C2 Proficiency - Key Word Transformation Made Easy (Preview) [PDF]

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While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. FCE KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION MADE EASY Third edition. July 8, 2020 Copyright © 2020 D.Méndez. Written by D.Méndez. ISBN: 9781506678987

www.aprendeinglesenleganes.com

No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means without the written permission of the author, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews

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INTRODUCTION The Key word transformation tests a wide range of different grammatical structures and vocabulary. You must show your ability to paraphrase using the key word and, most importantly, keeping the meaning the same. The difficulty lies on the great variety of grammatical structures that you need to learn in order to do this part of the Use of English exam successfully. You will be required to use structures such as passive tenses, conditional clauses, reported speech, causative verbs, inverted sentences, comparatives and superlatives, phrasal verbs, idioms, set phrases, etc. The book that you have in front of you will help you with that. This book will help you get a better understanding of the different and most common grammatical structures , that you will have to face when completing the Key word transformation part of the Use of English exam. As they say, practice makes perfect. The more Key word transformation exercises you do, the better you will become at doing them. What’s more, over time you will get a feel for what kind of grammatical structure or lexical item is needed for the exercise that you are doing.

To your success.

D.Méndez

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CONTENTS. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10.

HOW TO DO KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION EXERCISES SENTENCES REQUIRING TWO CHANGES SPECULATING ABOUT THE PRESENT SPECULATING ABOUT THE PAST AGO to FOR / FOR to AGO / LAST AGO to SINCE/ SINCE to AGO - SINCE to FOR / FOR to SINCE STILL to YET / EVER to YET FIRST TIME to HAVE NEVER TOO to ENOUGH / ENOUGH to TOO 11. REPORTED SPEECH 12. ACTIVE VERB FORM to PASSIVE VERB FORM 13. INVERTED SENTENCES 15. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 16. INVERTED CONDITIONALS 17. DEGREES OF LIKELIHOOD 18. WISHES AND PREFERENCES 20. COMPARATIVE – SUPERLATIVE 21. COMPARATIVE STRUCTURES - ADVERBS 22. CONTRAST STRUCTURES 23. SYNONYMS 28. CAUSE AND EFFECT 29. CAUSATIVE VERBS 30. PHRASAL VERBS 31. 50 COMMON PHRASAL VERBS (C2 LEVEL) 34. C2 PROFICIENCY PHRASAL VERBS (TABLE) 35. PHRASAL PREPOSITIONAL VERBS 37. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A TO-INFINITIVE 38. VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND (ING) 39. NEGATIVE WORDS 40. MODAL VERBS 41. PREPOSITIONAL VERBS 42. PREPOSITIONAL VERBS ( LIST) 45. VERB PATTERNS 47. INFORMAL to FORMAL / FORMAL to INFORMAL 48. LINKING WORDS 50. PARAPHRASING 54. IDIOMS 55. 50 COMMON IDIOMS (C2 LEVEL) 58. C2 PROFICIENCY IDIOMS (TABLE) 59. SET PHRASES 60. 50 MOST COMMON SET PHRASES (C2 LEVEL) 63. COMMON C2 LEVEL PHRASES (TABLE) 64. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION - PRACTICE EXERCISES 68. ANSWERS 4

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HOW TO DO KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION EXERCISES EXAMPLE : For questions 25–30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Example: (0) Do you mind if I watch while you work. OBJECTION Do you …....................................................... you while you work.

Example:

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have any objection to my watching

How to do this exercise 1) READ BOTH SENTENCES AND UNDERLINE DUPLICATE INFORMATION. Do you mind if I watch while you work. OBJECTION Do you …....................................................... you while you work. 2) LOOK AT THE KEY WORD GIVEN.

In the example above the key word is OBJECTION IS IT USED IN ANY COMMON SET PHRASES, PHRASAL VERBS, COLLOCATIONS?

3) THINK OF A WAY TO PARAPHRASE THE PART THAT YOU HAVE NOT UNDERLINED , USING THE KEY WORD.

Make sure your sentence means the same as the first sentence. In this case, we can use the phrase “have objection to (doing) sth” to paraphrase “Do you mind if …”. They are synonymous expressions.

NUMBER OF WORDS Count the number of words you have used in the gap. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. If you use only two or more than eight, you will lose marks. CONTRACTIONS Contractions like ‘he’s’ or ‘won’t’ are counted as two words, so be careful. ‘Can’t’ is the only exception because it contracts ‘cannot’ which is just one word. Also remember that you have to use the key word in the gap as part of the 3-6 words without changing it. Do not forget to use the key word. MARKING Up to two marks will be awarded per each correct answer.

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SENTENCES REQUIRING TWO CHANGES At C2 level you will frequently be required to make two changes in the second sentence such as using a set expression as well as a change from active to passive. The transformations will also require you to think about grammar. For example, passives, inverted sentences, conditionals, reported speech, etc. (Passive + phrasal verb) Management have decide to postpone the meeting. OFF The meeting...has been put off ...by Management. (Partial phrase + phrase) John is far superior to Mike in terms of technical knowledge. MATCH When it comes ...to technical knowledge Mike is no match ... to John. (Passive + change from adjective to noun) Employees are thought to be worried about being made redundant. CONCERN There ... is thought to be concern ... amongst employees about being made redundant. (Reported speech + verb change) 'I am not in the mood for playing football' he said. FEEL He said that...he didn’t feel like playing...football. (Passive to active + phrasal verb) The essay must be given to your teacher by Friday. HAND You ... must hand in your essay ... to your teacher by Friday. (verb change + phrasal verb) I'm sorry to say that it will not be possible for me to make the meeting tomorrow. ABLE I will ... not be able to turn...up at the meeting tomorrow , I’m afraid. (Verb change + verb form) I don't believe in marrying the first girl you date. THINK I don't .....think it is a good idea ......to marry the first girl you date. (Verb change + verb form) Were you able to convince him? IN Did you ....succeed in convincing him..... him? (Inversion + phrase) Last week, the train was late every day except for Monday. RUN Only... once did the train run on time / on/to schedule ... last week and that was Monday. 8

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SPECULATING ABOUT THE PAST KEY WORDS: Maybe, Perhaps, I’m sure, Definitely, I’m certain, They probably, FOLLOWED BY PAST TENSE / PRESENT PERFECT It’s possible that… It’s impossible that… It’s not possible that… It’s out of the question that…

SPECULATING ABOUT THE PAST Maybe, Perhaps = may have + past participle I’m sure, I’m certain = must have + past participle They probably = may have + past participle It’s possible that… = may , might have + past participle It’s impossible that , it’s not possible that , It’s out of the question that...= can’t have + past participle Examples : Perhaps he missed the train this morning. MAY He …..may have missed ....the train this morning. It’s possible that she has injured her arm in the accident. HAVE She ….may have injured …..her arm in the accident. I’m sure she didn’t mean to offend you. MEANT She ......can’t/ cannot have meant .... to offend you. I’m certain he’s not gone home because his car is still parked outside. GONE He ..can’t have gone home... because his car is still parked outside. I think they probably didn’t wait for us because it was raining. NOT I think they .... may not have waited ....for us because it was raining. Press ctrl and click on this link to download a very useful table : Speculating about the past - Table 10

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REPORTED SPEECH ( indirect speech )

We use the reported speech to say what someone did or said. The usual structure of reported speech is: reporting clause + that clause + reported clause - The that clause can be omitted Direct speech : "I am tired." reporting clause + that clause + reported clause He said (that) he was tired 'What do you think about my boyfriend ?' she asked me. Present Simple ASKED She ....asked me what I thought ... about her boyfriend? Past Simple ‘I always said I didn’t do anything wrong!’ the man said. OUTSET From ... the outset the man (had) denied ... doing anything wrong. 'I'll tell you tonight,' Jim promised. Future Simple (will) WOULD Jim promised that ....he would tell me that .... night. Would 'I’m pregnant with twins, ' she announced. THAT She ....announced that she was pregnant ....with twins. "When I arrived , they had finished the exam," She said. Past simple + Past perfect HAD She said that when she...had arrived they had finished...the exam. Past perfect + Past perfect "I had been watching a film when the alarm went off, " He explained. Past simple GONE He said that when the alarm ... had gone off , he had ....been watching a film. Past perfect "That must be Steve on the phone” Said Alan. Must TO Alan..... said that had to be ..... Steve on the phone. Had to Press ctrl and click on this link to download a very useful table : Reported Speech - Best Table ever DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

present simple

past simple

present continuous

past continuous

past simple past perfect

past perfect

present perfect past continuous past perfect continuous

past perfect continuous

can/could

could

may / might

might

must

had to

will /would

would

shall /should

should

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INVERTED SENTENCES

In formal and literary styles, the subject and auxiliary are inverted when negative adverbials are placed at the beginning of the sentence for rhetorical effect. There are different types of negative adverbials, such as “on no account”, “never”,”no sooner”,“hardly”, “only after”, “only when” , etc. While some of them take the inversion in the first part of the sentence, others do so in the second part. Press ctrl and click on this link to download a very useful table : Inverted sentences - Table Karl didn’t send us any postcards during her travels through Panama. ONE Not ... one postcard did Karl send us while ... she was travelling in Panama. Parking in a disabled parking space is not allowed at any time. YOU On ...no account should you park ....in a disable parking space. As soon as I got home , I got a text from my girlfriend HAD No...sooner had I got home than ..I got a text from my girlfriend. The engine must not be turned off at any time during the test. NO At ...no time must the engine ...be turned off during the test. Last week, the train was late every day except for Monday. RUN Only... once did the train run on time / on/to schedule ... last week and that was Monday. As soon as I left the house , it started to rain heavily. HAD Hardly ..had I left the house when/before.... it started to rain heavily. The demand for tickets is so high that the play has been extended by a month. HAS So ... high has the demand for tickets been that ... the play has been extended by a month. It’s the first time I’ve seen such a beautiful car! BEFORE Never ... before have I seen ... such a beautiful car! She understood little about her father’s job. DID Little did she understand about her father’s job.

KEYWORDS:

Hardly had I... when... / Never had she .../ Seldom do we ... Rarely did /will you .../ Only then did I.../ Not only (do/have)... but (they) also... No sooner had ....than.../ Scarcely had I ...when.../ Only later did she... Nowhere have I .../ Little did .../ Only in this way could .../ In no way do I ... On no account should you.../ Under no circumstances should you... 14

INVERTED SENTENCES AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES WITH NO On no account should children be left unsupervised in this play area. In no way can a goalless draw be seen as a good result for United. Under no circumstances was Sally going to admit defeat. At no time should you endanger yourself or others. No sooner had they started their walk than it started to rain. AFTER NOT Not only did the team win the county cup, they also came top of their league. AFTER LITTLE Little did I think then that I would miss the bright lights in years to come. Little was she expecting Sam to walk through that door. WITH SO... THAT / SUCH … THAT So popular has the system become that it now carries nearly two million passengers each day. Such was the outcry that the advertisement had to be withdrawn. WITH NEITHER OR NOR Yasmin doesn’t relish living in a highrise apartment and neither do I. Jenny hasn’t been asked to work overtime and nor should you be. ADVERBS (hardly, scarcely, barely) Hardly had I got into bed when the telephone rang. Scarcely had he sat down when there was a knock at the door. Barely had we arrived when it started to rain.

INVERSION IN THE SECOND PART OF THE SENTENCE AFTER ONLY Only after I'd seen her did I understand her problem. Only by working extremely hard could we afford to eat. Only if you study hard can you be successful. Only in the USA have I seen such high buildings. Only once I had talked to him did all make sense. Only when we'd all arrived home did I feel calm. AFTER NOT Not before looking at it closely did I know what it was Not until I saw John did I really believe he was safe. Not since I was child have I had such a great time 15

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WISHES AND PREFERENCES WISH / IF ONLY : we’d like a present situation to be different Wish/ if only + past simple I wish you didn't live so far away. If only we knew what to do. He wishes he could afford a holiday. WOULD RATHER/ WOULD SOONER : used to talk about preferring one thing to another. Same subject : would rather + bare infinitive without to I’d rather/sooner spend my money on clothes than cigarettes. Different subject : subject 1 would rather/sooner subject 2 + past simple I’d rather you didn’t smoke here. He would sooner I returned his laptop. HAD BETTER - ‘D BETTER : to talk about actions we think people should in a specific situation Had better + bare infinitive without to You'd better phone him and tell him that you're not going. I think you'd better not go out in this weather. You will catch a cold. IT'S (HIGH/ABOUT) TIME : something should have been done sooner or a long time ago It's (high/about) time + past subjunctive It's time you went to bed. You'll have to get up early tomorrow. It's high time I bought a new pair of jeans. It's about time this road was completed. They've been working on it for months. HOPE : we’d like something to happen or to be true. Hope + to infinitive They hope to visit us next year. Hope + that clause 'I hope (that) she'll like these flowers.' PREFER : to like, choose, or want one thing rather than another Prefer something to something I prefer coffee to tea. Prefer + to infinitive Do you prefer to exercise indoors or outdoors? Prefer + ing I prefer working on my own. Would prefer … rather than … I’d prefer to walk rather than get a taxi. Would prefer it if + object + past simple I would prefer it if you didn’t smoke in here. 19

WISHES AND PREFERENCES I really think you should be more assertive about your rights. UP It’s about time ... you stood up for your rights / for yourself ... more. You should really stop behaving like a child. THOUGH It’s high time ... you stopped behaving as though you were ... a child. They should do a proper review of teachers’ salaries. OUT It’s time ... they carried out ... a proper review of teachers’ salaries. I think it preferable for all students to write in ink. RATHER I ... would/’d rather all students wrote ... in ink. I regret now spending so much money on that car. SPLASHED I wish now... I hadn’t splashed out ... so much money on that car. I’d prefer you not to smoke in my house. RATHER I...would rather you didn’t ...smoke in my house. It’s a pity that he turned up without warning me. LET I wish he ... he had/he’d let me know ...was coming. It’s a shame she wasn’t aware how much I cared for her. STRENGTH If only ... she had been aware of the strength / she had known the strength... of my feelings for her. Please don’t wear shoes in the house. RATHER I ... would/’d rather you took off / you didn’t wear ... your shoes in the house. If you want to go home , you should wait until the rain stops. HAD You...had better wait ...until the rain stops , if you want to go home.

Key words : rather , only, wish, etc. First sentence begins with/contains : I regret, you, they, he, should, it’s a pity/shame that... Second sentence begins with : It’s about time , it’s high time, it’s time, if only, I wish, etc. 20

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SYNONYMS You will frequently be tested on your knowledge of synonyms in the C2 Proficiency Use of English paper. These will generally consist of a group of words that form a set expression. For example: told the press that = went on record as saying that / something annoys someone = someone takes exception to something. Make a point of learning 'chunks' like these when you come across them.

MEANING TO PHRASE

Sometimes in the first sentence, you will be given the meaning of the phrase that you are being tested on. They key word will be part of the phrase. (were told to ... or... TO were given no choice but to ... or ...) The students were told to either keep quiet or leave the art gallery. NO The students ... were given / had no choice/alternative/option but to ... keep quiet or leave the art gallery. (couldn’t stop thinking about TO kept going over and over) Paul couldn’t stop thinking about the argument he had had with his brother. OVER Paul ... went / kept going over and over (again) in his ... mind the argument he had had with his brother. (something annoys me TO I take exception to something) Although poetry readings are fun, the way in which poems are read sometimes annoys me. EXCEPTION Much as I ... enjoy/like poetry readings, I sometimes take exception to ... how poems are read. (something is really important TO someone set a lot of store on something) Susie believes this job interview is really important. STORE Susie ... is setting/placing / sets/places great/much / a lot of store on ... this job interview. (difficult not to laugh TO difficult to keep a straight face) We found it difficult not to laugh because the situation was so funny. KEEP We found it difficult to ... keep a straight face in OR keep a straight face because/ as/since it was ... such a funny situation. (someone told the press that ... TO someone went on record saying that...) The manager told the press that his team had played very badly. RECORD The manager ... went on record as saying ... that his team had played very badly. (change the subject TO go off at a tangent) I can never follow what he’s saying – he’s always changing the subject. TANGENT If he ... didn’t (always) go off at a tangent ... I would know what he was talking about. 22

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CAUSE AND EFFECT After, Stem from, spring from, result from, result in, sth translates into sth, cause someone to do something, be caused by sth, lead to sth, bring something about, have the effect of, as a result of, as a consequence of, prevent/stop someone (from) doing sth, owing to, on the grounds of, because, be to blamed for sth, etc, the more...the more , the less... the less. My neck feels much better since I bought that new pillow. RESULTED Buying that new pillow... has resulted in my neck feeling ... much better. Unless you pay your bill, your water supply may be disconnected. RESULT Failure ..... to pay your bill will result in your ... water supply being disconnected. The pain in my shoulder never recurred after I went to see the osteopath. OF There ... was no recurrence of my shoulder .... pain after I went to see the acupuncturist. Melissa thought her daughter was reluctant to go dancing because she was shy. DOWN Melissa put her .... daughter’s reluctance to go dancing down ... to shyness. As long as sales hold up, the company intends to stock iPods. DECLINE Providing there's ... no decline/not a decline in sales , the company has ... every intention of stocking iPods. The jury couldn't reach a verdict because of the complexity of the case. PREVENTED The complexity of the case ... prevented the jury (from) reaching ... a verdict. I think you need to work hard to make a relationship a success. MORE I think ... the more you work (hard) at a relationship ... , the better it will be. The careful preparation for the event ensured it was a memorable day for everyone who attended. WHICH The care ...which went into preparing (for) the ... event ensured it was a memorable day for everyone. The recent increase in self-employment has been the result of changes in regulation. TRANSLATED Changes in regulation ... have translated into a ... recent increase in self-employment. Mr. Edwards was sacked partly because of his arriving late to work. CONTRIBUTED Mr. Edwards' constant lateness ... contributed to his dismissal/sacking .... from the company. Key words : Nouns (effect, consequence, grounds, etc.) Verbs ( caused, lead, bring , owing to, resulted, etc,) Conjunctions /adverbs( because, due to, since, as, so, therefore, etc. ) 24

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50 COMMON PHRASAL VERBS (C2 LEVEL) 1.

ACCOUNT FOR - To explain/give a reason for why something happens or happened. The increase in carbon dioxide emissions may account for changes in the climate.

2.

ACCOUNT FOR - to form, use, or produce a particular amount or part of a group of people or things. Electronic goods account for over 30% of our exports.

3.

ASSIGN SB TO STH - to give someone a particular job or place to work Which police officer has been assigned to this case?

4.

ASSOCIATE WITH SB - to spend time with a group of people, especially people who are disapproved of I don't want my children associating with drug addicts and alcoholics.

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ATTRIBUTE STH TO STH - to say that something is caused by something else He attributes his success to hard work.

6.

BACK DOWN - to admit that you were wrong or that you have been defeated Eventually, Roberto backed down and apologized.

7.

BUTT IN - to interrupt or join in a conversation or activity when the other people do not want you to The interviewer kept butting in and wouldn't let me answer the question.

8.

CALL FOR STH - to demand that something happens Several of the newspapers were calling for his resignation.

9.

CHIP IN (STH)- If several people chip in, they each give money to pay for something together. We all chipped in to buy our teacher a present.

10.

COVER (STH) UP OR COVER UP (STH)- to stop people from discovering the truth about something bad She tried to cover up her mistakes.

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CRACK DOWN ON - to start dealing with bad or illegal behaviour in a more severe way. The library is cracking down on people who lose their books

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DAWN ON SB - If a fact dawns on you, you become aware of it after a period of not being aware of it. It suddenly dawned on them that Mary had been lying.

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DIE DOWN - if something dies down, it becomes much less noisy, powerful, or active. The wind died down during the night.

14.

DIVE IN/INTO STH to start doing something suddenly and energetically, often without stopping to think. When I start a new project, I like to dive right in and see how it works.

15.

DRY UP - If a supply of something dries up, it ends. The work dried up and he went out of business.

16.

ENGAGE IN STH - to take part in something The two sides have agreed to engage in talks.

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C2 PROFICIENCY - PHRASAL VERBS account for sth assign sb to sth associate with sb attribute sth to sth back off back out back sb up back sth up be called up be crying out for sth be descended from sb/sth be flooded with sth be glued to sth be/get caught up in sth bounce back burst out butt in call for sth call sth up catch on catch up with sb cheer sb on chip in (sth) chop sth down clean sth out cling (on) to sth close in come about come across come along come between sb come by sth come down to sth/doing sth come in (be involved) come in for sth come into sth come out (be said) come out of sth come over come round come through come through (sth) count sb in count towards sth count sb/sth up cover (sth) up crack (sb) up

crack down crack up cry out (sth) cut back (sth) dawn on sb die down dive into sth dole sth out drift apart drift off drive sb/sth out dry up engage in sth fall back on sb/sth feast on sth fend for yourself flick through sth frown on/upon sth get through sth get to sb get up to sth go by go down go into sth go on go through with sth go up go without (sth) grasp at sth hail sb/sth as sth hand sth down or hand down sth head off hold sth back hold down a job hold off (sth/doing sth) hold onto sth/sb hold out hope hold sb/sth back hold sth against sb jump at sth keep (sth) up keep at sth keep sth back keep sth from sb keep sth to yourself keep up (with sth) kick (sth) off lead up to sth

lean on sb leap at sth listen in live through sth look ahead look sth over loosen up make of sb/sth mount up muddle sth up narrow sth down open up own up patch sth up plunge into sth plunge sth into sth pose as sb press on provide for sth put sth aside react against sth reckon on sth/doing sth reckon with sth reconcile yourself to sth reduce sb to sth/doing sth reduce sth to sth refer sb/sth to sb/sth refer to sth relieve sb of sth resign yourself to sth resort to sth/ doing sth revert to sth/doing sth rip sb off rule sb/sth out run around run through sth run up against sth saddle sb with sth seal sth off send for sb send sth out set sth off set out settle (sb) down shake sth off shake sb up

sketch sth out sleep with sb slip away slip out slip up spin (sb) around/round splash out spring from sth spring up spy on sb squeeze sb/sth in or squeeze in sb/sth stand in stay out of sth step down stick by sb stick up for sb/sth stir sth up store up sth stumble across/on/upon sth/sb subject sb/sth to sth take sth in take over talk sb out of sth/doing sth talk sth through tear sth apart tear sth down think ahead think back tip sb off tire of sth/sb/doing sth top sth off track down sb/sth or track sb/sth down urge sb on wipe sth out work sth out write sb/sth off

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Phrasal Prepositional verbs (three-word phrasal verbs)

Phrasal-prepositional verbs have three parts: a verb, a particle and a preposition. The particle and the preposition cannot be separated. Many of these verbs are often used in informal contexts, and their meaning is difficult to guess from their individual parts.

Average out at Add up to Back out of Be on about Be up for Be up to Break in on Break out of Bring out in Burst in on Call out to Call out on Cash in on Catch up on Catch up with Chalk up to Check up on Clamp down on Close in on Come down with Come down on Come forward with Come up against Come up for Come up with Cut back on Cut down on Do away with Do out of Drop in on Drop out of Face up to Fall back on Fall behind with Fall out with Fed up with (be)

Feel up to Fill in for Fix up with Fob off on/with Hold back on Gang up against/on Get away with Get back to Get back at Get along with Get on with Get out of Get over with Get rid of Get round to Get through to Get through with Get back on Go ahead with Go in for Go on about Grow out of Keep away from Keep up with Let in on Listen in on Listen out for Live up to Load up on Look down on Look forward to Look in on Look out for Look up to Make off with Make out with

Make up for Make up to Make up with Measure up to Miss out on Move in on Move on to Open up to Own up to Press on with Push on with Put down to Put in for Put up to Put up with Run away from Run out of Send away for Shy away from Stand in for Stand in with Stand up for Stand up to Stand up with Stick up for Take out on Take up on Talk back to Turn away from Wake up to Walk away from Walk away with Walk out on Walk out to Watch out for Zero in on

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Phrasal Prepositional verbs I didn’t have time to finish the exam, so my last three answers were incomplete. RAN I..... ran out of time to finish .... the exam, so my last three answers were incomplete. Sam says that the concert was not as good as he expected. LIVE Sam says that the concert….. didn’t live up to his ……expectations. I found it hard to think of the right answer. COME It was hard ….. for me to come up with …. the right answer. He admitted that he had made a mistake. OWNED He …… owned up to having made ……… a mistake.

Peter’s mum always makes sure that he does his homework. CHECKS Peter’s mum always.... checks up on him to see ... if he is doing his homework.

Everybody admires him for what he's done in his career. LOOKS Everybody .........looks up to him......... for what he's done in his career. We waited until the second quarter before releasing the product. BACK We... held back (on the product release/on releasing the product) .... until the second quarter. Paul substituted for Jack , while Jack was on holiday. STOOD Paul .... stood in for Jack .... , while Jack was on holiday. Key words : Verbs ( ran, live, come , owned, etc.) Adverbs (out, in, up, back, etc.) Prepositions (with , against, on, to, etc.) 31

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PREPOSITIONAL VERBS

There are certain verbs that are usually followed by certain prepositions. We called them prepositional verbs. They are just a verb followed by a preposition. Prepositional verb = Verb + Preposition They make a new verb with a different meaning to the normal verb without the preposition. All prepositional verbs are transitive (they have an object). The object comes after the preposition. He is extremely good at designing products. EXCELS He ... excels in product ... design. The Russian team lost 6-0 to Italy. PREVAILED The Italian .... team prevailed over ... Russia 6-0. She decided not to go to university. AGAINST She ... decided against going ...to university. What time did you get to the airport yesterday? AT What time ...did you arrive at ...the airport yesterday? I met a friend by chance in the supermarket this morning. CAME I ...came across a friend ...in the supermarket this morning. Many teenagers like social networking sites such as Facebook or Twitter. WITH Facebook and Twitter... are popular with ...teenagers I will consider your idea and come back to you with a decision next week. OVER I will... think over your idea... and come back to you with a decision next week. The evidence supports the conclusion that the victim knew her killer. INFER We can ... infer from the evidence ... that the victim knew her killer. I wouldn’t ask him to look after my dog , if I were you. WITH If I were you , I ...wouldn’t trust him with ...my dog. He couldn’t resist the temptation to order a glass of wine SUCCUMBED He ... succumbed to temptation and ... ordered a glass of wine. Press ctrl and click on this link to download a very useful table : dependent prepositions Key words : Prepositions (with, from, at , in ,etc.) Verbs (excels , prevailed, came, succumbed, etc.) 33

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INFORMAL TO FORMAL / FORMAL TO INFORMAL Common C2 level formal verbs : address ,applaud, bear, caution, commence, compromise, contract, deem, disclose, elapse, endorse enjoy, eradicate ,erode ,examine, excel ,exemplify, exercise, infer, inhabit,merit, part, perceive, precede, prevail, refrain ,reign, relate, remove,render, replace,sadden,seek ,strive, succumb, summon, surpass ,translate, utter, violate. The price of petrol has gone up recently. INCREASE There…. has been an increase in ….the price of petrol recently. Nathan's friends talked him out of going to the concert alone. DISSUADED It was Nathan’s friends .... who dissuaded him from going ... to the concert alone Police are looking into allegations of fraud involving senior executives. INVESTIGATED Allegations of fraud involving senior executives…. are being investigated by…. police. I'm not used to having to think of other people when I make plans. ACCUSTOMED Having to think of other people when I make plans…. is something I’m not accustomed…to. The theft was not noticed until the owners opened the shop on Monday morning. LIGHT The theft only ... came to light when/after/once ... the owners opened the shop on Monday morning. You didn’t sign a contract so you don’t have to pay them any money. OBLIGATION If you have not signed a contract , you are…. under no obligation ….to pay them any money. “Because you have a good driving record , I’ve decided to overlook this offence” - said the policeman. LIGHT In… (the) light of your …. good driving record, I’ve decided to overlook this offence. If you need any help with your project, just let us know. ASSISTANCE If we can ....be of (any) assistance …. with your project, please don't hesitate to ask. Michael strongly disagreed with the decision that was made. ISSUE Michael took strong issue with the decision that was made. They think that Michael's cousin stole the money. SUSPECTED Michael's cousin .... is suspected of having stolen/ stealing.... the money. As a result of this latest scandal, the senator’s career is finished . BROUGHT This latest scandal has .... brought the senator’s career to an ... end. TIP : If the first sentence is informal and the key word is a formal noun or verb - that’s a clear indication of an informal to formal transformation. 35

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PARAPHRASING FIRST SENTENCE

TRANSFORMED SENTENCE

... Is the only drawback of...

...has no drawbacks aside from ...

Apart from ...

With the exception of...

Except for...

Aside from...

As far as someone knows something will happen

Someone has no reason to suppose that something won’t happen Someone has every reason to suppose that something will happen

As far as someone knows...

To the best of someone’s knowledge...

Bring something up

Make mention of something

Can’t promise that ...

There is no guarantee that...

Concluded that ...

Came to the conclusion that...

Consider

Take into account

Did not look like...

Bore no resemblance to...

Looks very similar to ...

Bears a close resemblance to....

Didn’t seem to be ...

Didn’t show any sign of being ...

Do you mind if i do ...?

Do you have any objection to me/my doing...?

Everyone is .... Including someone

Someone is as ... As anyone else

Have never forgotten to do ...

Has never failed to remember to do...

I don’t feel i can do ...

I could not possibly do...

Is threatening something

Something is under threat ...

It remains to be seen ...

Only time will tell...

It’s impossible to say how ...

There is no saying/knowing/telling how ...

It’s quite urgent that be do something

Something must be done as a matter of urgency

More and more ... Are doing ...

There is a growth in ... Doing ...

Not discuss something any further ...

Something is no longer open to discussion

Someone did not find it difficult to do...

Someone had no difficulty in doing...

Someone did their best to ...

Someone made every effort to...

Someone doesn’t intend to do...

Someone has no intention of doing ...

Someone intends to do...

Someone has every intention of doing ...

Someone doesn’t mind ...

It makes no difference to someone... It’s all the same to someone...

Someone doesn’t think he will be able to do...

There is little prospect of someone doing sth 38

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50 COMMON IDIOMS (C2 LEVEL) 1. FALL ON DEAF EARS - if advice or a warning falls on deaf ears, everyone ignores it. The workers' demand for a wage increase has fallen on deaf ears. 2. GET THE HANG OF STH - to learn how to do something, esp. when it is not simple or obvious. I’ll teach you how to use the design program – you’ll get the hang of it after a while. 3. HOLD WATER - if an argument, reason or explanation holds water, it appears to be valid. Her argument doesn’t hold water, if you ask me. 4. BE IN THE SAME BOAT - to be in the same unpleasant situation as other people. He’s always complaining that he doesn't have enough money, but we're all in the same boat. 5. A BONE OF CONTENTION - something that people disagree or argue about The main bone of contention between us is our children’s education. 6. BE LOST FOR WORDS - to be so surprised, shocked etc. that you do not know what to say Jack was lost for words when he was awarded the prize. 7. BREAK NEW GROUND - to do something completely different from what has been done before. This recovery technique breaks new ground. 8. CARRY WEIGHT - to be respected and have influence The plan is not likely to carry much weight with (=have much influence over) the authorities. 9. CATCH SOMEONE’S EYE - to cause someone to notice something or someone. I was looking around the store for a present for my mom, and this book caught my eye. 10. BE ON THE SAME PAGE – have a similar understanding of something. Before we make a decision, I want to make sure everybody is on the same page. 11. BE ON CLOUD NINE – To be very happy He was on cloud nine when he learned he had won the lottery 12. COME TO TERMS WITH STH –To start to accept a situation and deal with it. Sooner or later you will have to come to terms with the death of your wife. 13. COME UNDER FIRE - be criticized. The government will come under fire again when the latest crime figures are released. 14. COME/ GET TO GRIPS WITH STH - to understand and deal with a problem or situation. So far we have failed to come to grips with the magnitude of this problem. 15. CLEAR THE AIR - to remove the bad feelings between people. I had a massive argument with my boss, but at least it has cleared the air. 16. DRAW THE LINE AT STH - to never do something because you think it is wrong: I don’t mind doing some gardening but I draw the line at digging. FIND COMMON GROUND - sth that people can agree about, especially when they disagree about other things It seems increasingly unlikely that the two sides will find any common ground.

17.

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C2 PROFICIENCY - IDIOMS (be) out of line (keep sb) at arm's length a bone of contention a breath of fresh air a change of heart a double-edged sword a drop in the ocean a fast track (to sth) a free hand a labour of love a nest egg a rough/bumpy ride a shoulder to cry on a slap in the face a sore point a stone's throw a stroll/trip/walk down memory lane a tight corner across the board at any price at your fingertips be (like) water off a duck's back be alive and kicking/well be at odds with sb/sth be at/reach the end of your tether be down in the dumps be in sb's good/bad books be in the same boat be lost for words be on (your) guard be on cloud nine be on the cards be on the same wavelength be poles apart be streets ahead (of sb/sth) be the tip of the iceberg be/feel on top of the world be/feel under the weather behind closed doors behind the scenes beyond your wildest dreams blow your mind break new ground bring a lump to your throat burn the midnight oil by/in leaps and bounds call it a day carry weight catch sb off guard catch sb's eye clear the air come under fire come/get to grips with sth

cross sb's path disappear/vanish into thin air do sth by the book do the job do your own thing down and out down the drain down under draw the line (at sth) drive/send sb round the bend fall into place fall on deaf ears find common ground fly in the face of follow in sb's footsteps get off/start on the wrong foot get out of hand get sth off your chest get the hang of sth get the picture get your act together get your own back (on sb) get/gain the upper hand get/jump on the bandwagon give and take go against the grain go downhill go through the motions go through the roof go with the flow go/fall to pieces go/run deep grasp the nettle grit your teeth have a soft spot for sb/sth have sth up your sleeve have your hands full hit the roof hit/strike/touch a (raw) nerve hold your own if/when push comes to shove in a rut in cold blood in the blink of an eye in the dark in the face of sth keep a cool head keep a straight face keep body and soul together keep sb on their toes keep your eyes open (for sb/sth) keep your eyes peeled (for sb/sth) keep your fingers crossed/ cross your fingers

keep your head above water know your stuff learn/know the ropes leave someone to their own devices leave/make your mark let off steam let your guard down let your hair down lose face lose heart lose sight of sth lose sleep over something lose your cool make a bad/good, etc. job of sth make sb's day make your blood boil make your blood run cold miss the boat neck and neck no strings (attached) not be the end of the world not be/come up to scratch not hold water not/never in your wildest dreams off the beaten track on the face of it on the spot on the spur of the moment open your heart out of your depth part and parcel pave the way pay the price pick up the pieces play games play it by ear play with fire poke/stick your nose into sth pull strings pull your weight put sb in their place put sb on the spot put your feet up put your finger on sth put your foot down put your foot in it read between the lines recharge your batteries ring a bell rock the boat run riot see eye to eye (with sb) see red

sell like hot cakes send shivers/a shiver down your spine set your sights on sth set/start the ball rolling slip your mind speak volumes stand your ground swallow your pride take sth to heart take the plunge the bottom line the fast lane the ins and outs of sth the jury is (still) out through thick and thin throw caution to the wind throw in the towel throw sb in at the deep end tie the knot tie the knot to/till/until the bitter end touch and go turn over a new leaf turn your nose up at sth under your nose wear thin with bated breath with your bare hands your best bet your own flesh and blood

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50 COMMON SET PHRASES (C2 LEVEL) 1. A MEANS TO AN END - sth you do because it will help you to achieve something else, I didn't particularly like the job - it was just a means to an end. 2. A PLETHORA OF STH - an amount that is greater than is needed or can be used The report contained a plethora of detail. 3. A PROFOUND EFFECT/IMPACT/INFLUENCE, ETC - If an effect, impact, etc. is profound, it is extreme. The war had a profound impact on people's lives 4. A SHARP CONTRAST/DIFFERENCE, ETC. - A very noticeable contrast, difference. There is a sharp contrast between the type of people who read the two newspapers. 5. A VAIN ATTEMPT/EFFORT/HOPE - unsuccessful or useless; failing to achieve a purpose. The goalkeeper made a vain attempt to stop the ball crossing the line. 6. ADD INSULT TO INJURY - to make a bad situation even worse. To add insult to injury, after cancelling our flight, they asked us to pay extra! 7. AGAINST ALL (THE) ODDS - despite something seeming very unlikely. Against all the odds, we won our case on appeal. 8. APPLY YOURSELF(to sth) - to work hard at something, especially with a lot of attention for a long time Stephen would do well if only he applied himself. 9. AS OPPOSED TO - rather than. Students discuss ideas, as opposed to just copying from books. 10. AT A DISADVANTAGE- less likely to succeed than other people or things. Anyone not familiar with the Internet is at a serious disadvantage. 11. AT A LOSS FOR WORDS - unable to think what to say, especially because you very surprised or shocked He hesitated and briefly appeared at a loss for words. 12. AT SB'S EXPENSE - in order to make someone look stupid. You should stop making jokes at other people’s expense. 13. ATTACH IMPORTANCE/VALUE, ETC. TO SB/STH - to believe that something is important, valuable, etc. People attach too much importance to economic forecasts. 14. BE AIMED AT DOING STH - intended to achieve something. This initiative is aimed at reducing road accidents. 15. BE AT A PREMIUM - to be not common and therefore valuable. During the Olympic Games, accommodation will be at a premium.

16. BE AT LIBERTY TO DO STH - to be allowed to do something. At this stage, we are not at liberty to reveal any names.

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KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION For questions 1-20, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1. Cameron has hinted that she doesn’t want to continue working with us any longer. hint Cameron has ………………………………………………………………….wants to work with us.

2. Mark is far superior to John in terms of IT skills. match When it comes ….……………………………………………………………….for Mark.

3. Many young people think that the Monarchy is irrelevant in today’s society and that it should be abolished. outdated According to many young people, the monarchy is ………………………………..…………….with

4. It was really unexpected when Ryan scored a goal at the very last minute of the match. time At …………………………………………Ryan to score a goal at the very last minute of the match.

5. I like Rachel a lot although I wouldn’t want to marry her. much ……………………………………………………………. Rachel , I wouldn’t want to marry her.

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EXERCISES

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