him on trial. Does this change anything about the court’s jurisdiction? Activity 7 The media and terrorism You see these headlines 1. TERROR TRIO READY TO BOMB LONDON UNDERGROUND 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

CYANIDE ATTACK ON LONDON UNDERGROUND: THREE CHARGED LONDON UNDERGROUND UNDER ATTACK FROM ARAB TERRORISTS? UNDERGROUND VULNERABLE TO POISON GAS ATTACK NO END TO ARAB THREAT TO LONDON TRAVELLERS ILLEGALS IN TERROR PLOT

How justified are the headlines when you read the facts as reported on November 18 2002. Three On Terror Charges Three men are due in court later today charged with terrorism offences. It follows claims that a plot was thwarted by an MI5 undercover operation.Reports have said the trio planned to release highly poisonous cyanide gas in London's Underground rail system. Rabah Chekat-Bais, 21, Rabah Kadris, in his 30s, and Karim Kadouri, 33, all of no fixed abode in Britain, were arrested last week. But the men are only charged with possessing "articles for the preparation, instigation and commission of terrorism acts" under the

Terrorism Act 2000 and possessing false documents. They do not face charges relating to any specific planned attack. Police say no noxious substances were found on any of the men and the Government has also sought to play down claims that the Tube was the intended target. Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott said: "In this case it doesn't appear to be any evidence whatsoever there was going to be a gas attack or indeed use of bombs regarding the three people who have been arrested." Chekat-Bais, Kadris and Kadouri were among six people arrested in north London on November 9. The arrests only came to light on Saturday night (November 16), six days after those charged had made their first appearances in court. Two of the other three were subsequently released on police bail and no further action was being taken against the final man. But media reports on Monday suggested police were hunting three more members of an alleged terrorist cell. Exercise 6

New law allows eavesdropping on Internet users

Listen to the recording and complete the table below. A New investigative, surveillance and legal powers

B

1. Make ……………………………………. 2. ……………….. or …………………. suspects 3. ……………………………on Internet communication 4. monitor …………………………………….. 5. obtain ……………………………………… 6. reduce the need for …………………… and court ……………………………………….

1. portable ……………………………………… 2. systems that can ……………………………… ……………………………………………………. Access to personal data held 1. Banks by … 2. ……………………………………………. 3. ……………………………………………..

Technology developments C

D

Examples of suppression of civil liberties

1. Alien and …………….. 2. Suspension of …………………………………. 3. Internment of ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… 4. Blacklisting of ………………………………. ………………………………………………… 5. Surveillance and harrassment of .………………………………………………

Vocabulary/ expressions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

sweeping = broad (measures, powers etc) = wide, far-reaching to raise doubts/ misgivings/ concerns/ about an issue to track (down) = to hunt/ pursue somebody or something a freer hand an array = a wide selection or collection reminiscent of = similar to (reminding people of ..) to turn over = to hand over officially to craft (the legislation) = to make/ to create Cf. to draft legislation = to make the first version of a new law

Activity 8

Cause and effect

What could/might/will these powers lead to? Make sentences from the box. Example Giving wider powers to the authorities should result in a reduction in terrorist threats.

Giving these powers to the FBI and CIA

might could will should

lead to result in bring about produce cause trigger off provoke

- an erosion of civil liberties - the limitation of personal freedom - an intrusion into people’s lives - the monitoring of citizens’ credit and financial activities - an interference in commercial activities - the creation of an atmosphere of mistrust - the development of new technology to bear surveillance - the build-up of a comprehensive terrorist database - a reduction in money laundering - leaks of private information obtained under these new powers - encrypting of communication on Internet and by e-mail

Activity 9 Use the nouns in the right-hand box to make verbs and then transform the sentences into a passive version. EXAMPLE 1. (erosion) > to erode Civil liberties might be eroded. 2. (limitation) > 3. (intrusion into) > 4. (monitoring) > 5. (interference in) > 6. (creation) > 7. (development) > 8. (build-up) > 9. (reduction) > 10. (leaks) > 11. (encrypting) > Activity 10 TERRORISM DID NOT START ON SEPTEMBER 11 Article by Stella Rimington, former head of M.I.5. Extract from ‘The Guardian Weekly’, September 12-18, 2002 There is one big difference in the al-Qaida threat from much previous terrorism, which makes it particularly unpredictable and dangerous. The preparedness, even enthusiasm of the terrorists to commit suicide, when most terrorists in the past have planned for their own escape, means that certain forms of attack, the most potentially horrific – for example, chemical, biological and nuclear – can no longer be regarded as unlikely. But that does not mean that a totally different approach to countering them is needed. It is a case of doing what has been done before but doing more of it and doing it more effectively. At the heart of countering terrorism is intelligence and the events of September 11 have focused attention on intelligence work as never before. September 11 was immediately declared an “intelligence failure”. The allegation was that had intelligence agencies been doing their job properly, they would have produced sufficiently precise advance intelligence of the plot to enable it to be thwarted. To blame them for not doing so is to totally misunderstand the nature of intelligence. Although precise intelligence on when and where any terrorist act will take place is the ideal, it is, of all intelligence, the most difficult to obtain. The complete plan for any operation might well be known to very few people indeed, perhaps not revealed more widely until just before an attack begins, or perhaps never. An intelligence agency would need to recruit one of those people to learn it. Though it is sometimes possible to learn enough from well-placed human or technical sources for the full picture to be guessed at, there may well be inadequate information for effective preventive action to be taken to forestall an attack. The most valuable sources against terrorism are human beings, long-term penetration agents, who will stay in place for a long period and work their way into positions where they can provide key

intelligence. But they are the most difficult sources to acquire and, once recruited, are very difficult to keep in place. It is not normally possible to penetrate a terrorist organisation from the outside, to feed in someone with no previous links at all. Terrorist groups usually recruit from a very small pond, from among people who have known each other for years. Perhaps it might be an easier task to infiltrate al-Qaida, which appears to be recruiting young men from all over the world for training. It might be possible to insert a source at the recruitment stage, but it would be a slow process as he built up his cover in the mosque or wherever recruiting was going on, hoping to be selected, as well as very dangerous. In the world of espionage, many of the best spies are volunteers, people who offer their services to the other side. Experience has shown that, surprisingly, members of terrorist organisations do volunteer to act as sources of information for the security authorities. Though it seems less likely that members of al-Qaida will do so, given that they appear to be motivated by such intense ideological or religious fervour, I have no doubt that some will. (543 words)

Read the text and answer the questions by marking the ONE correct alternative a), b), c) or d) with X Example The author suggests that after September 11, future intelligence activity a) b) c) d)

requires vigourous new responses to combat terrorism means improving tried-and-tested methods X means countering self-destructive terrorism with similar approaches requires a fundamental re-appraisal of counter terrorism

1. In her view, September 11 underlined the fact that the tragic event … a) … highlighted fundamental weaknesses in reliable intelligence gathering b) … was indicative of an intelligence disaster c) … attached blame to anti-terrorism agencies who ignored intelligence received d)… proved America’s multi-agency approach to intelligence does not work 2. Stella Rimington states that a) b) c) d)

insider-provided intelligence can often be reliable enough to learn a complete plot insider sources can provide accurate enough predictions of terrorist actions insiders in ideologically-driven terrorist groups rarely get in a position of trust recruitment of insider informants within terrorist groups is of limited value

3. Ms. Rimington states that a) infiltrating agents to high-up positions in terrorist groups is often counter-productive b) insiders penetrating terrorist plots are often given initiation tasks to prove their loyalty c) infiltrators have to rely on too much cover from their anti-terrorist agency to be effective d) infiltrators have to establish their credentials gradually to gain credibility

4. The author considers Al-Qaida accepts recruits a) b) c) d)

without sufficiently considering the need for cover for them without carefully verifying their status and loyalty without generally concerning themselves with nationalities without taking their time about selection

5. Ms. Rimington believes that Al-Qaida’ s religious and ideological fervour means … a) b) c) d)

… … … …

no volunteer insider informants for counter-intelligence agencies will emerge some deserters to counter-intelligence agencies will nevertheless occur desertions will encourage groups of other would-be deserters volunteer informants will have to be replaced by infiltration agents

Activity 11 Listening INTERNATIONAL CRIME ALERT Listen to the recording and fill in the blanks below: Case details: IGOR ERLIKH and CARLOS REMIGIO CARDOEN IGOR ERLIKH: is a white male born in Kherson in (1) …………….. on February 27,1952. He is one meter, seventy-five centimeters (2) …………ninety-two kilograms, and has brown hair and blue eyes. Case details: Between 1989 and 1993 (3) ………………..of the U.S. based King Motor Oil Company. Acting with at least twenty –five others in an organized crime group, Erlikh used (4) ……………………… the U.S. government and the state of New Jersey of one-hundred forty million dollars (5) …………………..Erlikh used threats and violence to collect money from others involved in the conspiracy. He also (6) ………………………………….through Switzerland and other countries. He is charged with (7) ..……………, wire fraud, money laundering, tax evasion, and other crimes.

CARLOS REMIGIO CARDOEN is a (8) ………………… from Chile, born on May 1,1942. He is 180 centimeters in height, weighs 77 kilograms, and has brown-grey hair and brown eyes. He wears (9) ………….. He speaks English and Spanish . Case details: Cluster bombs are (10) ……………………………. ‘bomblets’. The bomblets are packed with high explosives and shrapnel. Dropped from aircraft, (11) ………………………………. with deadly metal fragments, some of which are powerful enough to pierce armored plate. Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein (12)………………………………………………... is now an international fugitive. Carlos sold over 150 million dollars worth of cluster bombs to the Saddam Hussein regime during the 1980’s. The bombs were manufactured in Chile with zirconium. (13) ………………………..arrest warrant issued on May 27 1993, Cardoen is charged with (14) ………………………. zirconium and U.S.-made parts and moulds for bomb fuses through his U.S. based company. The U.S. is seeking Cardoen‘s extradition to the United States.

Tapescript/ Optional Reading Text

New law allows eavesdropping on Internet users Sweeping Powers granted to law enforcement in anti-terrorism war raises misgivings for civil rights. President Bush has given broad investigative and surveillance powers to law enforcement, signing legislation that is aimed at helping the authorities to track and disrupt the operations of suspected terrorists in the United States. “Today we take an essential step in defeating terrorism while protecting the constitutional rights of all Americans,” Bush said at a White House ceremony last week. “this government will enforce this law with all the urgency of a nation at war.” The new law gives the government a freer hand to make searches, detain or deport suspects, eavesdrop on Internet communication, monitor financial transactions and obtain electronic records of individuals. It also reduces the need for sub-poenas, court orders and other legal checks, to enable law enforcement to move more quickly. Congress overwhelmingly approved the legislation. The government is moving aggressively on a number of technology fronts to collect and evaluate information about people and their movements more efficiently as it seeks to defeat terrorism. The Defense Department, for instance, announced that it is seeking proposals from companies on an array of new surveillance products, such as portable polygraph machines and systems that can see through walls at night. With Attorney-General John D. Ashcroft promising an anti-terrorist campaign reminiscent of the war on organized crime in the days of Al Capone, the FBI will demand personal data held by banks, Internet service providers and credit bureaus. In many cases, these businesses will not be able to tell clients that they have turned over medical, financial or other personal records. With new powers to monitor computer use, sometimes without a warrant, Internet users will have to decide whether they want to rely more on encrypting their e-mail or disguising their identities online. After weeks of struggle on Capitol Hill, civil libertarians lost the argument that the government will gain too many police powers to examine the activities of innocent individuals and erode personal privacy. Russell D. Feingold, who cast the single vote in the Senate against the legislation a day after the House approved it by 356 to 66, said: “There have been periods in our nation’s history when civil liberties have taken a back seat to what appeared at the time to be the legitimate exigencies of war. Our national consciousness still bears the stain and the scars of those events: The Alien and Sedition Acts, the suspension of Habeas Corpus during the Civil War, the internment of Japanese Americans, German Americans and Italian Americans during World War II, the blacklisting of supposed communist sympathizers during the McCarthy era, and the surveillance and harassment of anti-war and Civil Rights’ protesters, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.” The Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman, Patrick J.Leahy, who helped craft the legislation, said the current crisis requires aggressive action. Leahy said he was satisfied with provisions limiting the duration of some of the new surveillance rules to four years, subject to congressional review.

UNIT 12

COMPUTER CRIME, FRAUD AND FINANCIAL CRIME

Read the text and decide if you agree or disagree with the statements below. Leeson paid £61,000 for speech Adapted from the BBC web-site Business: Your Money (October 1999) Disgraced former Barings trader Nick Leeson has been paid $100,000 (£61,000) to speak at a business conference in the Netherlands. It was the first in a long line of lucrative celebrity-style appearances planned by the man who single-handedly brought down Barings Bank. He will also be endorsing products in advertisements and appearing on television shows. Business people, brokers and bankers paid about £188 each to hear him speak at the event in the Netherlands. Leeson was released from a Singapore jail four months ago after serving three-and-a-half years of a six-and-a-half-year sentence for fraud. He was caught after going on the run when his gambling on derivatives markets landed Barings Bank with £800m of debt. Now, Leeson's assets are frozen and he has huge debts hanging round his neck. He said: "I would like to go back into the financial world, but which company is going to be brave enough to employ me? Who will let me trade again?" Leeson has written a book of his story, "Rogue Trader", which was made into a film, starring Ewan McGregor and Anna Friel. But his public relations adviser, Ian Monk, says Leeson did not gain a penny from either, because it went directly to Barings' creditors. Under an agreement with the creditors, he will be allowed to keep 35% of money earned from public and media appearances and advertising. The remaining 65% will go to creditors. Some of his portion of the money will go on medical bills. Leeson found out while in prison that he has colon cancer. After treatment, he is now in remission. Leeson also receives a monthly allowance of £3,000 a month from his frozen assets. "This man is inundated with offers. It's great," said Mr Monk. Asked where he wanted to be in 10 years' time, Leeson replied: "I hope I'm still alive. " I would like to live with somebody, have children and be left alone." Leeson spoke about his view of world stock markets to 250 members of the Amsterdam stock exchange. It was a Dutch group, ING, which bought up Barings after its collapse and bailed it out.

Activity 1 Agree or disagree? 1= Agree very strongly 2= Agree 3= Not sure 4 = Disagree 5= Disagree strongly 1. Nick Leeson is a dangerous criminal and should be more carefully monitored. 2. He has served his sentence according to the law and should be allowed to get on with his life. 3. Nick Leeson should not receive anything other than the bare minimum to live until he has paid as much of the debt as possible. 4. 35% of his earnings is too much to be allowed to retain. 5. The fact that he can employ a PR adviser suggests that he has a good life style. 6. He should be obliged to pay for all medical treatment even if it is usually free.

7. No decent company would ever employ him to trade. 8. ING Bank should apply for a "restriction order" against him. 9. No decent person from the financial world could gain anything from such a crook. 10. Barings Bank was foolish in allowing one man the chance to “gamble” with their money. Exercise 1 Match these definitions with one of the words underlined in the text. 1. to rescue from a tricky situation = 2. amount of money received but not necessarily earned = 3. persons who are owed money officially, e.g. after bankruptcy of a company = 4. bonds and other negotiable financial instruments = 5. dealers in bonds and other financial instruments = 6. to purchase completely ("lock, stock and barrel"), especially after a financial collapse or company bankruptcy = 7. evading the police and other authorities = 8. to support or to promote = 9. as a great burden or load to carry = 10. financial resources (wealth) = Discussion What are credit cards? How do people obtain them legally? How can they be illegally used? What is the link between credit cards and the Internet? How is this aspect of legitimate business likely to develop in Romania? How might this bring a growth in a new type of crime?

Exercise 2

Credit card fraud as organised crime

Adapted from an article in “Nexus” the bulletin of the UK National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) Autumn 2001

In each of the lines 1-25, there is ONE word omitted. Suggest one correct word for each line. The place is marked with * 1. Losses identified * credit card issuers in UK – usually banks and building societies2. grew from under ₤190 million pounds in 1999 * around ₤300 million in 2000.These 3. figures include plastic fraud as, for example, the fraudulent use * individual cards 4. stolen * a handbag to the sophisticated remote technology to retrieve card data from 5. computerised storage facilities of some international merchants and *. The two types 6. of CCF identified * the most attractive to organised crime are specifically the 7. counterfeiting of cards and fraud * a CNP (card not present) environment such as 8. telephone order and internet mail-order. Proof of * involvement of organised crime in 9. plastic fraud is not * anecdotal nor is it difficult to verify. UK NCIS strategic 10. intelligence reports * a significant number of crime groups whose primary interest is 11. CC crime. * is also an alarming number of crime groups for whom CC crime is a

12. secondary interest. The new modus operandi also indicate well-* criminal enterprises. 13. For example, recently there have * attacks on the on-line gaming industry14. betting * football, horse racing and other sporting activities), multiple attacks on 15. stored data from some major European hotel * and transport companies and 16. attacks * the ATM systems in Britain and abroad. These crimes require technological 17. expertise, capital investment in technology and global * to “spread” the 18. fraudulent *. 19. When NCIS first started * collate intelligence on card fraud, the information seemed 20. to suggest * most of the criminals originated from South-East Asia. This may have in 21. part been * to the legitimate hologram-making businesses in Hong Kong. It may also 22. have been because of many Chinese criminal * predisposition for existing 23. types of financial crime. However, by the late 1990s, it had * apparent that this 24. criminal group had saturated its own market and had started to look * its own 25. ethnic group * recruits. Exercise 3 Front-line fraud Now put these sentences in the best sequence to complete the “picture”. 1 F

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

A. Two such environments were readily identifiable – petrol stations and restaurants. B. In such places the staff usually received low wages, were possibly temporary or transient and likely to be under-supervised. C. They had to find “front-line fraudsters” (those who attempt the fraud in the shop or other retail environment). D. Access to a network of vulnerable retail networks was needed. E. These customers would be less likely to notice the card “compromises” than customers in a familiar shopping environment. F. The Chinese gangs sought out other ethnic groups, especially illegal immigrants as they, or even their families, are most vulnerable. G. Both networks have the added advantage of being used by legitimate transient customers and tourists. H. Some poorly-paid employment environments are also more likely to be staffed by the less-skilled and less well-educated.

Exercise 4 Card fraudsters prey on high-class diners Patrick Collinson, Guardian Weekly –November 2002 Put the verbs given to you in brackets in the correct form. Plastic card fraud (1) (jump)______________ by more than 50% over the past two years to L430m, banks said this week, warning that "skimming" (2) (reach) ____________epidemic levels, particularly in the London area. Skimming - the copying of a card's black magnetic strip - barely (3) (exist)_______________ five years ago but netted L161m for criminal gangs in the year to August 2002, according to the Association for Payment Clearing Services (APACS). A third of that (4) (take)_______________ from card users in London, with fraudsters targeting high-class restaurants in the capital. Second worst hit was Birmingham, where losses from skimming (5) (be) ________________L6.6m. An unscrupulous restaurant waiter processes a transaction but then, out of sight of the customers, separately records the card's data on tiny devices that can be fitted on to a trouser belt. He or she then (6)(sell) _________________the data to criminal gangs who (7) (use) ______________ it to mass-produce counterfeit credit and debit cards. Cardholders are often unaware of the fraud until a bank statement (8)(arrive)________________ detailing purchases they (9) (not make)____________________ . In the latest twist, fraudsters (10) (begin) _________________ attaching fake swipe machines to the doors of bank ATM lobbies used by customers to gain entry at evenings or weekends. The fake swipe devices (11) (remove) __________________ later, containing thousands of customers' details. APACS said this week that it hopes to beat the fraudsters with a dual strategy of PIN numbers, first (12) (introduce) ________________ in France more than a decade ago, and "smart card" technology. Customers paying by card will no longer have to sign receipts at shop tills but will instead type a four-digit PIN number into a keypad. Cardholders also (13) (issue) ________________with new-style cards that contain computer chips. These are more difficult to copy than traditional cards. To avoid fraudsters targeting overseas markets instead, Mastercard and Visa (14) (coordinate) _________________an international roll-out of chip and PIN cards. By the end of 2005 these (15) (replace) __________________ the 1 billion-plus plastic cards currently in circulation. Activity 2 Some shops in Bucharest accept credit cards such as VISA or MASTERCARD. Imagine a dialogue between two criminals, one of whom works as an assistant in an expensive

clothes shop, suggesting ways they can make money out of “borrowing” credit card information from legitimate customers. How might they also get hold of (i.e. steal!) the credit card.

Try to think of the dialogues and the scenarios. If you can think of 2 or 3 ways, the real crooks will think of more “scams”! Exercise 5 Common Internet Fraud Schemes Read the descriptions (1-7) of the different frauds. There are 7 "victim" situations described (A-G). Identify which type of fraud (1-7) is involved with each situation (A-G) 1

2

3

4

5

6

1. Online Auction/Retail The fraud attributable to the misrepresentation of a product advertised for sale through an Internet auction site or the non-delivery of merchandise or goods purchased through an Internet auction site 2. Investment Fraud An offer that uses false or fraudulent claims to solicit investments or loans, or that provides for the purchase, use, or trade of forged or counterfeit securities. 3. Business Opportunity/ "Work at Home" The offer of a “phony” job opportunity, often with associated charges such as "processing or application" fees. Perpetrators frequently forge the name of a computer service or Internet Service Provider. 4. Financial Institution Fraud Misrepresentation of the truth or concealment of a material fact by a person to induce a business, organization, or other entity that manages money, credit, or capital to perform a fraudulent activity. 5. Credit Card Theft/Fraud The unauthorized use of a credit/debt card or credit/debt card number to fraudulently obtain money or property. Credit/debt card numbers can be stolen from unsecured web sites. 6. Ponzi/Pyramid Schemes An investment scheme in which investors are promised abnormally high profits on their investments. No investment is actually made. Early investors are paid returns with the investment money received from the later investors. The system usually collapses, and the later investors do not receive dividends and lose their initial investment. 7. Non-Delivery of Goods/Services The non-delivery of goods or services which were purchased or contracted remotely through the Internet, independent of an Internet auction. A. " My girlfriend or rather ex-girlfriend bought some clothes using my card." B. " I saw this advertisement on a web-site, offering really high profits for a small investment. I transferred US1000 and I haven't heard anything since! Neither have lots more people, I understand!" C. "I have a computer and Internet at home and this Internet company said I could compose advertising texts for them and be paid for them. But they charged me 50US$ for their application form and another US$50 for "distribution of my credentials" and I haven't heard from them since." D. "Well, you know I like to collect coins. There was a great selection in an on-line auction. I paid 200US$ for what was described as a 'Charles 1 token'. The Internet picture was certainly Charles I, but when the coin arrived it was quite different...and virtually worthless!"

7

E. " I wanted a list of properties. This Internet agency promised to supply the list and I transferred US$100 to the account but I haven't received the list and they don't reply to my e-mails." F. " I received several messages via the Internet and e-mail from this client who said he needed a credit to extend his business premises. He wanted to build a new office section for his small factory, so he said. Well, this is certainly part of our work in supporting small business. But what he didn't say was that he had already received a loan from another bank for the same project." G. "Have you ever heard of the "Re-development and Re-structuring Fund"? Well, from the website description, the scheme is based on a bond or security certificate, paying 6% over 5 years. I bought US$5000, received the certificate and now I find out it is all false. The company, the fund, the certificate everything!"

Activity 3 THE "CASABLANCA" STING Read about this well-known case involving money laundering Summary 1. In 1995 US Customs agents, posing as money launderers were hired by the Cali drug cartel. 2. In early 1996, the agents located employees in 12 large Mexican banks who agreed to launder drug money for a 1% commission. The bankers opened sham accounts. 3. The undercover agents collected Cali-Juarez drug-sale proceeds on the streets of cities like New York, Chicago, Houston, Miami and even Milan in pick-ups ranging from $150,000 to $2 million. By the Summer of 1996, the agents were depositing the cash into phony accounts via US Banks. 4. The money was wire-transferred to the Mexican or Cayman Islands bank branches and converted into cashier’s checks made out to the fictitious companies. These checks can be cashed almost anywhere in the world with no questions asked. The drug-cartel origins of the money were now erased. During the three-year operation, more than $50 million was laundered. 5. The agents delivered the cashier’s checks to cartel operatives in Cali. 6. In May 1998, the Mexican bankers were arrested by Customs in the USA after they had been lured to “money-laundering sales meetings” in Las Vegas, San Diego and Los Angeles. Vocabulary from the summary 1. to pose as = 2. sham ( slang) = 3. proceeds = The law does not allow criminals to retain the proceeds of their criminal activities. Drugmoney or other money gained by criminal activities is confiscated. 4. pick-up = or hand-over of money for something else (usually drugs) 5. phony (slang) = 6. to cash a check (cheque) = 7. to lure = (often by attracting someone; the famous "honey trap" is a form of enticement!) The engineer was lured into a trap which compromised him and made him agree to become a spy.

Now read on for more details…

1) The bust was one of the final acts in an intricate three-year undercover effort by the Clinton administration to root out drug-money laundering via the U.S. The “sting”, known as Operation Casablanca, had jailed more than 160 people from 6 countries and from more than half a dozen banks in Mexico and Venezuela, most of them respectable mid-level financial institutions. It had also led to extraordinary criminal indictments against 3 of Mexico’s largest banks for their alleged role in the money laundering. Customs agents had seized more than $150 million in assets from the powerful Colombian Cali cartel and Mexico’s Juarez cartel. 2) Aside from the wounds inflicted on the drug lords, Casablanca caused acute embarrassment to the Mexican government and its scandal-plagued banking system. US law-enforcement agents had not breathed a word of the operation to their counterparts in Mexico and even luring the bankers across the border was done to avoid the red-tape of extradition. Even President Zedillo of Mexico was unaware of the slick operation, some of it taking place on Mexican soil. Not surprisingly, Zedillo sent a stern letter of protest to President Clinton. 3) US officials insisted that the safety of their undercover agents was the primary concern but it is well-known that even high-ranking Mexican law-enforcement officers have been found to be in the employ of the cartels, so, unofficially, US agents say they never seriously considered briefing anyone outside the US. 4) For their part, US Customs officials say that probing higher for corruption would have set off alarms which could have compromised the sting. They hope that those arrested will point the finger at other conspirators in order to cut their own potential sentences, which could run as high as life imprisonment. Activity 4 Which paragraph talks about... A. An official (offended!) Mexican reaction B. The impact of the "bust" C. Strategic objectives of the operation. D. The non-involvement of the Mexican authorities. Discuss the issues of cooperation/non-cooperation between countries on such topics. Exercise 6 FIND WORDS IN THE TEXTS (1-4) WITH THE FOLLOWING MEANINGS: Section 1. - a slang word meaning final (dramatic) solution of a criminal operation 2. - a slang word meaning to discover - financial resources - surrounded by scandal - had not revealed any information - efficient, well-organised

3. 4.

- colleagues in same field/business - to entice (attract) into a trap - bureaucratic procedures - on the territory of ... - strongly-worded (e.g. warning/ protest/ reply) - of major importance/ the most important factor - in the pay of ... / working for... - keeping a person informed - searching carefully and more deeply for something - accuse (slang) - could amount to

Activity 5

Money Laundering and International Efforts to Fight It

Adapted from an article by David Scott, Senior Financial Sector Specialist, World Bank May 1995

Although money laundering is impossible to measure with precision, it is estimated that US$300 billion to US$500 billion in proceeds from serious crime (not tax evasion) is laundered each year. Measures in major financial markets to detect and prosecute laundering are driving it toward less developed markets linked to the global financial system. If left unchecked, money laundering could criminalize the financial system and undermine development efforts in emerging markets. This article surveys efforts by international bodies to combat money laundering. It looks in particular at the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) based at the OECD, which has made the most continuous effort. How money is laundered In money laundering, the proceeds of crime are run through the financial system to disguise their illegal origins and make them appear to be legitimate funds. Most often associated with organized crime, money laundering can be linked to any crime that generates significant proceeds, such as extortion, drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and white-collar crime. Although money laundering often involves a complex series of transactions, it generally includes three basic steps. The first step is the physical disposal of cash. This placement might be accomplished by depositing the cash in domestic banks or, increasingly, in other types of formal or informal financial institutions. Or the cash might be shipped across borders for deposit in foreign financial institutions, or used to buy high-value goods, such as artwork, airplanes, and precious metals and stones, that can then be resold for payment by check or bank transfer. The second step in money laundering is known as layering, carrying out complex layers of financial transactions to separate the illicit proceeds from their source and disguise the audit trail. This phase can involve such transactions as the wire transfer of deposited cash, the conversion of deposited cash into monetary instruments (bonds, stocks, traveler's checks), the resale of high-value goods and monetary instruments, and investment in real estate and legitimate businesses, particularly in the leisure and tourism industries. Shell companies, typically registered in offshore havens, are a common tool in the layering phase. These companies, whose directors often are local attorneys acting as nominees, obscure the beneficial owners through restrictive bank secrecy laws and attorney-client privilege.

The last step is to make the wealth derived from the illicit proceeds appear legitimate. This integration might involve any number of techniques, such as using front companies to "lend" the proceeds back to the owner or using funds on deposit in foreign financial institutions as security for domestic loans. Another common technique is over-invoicing or producing false invoices for goods sold--or supposedly sold--across borders. Activity 5 Match one of the expressions underlined or in bold type with these definitions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8.

the process of making laundered money appear legitimate complicated processes of concealing or covering illegal transactions to disguise their original source the process of checking, verifying and scrutinizing all sorts of accounting and financial transactions companies which have the outward appearance of legitimate companies but usually in offshore locations basically this process involves “getting rid” of the cash – think of the switch to the Euro in Western Europe and what that meant to those gangs holding large sums of cash! financial papers that are traded openly and legally but have intrinsic value which can be converted into cash (legally) relatively easily banking and financial centres which usually offer tax advantages to clients because they operate according to their own law. However, these locations are generally accepted and tolerated by governments and even reputable financial institutions (especially banks) have their offshore branches this process is used to conceal the real value of goods so as to make them appear more expensive than they really are/were to enable apparently legitimate transfers to take place.

The first international STOP Money Laundering! conference took place in London in February 2001. This is the post-conference communique, summarising the main concerns. Activity 6 Read the text. Identify where the 5 points (A-E) should be inserted into the communique. A) More seminars and conferences in the future with participation of the leading organisations such as FATF, UN, World Bank, IMF etc. should be set up without further delay. B) The international banking community should progress from the recommendation stage to the stage of providing banking standards and requirements. C) There should be enhanced co-operation between the developed countries and the developing countries in expediting the return of laundered money to the people from whom it was stolen. D) Legal delays must be reduced and the whole process accelerated. E) Established cases of financial crime must be dealt with promptly and severely. We all know that without justice there will be no real peace.

Communique

The total sum involved in money laundering is huge and stands in the way of the economic development of many countries. The Conference underlined the importance of fighting money laundering which is also recognised as a major source of terrorist funding. This communique, based on the recommendations of the Conference participants, is addressed to all those involved in the regulation and prevention of money laundering, namely: the United Nations, FATF, IMF, World Bank, Governments, Ministries of Finance, Central Banks, Commercial Bankers; Associations and other national and international organisations and regulatory and control bodies. Taking into consideration the fact that different states around the world have varied political and economic systems and levels of social development, each country may have a different approach to fighting money laundering. The discussions showed that the definition of money laundering as economic crime is not the same in all countries. There are cases when the controlling authorities make mistakes in blocking or freezing accounts suspected of being involved in money laundering activities. Where it is found that the suspects are not involved in money laundering activities there should be compensation for the aggrieved parties. Some progress has already been made. The banking system of the Russian Federation has achieved significant results in achieving further transparency and in anti-laundering activities. It was recognized by the Conference participants that the Ukraine is making progress in the fight against money laundering. Illustration from some recent investigations carried out by the Ukrainian Tax Police show that the Ukraine is fulfilling FATF obligations in combating money laundering. Significant arrests and the freezing of suspect accounts in the Ukraine and abroad are examples of international co-operation in the fight against money laundering. Taking into consideration the efforts of the Ukraine and the practical results achieved, it was felt that its position on FATF black list was due for examination and reconsideration. The return of stolen funds

1. All laws and regulations that inhibit the restitution of money which has been stolen and laundered must be revised. 2. All governments, and in particular in those countries which have suffered badly from the theft of national funds, should pass legislation to make it increasingly difficult for such monies to be lodged in any bank in the world. 3. All the monies stolen from countries like Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe etc. should be returned to these countries forthwith after the due process of law has been followed. 4) _________________________________________________________________________ 5) The developed countries should not hide under the due process of law as a reason for delay before returning stolen money to the appropriate third world countries. Changes which need to be implemented

6) The global co-operation that is being advocated in all the money laundering seminars should not just be left as spoken or written words but should be acted upon and put into practice. 7) _____________________________________________________________________ 8) All legislation that tends to encourage the receiving of dirty money into countries, particularly the developed countries, should be amended and make it increasingly difficult to bring in such money. 9) ______________________________________________________________________ 10) It is clearly felt by some nations, and in particular by the African countries, that the West is being hypocritical in criticising them for being the source of money which is laundered, when it is the West which is to blame for facilitating money laundering by accepting the funds in the first place. 11) The West should change its approach by showing genuine concern for anti-money laundering particularly as it concerns developing countries. Positive actions which should be taken 12) _____________________________________________________________________ 13) There is an urgent need to make banking instructions and other documentation of leading Western banks and controlling authorities more readily available to the Central banks of the emerging markets. 14) The training of bank officials should be organised on a multi-lateral level with participation of IMF, BIS and FATF. 15) Monetary teams should be set up to improve compliance with money laundering rules and regulations. Membership of the teams must be worked out later but there must be equitable representation. 16) _____________________________________________________________________ Now read through the completed text again for better comprehension.

Exercise 7 CYBERCRIME: Glossary of Useful Terms Put these words in the correct place in one of the definitions. relying / defensive/ unscrambling/ executed/ malicious/ slows/ copying/ becomes/ illicit/ packages Application software

Includes word-processing, spreadsheet, database (1) _____________ and Internet access utilities CERT

Computer Emergency Response Team Decryption

The reverse of encryption, a method of (2)_______________ encrypted information so that it becomes legible again Denial of service attack (DoS)

A digital attack that stops a computer functioning or (3) ______________down its performance Digital piracy

The unauthorised (4) ________________ and resale of digital goods (e.g. software, music files) Encryption

A method of transforming information using a cipher so that it (5)_______________ illegible Firewall

(6) __________________ software that protects a computer system from unauthorised intruders Hacking

Unauthorised access to computers IP Spoofing

A technique used to gain unauthorised access to computers Macro virus

A virus attached to instructions (called macros) which are (7) _________________ automatically when a document is opened Operating systems

Basic operating platform – the software foundation includes DOS, Windows or UNIX

Phreaking

Hacking the telephone system, usually to obtain free calls, by generating (8)_____________ administrative commands to the network Trojan Horse

A (9) _________________ software program that appears to be benign, but has undesired side effects. Not strictly a virus in itself, because it does not replicate Virus

A program that attaches itself to a legitimate one, makes copies of itself and may release a ‘payload’ Worm

Similar to a virus, but runs as an independent program, rather than (10)_________________ on transfer by the actions of the user

Crime on the Information Highways Adapted from National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) bulletin “Project Trawler” 1999. Activity 8

Which text deals with which problem? A) Swamping as a form of protest B) Penalties for unauthorised access C) Commercial espionage D) Internal hacking E) Unauthorised money transfers F) Non-reporting of hacking G) Recreational hacking H) Costs of unauthorised insider access I) Extortion

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

1. Europe’s first case of electronic blackmail occurred in 1998 when the German Noris Verbraucher Bank offered a 10.000 DM reward for information leading to the arrest of a hacker who was blackmailing the bank. The hacker had claimed to have raided several customer accounts and to have retrieved data from the Bank’s central system. He was demanding 1million DM otherwise he would release data on the Internet. 2. To date, there have only been a few known cases of unauthorised transfers. The most notorious occurred in 1994 when the US Citibank was targetted by Russian criminals. Losses of over $400.000 were recorded and never recovered.

3. The goal of many hackers is merely to gain unauthorised access to systems and then to go no further. They are primarily motivated by the challenge offered or by wishing to show up deficiencies in security. Although their motive is relatively harmless, they may still cause damage to systems and give rise to financial loss for their targets. 4. Studies invariably show that most hacking incidents against companies and organisations are committed by insiders. In a 1999 FBI/CSI survey, 55% of respondents reported that they had experienced unauthorised access by employees and 30% had suffered system penetration from outsiders. UK surveys do not suggest as many businesses are victims there. 5. Sabotage against companies and illegal acquisition of financial documents, research and development results or other secrets are acts which aim to damage rival businesses by undermining its status or by causing it financial loss. The UK Metropolitan Police has encountered instances of employees copying company data bases and setting themselves up in competition. This copying does not (at the moment at least) constitute an offence under UK theft law. 6. Numerous reasons have been suggested for non-reporting of hacking incidents- fear of negative publicity, concern that competitors would exploit the case, fear of attracting other hackers and the lack of confidence in the law to do anything about it. In addition, there is usually the factor of the loss of the system while the investigation is carried out. 7. In the UK, unauthorised access to computer systems, programs or data is an offence under the Computer Misuse Act 1990, punishable by a fine of up to 2000 GBP, or imprisonment up to six months or both. Stiffer penalties (up to 5 years imprisonment and unlimited fines) are available for offences related to using computer systems to commit other offences or to cause unauthorised modification of a computer’s contents. 8. A widely-reported cyber-space campaign occurred in Norway in 1998; thousand of students protesting about the student loan system inundated the government with over 200.000 e-mail messages. This did not cause widespread disruption but more “skilful” protests have included altering official web-sites, demanding an end to nuclear weapons and protests by animal rights’ activists by illegally entering or blocking official sites. 9. According to the UK Department of Trade and Industry, internal hacking cost UK industry GBP 1.5 billion between 1992 and 1998 with 70% of all hacking incidents being of this type.

UNIT 13

COMBATTING ORGANISED CRIME

Discuss with a partner. 1. 2. 3. 4) 5) 6) 7)

What is organised crime? How serious is the threat to democracy posed by organised crime? Can organised crime be defeated through a government’s tough laws? Which are the main activities of organised crime? And the main transnational gangs? Can you give some examples of illicit drugs? What are the most crucial aspects in effectively preventing corruption? Which are the areas related to organised crime that demand the attention of governments?

Exercise 1 Fighting Global Crime Put the words given into the correct places in the following statements. will perceptions provide insufficient temporary backed faster implications heavily arises 1. Transnational crime has grown ______________than international law enforcement capabilities. 2. Transnational crime thrives on ________________ alliances and shifting networks between criminal entrepreneurs. 3. Law enforcement relies ______________on formal agreements between governments and national police forces. 4. The effectiveness of bodies such as Interpol and the Europol depends on the political ______________ of participating nations. 5. There is no global police force and _____________ cooperation between national crime fighters. 6. States want complete control of their security services and democracies worry about the __________________ for civil liberties of global policing. 7. Inequalities in wealth – partly due to the opening of borders in Eastern Europe _____________ opportunities for both amateur smugglers and organised crime. 8. Globalisation and technology have changed ________________ of territorial control. 9. Criminals stealing money electronically may have no physical presence in the country where the cash is stolen or deposited. The question _______________: where was the crime committed and whose jurisdiction should apply? 10. U.N. conventions are helpful but do little to combat crime unless they are ______________ by credible international enforcement. Exercise 2 Match the following verbs with their corresponding definitions: 1 – to thrive on (sth.) 2 – to bring down 3 – to break into 4 – to stumble on (sb./sth) 5 – to put away 6 - to set up

a) to start something such as a business, organisation or institution b) to enter by force, especially to steal something c) to find something or meet someone by accident d) to put someone in prison (or a mental hospital) e) to be successful or happy in a particular situation, perhaps even one that other people would not enjoy f) to cause a government or politician to lose power; to reduce the rate, level or amount of something

Discuss with a partner the aspects of fighting global crime outlined above. Exercise 3 The Mafia – the original organised crime group! Listen to the text and say whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE or NOT STATED 1. The name “mafia” is mainly associated with Italy but has become a general term for organised gangsterism. 2. The Fascists under Mussolini supported the Mafia. 3. “Bootlegging” was the term given to illegal smuggling of migrants in to the USA. 4. Mafia control and power spread into the US armed forces, infiltrating the army especially. 5. The Mafia was involved in many rackets but avoided drugs for moral reasons. 6. The FBI under J.Edgar Hoover recognised the threat to society from organised crime at a very early stage. 7. The Mafia changed their operations from local rackets to national and transnational activities. 8. The Mafia has always remained an exclusively Italian/Sicilian based partnership. Activity 1 Translate into English Mafia este o lume logică, raţională, funcţională şi implacabilă. Mult mai logică, mai raţională şi mai implacabilă decât statul. Mafia este o articulaţie a puterii, o metamorfoză a puterii, dar şi a patologie a puterii. Mafia este un sistem economic, o componentă obligatorie a sistemului economic global. Mafia se dezvoltă datorită statului şi îşi adaptează comportamentul în funcţie de acesta. Activity 2 Comment on Louise Shelley’s assertion: “Organised crime will be a defining issue of the 21st century as the Cold War was for the 20th century and colonialism was for the 19th century”. These ideas may help you. Organised crime vast profits/ instability/ human weakness/ speed of communication/ “white-collar criminals/ corrupt governments/ built on poverty/ exploit greed and power Cold war Control of information/ climate of fear/ mutual distrust/ image of the “enemy”/ “superpowers only”- other countries mainly onlookers Colonialism exploitation/ benefit to whom? / notion of dominance/ legacy of colonialism/ mentalities Exercise 4 Fill in the gaps with one of the following words: social effects policies weak civil

phenomena growth network global issues

1. Transnational organized crime and corruption are now acknowledged as high-priority ..... that need more attention and creative solutions. 2. These growing phenomena present a formidable challenge to international law, ….. society and both political and business communities. 3. They have a negative impact on the global political economy, and disproportionately negative .... on transitional and developing countries. 4. Those most severely impacted are the less privileged, particularly women, children, small businesses, entrepreneurs and minorities, and those not part of the ..... of corruption. 5. Other serious impacts are decreased trade and investment, policy distortion, less transparency and accountability, and reduced funding for key ..........services at the national and local level. 6. The net result of systemic crime and corruption is a .... civil society incapable of supporting a market-based democratic form of government. 7. It also results in unsound budgetary ....... that under-invest in the fundamental needs and rights of citizens, such as basic healthcare, property ownership, quality education, public safety, a clean environment and fundamental human rights, including free speech and a free press. 8. Systemic corruption often leads to ........ crime and corruption activities, which then becomes a problem for the world community. 9. The transnational crime and corruption center (TraCCC) and United Research Centers (URC) provide an international, multi-disciplinary forum in which to address and attack the complex ........ relating to organized crime and corruption . 10. Each mutually-supporting activity of the Centers also promotes international cooperation, economic ........, good governance, the rule of law and a vibrant civil society.

Cigarette sellers in Kosovo

Exercise 5 Read the following excerpts on organized crime and decide which of the following headlines is appropriate for each of them. 1. MONEY LAUNDERING 2. WHITE – COLLAR CRIMINALS 3. THE GLOBAL FLESH TRADE 4. CAUGHT UP IN CORRUPTION 5. REWARDS OF THE DRUGS TRADE 6. RIVALRY FOR THE TOP JOBS

7. CRIME: CASH: “LEGITIMACY” 8. ANSWERING MARKET DEMAND 9. THE NEW WORLD DISORDER 10. GANG STRUCTURE

A. “Where western governments worry about the insidious power of criminal gangs, some countries with less developed democracies have governments which practise a form of super-organized crime – looting the national wealth for the benefit of family and friends. The line between gangsters and dictators may be hard to distinguish. And even western politicians can sometimes get trapped in the organised crime net. The temptation to turn a blind eye in return for massive financial reward is a human weakness not restricted to poor undemocratic countries. B. One of the striking features of modern organised crime is that some gangs continue to operate effectively even when their leaders are killed or put in jail. This is an indication of very sophisticated organisational structures. However, the notion of global crime groups with formally constituted management “pyramids” is probably misguided. C. Clearly, however, the loss of gang leaders may cause great disruption of activities, especially if rival contenders begin killing each other for the top positions. D. Organised crime offers such vast profits that new gangs appear as soon as old ones are put away. The anomalies of the global marketplace - rich alongside poor; wide variations in national laws and regulations and the price of goods (such as petrol, cigarettes and alcohol); legal bans on goods or services in wide demand (such as drugs, gambling or prostitution); and the wide availability of arms in the post-Cold War environment – offer numerous opportunities to organised crime. E. According to the UN, the drugs trade alone is reckoned to generate revenue of $ 400 billion a year. Such huge sums make it possible for the traffickers to bribe almost anyone in their path. The nature of operations has changed too, with numerous gangs operating across borders and using advanced technology (such as encrypted computers) to pursue and conceal their activities. The weaponry available to some of these groups is of paramilitary grade. No form of potential market is ignored, nothing is taboo. F. “The scale of the profits from drug trafficking and other activities of organised crime is such that it requires complex international banking arrangements. The proceeds of most crime come in cash, whereas most commercial transactions are conducted by paper (cheques, bank drafts etc.) or plastic card. Turning “dirty money” into clean money (laundering) has thus become a major industry of its own. G. Cash can be laundered by simply passing it through a legitimate cash-based activity such as gambling (racecourses, casinos, etc.), sports stadia (turnstile receipts, food and drink sales, etc.); or the entertainment business (restaurants, hotels, nightclubs etc.).

These money-laundering advantages do much to explain the popularity of cash businesses with organised crime, especially since such businesses are often lucrative in their own right. H. The Internet has made the distribution of pornographic material a global industry, offering the most bizarre sexual entertainment at the push of a few keys. Much of the trade is linked to organised crime, which has a long history of peddling sex through prostitution and pornography. Whereas the traditional sex industry operated with cash and anonymity, Internet sales rely on credit cards and e-mails- thus giving sophisticated gangs a pathway into new forms of exploitation through credit card extortion and blackmail. Many brothels are controlled by organised crime, especially in large cities. One of the ugliest aspects of this business is the increasing number of young women who are forced through poverty, drug addiction or physical intimidation to embark upon a life of prostitution against their will. I. The common theme of most criminal activities is the fulfilment of a strong market demand which cannot be met by legitimate business – because it is unethical, illegal, or too costly. Organised crime also searches for weaknesses in government or business systems so that cash payments can be diverted. East European gangs, long stifled by communism, have turned out to be especially good at this. For example, Russian emigrants living in the USA devised lucrative scams in gasoline taxes and health care payments – more sophisticated forms of organised crime than the traditional activities of extortion, loan-sharking gambling and prostitution. J. Society is much kinder to white-collar criminals who steal millions in financial fraud than to bank robbers who threaten the cashier and run off with a few thousand. Physical violence upsets the citizenry far more than corporate theft. A petty crook is scorned, while a millionaire fraudster may consort with princes. These oddities of human ethics have enabled some very big crooks to move in the corridors of power. As long as the “dirty business” is kept out of sight, all is well. Exercise 6

The Borderless World

Match the two halves of the sentences to make a continuous text. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 D

9

10

1. Rich countries have increasingly tougher controls on immigration … 2. Even well-intentioned governments can open new opportunities for organised crime … 3. Differences in national taxes on cigarettes and alcohol …. 4. Smugglers provide 10% of the cigarettes sold in UK… 5. Once shopkeepers, pub or bar-owners begin to take cut-price supplies … 6. Even the world of medicine is affected by the tentacles of organised crime … 7. Controlling environmental pollution seems a positive feature of modern government… 8. In New York, even until the mid 1990s … 9. In the developing world where the majority of the people are extremely poor … 10. Some gangsters even become “legitimate” politicians …

A. B. C. D. E.

… costing the government about US$ 1.3 billion per year. … provide the impetus for large-scale smuggling operations. … it is difficult to escape back into legality. … yet different standards of living create increased pressures to migrate. … the Mafia controlled the clothing industry, freight transportation, garbage handling and other everyday activities. F. … as has happened in Russia, Central Asia and South and Latin America. G. … gangs find willing recruits for their activities. H. … by having big price differences for consumer products between neighbouring countries. I. … with illegal abortion and even the trade in human organs in the hands of organised crime. J. … but organised crime controls illicit importation of prohibited chemicals and the illicit transport of toxic or nuclear waste. Activity 3 Southeast European Cooperative Initiative Read about SECI which is a multi-national agreement with collaboration between law enforcement authorities in Romania and several other countries in South Eastern Europe to fight organised, transnational crime. The SECI Mission is: To support common trans-border crime fighting efforts of SECI participating countries in order to improve the business environment in South-Eastern Europe and make it more attractive for investors, with the declared aim of reaching economic and political stability within the region.

Why do these aims have a business, social and political angle as well as a lawenforcement one? How much do you think business investment depends on social and political stability? Exercise 7

The Main Focus of the SECI Centre

Now complete the text about SECI with an appropriate adjective or past-participle selected from the box. The first letter(s) have been given to make it a bit easier! called/ seconded / supported / filtered harmonized/ realized/ composed of / trafficked mounted/coordinated /initiated The Center has an operational framework consisting of Liaison Officers, (1) se__________________ by police and customs from each member country who are (2) su__________________ by a national office. The national office, again consisting of police and customs representatives is (3) c_________________ the National Focal Point. It has the responsibility of providing (4) h___________________ and (5) f ______________ final information or data to the Liaison Officer at the Center. The exchange of information between the Liaison Officer at the SECI Center and its corresponding National Focal Point Office is (6) r_____________________ on the basis

of different kinds of requests and depending on the requirements of the different countries’ operative activity. The main operational tools are the Task Forces, which are (7) c________________ specialized teams of representatives from different countries, (8) c____________________ by one of the member countries. For every Task Force, there is a different member country acting as the coordinator of the Task force in question. Under these Task Forces, if there is information about a particular case, which may involve several of the countries participating in that Task Force, and if the case is of interest to several countries, an operation is (9) m _____________. In 2001, four such actual operations were (10) i_________________ , two concerning human beings being (11) t____________________, one concerning drugs trafficking and one concerning commercial frauds and trafficking in cigarettes. Activity 4

Read the text and translate the underlined items into English

Seful traficantilor de cocaina din Timisoara - achitat si eliberat de vicepresedintele Tribunalului Timis Justitia din Timis a dovedit ieri, inca o data, (1) faptul ca legea nu reprezinta altceva decat un lucru de care se poate face abstractie atunci cand interesele o cer. Ieri, Tribunalul Timis (2) a dat sentinta in cazul cunoscut in presa sub numele de cod "Tabla de sah". Va reamintim ca, in 6 iunie a.c., (3) o ampla operatiune a ofiterilor din cadrul Centrului Zonal de Combatere a Crimei Organizate si Antidrog Timisoara s-a soldat cu cea mai mare captura de cocaina din Romania inregistrata in acest an - 2,03 kg, echivalentul a aproximativ 20.000 de doze, (4) a caror valoare de piata este de 6 miliarde de lei. Patru traficanti au fost arestati, iar (5) al cincilea a fost dat in urmarire internationala, fiind disparut fara urma. Dosarul a ajuns la Tribunalul Timis, cauza fiind judecata de vicepresedintele acestei institutii, Ioan Jivan. (6) La finalul audierilor, judecatorul a amanat de mai multe ori pronuntarea sentintei. Ieri, aceasta a fost facuta publica. Gage Olimpiu, Bot Walter, Mladenovici Dumitru si Bachici Miodrag au fost condamnati la 14 ani de inchisoare pentru trafic cu droguri de mare risc. Cu toate acestea, in mod suspect, (7) judecatorul l-a achitat pe cel dovedit a fi capul retelei, Alexa Claudiu, de 24 de ani, cetatean roman cu domiciliul in Canada. In timpul anchetei, unul dintre cei arestati, Bot, a recunoscut, inclusiv in fata instantei, ca drogurile pe care trebuia sa le vanda le-a primit de la Alexa. De asemenea, listingurile telefonice au dovedit faptul ca, inainte de momentul tranzactiei celor doua kilograme de cocaina, Alexa a tinut in permanenta legatura pe telefonul mobil cu Gage. (8) Alexa a fost retinut de politistii antidrog in comuna Giroc, acolo unde s-a realizat tranzactia. Imediat dupa retinerea lui Alexa, oamenii sai de incredere au oferit nu mai putin de 100.000 de dolari pentru ca barbatul sa fie scos din dosar. Prin sentinta de ieri, Alexa a fost pus in libertate, (9) avand posibilitatea sa se faca nevazut. Afacerile cu droguri in familia Alexa nu sunt o noutate, fratele acestuia fiind condamnat in anii '80 in Germania, pentru trafic cu heroina alba. Practic, sentinta de ieri a judecatorului Jivan (10) anuleaza toata munca depusa de procurori si politisti timp de cateva luni de zile. Vicepresedintele Tribunalului Timis nu este la prima sentinta cel putin dubioasa. In urma cu cateva luni, cotidianul Adevarul a dezvaluit faptul ca judecatorul Ioan Jivan a dispus punerea in libertate a lui Cornel Urcan, fostul director al hotelului "Continental" din Timisoara, arestat intr-un dosar cu prejudicii de miliarde de lei. Ulterior punerii in libertate, (11) Urcan a fost reincarcerat in urma deciziei Curtii de Apel, Timisoara. Sentinta de ieri a Tribunalului Timis, continua seria achitarilor dubioase in cazul traficantilor de droguri. In urma cu cativa ani, Albu Elena, coordonatoarea unei retele internationale de heroina, a fost pusa

in libertate, disparand fara urma. Cand a fost condamnata la ani grei de inchisoare, femeia era departe. Surse din lumea interlopa sustin ca traficantii de droguri vor repurta o noua victorie (12) impotriva celor care incearca sa stopeze flagelul mortii albe la Sibiu. Acolo se pregateste achitarea membrilor unei alte retele de traficanti de cocaina, condusa de Dan Emil. Dragos BOTA “Adevarul” 07 November 2002

Exercise 8 National Criminal Intelligence Service helps jail five men on £2.5 million drugs seizure in Lincolnshire and Leeds Listen to the report from October 2002 and complete the information Total of defendants From which towns? Drugs involved Police forces/agencies involved Pleas at trial Verdicts Range of sentences Charges Hiding place for drugs

From to years Possession and ________________ to ___________

Exercise 9 Complete the list based on vocabulary items from the listening text. Use a dictionary if you are unsure. VERB NOUN 1. to supply a _____________ of heroin 2. __________________ surveillance 3. to plead _____________ 4. __________________ a package (of information) 5. to seize a ______________ of drugs 6. to originate ______________ 7. to target the main ______________ is drug dealers 8. __________________ with intent to / (with the intention to) 9. to disrupt _______________ 10. to fuel _______________ Exercise 10

Put in the best form of the passive to complete the text below.

National Crime Squad and NCIS uncover multi-million pound drugs factory on East Sussex Farm

National Crime Squad detectives today (18 July 2002) discovered one of the UK's biggest ever illicit amphetamine factories at an isolated farm in East Sussex. National Criminal Intelligence Service experts from the Synthetic Drugs Unit are now debriefing the site*, and believe it gives new intelligence on current techniques in amphetamine production.

It (1) (believe) _____________that in the factory, which was in production at the time of the raid, up to 20kg. of heroin (2) (produce) _______________ drug each week for some time, with a potential street value profit of up to £1 million a week. Three people (two men in their forties and a woman in her thirties) all British, (3) (arrest) ____________________at 1.30 p.m. today. The men (4) (arrest) ___________ in Streatham, South London - one in a car in Grayswood Road, the other at a house in the same street. The woman was arrested simultaneously in the factory in a specially converted building on a farm property at Hurst Green, East Sussex, which was actually producing amphetamine as detectives entered. The building (5) (make) __________________ safe. Due to the isolated location, there had never been any actual danger to local residents or passers-by over the past months. Noxious fumes, waste deposits (A) in and immediately outside the building, and the ever-present danger of explosion, made it a hazardous place for anyone working there or entering. A spokesman for the NCIS Synthetic Drugs Unit said: "This is a significant discovery for NCIS, and will tell us much more about production methods in the UK, which is still the highest consumer of amphetamines in Europe. (B) NCIS was aware of the individuals involved and are delighted that they (6) (catch) ____________________. "There is much to learn from the factory site about illicit laboratories, the way that manufacturing equipment (7) (use) _____________ and the methods utilised by the chemists (C) behind this sort of major drugs conspiracy." Experts from the Forensic Science Service (FSS) who helped examine the building, described it as one of the most sophisticated and productive (D) such plants they have seen. The operation (8) (carry out) ____________________ by detectives from the Slough Branch office of the National Crime Squad with assistance from NCIS, the FSS, the Metropolitan Police and Sussex Police. The three people arrested (9) (interview) ___________________by National Crime Squad officers at police stations in South London and Sussex. •

debriefing the site (!) Usually “to debrief” has persons as direct object. e.g. The officer debriefed his men after the incident.

Activity 5 Grammar comments Homework task! Now look at the grammar points in bold type (A) to (D) A) What do you notice about the use of the prepositions? Can you make similar phrases with other modifiers such as “occasionally” “frequently” “generally” “especially”? e.g. These films are made for and occasionally with members of the public (rather than with professional actors). B) What do you notice about the verb agreement (i.e. use of singular/plural)?

Is it incorrect to say or write sentences like this…? The government has announced its programme of reforms for the police service. They will present the main proposals to the House of Commons next week. C) With which other prepositional phrases might you replace “behind”? responsible …. / in charge … engaged … / involved … implicated … D) This is a rather unusual use of “such”. … one of the most sophisticated and productive such plants What phrase does it replace? Complete in the same way … … one of the most dangerous and foolish …./ one of the most famous and prestigious …. … one of the fastest and most efficient …./ one of the wealthiest and most influential …. Make sentences using one of the points above. 1. (B) The American DEA, Drug Enforcement Agency, (has/have) had a lot of success in (its/their) fight against heroin production in Afghanistan. 2. (D) Heroin, as a category A drug, is considered the (dangerous) and (deadly) (......) drugs. Activity 6 Precursors Put the sentences into an appropriate sequence to read about chemical precursors. 1 X

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

X Chemicals are used every day by ordinary people. A. The answer is simple. No chemicals = no illicit drugs. B. Industrial processes and production of pharmaceuticals involve large quantities of often common chemicals. C. In the case of semi-synthetic drugs such as heroin and cocaine, chemicals are required to convert the raw material into a useable drug. D. Synthetic drugs such as LSD, amphetamines or ecstasy are wholly manufactured from chemicals. E. So why do we need to control them? F. Illicit drug manufacturing processes are, by nature, clandestine activities, but there is a point where they intersect with legitimate, legal trade. G. Every aspect of modern life relies on chemicals in one way or another- office materials, clothes, food products, household items and many more. H. With the exception of naturally occurring substances such as cannabis, all drugs require chemicals for their extraction or synthesis.

Activity 7

Which chemicals are controlled?

Listen to the text and complete the notes. In deciding which chemicals to control a balance has to be struck between _______________________________________________________________ Many substances used in illicit drug production are also used in the chemical industry. The ____________________________________ are commonly used in illicit drug production as ____________________________________________ . They are controlled at both the international level and ________________________________ . The chemicals are placed in ____________________________ , attracting different levels of control. For instance, category 1 contains chemicals with _____________________________________ such as 1-phenyl-2-propanone which is rarely used for licit purposes, and Ephedrine, which ___________________________ __________________________. These substances are used in the illicit manufacturing of drugs and have _________________________________ . Categories 2 and 3 contain chemicals which are in much more common use, such as _______________________________________ . The chemicals are often traded in large quantities and controls are correspondingly lighter. Full details of the chemicals and controls can be found in the _____________________________________ produced by the European Commission. Activity 8 Read the text that you heard earlier National Criminal Intelligence Service intelligence today (3 October) helped jail four Lincolnshire men and a Leeds man for a total of 55.5 years for their part in the supply of £2.5 million worth of heroin and cannabis which was seized in a joint operation between the National Crime Squad and Lincolnshire Police.The men were sentenced at Lincoln Crown Court after three had pleaded guilty and two were found guilty after trial. The arrests followed a protracted surveillance operation which originated in March 2001 in work carried out by NCIS in their North East and South East regions. The package was then passed to the National Crime Squad for action. On 19 May 2001 the men were

arrested when two articulated lorries were stopped in Spalding and Leeds. Searches revealed 18 kilos of heroin in the lorry in Spalding and 110 kilos of cannabis in one in Leeds - the total estimated street value of the drugs was £2.5 million. Three men were arrested on the A52 at the Roman Café near Grantham, and the other two were arrested in Leeds. Both vehicles had recently arrived in the UK from mainland Europe. The operation to seize the drugs and make the arrests was carried out by the National Crime Squad's Calder branch and Lincolnshire Police, with assistance from NCIS. Armed National Crime Squad officers were present when the lorry was stopped in Spalding, but no shots were fired. Details of the defendants are as follows: Nicholas HOWARTH, aged 34, of Queens Road, Spalding, Lincs. - Possession with Intent to Supply Heroin - pleaded guilty - sentenced to 19 years. Martin WILKINSON, aged 35, also of Queens Road, Spalding - Possession with Intent to Supply Heroin - was found guilty - sentenced to 8 years. Richard THORNLEY, aged 29, of Main Road, Wigtoft, Lincs - Possession with Intent to Supply Heroin - was found guilty - sentenced to 18 years. Simon FAGG, aged 34, of Amberton Crescent, Gipton, Leeds - Possession with Intent to Supply Cannabis - pleaded guilty - sentenced to 6 years. William LAMBERT, aged 30, of Neville Avenue, Spalding, - Possession with intent to Supply Heroin - pleaded guilty part way through the trial - sentenced to 4 years. Detective Superintendent Graham WHITE, of Lincolnshire Police, said: "We work closely with the National Crime Squad and other agencies to target and arrest offenders like these. People like them are a high priority for Lincolnshire Police. They peddle misery and grief and we are proud to be part of this operation which has taken them off the streets. Detective Chief Inspector Gerry SMYTH, of the National Crime Squad, said: "This operation was a good example of how partnership working within the police service can have a real impact on serious and organised crime. The drugs seized were on their way to dealers who would have fuelled the miserable trade in drugs to the tune of £2.5 million worth of heroin and cannabis. Putting this network in prison disrupted the supply of those drugs and sent a clear warning to others." Exercise 10 Match the word with its definition 1. to fuel 2. to the tune of … 3. to peddle 4. partnership 5. to target

A. to focus on/ aim at B. collaboration; cooperation C. to make something worse by providing more D. to the quantity (amount/sum) of … E. to sell (usually illegally)

Activity 9 Drug slang This area of criminal sub-culture has produced a lot of slang expressions, some dating back to the early years of the 20th Century. Unscramble the letters to get the right answers an addict : JNKIUE heroin: SOHRE L.S.D.: DIAC to buy drugs : to CORES to inject drugs: IXF drug dealer: SHREUP amphetamines: "Uppers and OWDSNER" marijuana: DEWE / SARGS to overdose : D.O. cocaine: WNOS crystallised cocaine: RACKC taking LSD: (go on a RPIT / take a RPIT) to be addicted: to have a NOMEKY on your back to come off drugs : to go LDOC RKEYUT no longer using drugs: LECAN to be under the influence of drugs at that moment: HGIH or TONESD You may know songs which warn of the danger of drugs – a well-known “old” song is “ Needle of Death” by Bert Jansch or a song “Sam Stone” about an American Vietnam veteran who became addicted during the war. Other songs may seem to “glorify” the use of drugs and most people say that, for example, “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” by the Beatles is a song about the “pleasant” side of L.S.D. Other songs came from the “hippy” period, such as “Eight Miles High” by the Byrds or “Mr Tambourine Man” by Bob Dylan, but more modern groups like Alice Cooper, Nirvana or Marilyn Manson have allusions to drug use. Perhaps it would be interesting to look at the words of some songs to identify the references. CRACK COCAINE