EIA Report For Construction of 5 Star Hotels in Sikela Market BY SEC - C-1 [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

CONSTRUCTION OF FIVE STAR HOTELS IN SIKELA MARKET

FACULTY OF WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ARBA MINCH WATER TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSEMENT PROJECT ON CONSTRUCTION OF FIVE STAR HOTEL IN SIKELA MARKET G5 WSEE_SEC_C_ GROUP 3

ID NUMBER

SIGN

1. RAMIT/590/08 2. RAMIT/117/08 3. RAMIT/376/08 4. RAMIT/284/08 5. RAMIT/751/08 6. RAMIT/657/08

SUBMITTED TO: INSTRUCTOR: FITSUM G/H. (MSC :)

JAN 14, 2020 ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA

TITLE OF THE PROJECT

CONSTRUCTION OF FIVE STAR HOTEL IN SIKELA MARKET

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, we wish to express our gratitude to the Almighty God for giving us the strength to perform our responsibilities during our doing time of this EIA report. Furthermore, we would like to acknowledge and express our gratitude to our department water supply and environmental engineering faculty, and also we would like to extend our special tanks for our instructor Fitsum G/H. who can give more of his effort for us to more understanding of our courses of EIA reports and also in this mini project reports. Finally, we would like to thank our group members for their endless love and value to work together. . .

Page i

LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 Site selection ................................................................................................................ 7 Table 2-2 Impact identification and classification ...................................................................... 8 Table 3-1 Roads, Footpaths & Street lighting ............................................................................ 9 Table 3-2 Water Supply ............................................................................................................. 10 Table 3-3 Urban Drainage and Flood Control .......................................................................... 11 Table 3-4 Integrated multiple infrastructure & services .......................................................... 12 Table 4-1 Environmental Information ...................................................................................... 15 Table 4-2 Impacts and possible mitigation measures from construction to demolition ........... 19 Table 4-3 shows the proposed decommissioning plan: ............................................................. 23 Table 5-1 proposed project and possible mitigation measures are summarized ........................ 24

Page ii

LIST OF FIGURE Figure 0-1 Location of project area (source from Arc. Map, satallite image) ............................ 5

Page iii

LIST OF ABBREVATION/ ACRONYM EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment

EMAP

Environmental Management and Action Plan

EMCA

Environmental Management and Coordination Act

NEC

National Environmental Council

NEMA

National Environment Management Authority

Page iv

TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................i LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................ii LIST OF FIGURE...................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF ABBREVATION/ ACRONYM ..................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................... v 1.

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1

ENVIRONMNETAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SCREENING FORM .................... 1

2.

CHECK LIST OF IMPACTS ............................................................................................... 4

3.

CHECKLIST OF IMPACTS ................................................................................................ 9

4.

DETAILED QUESTIONS: ................................................................................................ 15

5.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES .............................. 24

6.

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SCREENING FORM ............................................... 25

7.

ALTERNATIVES AND PROPOSED ACTION ............................................................... 28

8.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................. 30 8.1

Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 30

5.2 Recommendation.............................................................................................................. 31 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................... 32

Page v

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 ENVIRONMNETAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SCREENING FORM EIA is a systematic process to identify, predict and evaluate the environmental effects of proposed actions and projects. This process is applied prior to major decisions and commitments being made. A broad definition of environment is adopted whenever appropriate social, cultural and health effects are considered as an integral part of EIA. Particular attention is given in EIA practice to preventing, mitigating and offsetting the significant adverse effects of proposed undertakings. The purpose of EIA is to:  provide information for decision-making on the environmental consequences of proposed actions; and  promote

environmentally

sound

and

sustainable

development

through

the

identification of appropriate enhancement and mitigation measures. Sustainable

development

is

a

key

concept

that

has

gained

increasing

international acceptance during the last two decades. Sustainable development is an evolving concept, which is continually being redefined and reinterpreted. Why EIA is important? Reducing the burden of environmental impacts is necessary if development is to become Sustainable. These impacts are more complex, larger in scale and further reaching in their potential consequences than thirty years ago when EIA was first introduced. As a result, EIA has become of ever increasing importance as a tool for development decision-making. This role is formally recognized in Principle 17 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: “Environmental impact Page 1

assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority.” In practice, EIA is applied primarily to prevent or minimize the adverse effects of major Development proposals, such as high building with respect to it is place or site, power stations, dams and reservoirs, industrial complexes, etc. It is also used as a planning tool to promote sustainable development by integrating environmental considerations into a wide range of proposed actions.

Most notably, strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of

policies and plans focuses on the highest levels of decision making, when better account can be taken of the environment in considering development alternatives and options. More limited forms of EIA can be used to ensure that smaller scale projects, conform to appropriate environmental standards or site and design criteria. Such projects include dredging activities, road realignment and upgrading, and housing subdivisions. What are the aims and objectives of EIA? The aims and objectives of EIA can be divided into two categories. The immediate aim of EIA is to inform the process of decision-making by identifying the potentially significant environmental effects and risks of development proposals. The ultimate (long term) aim of EIA is to promote sustainable development by ensuring that development proposals do not undermine critical resource and ecological functions or the well-being, lifestyle and livelihood of the communities and peoples who depend on them. Immediate objectives of EIA are to:  improve the environmental design of the proposal;  ensure that resources are used appropriately and efficiently;  identify appropriate measures for mitigating the potential impacts of the proposal; and Page 2

 Facilitate informed decision making, including setting the environmental terms and conditions for implementing the proposal. Long term objectives of EIA are to:  protect human health and safety;  avoid irreversible changes and serious damage to the environment;  safeguard valued resources, natural areas and ecosystem components; and  Enhance the social aspects of the proposal. Limitations of EIA EIA is also a way of ensuring that environmental factors are considered in decisionmaking process along with the traditional economic and technical factors. Importantly EIA requires the scientific (technical) and value issues to be dealt with in a single assessment process. This helps in the proper consideration of all advantages and disadvantages of a proposal. Environmental considerations may, therefore, be set aside in favor of what are felt to be more important considerations. Alternatively, predicted adverse effects on the environment might lead to strict conditions being imposed to avoid these effects or remedy any adverse effects, or perhaps lead to the complete abandonment of a proposal. However, it is most important to recognize that EIA cannot be regarded as a means of introducing an environmental “veto” power into administrative decision-making processes. Decisions that are unsatisfactory from an environmental point of view can still be made, but with Full knowledge of the environmental consequence. The final decision about a proposal depends upon the likely severity of the adverse effects, balanced against other expected benefits. In other words, EIA is an administrative process that identifies the potential environmental effects of undertaking a proposal, and presents these environmental effects alongside the other . Page 3

The building or construction industry plays a vital role in wealth creation through provision of infrastructure. However; the building is known to be a minor contributor to environmental impact of construction activity in Arba Minch, Ethiopia and also creates an immense variety of works which impinge on virtually every aspect of our lives and in more advantageous way. While many of the products from the construction site, such as detergents, and perfumes of color are directly affect the worker and the people around that area, during construction and operation time. The assessment deployed the following methods of data collection:  Preliminary site visit and observation  Review of relevant legislation and documents  Use of primary and secondary data sources The principle measure of sustainable development is that all activities which are carried out to achieve development must take into account the needs of environmental conservation. The sustainability of the ecosystem requires the balance between human settlement development and the natural ecosystem, which is a symbiotic relationship. This can be achieved through careful planning and the establishment of appropriate management systems. In modern times, the need to plan activities has become an essential component of the development process. Consequently a number of planning mechanisms have been put in place to ensure that minimum damage is caused to the environment.

2. CHECK LIST OF IMPACTS Project name: Construction of 5 star hotels in Sikela Market Type of activity: new construction Estimated Cost of the project (Birr): not detailed with numerical value b/c not to see full structural drawing as well as architectural drawing of the area. Now to estimate rough what consideration or how to do the work roughly.

Page 4

Location Sikela kifle ketema is located in arba minch city town, It can be reached through an asphalt road. Let us describe more about precise location of the sikela market, Arba Minch town is found

in

Gamo

Gofa

zone,

the

Southern

Nations,

Nationalities

and

Peoples

Region. It is located at 505km distance south of Addis Ababa (capital city of Ethiopia). It is geographically located in southern part of east African rift valley at the absolute location of between 6° 08‘N latitude and37°33‘Eto37°37‘E longitude. Arba Minch received its name for the abundant local springs which produce a groundwater forest. Located at the baseofthewesternsideofthe Great Rift Valley.

Figure 2-1 Location of project area (source from Arc. Map, satallite image)

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Basic cost component of project consists of  Direct Cost: Material cost, Labour cost, Equipment cost  Indirect Cost: Head Office, Site Overhead Cost  Direct cost 1. Material coast  Cement  Sand  Corse Aggregate  Water 2. Labour Cost  Gage Chief  Foreman  Manson  Mixer Opentor  Daily Labor 3. Equipment Cost  Vibrator  Mixer  Tools

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 Indirect cost is cost that calculated from the office for head office man and site overhead cost So, the total cost is the sum of the two costs 

Estimated Cost of the project (Birr): ≈ 3 Billion Birr to be estimated for all

construction work up to finished and for the site on which it is constructed. Table 2-1 Site selection 1. SITE SELECTION: Physical data: Site area in ha

Yes/no answers and bulleted lists preferred 0.5 ha Yes,

 There is changing of the alignment due to some factors like huge building, road and like structure on the area

Extension of or changes to existing alignment

Yes,

Any existing property to transfer to project

There is land cover including tree water resource if any that best fits the proposed project

Any other plans for new construction

Yes, Planning of new construction is good for effective and efficient to make our desired project

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2. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION: Table 2-2 Impact identification and classification Site Sensitivity Issues Low Natural habitats

Medium

Critical natural habitats presentis only tree and garden plants

-

Water quality and water resource availability and use

-

High

Medium intensity of water use; multiple water users; water quality issues are

-

important

Natural hazards vulnerability,floods , soil stability/ erosion

Cultural property

Involuntary resettlement

Medium slopes; some erosion potential; medium risks from volcanic/ seismic/ flood/ hurricanes because may be arbaminch exist in rift valley zone

-

No known or suspected cultural heritage sites

-

-

-

-

High population density; major towns and villages; lowincome families and/or illegal ownership of land; communal properties; unclear water rights

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Indigenous peoples

-

Indigenous territories, reservelands;vulnerable

-

3. CHECKLIST OF IMPACTS Table 3-1 Roads, Footpaths & Street lighting Roads, Footpaths & Street lighting

Potential for Adverse Impacts None Low Med High Unknown 

Soil erosion or flooding concerns (e.g., due to highly erodible soils or steep gradients) Number of stream crossings or disturbances

 

Wet season excavation Creation of quarry sites or borrow pits



Significant vegetation removal



Wildlife habitats or populations disturbed





Environmentally sensitive areas disturbed

Cultural or religious sites disturbed



Economic or physical resettlement required



New settlement pressures created



Page 9



Other (Some infrastructure (such as road and drainage system are affected.)

Table 3-2 Water Supply WATER SUPPLY

Potential for Adverse Impacts None

Low

Med

water

sources

Unknown



New access (road) construction Existing

High



supply/yield

depletion Existing water users disrupted



Downstream water users disrupted



Increased numbers of water users due



to improvements 

Increased social tensions/conflict over water allocation Sensitive

ecosystems

downstream

or

resettlement



disrupted Economic

physical



required Local

incapacity/inexperience

to



Page 10

manage facilities 

Other May be additional water source are required around the area.

Table 3-3 Urban Drainage and Flood Control Urban Drainage and Flood Control

Potential for Adverse Impacts None

Low

Med High

Unknown



Soil erosion or flooding concerns (e.g., due to highly erodible soils or steep gradients) Number of stream crossings, junctions



or disturbances 

Wet season excavation



Creation of quarry sites or borrow pits



Significant vegetation removal Wildlife

habitats

or



populations

disturbed Environmentally sensitive areas disturbed



Cultural or religious sites disturbed



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Economic

or

physical



resettlement

required

Table 3-4 Integrated multiple infrastructure & services Integrated multiple infrastructure & services to land for housing, MSE & industrial development

None

medium high

Unknown



Soil erosion or flooding concerns (e.g., due to highly erodible soils or steep gradients) Number of stream crossings or disturbances

Low



Wet season excavation



Creation of quarry sites or borrow pits

Soil which has high bearing capacity is required from quarry site

Significant vegetation removal

All vegetation in the working place removed

Wildlife habitats or populations disturbed The area is free from these habitat and population Environmentally sensitive areas disturbed Around the area no sensitive areas are located Page 12

Cultural or religious sites disturbed

No cultural places are disturbed by project during construction

Economic or physical resettlement required



New settlement pressures created

Many people s move away from the site

Built Facilities Built Facilities – Markets, MSE

Potential for Adverse Impacts

facilities, Abattoirs None

Low Med

High

Disturbance of economic activities

Money

leading to loss of property or

shopping

income

restaurants and

Unknown

cafes are highly affected Number of stream crossings or

No stream

disturbances

is available

Wet season excavation

Sandy soil have high absorptio n capacity

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Creation of quarry sites or borrow pits

Building and abattoirs are removed from site

Significant vegetation removal

All plants are removed

Wildlife habitats or

Populatio

populations disturbed

n and some wild life are disturbed

Environmentally sensitive

No sensitive

areas disturbed

area

Cultural or religious sites disturbed

No cultural or religious around area

Economic or physical

all peoples live

resettlement required

in the proposed area are displaced

New settlement pressures created

The peoples must leave that place & start new settlement Page 14

4. DETAILED QUESTIONS: Table 4-1 Environmental Information 1. Preliminary Information:

Environmental Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential

State the source of information available at this stage (client report, EIA or other environmental study).

Has there been litigation or complaints of any environmental nature directed against the proponent or client investment project

Yes  

People live in the area different documents of EIA

Yes  the owner of the land in that area or community

2. Identify type of activities and likely Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except environmental impacts: where descriptive detail is essential What are the likely environmental Yes impacts, opportunities, risks and  displacement of peoples from their home liabilities associated with the project  air pollution(such as dust from site)  noise impact(from construction material)  loss of some valuable properties 3. Determine environmental screening Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except category: where descriptive detail is essential. After compiling the above, determine which category the investment project falls under based on the environmental categories A, B and C.

Category B  the project has less adverse impact to the environment

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4.Mitigation of Potential Pollution:

Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential

Does the project have the potential to Yes pollute the environment, or contravene any before disposing the solid waste product to the environmental laws and regulations? environment it must be collected and distroying it well prepare solid waste storage use some chemicals to reduce negative impacts use less toxic raw material at site Will the project require pesticide use?

Yes May be at the site use chemicals to destroy insects such as malaria

5.Public participation/information requirements

Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred

Does the proposal require, under national or local laws, the public to be informed, consulted or involved?

Yes  The proposal require local law  And the public must be informed, consulted and involved

Has consultation been required?

Yes

Indicate the time frame of any outstanding consultation process.

6. Land and resettlement:

 Giving sufficient time to the local people to understand about it  To communicate and involve the stakeholders within simple language  Consultation is needed at different stage of the project to inform the peoples about it the benefits of project to the stakeholder

Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential.

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What is the likelihood of land purchase for the Yes investment project? The owner of the land it may be individual or government

How will the proponent go about land purchase?

Yes By paying the appropriate compensation cost to the owner of land and other resources on it

Yes Will people’s livelihoods be affected in any way, therefore requiring some form of compensation?

To balance loss of their

resources paying

appropriate amount of money is good make the people informed about it

Will people need to be displaced, and therefore Yes require compensation and resettlement assistance? Peoples require sufficient place to resettlement

Are the relevant authorities aware of the need for a Yes Resettlement

Process,

involving

a

census,

 All the concerned body must be aware

valuation, consultation, compensation, evaluation

about it well consultation, valuation and

and monitoring?

monitoring must be established

 Stakeholders participation in one side and above body on the other What level or type of compensation is planned?

Yes Full level of assessment and considering their property

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Who will monitor actual payments?

Yes Owner of the project investor, client

8. Actions:

A systems to support the individual and groups must be established

List outstanding actions to be cleared before the Inform the peoples investment project appraisal. Take scientific action Approval/rejection Take all responsibility Involve the stake holders affected by the project and others Approval/rejection

Approve the proposal

If proposal is rejected for environmental reasons, should the investment project be reconsidered, and what additional data would

Category

Schedule 1

Projects

which

may

have

adverse

and

significant

environmental impacts thus requiring a full Environmental Impact Assessment

Schedule 2

Projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to cause some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a full EIA study

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Schedule 3

Projects which would have no impact and do not require an EIA

Table 4-2 Impacts and possible mitigation measures from construction to demolition CONSTRUCTION PHASE ENVIRONMENTAL

MITIGATION MEASURES

IMPACT ACTIVITY Commissioning of the

- Site hand-over and Ground breaking

Construction Works Securing the

- Construction of Perimeter Wall and Hoarding

Construction Site Housing for

Construction of Labor Camp

Construction/ Site staff Security for

Construction of Site Stores

Construction Material Extraction and Use of

Construction materials to be delivered in small quantities to minimize storage problems Availability and sustainability of the extraction

Building Materials

sites as they are non-renewable in the short term Landscape changes e.g. displacement of animals and vegetation, poor visual quality and opening of depressions on the surface

Collapse of Building

Ensuring Building Strength and stability

during Construction

Use of appropriate construction materials and reinforcements as per specifications Ensuring building components are as per designs Proper supervision Ensure proper timelines are followed e.g. curing time

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ENVIRONMENTAL

MITIGATION MEASURES

IMPACT ACTIVITY Disturbance of

 Proper signage

Traffic flow during construction

 Awareness creation

Emissions of CO2, NOx and fine particulate matter

 Education to truck drivers

Soil Excavation

 Excavate only areas to be affected by buildings

leading to site disturbance

 Dumping of excess excavated materials to sites designated by authority and Council

Soil Erosion

 Restoration of sites Excavated  Create and Maintain soil traps and embankments.  Landscaping after completion of construction

Noise Pollution and

 Ensure use of serviced and greased equipment

Vibration

 Switch off engines not in use  Construction work to be confined to between 8am to 5pm

Air Quality

 Ensure use of earmuffs by machine operators  Water sprinkling of driveways or the use of biodegradable hydrant eg Terrasorb polymer will reduce dust emission during construction

 Ensure servicing of vehicles regularly

Risks of Accidents and Injuries to Workers

 Education and awareness to all construction workers  Ensure use of appropriate personal protective clothing  Provide First Aid Kits on site  Ensuring Building Strength and stability  Proper supervision

Health and Safety

 Provide First Aid Kits on site  Proper signage and warning to public of heavy vehicle turning  Ensuring Building Strength and stability  Provide clean water and food to the workers

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Solid Waste Generation

 Ensure waste materials are disposed of on Council and NEMA approved sites

 Ensure re-use of materials that can be re-used Energy Consumption

 Use of the 3rs – Reduce, Re-use, Re-cycle  Use electricity sparingly since high consumption of electricity negatively impacts on these natural resources and their sustainability

 Use of Standby Generators. Excessive Water Use

 Excessive water use may negatively impact on the water source and its sustainability

OPERATION PHASE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ACTIVITY Architectural incompatibility leading to distortion of neighbourhood aesthetic image Solid Waste Generation and Management

MITIGATION MEASURES

 Harmonize building scale with existing developments in neighbourhood.

 Harmonize detail, material and finishes for roofs and walls with existing development in the Regular inspection and maintenance of the waste  neighbourhood. disposal systems during operation phase

 Establish a collective waste disposal and management system

 Provide waste disposal bins to each house well protected from adverse weather and animals

 Ensure waste materials are disposed of on Council and NEMA approved sites Liquid Waste Generation and Management Increased loading on Infrastructure services

 Regular inspection and maintenance of the waste disposal systems during the operation phase

 Connection to Sewer system  Have paved local access road and walkway system

Increased vehicular and/or pedestrian traffic Increased demand on water, sanitation services

 Encourage rainwater harvesting

Traffic

 Provide adequate storm water drainage system  Provide adequate parking facilities within the

 Provision of increased water storage capacity

 project site Page 21

  Increased economic activities –employment

Increased social conflict

generation, income earnings and housing capital stock formation

 Encourage formation of community policing and formation of neighborhood associations

 Provide roof gutters to collect and direct roof

Storm Water impacts Disruption of existing natural environment and modification of micro-climate – Increased development density

 water to drains  Development restricted to follow zoning  Policy/approved density – building line, plot coverage and plot ratio.

Increased glare/solar reflection. Reduced natural ground cover/surface run-off and obstruction of ventilating winds

 Careful layout and orientation of buildings to respect wind and sun direction.

 Adequate provision of green and open space planted with grass, shrub and tree cover.

 Minimum use of reflective building material and finishes for roof, wall and pavement. Insecurity

 Ensure secure perimeter wall where applicable  Have a single entry point that is manned 24 hours

DECOMMISSIONING PHASE Building Safety

 Assess the condition of buildings to ascertain

Land and Building use

 usefulness  Ascertain the Planning development policy

Absence of Decommissioning Plan

 Prepare decommissioning plan

Accidents/Injuries

 Securing the Site by fencing off  Ensure disconnection of all services.

Un-disconnected Services- Power, Water, telephone, sewer etc Solid Waste Generation (demolition waste)

 Remove all surface and underground cables & wiring  Ensure waste materials are disposed of on Council and NEMA approved sites

 Ensure re-use of materials that can be re-used  Use of the 3rs – Reduce, Re-use, Re-cycle

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 Ensure use of serviced equipment

Noise and Vibration

 Switch off engines not in use  Demolition work to be confined to between 8 to 5pm  Ensure use of earmuffs by workers

DECOMMISSIONING Decommissioning is an important phase in the project cycle and comes last to wind up the operational activities of a particular project. It refers to the final disposal of the project and associated materials at the expiry of the project lifespan. If such a stage is reached, the proponent needs to remove all materials resulting from the demolition/ decommissioning from the site. The following should be undertaken to restore the environment. Table 4-3 shows the proposed decommissioning plan: Expected

Recommended Measures

Negative Impacts 1. Construction Machinery/Structure & Wastes Scraps material And other debris

 Use of an integrated solid waste management system i.e. Through a hierarchy of options.

 Wastes generated as a result of facility decommissioning activities will be characterized in compliance with standard waste management procedures.

 The contractor will select disposal locations and the local council based on the properties of the particular waste generated.

 All

buildings,

machinery,

 equipment, structures and partitions that will not be used for other purposes should be removed and reused or rather sold/given to scrap material dealers

 Rehabilitation of project site

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Vegetation

 -Implement an appropriate re-

disturbance Land deformation: soil erosion, drainage problems

 -Monitoring and inspection of the area for indications of erosion will be conducted and appropriate measures taken to correct any occurrences;

 -Fencing and signs restricting access will be posted to minimize disturbance to newly-vegetated areas;

 Social- Economic impacts -Loss of income

 The safety of the workers should

-Loss of Office facilities

 Surpass all other objectives in the decommissioning project.  Adapt a project – completion policy; identifying key issues to be considered.

 Compensate and suitably recommend the workers to help

5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES The potential negative environmental impacts of the proposed project and possible mitigation measures are summarized below:Table 5-1 proposed project and possible mitigation measures are summarized Mitigation Measures Potential Negative Environmental Impacts 1. Architectural incompatibility  Harmonize building scale with existing leading to distortion of neighbourhood aesthetic development in neighbourhood. image  Harmonize detail, material and finishes for roofs and walls with existing development in the

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2. Disruption of existing natural environment and modification of micro- climate – - Increased development density - Increased glare/solar reflection - Reduced natural ground cover - Obstruction of ventilating wind - Increased surface run-off

3. Pollution and health Hazards construction - Dust and other -

waste Noise generation construction activities.

from

4. Increased loading on Infrastructure services -Increased vehicular and/or pedestrian traffic -Increased demand on water, sanitation services etc. -Increase surface runoff 5. Worker accidents and health infection

6. Increased social conflict

 Development restricted to follow zoning policy/approved density – building line, plot coverage and plot ratio.  Careful layout and orientation of buildings to respect wind and sun direction.  Adequate provision of green and open space planted with grass, shrub and tree cover.  Minimum use of reflective building material and finishes for roof, wall and pavement.  Damping down of site e.g. sprinkling water to dusty areas on construction site.  Containment of noisy operation, including locating noise operations away from sensitive neighbors.  Construction work limited to day time only and take shortest time possible.  Have paved local access road and walkway system  Encourage rainwater harvesting  Provision of increased water storage capacity  Provide adequate storm water drainage system

 Employ skilled and trained workers, provide protective clothing.  Prepare clear work schedule and the organization plan.  Have adequate worker insurance cover  Enforce occupational health and safety standards.  Increased economic activities –employment generation, income earnings and housing capital stock formation  Encourage formation of community policing

6. SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SCREENING FORM Social impacts can be defined as the consequences to people of any proposed action that changes the way they live, work, relate to one another, organize themselves and function as individuals and members of society. This definition includes socialpsychological changes, for example to people’s values, attitudes and perceptions of Page 25

themselves and their community and environment. Indeed, some SIA practitioners consider social impacts to be only expressed (e.g. stress, disruption, hunger) and differentiate these from the causal processes (e.g. over-crowding, infrastructure pressure, poverty). In addition, many of the impacts listed are not easily measurable, and require analysis of a number of variables. For this reason, basic dimensions of social change are used instead as a reference point, for defining impacts and means of mitigating them. The key characteristics and variables that are often correlated with adverse social impacts of development proposals include:  demographic change, e.g. size and composition of resident population, influx of temporary work force or new recreational users (disrupts the cohesion of a small, stable community);  economic change, e.g. new patterns of employment/ income, real estate speculation (marginalizes long term, older residents);  environmental change, e.g. alterations to land use, natural habitat and  hydrological regime (loss of subsistence or livelihood in resource dependent community); and  institutional change, e.g. in the structure of local government or traditional Social The main types of social impact that occur as a result of these project-related changes can be grouped into five overlapping categories:  lifestyle impacts –on the way people behave and relate to family, friends and cohorts on a day -to-day basis;  cultural impacts –on shared customs, obligations, values, language,  religious belief and other elements which make a social or ethnic group distinct;  community impacts –on infrastructure, services, voluntary organizations, activity networks and cohesion; Page 26

 amenity/quality of life impacts –on sense of place, aesthetics and heritage, perception of belonging, security and livability, and a aspirations for the future; and  health impacts –on mental, physical and social well-being, although these aspects are also the subject of health impact assessment The key points of the above discussion are that:  social land biophysical impacts are interconnected and should be assessed together;  SIA is understood to be concerned with the human consequences of development proposals, identifying all significant social impacts that arise in this context; and  EIA combine d with SIA is an entry point to integrated impact assessment in support of sustainability aims of maintaining natural capital and building human capital Note the types of projects that can require EIA, and indicate how social impacts can vary with different stages of the project life cycle. Ask participants to identify the social changes that are important locally in this context. Social impacts can be a significant aspect of many types of projects, not only proposals for large scale development, such as a dam or highway, but also in the closing down of existing facilities, such as a military base or government facility. Like environmental impacts, the referents of project-induced social change include severity, duration, probability, importance, etc. They also vary with the setting and the characteristics of the community affected. For example, mining or energy developments adjacent to a small, remote. It is also important to consider how social impacts may vary in accordance with different stages of the project life cycle:  Planning or policy development –This phase, beginning with project notification can have its own social impacts, even though nothing has actually happened. For example, the following can occur:  changed expectations or fears about the community and its future;  increase or fall in property prices depending on the nature of the proposal; Page 27

 real estate speculation, which locks up or freezes land; and  concerns about the environmental, social or health impacts, which may lead to activism, resulting in community polarization.  Construction/implementation –This phase usually will have the greatest

Project completion Completion phase will involve; notification of intent to all relevant agencies and liaising with the project Consultants that is engineers, architects and environmentalists in a bid to ascertain guidelines on possible impacts and mitigation measures. On completing the construction works on the site, everything will be left in good order.

7. ALTERNATIVES AND PROPOSED ACTION Alternatives The consideration of alternatives to a proposal is a requirement of many E.I.A systems. It lies at the heart of the E.I.A process and methodology. During the scoping process, alternatives to a proposal can be generated or refined, either directly or by reference to the key issues identified. A comparison of alternatives will help to determine the best method of achieving project objectives while minimizing environmental impacts or, more creatively, indicate the most environmentally friendly or best practicable environmental option. The Proposed Development Alternative In this development proposal, the proponent will develop the Five Star Hotel Block as planned after receiving the E.I.A Licence from the Authority. The project will be implemented thereby, realizing the proponent’s goal of provision of office space. However, the development has to ensure that all environmental measures are complied with during the implementation and operation period. The proposed development alternative is composed of the proponent’s final proposal, with the inclusion of the national environmental agency Alternative Site Page 28

There is no alternative site for the proposed project. The proponent did identify the plot earlier on and has invested many resources in terms of consultancy fees for the architect and other construction consultants. Also, the project proponent would spend long periods of time which would call for cost; already incurred in the proposed development i.e. whatever has been done and paid to date would be counted as a loss to the proponent. The No Action Alternative If the proposal fails to receive the anticipated approval from National Environmental Agency, the project will not be implemented and thus the developments will not commence. Provision of jobs for skilled and non-skilled workers will not be realized and there will be no generation of income from the plot and hence the high demand for office space will not be met and this will impact negatively on the proponent’s investment plan. The Comparison of Alternatives Under the proposed Development Alternative, the project will provide short term jobs for the workers during construction and ensure maximum utilization of the plot. There would be more benefits from the site and the anticipated negative environmental impacts will be minimal. Provided the Environmental Impact mitigation measures are implemented as well as adaptation of sound construction management practices, negative effects on the environment would not be expected.

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8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1 Conclusion The EIA process started early in the pre-feasibility stage. From the foregoing analysis, the social and economic rating for this project is highly positive. Evaluation of alternatives has already shown that options are limited and costly. Already the proponent has sunk a substantial amount of money in the project up to the design stage. Further delay of the project is denying all stakeholders the anticipated benefits of the investment; while, redesigning or relocation will lead to loss of time and money that is already tied in the preliminary costs of the project The project does not pose any serious and negative environmental impacts. Adequate mitigation measures have been proposed to address any of the negative impacts arising from the project. The project will create employment and improve income earnings. The project will boost the diminishing office supply in the country and more so in urban areas. The proposed project design has integrated mitigation measures with a view to ensuring compliance with all the applicable laws and procedures. The proposed project will be implemented after approvals by among others, the City Country of Ethiopia, Physical Planning Department and National Environmental commission. During project implementation and occupation, Sustainable Environmental Management (SEM) will be ensured through avoiding inadequate/inappropriate use of natural resources, conserving nature sensitively and guaranteeing a respectful and fair treatment of all people working on the project, general public at the vicinity and inhabitants of the project. In relation to the proposed mitigation measures that will be incorporated during construction phase, the development’s input to the society; and cognation that the project is economically and environmentally sound, establishments are considered beneficial and important. It is our considerable opinion that the proposed development is a timely venture that will subscribe to proponent’s timely investment. Page 30

5.2 Recommendation It is thus our recommendation that the project be allowed to go ahead with the implementation provided the outlined mitigation measures are adhered to. Major concerns should nevertheless be focused towards minimizing the occurrence of impacts that would degrade the general environment. This will however be overcome through close follow-up and implementation of the recommended Environmental Management. Recommendations for the prevention and mitigation of adverse impacts are as follows:  The proponent should therefore follow the guidelines as set by the relevant departments to safeguard and envisage environmental management principles during construction and operation/occupation phases of the proposed project.  It is important that warning/ informative sign (bill boards) be erected at the site. These should indicate the operation hours and when works are likely to be started and completed. The signs should be positioned in a way to be easily viewed by the public and mostly motorists.  All solid waste materials and debris resulting from construction activities should be disposed off at approved dumpsites.  All construction materials e.g. pipes, pipe fittings, sand just to mention a few should be sourced procured from legalized dealers.  During construction all loose soils should be compacted to prevent any erosion. Other appropriate soil erosion control measures can be adapted. Any stockpiles of earth should be enclosed, covered or sprinkled with water during dry or windy conditions to minimize generation of dust particles into the air.  Once earthworks have been done, restoration of the worked areas should be carried out immediately by backfilling, landscaping/ levelling and planting of suitable tree species.  Proper and regular maintenance of construction machinery and equipment will reduce emission of hazardous fumes and noise resulting from friction of metal bodies.  A fully equipped first aid kit should be provided within the site.  The contractor should provide adequate security during the construction period.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Our lecture note, fitsum 2018 updated handout  Kenya gazette supplement

Acts

2000, Environmental Management and

Coordination Act Number 8 of 1999. Government printer, Nairobi  Ethiopia federal government Acts Building Code 2000 by government printer  Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations 2003.  United Nations (1987) The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development  United Nations (2000) The World Commission on Environment and Development  Sombroek W. G., Braun H. M. M. and Van der Pouw B. J. A., 1982, Exploratory Soil Map and Agro-Climate Zone .  Google reference,

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