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Chapter 4

ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH

Objectives • P r o v i d i n g knovvledge ô n environment and health. • I m p r o v i n g reading skills: ansvvering pre- reading questions about texts, scanning, s k i m m i n g , detailed reading, a p p l y i n g true/ false questions to texts. • F o r m i n g appropriate manner. Contents • I n í o r m a t i o n ô n conservation, air p o l l u t i o n , healthy diets. • The use and í ò r m a t i o n ô n the gerund, prepositions f o l l o w i n g adịectives. • V o c a b u l a r y r e l a t i n g to environment and health.

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U n i t l

C O N S E R V A T I O N

Pre-reading Ì . W h a t are natural resources? 2. W h y do we need to conserve natural resources?

Conservation is the safeguarding and preservation o f n a t u r a l resources, so thát they can continue to be used and erỹoyed. I n the past, m o s t

people

believed t h á t the w o r l d ' s resources c o u l d never be used ú p . T o d a y , w e k n o w thát this is n ó t t r ú c A n i m p o r t a n t part o f conservation is t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f waste- waste o f í o r e s t s , s o i l , w i l d l i f e , minerals and h u m a n l i v e s . A s important is the íĩght against p o l l u t i o n o f our e n v i r o n m e n t , i n p a r t i c u l a r , the d i r t y i n g and poisoning o f air and vvater. Conservation is also concerned w i t h the r e c l a i m i n g o f land b y i r r i g a t i n g deserts, d r a i n i n g swamps or p u s h i n g b a c k the sea. Farmers can protect their land b y yearly r o t a t i o n o f crops- t h á t is, g r o w i n g d i f f e r e n t crops ô n the same land f r o m year to year. I n this w a y , d i f f e r e n t elements o f the soil have t i m e to replace lost elements. F a r m e r s c a n h e l p enrich the soil by a d d i n g f e r t i l i z e r s . T h e y can prevent erosion b y p l o u g h i n g a l o n g the contours o f a h i u rather than ú p and d o w n . I n this w a y w a t e r does n ó t r u n o f f and take the soil w i t h Ít. Trees and shrubs are also needed to preserve l a n d because t h e i r roots bind the soil and retain vvater. W h e n a l l the trees i n a r e g i o n are c ú t , the s o i l can easily become loose and b l o w away. Forests provide t i m b e r , one o f M a n ' s most valuable resources, b ú t they must be managed c a r e í u l l y . O n l y mature trees should be c ú t , l e a v i n g the y o u n g ones to g r o w bigger.

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T o protect w i l d - l i f e , many countries have passed laws r e s t r i c t i n g h u n t i n g and í i s h i n g . W i l d - l i f e preserves areas where animals are protected vvithin their natural environment are becoming more c o m m o n i n regions vvhere a n i m a l l i f e is threatened. D i r t y air is c h i e f l y a c i t y p r o b l e m . London's f a m o u s "pea soup" f o g s were cleared by laws b y f o r b i d d i n g the b u r n i n g o f s o f t f u e l s ; b ú t car exhaust f u m e s continue to pollute the air. Some large cities m a y have to ban cars f r o m the c i t y centre to wipe out smoke. Minerals t h á t are taken f r o m the Earth i n immense quantities i n c l u d e petroleum, coal, natural gas, iron and copper. Once used ú p , these minerals can never be replaced to conserve t h è m , we must c ú t waste and recycle (put back into use) the metal i n discarded products, such as e m p t y cans. Conservation also includes searching f o r altemative f u e l s , such as the energy o f the Sun.

W O R D LIST Conservation(n)

Bảo tồn

Contour(n)

Đ ư ờ n g v i ề n , đ ư ờ n g quanh, đ ư ờ n g n é t

Element(n)

Yếu tố

Environment(n)

Môi trường

Erosion (n)

Xói m ò n

Mineral(n)

Khoáng

Poisoning(n)

Sự đ ầ u đ ộ c

Pollution(n)

Ô nhiễm

Preservation(n)

Bảo vệ

Prevention(n)

Sự n g ă n ngừa

Quantity

Số lượng

Reclaim(v)

C ả i t ạ o , ( n ô n g ) k h a i hoang

Resource(n)

Nguồn

Root(n)

Gốc

Rotation(n)

Sự l u â n p h i ê n , q u a y

Guarding(n)

Bảo vệ

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Soil(n)

Đt

Swamp(n)

Hầm

Timber(n)

GỖ l à m n h à , k è o , x à

Waste(n)

Cht t h ả i

Alternative(n)

Sự lựa c h ọ n

Immense(adj)

Lớn, khổng l ồ

Mature(v)

Trưởng thành

Natural(adj)

Tự nhiên

Chiefly(adv)

Chính

Discard(v)

Bỏ

Drain(v)

Làm khô

Forbid(v)

Cm

Irrigate(v)

Tưới(đt, ruộng), d ẫ n nứóc v à o

Pollute(v)

Làm ô nhiễm

Preserve(v)

Bảo tồn

Retain(v)

Giữ

Wipe(v)

Lau,chùi

Particular(adj)

Riêng biệt

A. C O M P R E H E N S I O N A I . R e a d t h e text a n d ansvver the f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s Ì . W h a t is conservation concerned w i t h ? 2. H o w can farmers protect their land? 3. I n vvhat w a y can trees preserve land? 4. W h a t happens w h e n a l l the trees i n a r e g i o n are c ú t ? 5. W h a t are some example o f minerals taken f r o m the earth? A2. Write T betore true statements. Write F b e í o r e false statements. Ì. Most people believe thát the world's resources can never be used ú p . 2. Conservation is o n l y the s a í e g u a r d i n g o f natural resources.

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3. Y e a r l y rotation o f crops means grovving d i f f e r e n t crops ô n

the

same land f r o m year to year. 4. A d d i n g fertilizers can help enrich the soil. 5. Once used ú p , minerals can be replaced.

B. T H E G E R Ư N D The - I N G f o r m o f t e n acts like a verb and a n o u n át the same t i m e . ít can be f o l l o w e d by án object (e.g. i ư i t a t i n g deserts, d r a i n i n g svvamps) b ú t Ít can also itselí be the subject, object or complement o f a sentence. Examples: D r a i n i n g svvamps is necessary to r e c l a i m land. ( D r a i n i n g - > subject) Conservation also includes searching f o r alternative f u e l s . (Searching —> o b j e c t ) Conservation is the s a í e g u a r đ i n g and preservation o f natural resources. (Saíeguarding - » complement) Farmers can protect their land by growing

d i f f e r e n t crops.

(Grovving - > object o f the preposition B Y ) L i k e any

other n o u n , the

- I N G f o r m can

be

used w i t h an

article

or

possessive or demonstrative adjective. The saịeguarding

oi natural resources

D o you m i n d m y making

a suggestion?

( I n í ò r m a l : D o y o u m i n d me m a k i n g a suggestion ?) Note

thát

have a direct

when

the -ING form

is usecl with

an articỉe,

Ít cannot

usualìy

obịect.

The reclaiming

oi land ( + n ó t the r e c l a i m i n g land)

B I . M a k e s e n t e n c e s u s ỉ n g the f o l l o w i n g V - i n g ,or V - i n g p h r a s e as s u b j e c t , o b j e c t o r c o m p l e m e n t o f a s e n t e n c e Ì . Preserving natural resources

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2. í i s h i n g

3. r e c y c l i n g paper

4. s m o k i n g

5. p o l l u t i n g one's environment

6. safeguarding natural resources

7. preventing vvaste

8. grovving different crops of the same land

B2. Now write the proper form of the verb in parentheses, (gerund, present participle, past participle, bare intinitive o r t o intinitive). 1. H o w is Susan (get)

along i n her n e w j o b ?

ì t h i n k she gets used to ( w o r k ) 2. T h á t í a b r i c is ( m a k e )

f o r t y hours a vveek. o f a material vvhich catches fire easily.

3. There are signs everyvvhere (tell)

people t o k e e p out o f the

grass i n the park. 4. ít is n ó t easy (tell)

a t w i n f r o m the other.

5. M a n y s n o w - f e d m o u n t a i n streams d r y ú p d u r i n g c e r t a i n seasons o f the year because there is no ( m e l t )

snow át t h á t t i m e .

6. There are so m a n y signs along t h á t road ( w a r n ) d o w n because thát roads very s l i p p e r y .

c. W O R D STUDY Noun formation Nouns derived f r o m verbs can have the f o l l o w i n g s u f f í x e s :

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m o t o r i s t s (slovv)

suffixes

examples

1.

- t i o n ; -ation

conservation; preservation; prevention

2.

- ment

development

3.

- er

fertilizer

4.

- ing

poisoning; d i r t y i n g

5.

-

saíeguard

6.

- age

drainage

C1. N o w use the correct noun or verb f o r m s in the

sentences.

Change the grammatical f o r m o f the w o r d s if necessary. Ì.

conserve

W e have to

the natural resources o f our c o u n t r y . W a t e r

is

necessary f o r hydropovver stations. 2.

develop

W e have made

great

e f f o r t s to

our

country. The

industrial

vvill lead to the country's prosperity. 3.fertilize Farmers

their land to make Ít productive. T h e y apply

into

the íìelds after the crops have been planted 4.

well-protect

Some plants have to be

The tender plant need

against the

cold weather. 5. en ri ch W e come to school to students up-to-date

our m i n d s vvith knovvledge. By g i v i n g the

s c i e n t i í i c knovvledge their mental

vvill

be

very

worthwhile. 6.

rotate

The f a r m e r s need to

their c r o p s . T h e

o f crops ô n the same

land can prevent soil exhaustion.

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7. The a

continue weather

to get vvorse and worse. T o d a y ' s weather w i l l be

o f yesterday. 8.

saỷeguard

W e have to

wildlife. The

...preservation o f n a t u r a l resources

vvill prevent a lót o f waste. 9. need Y o u don't 10.

to h u r r y . There's no

f o r y o u t o start yet.

pollute

Exhaust f u m e s f r o m m o t o r vehicles

the air. Some large cities

have had measures to m i n i m i z e air 11.

recycle

M a n y factories The

o l d nevvspapers b y d e - i n k i n g and p u l p i n g t h è m .

o f waste paper can save a great amount o f w o o d - p u l p . 12.

produce

Our

farms

increase 13. The

rice, crops, and d a i r y

We

have

t r i e d to

b y using better methods and tools. drain svvamps i n this area ought to be

The

o f these

svvamps w i l l destroy the mosquitoes' breeding places. 14.

provide

We

have to

make

our c h i l d r e n w i t h f o o d and clothes. W e must also

f o r our o l d age by saving m o n e y .

C2. N o w m a k e y o u r o w n s e n t e n c e s u s i n g t h e v v o r d s a b o v e

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D. D E A L I N G W I T H U N F A M I L I A R W O R D S A N D PHRASE A number o f u n í a m i l i a r words and phrases are explained i n the text. How ỉndicate

are the followỉng

e x p l a i n e d ? W h a t p u n c t u a t i o n s a r e used

to

t h á t t h e expressions a r e b e ỉ n g ẽ x p l a i n e d ?

a. conservation (paragraph Ì ) b. yearly rotation o f crops (paragraph 2) c. w i l d - l i f e preserves (paragraph 5) d. recycle (paragraph7)

:

63

U n i t 2

AIR- POLLUTION

Clean air provides us w i t h a healthy supply o f o x y g e n . W h e n vvastes are poured into the atmosphere, the air becomes c o n t a m i n a t e d a n d unpleasant to breathe. T h i s is air p o l l u t i o n . W a t e r vapour and carbon d i o x i d e occur i n the air n a t u r a l l y . E x a m p l e s of air p o l l u t i o n

are

dust

storms, volcanic eruptions, í o r e s t

fires

caused by

l i g h t e n i n g , p o l l e n , and marsh gases. A large a m o u n t o f air p o l l u t i o n i n cities comes f r o m sources other than industry, m a i n l y a u t o m o b i l e s , h o m e eating, and garbage disposal. Vehicles also account f o r air p o l l u t i o n i n the cities. A u t o m o b i l e exhaust and some i n d u s t r i a l processes contain carbon m o n o x i d e , an odourless

gas

w h i c h cannot be seen or tasted. N i t r i c o x i d e i ồ another t a i l - p i p e e m i s s i o n t h á t is h i g h l y poisonous and m a y sometimes change i n t o the even m o r e nitrogen d i o x i d e . Lead and smoke are e m i t t e d i n engine exhausts as t i n y particles.

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dangerous

S m o g — o r i g i n a l l y a c o m b i n a t i o n o f smoke and f o g — ai so occurs i n the atmosphere

vvhen nitrogen oxides and organic gases c o m b i n e under

the

i n í l u e n c e o f sunlight. T h i s is photo-chemical smog. í t m a y n ó t sound í a m i l i a r , bút

Ít is c o m m o n l y f o u n d

i n most

m a j o r cities where

there

are

large

concentrations o f industry and a u t o m o b i l ẹ s . Industrial smoke stacks t h r o w out sulphur and n i t r o g e n oxides. Burning coal and o i l releases other gases h a r m í u l to humans. The most serious o f these gases is sulphur d i o x i d e . I n the atmosphere Ít can c o m b i n e with water vapour and o x y g e n to t ù m into a s ủ l p h u r i c - a c i d m i s t . Hydrogen í l u o r i d e is produced i n the m a n u í a c t u r e phosphate fertilizers and some metals. Burning garbage and paper wastes pollute the air w i t h unpleasant odours. Dangerous chemicals can be released

f r o m b u r n i n g plastics or hairspray

containers.

W O R D LIST Atmosphere(n)

Khí quyển, không khí

Emission(n)

Sự p h á t ra( á n h s á n g , n h i ệ t )

Carbon(n)

Cacbon

Concentration(n)

Sự t ậ p t r u n g

Dioxide(n)

(hoa) đ y o x y t

Disposal(n)

Sự v ứ t b ỏ

Eruption(n)

Sự phun ( n ú i lửa)

Exhaust(n)

Sự t h o á t k h í

Fluoride(n)

Hoá(florua)

Hydrogen(n)

Hoá(hyđrô)

Lead(n)

C h ì , than c h ì

Lighten(v)

Soi s á n g

Monoxide(n)

(hoa) o x y t đ ầ u , m o n o x í t

Nitric(n)

(hoa) n i t r i c

Nitrogen(n)

(hoa) n i t ơ

5.GT ENGLISH FOR-A

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Odourless(adj)

Không có mùi, không c ó hương thơm

Organic(n)

(hoa) h ữ u c ơ

Oxide(n)

(hoa) o x y t

Oxygen(n)

(hoa) o x y

Plastic(n)

Nhựa

Poisonous(adj)

Đ ộ c , c ó cht đ ộ c

Pollen(n)

Phn hoa

Process(n)

Q u á trình

Phosphate(n)

(hoa) p h ố t p h á t

Photochemical(n)

Quang hoa

Smog(n)

Khói l ẫ n sương

Stack(n)

Ong khói

Sulphur(n)

(hoa) lưu h u ỳ n h

Sulphuric(n)

(hoa) sulphuric

Unpleasant(adj)

K h ô n g thoải m á i

Vapour(n)

Hơi nước, hơi

Volcanic(adj)

(thuộc) núi lửa

A. C O M P R E H E N S I O N A I W r i t e T b e f o r e t r u e s t a t e m e n t s . VVrite F b e f o r e f a l s e s t a t e m e n t s . l . W h e n vvastes are poured i n t o the atmosphere,

t h e a i r becomes

contaminated. 2.1ndustry is the m a i n source o f air p o l l u t i o n . 3 . B u r n i n g coal and o i l is n ó t h a r m f u l t o h u m a n s . 4.Photo- c h e m i c a l smog is c o m m o n l y f o u n d i n most m a j o r cities with large concentrations o f i n d u s t r y and a u t o m o b i l e s . 5.Sulphur d i o x i d e is the most serious o f gases released f r o m b u r n i n g coal and o i l A 2 . Read t h e t e x t a n d ansvver t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s . Ì. W h a t t w o gases occur naturally?

5.GT ENGLISH FOR.

2. W h a t are some sources o f air p o l l u t i o n i n cities? 3. H o w do vehicles pollute the air i n cities? 4. W h e r e can photo-chemical smog be f o u n d ? 5. W h a t does sulphur d i o x i d e c o m b i n e d w i t h water vapour and o x y g e n t ù m into?

B. G R A M M A R Prepositions following adjectives Some gases are harm/ul to humans. M a n y adjectives are used w i t h particular prepositions, and these must be learnt by heart. Here, the adjective harmỷuì

is f o l l o w e d b y the preposition to.

B I . Learn these adjectives and prepositions together and

add

s o m e m o r e a d j e c t i v e s t o t h e t a b l e belovv.

Adịectives 1

acceptable, accustomed, agreeable, contrary, h a r m f u l ,

Preposỉtions to

important, k i n d , l i k e l y , l u c k y , open, pleasant, s i m i l a r

2

afraid, ahead, avvare, capable, c o n í i d e n t , f u l l

of

3

available, d i f f i c u l t , late, p e r í e c t , u s e í u l

for

4

clever, present, q u i c k , s k i l í u l

át

5

acquainted, crovvded, í r i e n d l y , popular

with

6

absent, d i f f e r e n t , safe

from

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7

c o n í u s e d , sad, serious

about

8

interested, rích, s u c c e s s í u l

in

B2. N o w fill in the blanks w i t h c o r r ẹ c t p r e p o s i t i o n s 1. Y o u r mother was very k i n d

Anna.

2. H u r r y or y o u vvill be late

work.

3. W e r e they present

the c o n í e r e n c e ?

4. He was c o n f u s e d

the dates.

5. T h i s b o o k is d i f f e r e n t

hers.

6. Y o u r proposal is s i m i l a r

his.

7. M r . T r a n is very popular

his colleagues.

8. The c h i l d was a f r a i d

the dog.

9. She is accustomed

d r i v i n g ô n the l e f t h a n d .

10. The street was crovvded 11. H e was s u c c e s s í u l

people. his career.

c. W O R D STUDY C1. Word

Blending

The vvord smog

is c o m b i n e d f r o m the t w o w o r d s smoke

o f w o r d í o r m a t i o n is called blending. ỷọrtran:

Look

1. medìcare: 2. brunch: 3.

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heliport:

Here are some other e x a m p l e s .

European + television

m o t o r + pedal ( c y c l e )

át the words

gi ven.

This kind

í ò r m a l + translation (a c o m p u t e r code)

Eurovision: mopecl:

and fog.

below

and

explain

in the same

way

as in the

exampỉe

4. Interpoỉ: 5. mọteì: 6. newscast: 7. telecast: C2. T h e s u f f i x - less The sujfix-ỉess, odourless

added to a noun to f o r m an adjective, means without:

gas is a gas w i t h o u t

Now complete

An

odour.

the sentences

with the -ỉess adịectỉves

speechless

restless

childless

careless

harmless

treeless

provided. odourless

1. M ĩ and M r s B r o w n have been m a r r i e d f o r f i v e years. T h e y have no children. They're a 2. He

couple.

spent a n i g h t without

sleep. H e

were never s t i l l . H e

spent a

night. 3. She was so surprised thát she was unable to speak. She was

with

surprise. 4. N o trees can g r o w ô n t h á t soil. ít is 5. He is

about leaving the door u n l o c k e d w h e n he goes to bed.

6. These snakes w i l l n ó t cause you any serious h a r m even i f they bite y o u . They are 7. O x y g e n is an

gas.

C3. o t h e r a d j e c t i v e s f o r m e d t r ò m n o u n s b y a d d i n g s u f f i x e s Adjectives i n E n g l i s h can be í o r m e d f r o m nouns by a d d i n g other s u f f i x e s such as: - f u l , -less, - l y , - l i k e , - ish.... Look át the nouns

beloxv and fìnd the correct

suffix

thát

form

corresponding

acịịectives: H a r m , use, c h i l d , odour, peace, m a n , brother, w o r l d , day, success, health, f o o l , agriculture, i n d u s t r y , self, rain, sand, nature, snovv, dust, hope, help, d i r t , 1. - f u l : 2. - less: 3. - ish: 4. - ai:

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5. - l y : 6. - l i k e :

...z.zz.z..zzz..z...............

7. - y :

. . . L Z Z Z Z I I Z Z " Z Z Z Z Z I

Complete

the following

sentences

with

the

adịecúves

/rom

the

words

above. a. H e n r y is always ready to help his í r i e n d s . H e is b. "Ha N o i M o i " is published seven days a week. ít is a

to t h è m . nevvspaper.

c. Smoke f r o m í a c t o r i e s is d. Hoa and her sister passed the e x a m i n a t i o n last m o n t h . T h e y w e r e candidates. e. Clean air provides us w i t h a f. N i t r i c o x i d e is h i g h l y

supply o f o x y g e n . ít acts as a poison, w h i c h m a y cause death '

or i n j u r y i f taken i n t o the body.

D. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION A N D W R I T I N G W h a t should governments and i n d i v i d u a l s d o to cope w i t h p o l l u t i o n ?

70

Pre-reading l . W h a t k i n d o f f o o d is g o o d y o u f o r ? M a k e a list.

2. W h a t k i n d o f f o o d is bad f o r you? M a k e a list.

3. W h a t does a healthy diet mean? 4. W h y is Ít important to have a healthy diet? D o most people i n y o u r country have a healthy diet? W h y or w h y n ó t ?

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Sometimes, people are c o n í u s e d about what type o f f o o d is healthy and vvhat k i n d o f f o o d can be bad f o r our health. I n 1956, the U S D A —

ư.s

Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e — described f o u r basic f o o d g r o u p s : meat (meat, f i s h , c h i c k e n . e t c ) , d a i r y (cheese, butter, e t c ) , grains ( b r e a d , cereals, r i c e , etc),

and f r u i t and vegetables. T h e U S D A suggested h o w m u c h o f each f o o d

g r o u p was

healthy

to eat

daily.

N o w , hovvever, these

suggestions

are

c h a n g i n g . T h e f o u r f o o d groups are s t i l l the same, b ú t the a m o u n t s f r o m each f o o d group are d i f f e r e n t . As a result o f years o f research, we k n o w t h á t too m u c h a n i m a l f a t is bad f o r our health. For example, A m e r i c a n s eat a lót o f meat and o n l y a small amount o f grains. f r u i t , and vegetables. Because o f t h e i r d i e t , t h e y have h i g h rates o f cancer and heart disease. I n Japan, i n contrast, people eat

large

amounts o f grains and very l i t t l e meat. T h e Japanese also have v e r y l o w rates o f cancer and heart disease. I n fact. the Japanese l i v e l o n g e r t h a n anyone else in the vvorld. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , w h e n Japanese people m o v e t o the U n i t e d States, their rates o f heart disease and cancer increase as t h e i r d i e t changes. M o r e o v e r , as hamburgers, ice cream, and other h i g h - f a t f o o d s b e c o m e p o p u l a r i n Japan, the rates o f heart disease and cancer are increasing there as w e l l . People are also eating more meat and d a i r y products i n other c o u n t r i e s such as Cuba, M a u r i t i u s , and H u n g a r y . N ó t s u r p r i s i n g l y , the disease rates i n these countries are increasing along vvith the change i n diet. Consequently, d o c t o r s everyvvhere advise people to eat m o r e grains, ữ u i t and vegetables, and t o eat less meat and f e w e r d a i r y products. A healthy diet is i m p o r t a n t f o r c h i l d r e n as vvell as adults. W h e n adults have poor eating habits, t h e i r c h i l d r e n usually do too. A í t e r a l l , c h i l d r e n eat the same way

as their parents. W h e n parents eat healthy f o o d the c h i l d r e n w i l l t h i n k Ít

tastes good. T h e n they w i l l develop g o o d eating habits. D o c t o r s advise parents to give their c h i l d r e n healthier snacks such as f r u i t , vegetables and j u i c e . Everyone vvants to live a l o n g , healthy l i f e . W e k n o w t h á t the f o o d w e eat affects us i n d i f f e r e n t ways. For instance, doctors believe t h á t

f r u i t and

vegetables can actually prevent m a n y d i f f e r e n t diseases. Ô n the o t h e r hand, animal fat can cause disease. W e can i m p r o v e our diet n o w , and e n j o y m a n y years o f healthy l i v i n g .

72

WORD LIST Confuse(v)

Nhầm lẫn

Actually(adv)

T h ự c sự

Advise(v)

*

ì K h u y ê n , k h u y ê n bảo

Affect(v)

Ảnh hưởng

Agriculture(n)

Nông nghiệp

Amount(n)

Lượng

Cancer(n)

Ung thư

Cereal(n)

N g ũ cốc

Consequently(n)

D o đ ó , b ở i t h ế , YÌ v ậ y

D a i l y ( a d j , adv)

Hàng ngày

Dairy(n)

B ơ sữa

Department(n)

Cục, sở, t y , ban

Describe(v)

M ô tả

Fat(n)

Mỡ

Grain(n)

T h ó c lua

Group(n)

Nhóm

Healthy(adj)

khoe m ạ n h , l à n h m ạ n h , c ó l ợ i cho sức k h ỏ e

Important(adj)

Quan t r ọ n g

Increase(v)

Tăng, tăng thêm

Prevent(v)

N g ă n trở, n g ă n c ả n

Rate(n)

T ỷ l ệ , tốc đ ộ

Research(n)

N g h i ê n cứu

Snacks(n)

Bữa ă n qua loa, thức ă n n h ẹ

Suggestions(n)

Gợi ý

Surprisingly(adv)

M ộ t c á c h ngạc n h i ê n , đ á n g n g ạ c n h i ê n

Taste(v,n)

N ế m . , m ù i vị

A. COMPREHENSION A I

R e a d t h e p a s s a g e o n c e . T h e n read t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s .

C h e c k w h e t h e r t h e y are t r u e (T) o r f a l s e (F). If a s t a t e m e n t is f a l s e , change

the

statement

so

thát

Ít i s t r ú c

Then

go

back

to

the

p a s s a g e a n d f i n d the line t h á t s u p p o r t s y o u r ansvver. Ì . There are f o u r basic f o o d groups. 2. The f o o d groups are changing. 3. M o s t A m e r i c a n s eat a lót o f meat. 4. M o s t Japanese eat very f e w grains. 5. There are h i g h rates o f cancer and heart disease i n Japan. 6. Doctors t h i n k Ít is a g o o d idea f o r people t o eat less meat. 7. ít is riot important f o r c h i l d r e n to have a h e a l t h y d i e t . 8. C h i l d r e n usually eat d i f f e r e n t l y f r o m their parents. 9. Doctors believe t h á t f r u i t and vegetables cause d i f f e r e n t diseases. A 2 . Read t h e p a s s a g e a s e c o n d time. T h e n t r y t o ansvver the following questions. Do n ó t look back át the passage. y o u r ansvvers w i t h a classmate's

Compare

ansvvers.

1. a. D o A m e r i c a n s have h i g h rates o f cancer and heart disease?

b. W h y or w h y n ó t ?

2. a. D o Japanese have h i g h rates o f cancer and heart disease? b. W h y , or w h y n ó t ? 3. a. W h a t sometimes happens vvhen Japanese people m o v e t o the

United

States? b. W h y does this happen? 4. a. W h a t is happening to the disease rates i n Cuba, M a u r i t i u s , and Hungary? b. W h y is this happening? 5. a. W h a t e f f e c t s can eating f r u i t and vegetables have ô n some diseases? b. W h a t e f f e c t s can eating meat have ô n some diseases?

74

A3. multiple- choice. Read each question

careỷuìly.

Circle

the ìetter

ofthe

best

answer.

ỉ. W h a t is the m a i n idea o f this passage? a. The k i n d o f diet we have can cause or prevent diseases. b. Doctors advise people t ò eat more f r u i t , vegetables and grains, c. E a t i n g meat causes cancer and heart disease. 2. Everyone knows thát we must eat food i n order to live. What information f o l l o w s ỉn o r d e r to? a. the reason b. the result c. the cause 3. " A healthy diet is important f o r c h i l d r e n as w e l l as adults." T h i s means

a. is more important for children than Ít is for adults b. is more i m p o r t a n t f o r adults than Ít is f o r c h i l d r e n c. is e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t f o r both adults and c h i l d r e n 4. What i n í o r m a t i o n f o l l o w s i n c o n t r a s t ? a. a similar idea b. an opposite idea c. the same idea 5. What i n í o r m a t i o n f o l l o w s i n f a c t ? a. more i n í ò r m a t i o n about the same idea. b. contrasting i n í o r m a t i o n about the same idea. c. surprising i n í o r m a t i o n about the same idea

B. V O C A B U L A R Y Read the ỉist

each

sentence

below.

Fill in each

space

with

the correct

worcl

/rom

below.

Agree

Type

Uníortunately

Becauseof

Disease

Prevent

Suggestion

Asaresult

Describe

Confused

75

Ì . Y o u r directions are n ó t clear. ĩ m very

and ĩ m a í r a i d o f g e t t i n g

lost. 2. M a r y and T o m went ô n a picnic i n the park

, t h e y stayed o u t i n

the sun too l o n g and became sunbumed. 3. ì have j u s t m o v e d i n t o a n e w apartment. n i

Ít t o y o u . It's ô n the

t h i r d f l o o r , Ít has three large rooms and a b i g k i t c h e n , a n d Ít gets the sunlight a l l day. 4. Some people believe t h á t Ít is possible to

.....colds b y d r i n k i n g a lót"

o f orange j u i c e every day. 5. E m i l y lost her u m b r e l l a last week

she h a d t o h u y a n e w one.

6. Leslie said, "Let's go to the A n M u s e u m . " R o b e r t said, "That's a wonderful

!"

7. ì l i k e to read mysteries and biographies. W h a t

o f b o o k s d o you

l i k e to read? 8. M i c h a e l t h i n k s I t a l i a n f o o d is delicious, and ì

with him.

9. Canter is a very serious 10. Fred g ó t a g o o d j o b

his experience w i t h c o m p u t e r s !

c. WORD FORMS Use the correct sentences.

Change

noun,

verb,

or adịecúve

the grammaticaì

form

ỷorms

oỷthe

of the word

words

if

ghen

ỉn the

necessarỵ.

Ì. improve M a n u f a c t u r e s have made m a n y For

example,

they

are

smaller,

manuĩacturers are t r y i n g to

i n c o m p u t e r s i n the last ten years. íaster,

and

more

dependable.

Now

their c o m p l e x i t y .

2. agree Some Fay in

people

are

vegetarians.

They

think

thát

a l l meat

is bad, bút

She t h i n k s t h á t raeat is g o o d to eat o c c a s i o n a l l y . H o w e v e r , she is w i t h the idea t h á t vegetables and f r u i t are v e r y h e a l t h y . 3. encourage Jason is m y best f r i e n d . H e alvvays

p r o b l e m . I n fact, his

76

m e w h e n ì have a d i f f i c u l t

has helped m e succeed m a n y tinues.

I tifỉ!

4. develop

Scientists are vvorking to

a cure f o r a l l k i n d s o f cancer. T h e -

o f a cure w i l l be vvelcome a l l around the w o r l d . .lí lị X ,ụ ị .

5. e n j o y ì

g o i n g to the movies alone. ì p r e í e r g o i n g w i t h a í r i e n d .

Sharing a g o o d m o v i e adds to m y 6. research D ĩ . Johnson

cures f o r cancer. She does a l l her

ôn

heart disease. 7. increase about 3CP¥. This s i g n i f í c a n t

During the summer, the temperature

in temperature makes m a n y people u n c o m í o r t a b l e . 8. taste ì like the svveet Lemons

o f f r u i t such as cherries and

pears.

svveet. T h e y are very sour.

9. cause There are m a n y

o f cancer. F o r e x a m p l e , sometimes exposure

to the sun

skin cancer.

10. change In some areas o f the w o r l d , there are f o u r in other countries, the vveather

i n season. H o w e v e r , át a l l . í t is the same a l l year.

There is o n l y one season.

D. C L O Z E Q U I Z a lót o f

less

large amounts o f very little

a small a m o u n t o f

more

very l o w rates o f

high rates o f

too m u c h fewer

Read phrạses

the passage listed

may be more

above.

below.

FÌU in each

You may use thèm

than one correct

space more

with

than

one of the words

once.

ỉn addition,

or ĩhere

answer.

li

A s a result o f years o f research, w e k n o w t h á t ( Ì )

animal fat

is bad f o r our health. F o r example, A m e r i c a n s eat ( 2 )

meat and o n l y

(3)

grains, f r u i t and vegetables. Because o f t h e i r diet, they

have (4)

cancer and heart disease. I n Japan, i n contrast, people

eat (5)

grains and ( 6 ) .............. meat. T h e Japanese also have (7) cancer and heart disease. I n f a c t , the Japanese l i v e l o n g e r t h a n anyone

else i n the w o r l d . Consequently, doctors everyvvhere advise people t o eat (8) grains, f r u i t , and v e g e t á b l e s and (9)

meat

and

(10)

dairy products.

E. F O L L O W - U P A C T I V I T I E S Activityl L a r r y is a student át the State U n i v e r s i t y . T h e f o l l o w i n g m e n u shows what he usually eats f o r b r e a k í a s t , l u n c h and dinner. How can you change

Lanys

menu in order to make

Ít healthierỷor

him?

Break/ast t w o eggs t w o slices o f vvhite bread w i t h butter one cup o f c o f f e e w i t h cream and sugar Lunch one large chocolate ice cream cone Dinner one h a m b u r g e r ô n a r o l l one large order o f French f r i e s an order o f b r o c c o l i lettuce and tomatoes Late-night

snack

a bag o f potato chips an apple Activity 2 A l o n e or vvith one or m o r e classmates, go to a fast f o o d restaurant. O r d e r a healthy meal. Report to the class ô n the meal y o u ate and w h y Ít was n u t r i t i o u s .

78

Activity 3 A l o n e or vvith a student f r o m your country, prepare a m e n u f o r a t y p i c a l b r e a k í a s t , Iunch, and dinner i n your country. Then talk to a student f r o m another country, and show the student your m e n u . E x p l a i n w h y y o u t h i n k y o u r diet is healthy; then ask the other student to e x p l a i n w h y he or she thinks his/her diet is healthy. Compare your menu vvith the student's m e n u t r ò m a different country. Discuss w h i c h diet y o u both t h i n k is healthier.

F. T O P I C S F O R D I S C U S S I O N A N D V V R I T I N G Ì. A r e there h i g h rates o f heart disease and cancer i n y o u r country? W h a t do you t h i n k are some reasons f o r this? 2. The reading passage discussed a healthy diet as a w a y t o

prevent

disease. W o r k w i t h a classmate. M a k e a list o f other vvays to prevent disease and to have a healthy l i f e . Compare your list w i t h y o u r classmates' lists.

79

Chapter 5

B

A

C

K

G

R

O

U

N

D

T

O

B

U

S

I

N

E

S

S

Objectives • P r o v i d i n g basic knovvledge ô n business. • I m p r o v i n g reading skills: answering pre- reading questions about texts, scanning, s k i m m i n g , detailed reading, a p p l y i n g true/ false questions t o texts. • F o r m i n g appropriate manner. Contents • D e í ì n i t i o n and í u n c t i o n s o f business. • E c o n o m i c resources. • V o c a b u l a r y relating to business.

80

U n i t l

W H A T I S

BUSINESS?

Pre-reading Ì . W h a t do y o u t h i n k business is? 2. W h a t is the d i f f e r e n c e between goods and services? Can y o u g i v e some examples o f goods and services?

Business is a w o r d w h i c h is c o m m o n l y used i n m a n y d i f f e r e n t languages. Bút exactly what does Ít mean? The concepts and activities o f business have increased i n m o d e r n times. T r a d i t i o n a l l y , business s i m p l y meant exchange or trade f o r things people vvanted or needed. Today Ít has a m o r e technical deíinition. One d e í i n i t i o n o f business is the p r o d u c t i o n , d i s t r i b u t i o n , and sale of goods and services f o r a p r o f i t . T o examine this d e í i n i t i o n , we w i l l l o o k át its various parts. First, production is the creation o f services or the c h a n g i n g o f materials into products. One e x a m p l e is the conversion o f iron ore i n t o m e t a l car parts. Next these products need to be m o v e d f r o m the f a c t o r y to the market place. This is k n o w n as d i s t r i b u t i o n . A car m i g h t be m o v e d f r o m a í a c t o r y i n Detroit to a car dealership i n M i a m i . T h i r d is the sale o f goods and services. Sale is the exchange o f a product or service f o r m o n e y . A car is sold to someone i n exchange f o r m o n e y . Goods are products vvhich people either need or want; f o r example, cars can be c l a s s i f i e d as goods. Services, ô n the other hand, are activities vvhich a person or g r o u p performs f o r another person or organization. For instance, an auto mechanic p e r í o r m s a service w h e n he repairs a car. A doctor also p e r f o r m s a service b y taking care o f people w h e n they are sick.

6 GT ENGLISH FOR-A

81

Business, then,

is

a combination

o f a l l these

activities:

production,

distribution, and sale. Hovvever, there is one other i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r . T h i s í a c t o r is the creation o f p r o í i t or economic surplus. A m a j o r goal i n the f u n c t i o n i n g o f an A m e r i c a n business company is m a k i n g a p r o f i t . P r o í i t is the m o n e y thát remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an e c o n o m i c surplus or proíit is, therefore, a p r i m a r y goal o f business a c t i v i t y .

W O R D LIST

82

Business(n)

K i n h doanh

Activity(n)

Hoạt động

Classify(v)

Phân loại

Combination(n)

Sự k ế t h ợ p

Commonly(adv)

Thông thường

Concept(n)

Khái niệm

Conversion(n)

Sự đ ổ i

Creation(n)

Sự s á n g t ạ o

Dealership(n)

Q ụ y ề n đ ạ i lý

Definition(n)

Đ ị n h nghĩa

Distribution(n)

Sự p h â n b ố

Economic(adj)

Kinh tế

Examine(v)

Kiểm nghiệm

Exchange(v)

Trao đ ổ i

Expense(n)

Chi phí

Factor(n)

Yếu tố

Function(n)

Chức n ă n g

Goal(n)

M ụ c đích

Goods(n)

H à n g hoa

Iron(n)

Sắt

Major(adj)

Chủ yếu, chính

Material(n)

Nguyên liệu

Mean(v)

D ự đ ị n h , c ó nghĩa là

6GT ENGLISH Poo.ị ví * .'.(: í iA

Mechanic(n)

Cơ khí

Metal(n)

K i m loại

Modern(adj)

Hiện đại

Organisation

T ổ chức Phần

Part(n) 1 ' 1,ì 1 ị

-tì

ì

Thực h i ệ n

Perform(v) primary(adj)

C ơ b ả n , ban đ ầ u

Prodụction(n)

V i ệ c sản x u t

Profit(n)

L ợ i nhuận

Remain(v)

C ò n l ạ i , c ò n thừa

Repair(v)

Sửa, chữa

Sale(n)

Sự b á n h à n g

Service(n)

Dịch vụ

Simply(adv)

M ộ t cách đơn giản

Surplus(n)

Thặng d ư

Technical(adj)

K ỹ thuật

Trade(n)

Ngành buôn bán

Various(n)

K h á c nhau

A. C O M P R E H E N S I O N

QUESTIONS

Answer

questions

about

(*) cannot

be ansxvered

questions

the following which

are starred

the meaning directỉy

of business. /rom the

The

text.

1. W h a t is one m o d e r n d e í ì n i t i o n o f business?

2. H o w does this m o d e r n meaning o f business d i f f e r f r o m the traditional one? * W h a t factors have brought about these changes?

3. What is production ?

83

4. W h a t example o f distribution is given i n the reading? *Can y o u t h i n k another example?

5. H o w do goods d i f f e r f r o m services?

6. I n addition to p r o d u c t i o n , d i s t r i b u t i o n , and sale, w h a t other í a c t o r is important i n d e í i n i n g business?

7. W h a t is p r o f i t ? * I n general, what do companies d o w i t h t h e i r p r o í i t s ?

B. M U L T I P L E - C H O I C E Write T before

true statements.

Write

F before false

statements.

1. The concepts and activities o f business h a v e n ' t c h a n g e d i n modern times. 2. Business has a more technical d e í i n i t i o n i n m o d e r n t i m e s . 3. Business is the p r o d u c t i o n , d i s t r i b u t i o n , and sale o f goods and services f o r a p r o f í t . 4. Sale is the exchange o f a product f o r m o n e y . 5. The creation o f p r o f i t or economic surplus is one other important f a c t o r i n business.

ADDITIONAL READING ACTIVITIES OF E C O N O M Y Primary industries or primary economies refer to the production of raw or crude products b y ways o f extracting or f a r m i n g . E x t r a c t i o n is the c o l l e c t i o n or preservation

o f natural resources w h i l e f a r m i n g applies

different growing

methods to obtain m o r e regular and also larger y i e l d f r o m natural resources. Secondary industries consist o f p r o í e s s i o n s i n the s m a l l m a n u f a c t u r e and the factory-organized w o r k s i n the enterprising m a n u í a c t u r e . I n these factories

84

(or m i l l s , plants) large numbers o f finished products vvhose f o r m s d i f f e r e n t i a t e completely f r o m their natural state have been í u r n i s h e d to i m p r o v e Man's civilization. Tertiary industries or the service industries are the p r o í e s s i o n s or w o r k s thát do n ó t end ú p i n any f o r m o f tangible good. Services are i n v i s i b l e goods which denote a h i g h level o f c i v i l i z a t i o n .

85

U n i t 2

E C O N O M I C

RESOURCES

Pre-reading Ì. W h a t do y o u t h i n k are economic resources? 2. H o w m a n y k i n d s o f economic resources are there?

Economic resources are the things thát go into the making of goods and services. There are three k i n d s : natural resources, h u m a n resources, and capital resources. Paragraph

A

A U the things f r o m the natural w o r l d t h á t serve as r a w m a t e r i a l inputs f o r producing goods and services are natural resources. A i r and water, minerals such as iron ore, g o l d ; coal and gas, vegetable products, such as trees, plants grains, and ử u i t s - a l l are natural resources. W i t h o u t n a t u r a l resources, there couỊd be no goods o f any k i n d . N a t u r a l resources appear p l e n t i í u l . Y e t no nation has an u n l i m i t e d supply o f t h è m . Paragraph

B

The people w h o put e v e r y t h i n g together to m a k e goods a n d services are human resources. These i n d i v i d u a l s are the producers w e m e n t i o n e d earlier. H o w m u c h a nation can produce depend to a large extent u p o n the abilities o f its people. A n a t i o n o f educated people and h i g h l y s k i l l e d people is able to produce m o r e , earn m o r e and live better, than a n a t i o n whose people have little training and f e w skills. Paragraph

c

The machines, tools, and b u i l d i n g s used i n the p r o d u c t i o n o f goods and services are capital resources. A nation's w e ạ l t h is o f t e n measured i n terms o f the capital Ít possesses.

86

WORD LIST Resource(n)

Nguồn

Appear(v)

Xut hiện

Capital(n)

Vốn

Depend o n ( v )

Phụ t h u ộ c v à o , dựa v à o

Educate(v)

G i á o dục

Individual(n)

Cá nhân

Input(n)

Đ ầ u v à o , sự cho v à o

Machine(n)

Máy móc

Measure(v)

Đ o đạc, tính

Mention(n)

Đ ề c ậ p t ớ i , nhắc t ớ i

Mineral(n)

Khoáng

Plentiíul

Nhiều

possess(n)

Sở h ữ u

Raw(adj)

(nguyên liệu)thô

Serve(v)

Phục v ụ

Skill(n)

Kỹ năng

Supply(v,n)

Cung cp

Tool(n)

C ô n g cụ

Train(v)

Đ à o tạo

Wealth(n)

Sự g i à u c ó

A. M A T C H I N G Match

the headỉines

(1-3) to the ri ghi paragraph

Paragraph

A

Paragraph

B

Paragraph

c

1. H u m a n Resources 2. Capital Resources 3. Natural Resources

87

(a_c)

B. C O M P R E H E N S I O N B I . VVrite T b e í o r e t r u e s t a t e m e n t s . W r i t e F b e t o r e t á l s e s t a t e m e n t s . 1. O n l y some nations have an u n l i m i t e d supply o f n a t u r a l resources. 2. The abilities o f a nation decides to a large e x t e n t h o w m u c h a nation can produce depend u p o n its people. 3. A nation's vvealth is o f t e n measured i n terms o f the capital Ít possesses. 4. N a t u r á l resources are a l l the things f r o m the n a t u r a l w o r l d . 5. The people w h o put e v e r y t h i n g together to m a k e goods are human resources. B2. R e a d t h e t e x t a n d ansvver t h e s e q u e s t i o n s . Ì . W h a t are e c o n o m i c resources? 2. H o w m a n y k i n d s o f economic resourcẹs are there? W h a t are they? 3. W h a t are some examples o f natural resources? 4. W h a t c o u l d happen vvithout natural resources? 5. W h a t are capital resources?

88

Chapter 6

BUSINESS STRUCTURE A

N

D

O R G A N I Z A T I O N

Objectives • P r o v i d i n g k n o w l e d g e ô n business structure and o r g a n i z a t i o n . • I m p r o v i n g reading skills: ansvvering pre- reading questions about texts, scanning, s k i m m i n g , detailed reading, a p p l y i n g true/ false questions t o texts. • F o r m i n g appropriate manner. Contents • C o m p a n y structure, business cycle • V o c a b u l a r y r e l a t i n g to organisation.

89

U n i t l

C O M P A N Y

S T R U C T U R E

Ị Pre-reading Ì. W h e n do y o u have to talk about y o u r c o m p a n y ? 2. W h a t do businesses produce?

There m a y be occasions vvhen y o u have to talk about the c o m p a n y (US English:

c o r p o r a t i o n ) y o u w o r k f o r . T h i s m a y be w h e n y o u ' r e a c t u a l l y shovving

someone around the place o f vvork or premises. O r y o u m a y need t o e x p l a i n to someone

how your company

or y o u r department

is o r g a n i z e d , _ w h o is

responsible f o r d i f f e r e n t agpects oi the business and h o w the c o m p a n y is r u n . Companies are a very i m p o r t a n t part o f a country's e c o n o m y . Businesses produce goods and services, and they come i n every shape and size. A l t h o u g h the vast m a j o r i t y o f the w o r l d ' s companies are s m a l l , i n m a n y countries the economy is d o m i n a t e d b y large í ì r m s . Large businesses d i f f e r f r o m s m a l l ones in a vvide variety o f ways. I n m a n y countries there are n a t i o n a l i z e d companies belonging to the state, as w e l l as private companies. A p r i v a t e c o m p a n y might be a small f i r m w i t h j u s t one ovvner or a very large f i r m vvith thousands of shareholders " o v v n i n g " the f i r m . I n very large f i r m s the shareholders have very l i t t l e t o d o vvith the day-today r u n n i n g o f the f i r m . T h i s is l e f t to the management. L a r g e c o m p a n i e s may be organized into several large departments, sometimes even d i v i s i o n s . The organizational structure o f some companies is very h i e r a r c h i c a l w i t h a b o a r d o f directors át the t ó p and the various departmental heads r e p o r t i n g to t h è m . O f t e n the

only

time

shareholders

shareholders' m e e t i n g .

90

can

iníluence

the

board

is

át

the

yearly

Some f i r m s m a y o n l y produce one good or service. Others m a y produce many d i f f e r e n t products; i n fact they may seem to be l i k e a c o l l e c t i o n o f "businesses" inside one company. A s a c o m p a n y gets bigger Ít m a y expand geographically. M a n y large f ĩ r m s are multinationals w i t h m a n u í a c t u r i n g plants and trading locations i n several d i f f e r e n t countries spread around the w o r l d .

WORD LIST Occasion(n)

Dịp, c ơ h ộ i , thời c ơ

Actually(adv)

T h ự c sự, q u ả thật

Aspect(n)

Khía cạnh, mặt

Belong to(v)

Thuộc về (ai, cái gì)

Differ(v)

Khác biệt

Director(n)

N g ư ờ i chỉ huy, g i á m đốc

Division(n)

B ộ p h ậ n , k h u vực

Dominate(v)

T h ố n g trị, t r ộ i h ơ n , c h i ế m ư u t h ế

Economy(n)

Nền kinh tế

Expand(v)

M ở rộng

Explain(v)

G i ả i t h í c h , lý g i ả i

Firm(n)

C ô n g ty

Geographically(adv)

V ề m ặ t địa lý

Hierarchical(adj)

C ó t h ứ bậc, c ó t ô n t i

Influence(n)

Sự ả n h h ư ở n g

location(n)

Địa điểm

Majority(n)

Phần l ớ n , đ a s ố

Management(n)

Sự q u ả n lý

Manufacture(n)

Sản x u t h à n g l o á t

Natiofialize(v)

Q u ố c gia hoa, q u ố c h ữ u hoa

Organize(v)

T ổ chức

Owner(n)

C h ủ sở h ữ u

Premise(n)

T à i sản k ể t r ê n

91

Report t o ( v )

Báo cáo

Responsible(adj)

Có trách nhiệm

Run(v)

Điều hành

Shape(n)

H ì n h thức, h ì n h d á n g

Shareholder(n)

Cổ đông

Show(n)

Sự t r ư n g b à y

Size(n)

Kích cỡ

Structure(n)

Cơ cu

Variety(n)

Muôn màu muôn vẻ, nhiều thứ

Vast(adj)

R ộ n g l ớ n , to l ớ n

A. COMPREHENSION A I VVrite T b e f o r e t r u e s t a t e m e n t s . VVrite F b e f o r e f a l s e s t a t e m e n t s . 1. Companies play an i m p o r t a n t role i n country's e c o n o m y . 2. Businesses come i n every shape and size. 3. T h e vast m a j o r i t y o f the w o r l d ' s companies are large. 4. L a r g e businesses d i f f e r f r o m small ones i n size. 5. A private c o m p a n y is o w n e d b y one person. A 2 . R e a d t h e t e x t a n d ansvver t h e s e q u e s t i o n s . Ì. W h e n do y o u have to talk about y o u r c o m p a n y ? 2. W h a t do businesses produce? 3. H o w m a y large companies be organized? 4. W h o do departmental heads report to? 5. W h e n can shareholders i n í l u e n c e the board?

B. V O C A B U L A R Y Complete

the following

1. Y o u m a y need is

92

sentences

with the words/rom

the

text.

to e x p l a i n h o w y o u r c o m p a n y o r y o u r

, w h o is responsible f o r d i f f e r e n t

o f the business.

2. Large í ĩ r m s

the economy i n m a n y countries.

3. I n m a n y countries there are and

companies b e l o n g i n g to the

companies.

4. I n very large í ỉ r m s the shareholders

have very l i t t l e to do w i t h the

runningofthefirm. 5. M a n y large f í r m s are

multinationals w i t h

plants

and

locations i n several d i f f e r e n t countries.

A D D I T I O N A L READING WHAT ARE GOODS A N D SERVICES? In your study of economics, you will discover many new words and phrases. This is n ó t surprising. A l m o s t every a c t i v i t y has its o w n vocabulary. Two o f the most important words i n economics are goods and services. Goods are tangible or v i s i b l e m a n - made or natural products b e i n g ô n sale in the market. Examples o f goods are shoes, sandals, m i n i s k i r t s , underwears or computers. Services are i n t a n g i b l e or invisible things w h i c h results f r o m u s e f u l w o r k done by people f o r people i n the market. The person w h o sells y o u a videotape is p e r í o r m i n g a service. So is the person w h o keeps track o f a business's records and

files.

Services have value, j u s t as "goods" do. T h e care t h á t a

doctor gives y o u w h e n y o u are sick, a haircut, and a ride ô n : bus are a l l things or value. A l t h o u g h they can n ó t be touched, they f i l l our needs. Goods and services must be made or produced. Businesses o f f e r both goods and services f o r sale. T h e y have value because they s a t i s í y people's needs and vvants. T h e i r business ovvners, managers and vvorkers w h o made the tapes, sneakers, and bicycles are called producers. The doctor, barber, and bus driver are also producers. T h e y are p r o d u c i n g services. T h e users o f the goods and services are called consumers.

93

U n i t 2

T H E BUSINESS

C Y C L E

Pre-reading 1. W h a t do y o u t h i n k is business cycle? 2. D o y o u t h i n k t h á t a b i g company alvvays develop?

Income g r o w t h í l u c t u a t e s ú p and d o w n over t i m e even w h e n there is a generally r i s i n g trend i n output. For example, i n V i e t n a m , n a t i o n a l income grew át an average annual rate o f 3.9% per year betvveen 1986 a n d 1990. Bút rates varied s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m one year to the next. I n 1986 i n c o m e g r e w 6.5%, m u c h more than the average g r o w t h rate f r o m 1986 - 1990. I n 1990 Ít o n l y grevv 2 . 4 % vvhich was less than the average. These year- toyear (or short-term) movements i n output are c a l l e d the business c y c l e . The business cycle is the somevvhat regular pattern o f e x p a n s i o n (recovery) and contraction (recession) i n real output t h á t occurs i n any e c o n o m y i n the short t e r m . G rovvth is a t e r m o f t e n used to mean the e x p a n s i o n o r increase in the total output o f the e c o n o m y t h á t happens over the l o n g t e r m . The t u m i n g points o f economic a c t i v i t y d u r i n g the business c y c l e are the peak and the t r o u g h . T h e peak occurs w h e n the g r o w t h rate is á t the highest point and u n e m p l o y m e n t is l o w . The t r o u g h occurs vvhen grovvth is át the lovvest point and w h e n u n e m p l o y m e n t is h i g h . The business cycle has t w o phases d e í ĩ n e d b y the peak and the t r o u g h . The recession, (or c o n t r a c t i o n ) , is the period f r o m the peak i n c y c l i c a l a c t i v i t y to the trough, or b o t t o m . T h e recovery, (or expansion), is the m o v e ú p t o the next peak. Business cycles are irregular b o t h i n the period o f t i m e t h e y last, and in the magnitude (size) o f the c y c l e . M a c r o e c o n o m i c policies t r y t o stabilize the economy and reduce the size o f the ĩluctuations f r o m the business c y c l e .

94

W O R D LIST Fluctuate(v)

Dao đ ộ n g

Annual(adj)

Thường niên

Average(n)

Trung bình

Contraction(n)

Thu hẹp

Cyclical(adj)

T u ầ n h o à n , theo chu k ỳ

Define(v)

Đ ị n h nghĩa

Expansion(n)

Sự m ở r ộ n g

Irregular(adj)

Bt q u y t ắ c , k h ô n g t h ư ờ n g x u y ê n

Magnitude(n)

T ầ m l ớ n , đ ộ l ớ n , t ầ m quan t r ọ n g

Pattern(n)

Kiểu mẫu, m ô hình

Peak(n)

Đ ỉ n h cao nht, đ ỉ n h

Phase(n)

Giai đ o ạ n

Recovery(n)

Sự phục h ồ i

Short- term(n)

Ngắn hạn

Significantly(adv)

M ộ t c á c h quan t r ọ n g

Stabilize(v)

L à m ổ n định

Turning p o i n t ( n )

Bước ngoặt, b ư ớ c q u y ế t đ ị n h

Trough(n)

C h ỗ l õ m giữa, đ á y

Vary(v)

Thay đ ổ i , b i ế n đ ổ i , l à m cho k h á c nhau

A. C O M P R E H E N S I O N Read the text and answer

these

questions.

1) What was the average annual rate o f national i n c o m e grovvth in V i e t n a m between 1986 and 1990? 2) Was this rate the same every year? 3) What are short-term movements i n output called? 4) W h a t is the business cycle? 5) W h a t does grovvth usually refer to in economics? 6) W h a t are the 2 t u r n i n g points in the business c y c l e called?

95

7) W h a t are the t w o phases d e í i n e d by? 8) W h a t are the t w o phases called? 9) W h a t do macroeconomic policies t r y to d o w i t h regard t o the business cycle?

B. W O R D F O R M S Find the verbỷorm

oỷthese

nouns:

Ì. íluctuation 2. rise 3. grovvth 4. occurrence 5. use 6. meaning 7. d e í i n i t i o n 8. m o v e m e n t 9. t r i a l 10. stability 11. reduction

c. VOCABULARY Find

vvords and expression Ì . yearly 2. the highest point 3. the lovvest point 4. size 5. expansion 6. contraction 7. to change 8. to m o v e 9. short-run

96

in the text which

mean:

D. C O M P L E T E T H E F O L L O W I N G

SENTENCES W I T H T H E M O S T

SUITABLE W O R D F R O M T H E LIST BELOW. ĩluctuate

rate

expansion

signiíicantly

average

vary

recovery

short- term

annual

pattern

defihe

t u r n i n g point

peak

phase

cyclical

contraction

iưegular

magnitude

stabilize

trough

1) The unemployment

is very l o w this year compared to last year.

2) She has a very

schedule; ì never k n o w when she vvill be i n class

or i n her o f f i c e . 3) The temperature can

f r o m 32 degrees to 4 0 degrees i n one day

d u r i n g the summer. 4) The

o f the m o u n t a i n is very h i g h and Ít w o u l d take 3 days to

vvalk ú p there. 5) Her q u i c k

f r o m illness surprised even the doctors.

6) They made plans f o r an

o f the business i n t o some new f i e l d s l i k e

computers and c o m m u n i c a t i o n equipment. 7) In the

output cannot expand very m u c h because no new machines

can be bought. 8) ít is hard to

farmer's income because the vveather has such a b i g

effect ô n Ít and we can't control the weather. 9) He is

richer than his sister because their parents o n l y sent their

son to the u n i v e r s i t y 10) His

m o n t h l y expenditures are $70 although sometimes they are

o n l y $40 and sometimes they can reach $140. l i ) The

i n f l a t i o n as the increase i n the general

price level t h á t

occurs over t i m e . 12) The b u y i n g

o f y o u n g people are d i f f e r e n t f r o m those o f o l d

people. 13) The

i n his l i f e occurred when his parents w o n the lottery and

c o u l d pay f o r h i m to go to the university. 14) Most c h i l d r e n go through a

vvhen they don't want to listen to

what their parents say.

7.GT ENGLISH FOR-A

97

15) H i s

school fees are $1500 and his l i v i n g expenses f o r the year

are $10,000. 16) I n this graph w e can see a

w h e n his i n c o m e d r o p p e d t o the

lowest point. 17) Prices

depending ô n y o u r n a t i o n a l i t y , V i e t n a m e s e people pay

l o w e r rates and í ò r e i g n e r s pay higher ones. 18) Weather patterns are

v a r y i n g f r o m very h ó t and r a i n y i n the

summer to d r y and colder i n the vvinter and back t o h ó t and r a i n y in the summer again. 19) There was a s i g n i f í c a n t

i n demand f o r p o r k w h e n people heard

t h á t Ít was bad f o r their health. 20) The

o f the government d e f i c i t depends ô n the a m o u n t o f money

the government can earn f r o m taxation.

98

Chapter 7

MARKETING

Objectives • Providing k n o w l e d g e ô n m a r k e t i n g . • I m p r o v i n g reading skills: ansvvering pre- reading questions about texts, scanning, s k i m m i n g , detailed reading, a p p l y i n g true/ false questions to texts. • F o r m i n g appropriate manner. Contents • D e í i n i t i o n and f u n c t i o n s o f advertising. • Basic n o u n phrases and their p r e m o d i f i e r s . • V o c a b u l a r y relating to m a r k e t i n g .

99

U n i t l

M A R K E T I N G

Pre-reading Ì. D o y o u ever go to the supermarket? W h a t do y o u h u y there? 2. D o y o u h u y o n l y the things y o u need? 3. Have y o u ever bought something b e c a ư s e Ít was i n a n i c e b o x o r bag?

H o w do y o u decide what y o u are g o i n g to h u y i n a supermarket? D o you look i n y o u r r e í r i g e r a t o r and k i t c h e n cupboards and m a k e a list o f the things you need? D o y o u t h i n k about what to cook and then h u y the f o o d y o u need f o r each meal? Even i f y o u do these things, market specialists á t the supermarket make some o f y o u r b u y i n g decisions f o r y o u . Specialists i n m a r k e t i n g have studied h o w to m a k e people h u y m o r e f o o d in a supermarket. T h e y w o r k f o r supermarket and d o a l l k i n d s o f t h i n g s t h á t you do n ó t even notice. For example, the simple, o r d i n a r y f o o d t h á t e v e r y b ổ d y must huy, l i k e bread, m i l k , f l o u r and o i l is spread a l l over the store. Bread m i g h t be i n aisle 2 and m i l k i n aisle 10. Y o u have t o w a l k b y a l l the more interesting and m o r e expensive items to f i n d vvhat y o u need. The m o r e expensive í b o d is i n package w i t h b r i g h t c o l o u r s a n d pictures. This f o o d is placed át eye level so y o u see Ít r i g h t a w a y and w a n t t o h u y Ít. The things y o u have to h u y are usually located ô n a h i g h e r o r lovver shelf. Hovvever, candy and other things t h á t c h i l d r e n l i k e are ô n lovver shelves so t h á t c h i l d r e n can see

t h è m easily and ask their parents to h u y t h è m . T h i s m e t h o d o f

m a r k e t i n g really w o r k s . One study shovved t h á t w h e n a supermarket

moved

f o u r products f r o m a l o w shelf to a shelf át eye level, Ít sold 78 percent m o r e o f those products.

100

Another

study

shovved thát f o r every m i n u t e a person

spends i n a

supermarket after the fírst h a l f hour, she or he w i l l spend $1.00. I f someone stays f o r 4 0 m i n u t e s , the supermarket makes an a d d i t i o n a l $10,00. A store usually has a c o m í ò r t a b l e temperature i n the summer and vvinter, and Ít plays soft music. ít is a pleasant place f o r people to stay and spend m o r e m o n e y . Supermarkets also sell some things át lower, or special, prices every week. The prices ô n some o f these "specials" are n ó t really cheaper than their regular prices. For example, an i t e m t h á t is usually $.50 m i g h t be a special át 2/$ 1.00 (that's t w o f o r one d o l l a r ) . O r i f something is n ó t s e l l i n g very fast át $.69, Ít is put ôn special á t 2/$ 1.40. People t h i n k the product is cheaper than usual and huy Ít. Some stores have red or p i n k lights over the meat so the meat looks redder and ữesher. T h e y put l i g h t green paper around lettuce and put apples i n red plastic bags. So be c a r e í u l i n the supermarket. Y o u m a y g o h o m e w i t h a bag o f f o o d y o u were n ó t p l a n n i n g to h u y . M a r k e t i n g specialists, n ó t y o u , decided y o u should huy Ít.

W O R D LIST Decide(v)

Quyết định

Additional(adj)

Thêm vào

Aisle(n)

L ố i đi g i ữ a c á c d ã y

Át Eye level

Trong t ầ m mắt

Cupboard(n)

Chạn bát

Decision(n)

Sự g i ả i q u y ế t , sự q u y ế t đ ị n h

Lettuce(n)

Rau d i ế p

Locate(v)

T i m c h ỗ , đ ị n h cho, đ ị n h c ư

Method(n)

Phương pháp

Notice(n)

Chùy

Package(n)

Sự đ ó n g g ó i

Pleasant(adj)

D ễ chịu, thoải m á i

Refrigerator(n)

Tủ đông lạnh

loi

Regular(adj)

Thông thường, bình thường

Soft(adj)

Nhẹ, mềm

Specialist(n)

C h u y ê n gia

A. COMPREHENSION A I . Ansvver the questions about the reading. T h e * tells t h á t y o u c a n n o t f i n d t h e e x a c t ansvver i n t h e r e a d i n g . T o ansvver t h e q u e s t i o n , you have to use

i n í o r m a t i o n t r ò m the article a n d i n t o r m a t i o n y o u

already know. 1. W h y is basic f o o d l i k e bread and m i l k spread a l l o v e r the supermarket? 2. W h a t k i n d o f f o o d is usually át eye level? *3. W h y are rice and beans usually i n uninteresting plastic bags? *4. W h y does a supermarket play s o f t music? *5. W h y do some stores put apples i n red plastic bags? *6. W h y do some supermarkets place_chocolateỆyrumnear the ice cream? A 2 . Circle t h e letter o f t h e b e s t ansvver. 1. M a r k e t i n g specialists study a. the ovvnership o f supermarkets. b. h o w to b u i l d cupboards. c. methods o f b u y i n g and selling products. d. the price o f f o o d . 2. F o o d t h á t is m o r e expensive is a. ô n h i g h shelves.

c. u s u a l l y ô n special.

b . i n b r i g h t c o l o r e d packages.

d. near the f r o n t .

3. A "special" is

than t h á t k e m u s u a l l y is.

a. sometimes m o r e expensive

c. never m o r e expensive

b. always cheaper

d. m o r e d e l i c i o u s

* 4 . I n the supermarket, children's books are p r o b a b l y

102

a. usually ô n special.

c. ô n h i g h shelves.

b. ô n l o w shelves.

d. spread a l l o v e r the store.

B. M A I N I D E A T i c k (V) the m a i n idea o f the reading. Ì . T h e location o f a product helps sell Ít. 2. M a r k e t i n g specialists use a l l k i n d s o f methods to sell products. 3. Some specials do n ó t really have special prices. 4. Soft music and c o m f o r t a b l e temperatures h e l p sell products.

c. V O C A B U L A R Y C1. Vocabulary in context Choose

the best wordfor

each

sentence.

Additỉonal

Candy

Cupboards

Decisions

Marketing

Shelf

Lettuce

Flour

Temperature

Plastỉc

Pleasant

Specialists

Ì. Before y o u g o to the supermarket, do y o u l o o k i n y o u r r e í r i g e r a t o r and kitchen

and make a list o f the things y o u need?

2. Even i f y o u do these things, the m a r k e t i n g specialists át the supermarket make some o f y o u r b u y i n g 3. Specialists i n

for you.

have studied h o w to m a k e people h u y m o r e f o o d .

4. The simple f o o d t h á t everyone must h u y , l i k e bread, m i l k ,

, and

o i l , is spread allover the store. 5

and other things t h á t c h i l d r e n l i k e are ô n l o w e r shelves

so

children can see t h è m easily and ask their parents to h u y t h è m . 6. A store usually has a c o m í ò r t a b l e

i n s u m m e r and w i n t e r , and Ít

plays soft m u s i c . 7. For every m i n u t e a person stays i n a supermarket a f t e r the í ì r s t h a l f hour, she

or

he

spends

$1.00.

supermarket makes an

I f someone

stays

for 40

minutes,

the

$10.00.

8. Stores put l i g h t green paper around

and put apples i n red

bags. 9. Be c a r e í u l i n the supermarket. Y o u m a y go h o m e vvith a bag o f f o o d y o u weren't

p l a n n i n g to huy. M a r k e t i n g

, n ó t y o u , decided y o u

should h u y Ít.

103

C2. C h o o s e the best w o r d f o r each

sentence.

additional

candy

cupboards

marketing

shelf

lettuce

temperature

pleasant

specỉalỉsts

Ì

decisỉons flour

is very sweet. í t can be made w i t h sugar, c o m s y r u p , maple sugar, or other svveeteners.

2. F l o u r is p r o b a b l y ô n the b o t t o m

because people w i l l alvvays

huy Ít. 3. Even t h o u g h the vveather is b e a u t i f u l , w e can't g o s w i m m i n g yet. The o f the water is still very c o l d . 4. Salads are o f t e n made w i t h 5

and tomatoes.

is a very b i g business i n the U n i t e d States. specialists can persuade people to h u y almost anything.

6. T h i s paper explains h o w to get a n e w passport. I f y o u need i n f o r m a t i o n , call the passport o f f i c e . 7. Before R a y made a

, he listed the pros a n d cons the good

points and bad points. A f t e r he t h o u g h t c a r e í u l l y a b o u t h i s list, he decided what to do.

D. W O R D F O R M S Compỉete Make

the tabỉe

the nouns

plural

Verb 1

below. if

Then

choose

Noun

3

announcement

Adịective

poison united

5

7

each

compete reữigerator

6

wordfor

necessary.

2

4

104

the correct

decide storage

sentenre.

'Hí.

8 9

í! u •• riiịnd (Dì V í

chemist

embaưass

10

additional

1. T o m is very

H e enters every c o m p e t i t i o n he can, and he alvvays

vvants to be the vvinner. 2. Y o u cannot keep m i l k i n the cupboard. Y o u must

Ít, o r Ít w i l l

t ù m bad. 3. The president

o f the

important

international student

organization made

an

át the meeting last n i g h t . She announced t h á t there

w i l l be a b i g party next Saturday. 4. Some plants are suitable f o r humans to eat. O t h e r plants are

If

you eat t h è m , y o u m i g h t die. 5 . U N stands f o r the

Nations.

6. M a r y made an i m p o r t a n t

She decided to stay i n the

7. I f y o u don't have enough r o o m to keep y o u r b i c y c l e i n y o u r apartment, you can

Ít i n the basement.

8. Scientists say tears contain

t h á t y o u r b o d y needs to get r i d of.

They say it's g o o d to c r y sometimes. 9. ì hope the teacher doesn't ask me a question i n class today, because ì didn't f i n i s h m y homevvork last night. I f she calls ô n m e , ì w i l l very

be

because ì won't k n o w the ansvver.

10. This lemonade is n ó t sweet enough. I f we

a l i t t l e m o r e sugar, Ít

w i l l taste better.

E. N O U N S U B S T I T U T E S Read

these

Circìe the noun

groups

of sentences

or noun phrase

and stucỉy

thát each pronoun

the pronouns

in boỉd

print.

replaces.

1. specialists i n m a r k e t i n g have studied h o w to m a k e people h u y m o r e f o o d i n a supermarket. They w o r k f o r supermarkets and do a l l k i n d s o f things t h á t y o u do n ó t even notice.

105

2. T h e m o r e expensive f o o d is i n packages w i t h b r i g h t c o l o r s and pictures. T h i s f o o d is placed át eye level so y o u see Ít and w a n t t o h u y Ít. 3. A store usually has a c o m í o r t a b l e temperature i n the s u m m e r and w i n t e r , and Ít plays s o f t m u s i c .

F. V O C A B U L A R Y R E V I E V V Manh

the words

in the left column

with their meanings

in right

column.

1. O b v i o u s

a..a natural sweetener

2. ư n i t e

b. easy t o see

3. A t t e m p t

c. heat to 100 degrees Celsius

4. H o n e y

d. j o i n together

5. B o n

e. last

6. Rude

f. n ó t p o l i t e

7. Final

g- t r y

G. VVRITING I m a g i n e y o u are a m a r k e t i n g specialist. L o o k á t this l i s t o f products. T e l l vvhere y o u vvould put each one and what other products y o u w o u l d sell near-by. A d d three items to the list. Rerriember, y o u w a n t people t o spend as m u c h m o n e y i n the supermarket as possible.

106

Ì . ice cream

3. c o m i c b o o k s

2. b i r t h d a y cards

4 . car p o l i s h

5. hand l o t i o n

6. bread

U n i t 2

ADVERTISING

Pre-reading

Ì. D o y o u l i k e to read or hear or have a

look

át

the

advertisements

in

nevvspapers, i n magazines, ô n radio and television,

ôn

billboards,

and

in

your

daily mail?

2.D0 you often huy a product just because o f its attractive advertisement?

Every day we see and hear a great deal o f advertising. Newspapers are f u l l of advertising. Some advertisements are t i n y want ad. Others f i l l several pages. Sometimes w h a t seems to be a c o m i c strip m a y t ù m out to be advertising. Magazines, too, c a ư y advertisements.

A s we w a l k a l o n g the street, we

see

displays i n store w i n d o w s and pictures ô n b i l l b o a r d s . Á t n i g h t huge electric signs f l a s h i n m a n y colours. A U o f these are advertising.

107

D i f f e r e n t as they are, all these advertisements are alike ÚI one important way. They have the same purpose: to get people to huy some product o r some service. I n the days o f the cavemen there was no advertising. T h e r e was n o need f o r Ít. B ú t as soon as people began to make things to sell, a d v e r t i s i n g was f o u n d to be u s e f u l . The merchants o f ancient E g y p t h i r e d criers t o w a l k t h r o u g h the streets shouting or s i n g i n g about the things they had t o sell. N e w s b o y s still sometimes " c r y " their papers, and street vendors t h e i r wares. A s more things are made to be sold and m o r e people have services t o sell, advertising grovvs. T o d a y Ít is one o f the biggest businesses. E v e r y year billions o f dollars are spent ô n advertising. A d v e r t i s i n g helps sell more things to m o r e people. T h i s i n t ù m makes Ít possible to produce m o r e things to sell. Sometimes Ít even h e ỉ p s m a k e things cost less. I n the b e g i n n i n g , f o r example, radios cost m u c h m o r e t h a n they do today because they were turned out slovvly and e x p e n s i v e l y b y hand. Bút advertising made m o r e people vvant radios. W h e n m a n u f a c t u r e r s began m a k i n g t h è m b y the thousands, they f o u n d q u i c k e r and cheaper w a y s o f d o i n g the j o b . Because advertising starts us to b u y i n g and p r o d u c i n g m o r e t h i n g s , Ít is sometimes called the spark p l u g o f the business vvorld.

VVORD L I S T

108

Ad(n)

Sự q u ả n g c á o

Advertisement(n)

Bài q u ả n g c á o

Advertising(n)

Quảng c á o

Billboard(n)

Bảng dán thông c á o , bảng d á n y ế t thị

Nevvsboy(n)

Em bé bán báo

Vendor(n)

Bán h à n g rong

Wares(n)

H à n g hoa

Display(v)

Trưng bày

A l i k e ( a d j , adv)

G i ố n g nhau, đ ề u nhau

Comic(adj)

Hài hước, khôi hài

Flash(n)

L o e s á n g , c h ợ t h i ệ n ra

Stimulate(v)

Thúc đẩy

A. COMPREHENSION A I . Scanning f o r Details Look over the text quickly Work as quickỉy

to find

as you can, ìooking

the inỷormation.

Write

for the required

wovds

thèm

in the

bỉanks.

only.

Ì. Newspapers and magazines are f u l l o f 2.

Displays

electric

in

store

windows,

pictures

ôn

billboards,

and

huge

are advertising.

3. Advertisements are

in

one

important

way:

to

get

people to huy some product or some service. 4.The

o f ancient E g y p t hired criers to w a l k t h r o u g h the streets

shouting or singing about the things they had to sell. 5. Today advertising is one o f the biggest 6. A d v e r t i s i n g 7. B i l l i o n s o f dollars are 8. ít also helps

more things and services be sold. ô n advertising every year. things cost less.

A 2 . A n s v v e r t h e q u e s t i o n s belovv. 1. W h i c h f o r m s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n are used f o r advertising? 2. What is the purpose o f advertising? 3. Was there advertising i n the o l d times ? 4. W h a t d i d the E g y p t i a n merchants do to advertise their goods? 5. Is advertising one o f the biggest businesses nowadays? W h y ?

B. V O C A B U L A R Y Find words

and expression

in the text which

mean:

,. 1. traders 2. advertisements 3. cartoon 4. appears 5. very b i g 6. purchase

109

7. develops 8. m a n u f a c t u r e

c. G R A M M A R C1. some/ others N o t i c e the usage o f S O M E as a determiner w h i c h precedes a n o u n (some advertisements) and O T H E R S as a p r o n o u n w h i c h replaces the understood phrase "other advertisements". Now make Example

sentences : Ì . Some

with SOME

and OTHERS.

Follow

the

example.

newspapers are f u l l o f advertising.

Other

nevvspapers have l i t t l e .

Some

nevvspapers are f u l l o f advertising. Others

2. Some

advertisements are t i n y w a n t ads.

Other

advertisements fill several pages.

Some advertisements are tiny want ads. Others

have l i t t l e .

f i l l several pages.

a. Some advertisements are huge boards. Other advertisements are t i n y ones.

b. Some store w i n d o w s display c o l o u r pictures ô n boards. O t h e r store w i n d o w s d i s p l a y electric í l a s h i n g signs.

c. Some magazines are c o l o r í u l l y printed. O t h e r magazines are p r i n t e d in black and w h i t e .

d. Some ancient Egyptian merchants hired criers to advertise ứ i e ừ wares. Other ancient Egyptian. merchants hữed sữeet vendors (to advertise t h e ừ wares).

e. Some people have some services to sell. O t h e r people h u y t h è m .

f.Some countries spend a lót ô n advertising. O t h e r c o u n t r i e s d o n ' t care m u c h about Ít.

no

C2. T h e extra o b j e c t "ÍT" In E n g l i s h , especially i n s V 0 c ( subject- verb- object- c o m p l e m e n t ) and s V 0 A ( s u t ý e c t - verb- object- adverb) clause types, n o m i n a l clauses can take the extra object "Ít". This i n t ù m makes ừ impossible to produce m o r e things to sell. . ì fínd Ít necessary to display goods i n store w i n d o w s f o r advertising. Now

complete

"ÍT". Follow

the sentences

the

with

the cues

provided,

using

extra

obịect

example.

Example:

T o produce more things to sell is possible. T h i s i n t ù m makes Í t . . . This in tùm makes

Ít possìbìe

to produce

more

things

to

sell.

"basic

noun

phrases"

a. W o r k i n g here is e x c i t i n g . Y o u must f i n d b. T o settle the matter is m y business. ì made c. T o advertise this new k i n d o f soap is d i f f i c u l t . They f i n d d. T o stimulate purchases is possible. A d v e r t i s i n g makes e. T o advertise is w a s t e f u l . M a n y people f i n d

D. W O R D S T U D Y

The Basic noun phrases and their premodiíiers A noun phrase is an element in a sentence which typically functions as subject, object, o r c o m p l e m e n t . The

following

examples

will

be

restricted

to

consisting o f n o u n heads and other words t h á t can occur b e í o r e t h è m . Examples:

e v e r y day, a great deal o f a d v e r t i s i n g , t i n y vvant ads,

several

pages, displays i n store w i n d o w s , huge electric signs, the merchants

of

IU

ancient E g y p t , one o f the biggest businesses, q u i c k e r a n d cheaper w a y s o f d o i n g the j o b , etc. Now phrases

rearrange

the

with their

Example:

groups

of words

provided

to construct

basic

noun

premodifiers.

very, pretty, a, g i r l a very preíty

girl

a. advertisements, interesting, some

b. h i r e d , w a l k i n g , criers

c. same, the, purposes

d. ways, most, important, one, o f , the

e.

pictures, ô n , the, b i l l b o a r d s , the

f. o f , dollar, cent, every, the

E. C L O Z E Q U I Z Complete

the se open

conversations

with the words

ad

advertising

advertised

advertiser

provided. advertisements

a. - 1 vvant to sell m y o l d m o t o r - b i k e ; b ú t ì don't k n o w w h a t to do. - W e l l , j u s t put a n ( l )

i n y o u r local nevvspaper.

b. - D o y o u t h i n k ( 2 ) -

Oh,

why

nót

is a trade? ?

Ancient

Egyptian

merchant

used

criers

to(3)

goods f o r sale. c. - W h a t do y o u t h i n k about the(4) television, i n nevvspapers and magazines?

112

y o u hear and see ô n r a d i o and

-

W e l l , (5)

has been used t o ỉnfluence

people's purchases, b ú t

sometimes Ít bevvilders the consumers. d.- Have y o u seen the new-styled f r i d g e ( 6 )

ôn

television

last

night? - ĩ m a f r a i d n ó t . ĩ m tired o f goods(7)

ô n television because they

never tell y o u the truth about the products. e. ì vvonder h o w an(8) consumption

appeals to consumers t o h u y his products.

consuming

consume

consumers

a. The opposite o f producers is(9) b. T h e ( l O )

o f beer d i d n ó t go d o w n w h e n the tax was

raised c. Y o u r w o r k takes ú p a lót o f t i m e . í t is t i m e ( l i ) d. The flames q u i c k l y ( 1 2 )

the w o o d e n huts.

F. T O P I C S F O R D I S C U S S I O N A N D W R I T I N G Some people f e e l t h á t advertising helps m a k e m o r e purchases and mass production. Others say advertising is w a s t e f u l and bevvilders the consumer. What are y o u r views?

113

Chapter 8

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

T

R

A

D

E

Objectives • P r o v i d i n g knovvledge ô n international trade. • I m p r o v i n g reading skills: answering pre- reading questions about scanning, s k i m m i n g , detailed reading, a p p l y i n g true/ false questions t o te; • F o r m i n g appropriate manner. Contents • The í u n c t i o n s o f international trade. • Exchange rate's f u n c t i o n s , trade d e f i c i t s and surplus. • V o c a b u l a r y r e l a t i n g to international trade.

114

8.GT ENGLISH FOR-B

I U n i t l

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

T R A D E

Pre-reading Ì. W h a t are the m a i n i m p o r t s / exports o f y o u r country? 2. Have y o u ever bought an i m p o r t e d item? W h e r e was Ít made? What was Ít?

Novvadays every c o u n t r y i n the vvorld buys f r o m other countries and sells to t h è m . I n a w a y this trade between countries is l i k e the barter o f l o n g ago. I f one country has more things than Ít can use, Ít m a y exchange t h è m vvith another country f o r what Ít needs. The things a c o u n t r y sells to another c o u n t r y are called exports. a country buys f r o m another c o u n t r y are called imports. and exports is made t h r o u g h a system called /oreign

T h e things

Payment f o r imports exchange

i n w h i c h the

value o f the m o n e y o f one c o u n t r y i n relation to the m o n e y o f other countries is agreed upon. The d i f f e r e n c e i n value betvveen currencies

is called vates

of

exchange.

These vary f r o m t i m e to t i m e . In transactions i n i n t e m a t i o n a l trade, actual m o n e y does n ó t usually change hands. A letter

ofcred.it

m a y take the place o f money. í t is a letter f r o m a bank

asking thát the h o l d e r o f the letter be a l l o w e d to w i t h d r a w s p e c i í ì e d sums o f money f r o m other banks or agencies, to be charged to the account o f the w r i t e r of the letter. Today international trade is b e c o m i n g more and m o r e i m p o r t a n t . ít is hard to imagine h o w the c o m p l e x business a f f a i r s o f the trade a m o n g nations c o u l d be carried out w i t h o u t the many services thát a bank provides.

115

WORD LIST Barter(v,n)

Đổi chác

Account(n)

Tài khoản

Affair(n)

Vn đề

Agency(n)

Đ ạ i lý

Agree(v)

Nht trí, đ ồ n g ý

Allow(v)

Cho p h é p

Carry o u t ( v )

Triển khai, tiến h à n h

Currency(n)

Tiền tệ

Charge(v)

Tính giá

Export(v)

Xut khẩu

Foreign exchange(n)

Ngoại hối

Imagine(v)

Tưởng tượng

Import(v)

Nhập khẩu

I n relation to

C ó liên quan t ớ i

International

Mang tính quốc t ế

Letter o f credit

T h ư tín d ụ n g

Payment(n)

Thanh toán

Provide(v)

Cung cp

Rate o f exchange

T ỷ giá h ố i đoái

specify(v)

X á c định, n định

System(n)

H ệ thống

Transaction(n)

Sự giao d ị c h k i n h d o a n h

Withdraw(v)

R ú t ra, r ú t k h ỏ i

A. C O M P R E H E N S I O N A I . S u p p l y i n g M i s s i n g VVords In

the

f o l l o w i n g paragraphs

some

words

have

been

deleted.

Reread

paragraphs 2 and 4. T h e n , w i t h o u t l o o k i n g back át t h è m , supply the

missing

vvords f r o m the reading or other words t h á t express the same m e a n i n g . W o r k as q u i c k l y as y o u can. A f t e r y o u ĩ i n i s h , refer to the reading to check y o u r ansvvers.

116

Paragraph 2 The things a c o u n t r y sells to a n o t h e r ( l ) things a c o u n t r y ( 2 ) for(3)

are called exports. The

f r o m another c o u n t r y are called i m p o r t s . Payment

and exports is made through a system called í o r e i g n exchange, i n

which the value o f the money o f one country i n to the m o n e y o f other countries is agreed upon. Paragraph 4 I n transactions i n i n t e m a t i o n a l trade,

actual

money(4)

nót

usually change hands. A letter o f credit m a y take the place the m o n e y . ít is a letter f r o m a bank asking that(5)

h o l d e r o f the letter be a l l o w e d ( 6 )

w i t h d r a w s p e c i í i e d sums o f money ( 7 ) agencies, to be charged t o ( 8 )

other banks or

Account(9)

the vvriter o f

the letter. A2. S k i m m i n g for Paragraph Topics Glance

quickỉy

át each

about. Filì in the blanks ' í

succeeding

paragraph

with a word orphrase

Number Ì has been done as an example. : ' I Ì. Paragraph Ì tells about trade behveen

to

thatyou

fìnd fỉnd

out in the

what

Ít

tells

reading.

countries.

2. Paragraph 2 tells about 3. Paragraph 3 tells about 4. Paragraph 4 tells about 5. Paragraph 5 tells about

B. G R A M M A R BLIike/

as

I n a way this trade between countries is Ịìke the barter o f l o n g ago. In a way this trade between countries vvorks as the barter o f l o n g ago d i d . Notice the d i f f e r e n c e between the t w o sentences. I n the fírst sentence" like" is a preposition. ít introduces a noun, a n o u n phrase, or a p r o n o u n object. In the second sentence, "as" is a c o n j u n c t i o n . ít introduces a clause. N o w practice u s i n g " l i k e " and" as" i n the sentences p r o v i d e d .

117

Ì. Buy

ì huy.

2. T h e i r exports are j u s t

ours. w h a t our c o u n t r y needs.

3. W h a t this c o u n t r y needs is.. 4. D o

me

5. D o Ít

ì do.

6. D o n ' t behave

thát!

7. W h e n i n R o m e do

the Romans d o .

B2. B e g i n n i n g in different w a y s "Every c o u n t r y i n the vvorld buys f r o m other countries a n d sells t o t h è m nowadays." "Nowadays

every c o u n t r y i n the w o r l d buys f r o m other c o u n t r i e s and sells

to t h è m " . ( A d v e r b át the b e g i n n i n g ) " A c t u a l m o n e y does n ó t usually change hands in in intemationaỉ

trade."

"ỉn

in international

transactions

trade,

transactions

actual m o n e y does n ó t usually

change hands." Read the pairs o f sentences above. N o t i c e the t w o w a y s b y w h i c h y o u can acquire variety i n y o u r sentences. I f a l l sentences began i n the same w a y , the result vvould be very d u l l . How

wouỉd

you

rearrange

these

sentences

to ghe

thèm

more

different

beginnings? (The first t w o sentences have been done as examples.) a. T h i s trade betvveen countries, ỉn a w a y , is l i k e the barter o f l o n g ago. In a way this trade

betvseen

couníries

is like the barter

oỷlong

ago.

b. International trade is b e c o m i n g m o r e and m o r e i m p o r t a n t t o d a y . Today

international

trade

is becoming

more

important.

c.

I n m a n y ways he represents m o d e r n m a n .

d.

The assistants put the cheque card n u m b e r ô n the b a c k o f the cheque

i n shops.

e.

118

and more

People save m o n e y i n banks f o r í u t u r e use.

f. ít is hard to i m a g i n e h o w the complex business a f f a i r s o f the trade a m o n g nations c o u l d be c a r r i ẹ d out w i t h o u t the m a n y services o f banks.

g. Time and patience are certainly necessary.

h. He may decide to put some of his money in a bank fọr saíekeeping.

c. VVORDSTUDY Discovering word meanings When you read or hear a new word, first try to guess its meaning. Then, if you need help, check w i t h the d i c t i o n a r y . Reread the f o l l o w i n g paragraphs about international trade. C1. Guessing W o r d Meanings - H o w can y o u guess the meaning o f barter?

Does the sentence h i n t t h á t Ít

is the exchange o f things? - H o w can y o u guess the meaning o f "imports", "exports ", "rates o f exchange", and" letter o f credit"? D o y o u read c a r e í u l l y the sentences thát f o l l o w t h è m ? - Does the w o r d " í o r e i g n exchange" r e m i n d y o u o f anything? - E x p l a i n h o w y o u discover the m e a n i n g o f some o f the other vvords such as: intemational, trade, holder, writer. C2. C h e c k i n g W i t h t h e D i c t i o n a r y Take out y o u r dictionaries. Check y o u r guess o f the m e a n i n g o f each o f these vvords w i t h their m e a n i n g g i v e n i n the d i c t i o n a r y : trade, import,

export,

letter oỷcredit,

ỷoreign barter.

exchange, Learn

currencies,

its pronunciation

exchange, as

rate

internationaì, of

exchange,

well.

M a k e sentences w i t h the vvords p r o v i d e d : trade, trade u n i o n , international trade, i m p o r t , export, credit card, banker's card. D. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION AND VVRITING T a l k about the e f f e c t o f international trade ô n y o u r c o u n t r y .

119

Unit

2 1

I E X C H A N G E RATES

F U N C T I O N

•) Pre-reading 1. D o y o u t h i n k Ít is possible f o r a l l the countries i n the w o r l d use the same currency? 2.

I f possible, vvhat w o u l d happen?

I f every c o u n t r y i n the w o r l d used the same c u r r e n c y , w o r l d trade w o u l d be made m u c h easier. U n í o r t u n a t e l y , t h á t is n ó t the case. C u r r e n c y , l i k e other c o m m o d i t i e s , have a certain value. T h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c u r r e n c y and other goods is t h á t each currency's value is stated i n terms o f o t h e r currencies. These exchange rates change every day and are c o n s t a n t l y u p d a t e d i n banks and í o r e i g n exchange o f f i c e s a r o u n d the vvorld. The w o r l d ' s í o r e i g n exchange markets keep t r a c k o f the values o f a l l o f the m a j o r currencies. A s some increase i n value, others d e c l i n e . F o r e i g n exchange is a constantly c h a n g i n g , t w e n t y - f o u r - h o u r - a - d a y m a r k e t vvith t r a d i n g g o i n g ô n in hundreds o f f i n a n c i a l centres a r o u n d the vvorld. The exchange rate is s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t i f the c u s t o m e r is b u y i n g o r selling any one particular c u r r e n c y . T h i s spread o f the gap b e t w e e n t h e h u y and sell rates ensures t h á t banks and exchange o f f i c e s m a k e a s m a l l p r o í l t every time one currency is changed i n t o another. How

do the f o r e i g n exchange markets decide h o w m u c h a c u r r e n c y is

vvorth? L i k e other markets, the ĩ o r e i g n exchange m a r k e t is subject t o the laws o f supply and d e m a n d . I f enough traders w a n t to h u y u s d o l l a r s , its v a l u e w i l l go ú p , i.e. Ít vvill take m o r e o f other currencies t o h u y d o l l a r s . E c o n o m i c and p o l i t i c a l events can also i n í l u e n c e í o r e i g n exchange prices. D u r i n g periods o f

120

economic chaos, traders and investors sometimes t r y to h u y h a r d currencies like the ư . s . d o l l a r w h i c h is expected to keep its value i n times o f trouble.

WORDLIST Case(n)

Tinh huống, trường hợp

Commodity(n)

H à n g hoa

Chaos(n)

Sự r ố i l o ạ n

Decline(v)

Suy g i ả m

Event(n)

Sự v i ệ c , sự k i ệ n

Expect(v)

Mong đợi

In terms o f

Xét về mặt

Investor(n)

N h à đ ầ u tư

Law(n)

Luật pháp

Slightly(adv)

M ộ t c á c h n h ẹ n h à n g , c h ú t ít

Subject t o ( v )

L ệ thuộc v à o

ưpdate(v)

C ậ p nhật hoa, c h o k ị p t h ờ i gian t í n h

A. C O M P R E H E N S I O N Read the text and answer

these

questions.

1) A c c o r d i n g t o the article, what w o u l d m a k e w o r l d trade easier? 2) H o w is the value o f a particular currency stated? 3) W h a t must constantly be done because exchange rates change every day? 4) W h o keeps track o f the values o f m a j o r currencies? 5) W h a t does the t e r m "spread" mean? 6) W h y is there a spread? 7) W h a t can a f f e c t exchange rates? 8) W h a t d o traders t r y to do d u r i n g wars or h i g h i n í l a t i o n ?

121

B. G R A M M A R Conditional Sentences - lf clause is u n t r u e . I f a c o n d i t i o n is n ó t t i m e i n the present or f u t u r e , y o u s h o u l d use the simple past tense i n the " i f clause" and w o u l d + simple í o u n d i n the " r e s u l t clause". e.g. I f ì had m o r e t i m e , ì w o u l d teach extra classes. I f m y m o t h e r were h o m e i n the a í t e m o o n , ì w o u l d v i s i t her. (Note, the í ì r s t sentence i m p l i e s t h á t ì d o n ' t have e n o u g h t i m e , so ì w i l l nót teach extra classes. The second sentence i m p l i e s t h á t m y m o t h e r w o n ' t be home i n the a í t e r n o o n so ì w i l l visit her). ( I n c o n d i t i o n a l sentences w i t h the verb to be, were is used f o r b o t h the singular and p l u r a l subjects. W a s ( w i t h ì, he, she, Ít) is s o m e t i m e s used i n very i n í ò r m a l speech, b ú t is n ó t considered g r a m m a t i c a l l y correct. e.g. I f ì were y o u , ì w o u l d m a r r y h i m . (correct g r a m m a r ) l í ì was y o u , ì vvould m a r r y h i m . ( i n í o r m a l , i n c o r r e c t g r a m m a r ) Complete

the sentences

with the words

Ì. I f ì had enough t i m e ì ( c o o k )

in

parentheses.

this a í t e r n o o n .

2) ì vvould f i x y o u r b i c y c l e i f ì (have)

the r i g h t t o o l s .

3) Jack vvould ansvver the phone i f he (be) 4) l í ì (have)

i n his o f f i c e .

enough m o n e y , ì w o u l d g o vvith y o u .

5) L i n d a isn't h o m e r i g h t n o w . I f she (be) (visit) 6)

át h o m e right n o w , ì

her

It's too bad. H e l e n isn't here. I f she (be)

here, she

vvhat to do. 7) I f ì (be) 8) I f he (be)

ì (accept)

their i n v i t a t i o n .

here r i g h t n o w he (help)

9) I f Ít ( n ó t to be snovving) 10) ì ( j o i n ) l i ) i n (be) 12) I f she ( have)

122

ì ( go)

the opera i f ì (can sing) herl(tell)

us. with you. as w e l l as y o u

the t r u t h .

m o n e y she ( h u y )

a n e w car.

(know)

c. VOCABULARY Complete

the foỉlowing

sentences

with the suitable

word or

phrase.

Case

Commodity

Decline

Lavv

Slightly

I n terms o f

Be going ô n

Event

Spread

Update

Subịect to

Chaos

Investor

Expect

1) She was o n l y

, sick yesterday so she still went to w o r k .

2) Bank income comes f r o m the

betvveen the interest rate paid to

those w h o save their m o n e y i n the bank and the interest rate earned f r o m l e n d i n g the m o n e y out. 3) The text b o o k was very o l d and needed to be

so the students

c o u l d learn m o r e m o d e m theories and i n í ò r m a t i o n . 4) The

wanted to invest over $1.5 m i l l i o n dollars i n V i e t n a m , b ú t i n

several d i f f e r e n t industries to spread the risk. 5) She is

c o m i n g to class late and she always misses i m p o r t a n t parts

o f the lessons. 6) There is a

t h á t prohibits more than 2 adults f r o m r i d i n g ô n a

m o t o r c y c l e á t once. 7) W e heard t h á t she was g o i n g to get m a r r i e d next m o n t h , b ú t w h e n we asked her she said no, t h á t is 8) R i g h t n o w there is a circus 9) There is a b i g

across the street and Ít is very l o u d .

between the i n c o m e o f the boss and t h á t o f the

workers because he has a higher education, vvorks longer hours and has more knovvledge o f h o w to manage the o v e r a l l business than the vvorkers do. 10) The prices i n the M e t r o p o l e are stated l i ) I f no i m p o r t a n t

o f dollars, n ó t V N d o n g .

happen i n the next f e w weeks, the j o u r n a l i s t s

w i l l be b o r e d 12) W h e n the p r i c e o f f i s h

m a n y í i s h e r m e n f e l l even deeper i n t o

poverty. 13) One o f the most important export

o f V i e t n a m is o i l , another is rice.

14) W h e n the government issued the 2 0 , 0 0 0 đ and 5 0 , 0 0 0 đ bankers

banknotes,

t h á t the i n í l a t i o n rate w o u l d rise, b ú t Ít didn't.

123

U n i t 2

TRADE SƯRPLUSES AND DEFICITS

I Pre-reading ị.

W h a t are visible and i n v i s i b l e goods?

2. Can y o u g i v e some examples?

Trade surpluses and deficits Just like any business, a country has to keep track of its inflow and outflow o f goods, services, and payments. Á t the end o f any g i v e n p e r i o d , each country must

look

át its

"bottom line"

and

add

ú p its i n t e m a t i o n a l trade

and

investments i n one w a y or another. The merchandise videocassette

trade balance

looks only

át visible goods,

such

as

recorders, w i n e and m o t o r c y c l e s . T r a d e i n v i s i b l e goods is

c o m m o n l y c a l l e d the trade balance even t h o u g h Ít i n c l u d e s o n l y those tangible goods t h á t can be loaded ô n a ship or other means o f transport. The current account is a better measure o f trade. í t i n c l u d e s a country's imports and exports o f services i n a d d i t i o n t o v i s i b l e trade. I n v i s i b l e s can include b a n k i n g , a c c o u n t i n g , and t o u r i s m . The current account tells us w h i c h countries have been p r o í i t a b l e traders, having a current account surplus w i t h m o n e y i n the b a n k á t the e n d o f the year, and w h i c h have been u n p r o í ĩ t a b l e , h a v i n g i m p o r t e d m o r e than they've exported, running a current account d e í ĩ c i t , or spending m o r e than they've earned. Trade d e f i c i t s and surpluses are balanced b y p a y m e n t s t h á t m a k e ú p the d i f f e r e n c e . A c o u n t r y vvith a surplus can use the e x t r a m o n e y t o invest abroad.

124

A country w i t h a d e ĩ i c ỉ t must l o o k f o r loans o r investments f r o m abroad. A U o f these payments and t r a n s í e r s o f f u n d s are added ú p i n the capital account. The balance o f payments is the vvidest measure o f a c o u n t r y ' s trade. ít includes n ó t o n l y payments abroad, b ú t the goods, services, and a l l t r a n s í e r s o f funds thát cross international borders. Since a l l trade i n goods and services is balanced by the international t r a n s í e r o f f u n d s , the balance o f payments should add ú p to zero át the end o f the accounting period. ~—

———

WORD LIST Track ( n )

Du, vết

Adđ up(v)

Thêm vào

Bottom l i n e ( n )

Giới hạn chót

Current account(n)

Tài khoản vãng lai

Inflow(n)

Sự du n h ậ p , sự c h ả y v à o

Outflow(n)

Sự c h ả y ra, sự t h o á t ra

Invisible(adj)

V ô hình, k h ô n g nhìn thy

Load o n ( n )

T ả i , gánh nặng

Make u p ( v )

Làm thành, gộp thành, bổ khuyết

Merchandise(n)

H à n g hoa

Tangible(adj)

Hữu hình

Transfer(v)

Chuyển nhượng

Visible(adj)

Hữu hình

A. C O M P R E H E N S I O N A I . R e a d t h e t e x t a n d ansvver t h e s e q u e s t i o n s . Ì. H o w is a c o u n t r y j u s t l i k e any business? 2. A r e the merchandise trade balance and the trade balance the same? I f no, vvhat does each o f t h è m deal with? I f yes, what do they deal w i t h ? 3. W h a t is the current account? Does the current account i n c l u d e visible trade?

125

4 . W h e n can w e say t h á t a country is a p r o ĩ i t a b l e trader? 5. W h e n can w e say t h á t a c o u n t r y is an u n p r o í i t a b l e trader? 6. H o w can trade d e í i c i t s and surpluses be balanced? 7. W h a t does the capital account t e n us? 8. W h y does the author say t h á t the balance o f p a y m e n t s is the widest measure o f a country's trade? A 2 . W r i t e T b e f o r e t r u e s t a t e m e n t s . VVrite F b e f o r e f a l s e s t a t e m e n t s . Ì . A c o u n t r y can add ú p its international and i n v e s t m e n t s any t i m e Ít wants 2. The merchandise trade balance l o o k s á t b o t h v i s i b l e and invisible goods. 3. The current account is a n ó t a very g o o d measure o f trade. 4. A country w i t h a surplus can use the extra m o n e y t o invest overseas. 5. The widest measure o f a c o u n t r y ' s trade is the balance o f payments.

B. M U L T I P L E C H O I C E Circle

the ìetter

ofthe

best

answer.

ỉ. Every country has to look át its "bottom l i n e " and add ú p its international trade and investments i n order to a) be the same as any business b) b u i l d a track c) get i n í o r m a t i o n about its imports, exports and i n t e r n a t i o n a l payments 2) The trade balance l o o k s o n l y át a) tangible goods b ) videocassette recorders, w i n e and m o t o r c y c l e s . c) services 3) The current account r e í e r s to a) v i s i b l e goods b) i m p o r t s and exports o f services c) visibles and i n v i s i b l e s d) b a n k i n g , a c c o u n t i n g and t o u r i s m

126

4) A c o u n t r y is a p r o í í t a b l e trader i f a) Ít has a c u ư e n t account b) Ít has m o n e y i n the bank át the end o f the year c) Ít has a c u ư e n t account d e í ĩ c i t d) Ít is r u n n i n g a current account surpius 5) The capital account tells us about a) trade surpluses b) trade d e í i c i t s c) payments abroad and t r a n s í e r s o f f u n d d) trade surpluses and d e f í c i t s 6) Measures o f trade ranked f r o m widest to narrowest are a) the current account, the trade balance, the balance o f payments b) the trade balance, the balance o f payments, the current account c) the balance o f payments, the current account, the trade balance d) the balance o f payments, the trade balance, the current account.

c. V O C A B U L A R Y Complete

theỷoììomng

sentences

with the suitable

word

orphrase.

keep track o f

inflow

tangible

add ú p

outílovv

load ô n

bottom line

merchandise

invisibles

current account

visible

make ú p

transíer

cross

1. She t o l d her son n ó t to

the street because she was a f r a i d he

w o u l d get h í t b y a m o t o r c y c l e . 2. The

has a surplus because exports exceed i m p o r t s .

3) The p o l i c e t r y t o

o f w h o owns w h i c h m o t o r c y c l e , b ú t Ít is d i f f i c u l t

because o f the large n u m b e r o f unregistered m o t o r c y c l e s i n the c i t y . 4) T h e y 5) A f t e r they

the pigs ô n the c y c l e to take t h è m to the m a r k e t . the total amount o f taxes they had to pay, they saw

thát the a m o u n t was more than their i n c o m e .

127

6. T h e

o f í o r e i g n investors to V i e t n a m n o w is v e r y h i g h and n o w Ít

is hard to f i n d vacant hotel rooms. 7

are things y o u can't see l i k e b a n k i n g o r transportation services.

8. The government spent $ 1 0 0 m i l l i o n and had tax revenues o f $ 9 0 m i l l i o n and they 9. The

the d i f f e r e n c e b y b o r r o w i n g m o n e y . o f goods f r o m V i e t n a m is balanced b y an i n f o w o f m o n e y to

pay f o r t h è m . 10. T h e

i n this store includes shampoos, soaps, h a i r s p r a y , cosmetics

and other beauty products. 11. There are advantages and disadvantages to i n v e s t i n g i n V i e t n a m , b ú t it'sthe 12.

She

t h á t determines vvhether the investment is m a d e . her

money

from

Australia

to

Vietnam

through

an

A u s t r a l i a n bank. 13. H e r house is n ó t

128

f r o m the street, y o u can o n l y see the garage.

Ị Chapter 9

PEOPLE IN BUSINESS

Objectives • P r o v i d i n g k n o w l e d g e ô n people i n business. • I m p r o v i n g reading skills: ansvvering pre- reading questions about texts, scanning, s k i m m i n g , detailed reading, a p p l y i n g true/ false questions to texts. • F o r m i n g appropriate manner. Contents • I n í o r m a t i o n ô n vvorld population, u n e m p l o y m e n t , personnel. • V o c a b u l a r y r e l a t i n g to population, personnel.

9.GT ENGLISH FOR-A

129

U n i t l

W O R L D P O P Ư L A T I O N

G R O V V T H

Pre-reading Ì. H o w m a n y people are there i n the w o r l d ? 2. D o y o u t h i n k the w o r l d is overpopulated?

Is the w o r l d overpopulated? H o w m a n y people can the earth

support?

Should countries t r y t o l i m i t t h e i r population? These are i m p o r t a n t questions thát are f a c i n g us today. T h e p o p u l a t i o n o f the w o r l d has been increasing faster a n d í a s t e r every year. Seventy f i v e percent o f the w o r l d ' s p o p u l a t i o n l i v e i n T h i r d

World

countries. T h i s means t h á t most people are poor and u n a b l e t o g i v e c h i l d r e n a good l i f e . Some scientists say t h á t there are enough resources t o support m o r e than 6 b i l l i o n people, b u i the p r o b l e m is d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e richest c o u n t r i e s , w i t h a small percentage o f the w o r l d ' s p o p u l a t i o n , use m o s t o f the resources. I f these resources were d i s t r i b u t e d m o r e evenly, there w o u l d be e n o u g h f o r everyone. Other scientists say t h á t our resources are- l i m i t e d , and Ít is n ó t j u s t a question o f d i s t r i b u t i o n . O n l y 10% o f the earth's l a n d can be used f o r ĩ a r m i n g . N e w f a r m i n g methods can h e l p a l i t t l e , b ú t can't increase w o r l d w i d e p r o d u c t i o n very m u c h . Some o f the w o r l d ' s natural disasters are p a r t l y caused b y o v e r p o p u l a t i o n . The f a m i n e i n E t h i o p i a was p a r t l y caused b y d e f o r e s t a t i o n t h á t resulted f r o m too m a n y people l i v i n g i n t h á t area needing f i r e w o o d f o r c o o k i n g .

130 9.GT FNRI lêu I — ~

A. COMPREHENSION Answer

the foìlowing

questions

about

the world popuỉatìon

growth.

Ì . W h a t are the problems concerning w o r l d p o p u l a t i o n t h á t w e m u s t deal with soon? 2. A r e the m a j o r i t y o f people i n the vvorld poor or r í c h ? 3. D o people i n T h i r d W o r l d countries use most o f the w o r l d ' s resources? 4. H o w are resources distributed? 5. Can the amount o f f a r m l a n d be greatly increased? 6. W h a t was one o f the causes o f the f a m i n e i n Ethiopia? 7. W h a t is the message the author wants to give to the readers o f this article?

B. G R A M M A R B I . Result t r ò m or result in Exampìe: - The accident resulted f r o m (was caused b y ) his n ó t p a y i n g a t t e n t i o n to the road. - The l i g h t n i n g resulted i n (caused) a í o r e s t

fíre.

Compìete

own ideas

the folìowing

sentences

with your

using

result/rom

or

result in. l.Cheating ô n the e x a m 2. H e r bad score ô n the f i n a l e x a m

,

3. Her stomach problems 4. The d i r t y vvater 5. The h ó t weather 6. D r u n k e n d r i v i n g usually 7. B a n k r u p t c y B2. D o u b l e comparatives W e can use t w o comparatives together to say t h á t s o m e t h i n g is c h a n g i n g continuously. Example:

131

- The population o f the w o r l d has been increasing faster and í a s t e r every year. - She's getting thinner and thinner - It's b e c o m i n g m o r e and m o r e d i f f i c u l t to find a piece o f l a n d i n the c i t y . Note:

- D o n ó t use m o r e and more w i t h short adịectives. - W h e n m o r e and m o r e is used, d o n ó t repeat the a d j e c t i v e o r adverb. e.g. D o n ' t say " í t is b e c o m i n g m o r e d i f f i c u l t a n d m o r e d i f f i c u l t to

f i n d a piece o f l a n d i n the c i t y " . Complete

these

sentences

using

the adjectives

given

in

brackets.

Ì. A s ì vvaited f o r m y intervievv, ì became (nervous)

2. T h á t hole i n y o u r p u l l o v e r i f getting ( b i g )

3. The suitcase seemed to get (heavy) as ì carried Ít along the road

4. A s the day w e n t ô n , the vveather g ó t (bad)

5. A s the conversation went ô n , he became t a l k a t i v e .

6. T r a v e l l i n g is b e c o m i n g (expensive)

c. CLOZE QUIZ Compìete

the following

sentences

with the most

suitable

xvords.

Ì . People c ú t trees dovvn f o r b u i l d i n g houses or f u r n i t u r e , m a k i n g paper or for.. 2. There are n ó t enough houses, nor enough f o o d f o r a l l those people so this area is 3. Parents

their c h i l d r e n u n t i l

they

are

o l d enough

independent. 4. I n the 1930s

there was a depression.

5. The F o r e i g n Investment L a w was

132

i n the e a r l y 1990s.

to

be

6

.. . i n the í í e l d s o f Physics and C h e m i s t r y vvill meet together f o r a seminar ô n g l o b a l vvarming.

7. Natural

such á s hurricanes arid í l o o d s m a y actually have man-

made causes. 8. The population is n ó t distributed

t h r o u g h o u t the w o r l d ; some

countries have very f e w people i n a large area, and others have too m a n y people i n a very small area. 9) The

cutting

d o w n o f í o r e s t s or

can

lead to m a n y

other

environmental problems such as í l o o d i n g . 10) He doesiVt l i k e to

her boss i n the a í t e r n o o n because he is

alvvays tired and gets angry easily.

D.TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION A N D VVRITING Work in groups. soìve the problem

Discuss

of population

measures

taken

by your

country's

government

to

boom.

ADDITIONAL READING Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs o f the ư n i t e d Nations Secretariat, WorId 2004

Revision

and

http://esa.un• org/unpp

World

Urbanization

Popuìation

Prospects:

The

Prospects: 2003

The Revisỉon,

C o p y r i g h t o f U n i t e d Nations, 2005

W o r l d P o p u l a t i o n (thousands) M e d i u m variant - 1970-2020 Year

Populatỉon

Year

1970

3 696 588

2000

6 085

1975

4 073 740

2005

6 464 750

1980

4 442 295

2010

6 842 923

1985

4 843 947

2015

7219431

1990

5 279 519

2020

7 577

1995

5 692 353

Population 572

889

133

V ỉ e t N a m P o p u l a t i o n (thousands) M e d i u m v a n an t 1980-2015

134

Year

Populatỉon

1980

53 005

1985

5 9 136

1990

66 2 0 6

1995

73 163

2000

78 6 7 1

2005

84 238

2010

89 7 1 8

2015

95 0 2 9

U n i t 2

P E R S O N N E L

Pre-reading 1. W h i c h department i n a company is responsible f o r r e c r u i t i n g new employees? 2.How does a c o m p a n y recruit employees?

Personnel refers to a l l the people vvho w o r k f o r a f i r m . M o s t companies have

special personnel departments

which

large

are responsible f o r

employer- employee relations. The personnel department is a s t a f f department, which means t h á t Ít is n ó t d i r e c t l y involved vvith p r o d u c t i o n , b ú t t h á t Ít provides a service to the managers. The most important services vvhich the personnel department provides are r e c r u i t i n g , t h á t is, f i n d i n g new w o r k e r s or managers for the company, d e c i d i n g w h i c h applicants are most suitable f o r e m p l o y m e n t by

the

fírm,

and

d e v e l o p i n g and

i m p l e m e n t i n g personnel

policies

and

procedures f o r the b e n e f i t o f the company as w e l l as the employees. Paragraph

2

Most businesses c o n t i n u a l l y need to recruit g o o d personnel to replace workers w h o retire or q u í t and to f i l l new j o b s created w h e n the c o m p a n y expands. A f t e r management has determined the goals o f the c o m p a n y and the positions needed, the personnel department must f i n d q u a l i í i e d people to f i l l those positions. D e p e n d i n g upon management p o l i c y and the nature o f the position, r e c r u i t i n g m a y be done internally or e x t e m a l l y . I n t e m a l r e c r u i t m e n t means thát the person chosen f o r the position is selected f r o m the current employees o f the c o m p a n y . T h i s is either by p r o m o t i o n or t r a n s í e r . P r o m o t i o n means an e m p l o y e e receives a j o b vvith more a u t h o r i t y and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y than

135

his present j o b . T h e employee usually expects t o receive an increase i n salary along w i t h the n e w position. A t r a n s í e r r e í e r s t o a j o b o r d e p a r t m e n t change f o r a vvorker. A transfer vvithout p r o m o t i o n is a lateral t r a n s í e r . í t m a y i n v o l v e different working

conditions or d i f f e r e n t hours.

Companies

thát

recruit

internally o f t e n p r o m o t e i n t e r n a l l y , w h i c h means t h á t the managers

have

vvorked their w a y ú p f r o m lovver positions. í t m a y also mean t h á t the c o m p a n y may hire new employees o n l y át l o w e r positions. Paragraph

3

External r e c r u i t m e n t means t h á t the c o m p a n y is l o o k i n g f o r n e w e m ployees f r o m outside the f i r m . A U companies d o some recruitment. I f they are education,

they

will

looking

often

f o r employees

r e c r u i t át

with

t y p e o f external

special

u n i v e r s i t y campuses.

training They

or

make

a ư a n g e m e n t s w i t h the placement o f f í c e át the campus to i n t e r v i e w graduating students. Sometimes they are seeking t ó p level managers w h o t h e y w i l l recruit f r o m other f i r m s , o f t e n f r o m their competitors. Other methods o f r e c r u i t i n g i n v o l v e the use o f a d v e r t i s i n g i n newspapers and

p r o í e s s i o n a l p u b l i c a t i o n s , and even p a y i n g a f e e o r c o m m i s s i o n to an

executive placement sei^ice. Pơragraph

4

Some people f e e l the most i m p o r t a n t í u n c t i o n o f the p e r s o n n e l department is

the development o f personnel

p o l i c i e s . F o r e f f i c i e n c y a n d fairness, a

company should have a specific í ò r m a l w r i t t e n procedure f o r d e a l i n g w i t h its employees. O t h e r w i s e , decisions m u s t be m a d e ô n a case b y case basis, and this c o u l d adversely a f f e c t e m p l o y e e m o r a l e . These p r o c e d u r e s s h o u l d state vvorking c o n d i t i o n s , salary scale, and í r i n g e b e n e í i t s such as p a i d v a c a t i o n , paid sick leave, g r o u p insurance, pension o r r e t i r e m e n t p l a n a l l t h i n g s received in a d d i t i o n to pay. Part o f the p o l i c y m a y also i n c l u d e a p r o c e d u r e f o r n o t i f y i n g employees o f openings o r p r o m o t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s . I n a d d i t i o n , there is o f t e n a procedure f o r h a n d l i n g grievances, w h i c h an e m p l o y e e can use i f he feels t h á t he has been treat u n f a i r l y b y the e m p l o y e r . A U o f these items m a y be part o f a u n i o n contract betvveen the e m p l o y e r a n d the e m ployees w h o are m e m b e r s o f a u n i o n .

136

WORDLIST Refer to(v)

N ó i t ớ i , chỉ t ớ i

Adversely(adv)

Đ ố i nghịch, phản đ ố i , bt l ợ i

Applicant(n)

Úng cử viên

Arrangement(n)

Sự sắp đ ặ t , sắp x ế p

Benefít(n)

L ợ i ích

Campus(n)

K h u t r ư ờ n g sở

Competition(n)

C ạ n h tranh

Continually(adv)

L i ê n tục

Contract(n)

Hợp đồng

Determine(v)

Quyết tâm

Directly(adv)

M ộ t c á c h trực t i ế p

Efficiency(n)

Hiệu quả

External(adj)

Bên n g o à i

Fairness(n)

Sự c ô n g b ằ n g

Grievance(n)

L ờ i trách, m ố i bt b ì n h

Hire(v)

Thuê, mướn

Implement(v)

Thi hành

Internal(adj)

B ê n trong

Involve(v)

k é o theo, bao g ồ m

Lateral(adj)

ở bên, hướng về bên

Placement(n)

B ổ nhiệm một người vào chỗ thích hợp

Policy(n)

Chính sách

Position(n)

V ị trí

Procedure(n)

T h ủ tục

Professional(adj)

Chuyên nghiệp

Promotion(n)

Sự t h ă n g chức

Promotional(adj)

Thăng tiến

Qualify(n)

Cht l ư ợ n g

Quit(v)

Bỏ, thôi

Recruit(v)

Tuyển dụng

137

Relation(n)

Quan h ệ

Replace(v)

Thay t h ế

Select(v)

T u y ể n chọn, lựa c h ọ n

Strategy(n)

C h i ế n lược

A. COMPREHENSION A I

R e a d t h e t e x t a n d ansvver t h e s e

questions

Ì . Besides r e c r u i t i n g and choosing n e w vvorkers, w h a t is another i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n o f the personnel department? 2. W h a t are f r i n g e b e n e í ì t s ? 3. U n d e r what c o n d i t i o n s are there grievances? 4. A c c o r d i n g to the article, what is one í u n c t i o n o f a u n i o n ? A2. Multiple choice Select

the answer

which

best completes

the meaning

oỷthe

sentence.

1. T h e personnel department must decide w h i c h applicants are the most suitable f o r a. b e n e f í t s .

c. e m p l o y e e .

b. e m p l o y m e n t .

d. p r o m o t i o n .

2. T o f i l l the vacancy i n the accounting department, t h e y are seeking the person w h o is best a. p r o m o t e d .

c. q u a l i t i e d .

b. c o m p e t i t i v e .

d. authorized.

3. The person b e i n g p r o m o t e d receives m o r e a. a u t h o r i t y .

c. salary.

b. r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .

d. a ỉ l o f these.

4. Companies w h i c h recruit i n t e r n a l l y h i r e n e w vvorkers a. át a l l levels.

c. át b e g i n n i n g levels.

b. át the managerial level

d . a l l o f these.

5. I f a c o m p a n y is r e c r u i t i n g n e w employees, they m i g h t a. advertise i n nesvspapers.

138

c. q u a l i í y f o r the j o b .

b. promote a n e w employee.

d. none o f these.

6. The personnel policies should provide a m e t h o d f o r settling e m p l o y e e grievances. A n employee w h o has a grievance a. m a y be p r o m o t e d .

c. should fíll out an application.

b. w i l l be í ĩ r e d .

d. t h i n k s he was treated u n f a i r l y .

B. V O C A B U L A R Y Read the

the following

sentences

and fill

in the blanks

with

the words

/rom

text. 1. A n y o n e w h o w o r k s f o r a company is part o f the

o f thát

company. 2. A

is a department o f a c o m p a n y t h á t provides a

service t o the managers. A staff department is n ó t d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d w i t h production. 3

refers to finding new employees or managers f o r the company.

4. W h e n w o r k e r s

or q u í t , the personnel department must

recruit n e w vvorkers to fíll the 5. A c o m p a n y recruits internally i f Ít vvishes to fíll vacancies b y or

current employees.

6

means t h á t a c o m p a n y is seeking n e w employees f r o m outside the f i r m .

7. W h e n an e m p l o y e e is

he receives a position vvith m o r e authority

and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and usually an increase i n salary. 8. The w o r k e r was 9

f r o m one department to the other. i n c l u d e paid vacation, m e d i c a l insurance, and employer

contributions to a pension plan. Fringe benefits are vvhat the employee receives i n a d d i t i o n to his wage. 10. There is a

procedure f o r h a n d l i n g c o m p l a i n t s vvhen an

employee feels he has been treated u n f a i r l y .

139

C.PARTSOFSPEECH The root o f the vvord is the basic part o f the w o r d . í t c a r r í e s the p r i m a r y meaning. The s u f f i x is an e n d i n g attached to the w o r d w h i c h u s u a l l y indicates its grammatical use, t h á t is, whether Ít is a n o u n , v e r b , adịective, o r adverb. The f o l l o w i n g groups o f words are a l l related i n m e a n i n g because t h e y have the same roots. N o t i c e the d i f f e r e n t s u f f i x e s i n d i c a t i n g d i f f e r e n t parts o f speech.

Verb

Noun

Adịective

qualify

qualiíication

qualiĩied

promote

promotion

promotional

employ

e m p l o y e r employee

employable

employment determine

determination

determining

apply

application, applicant

applicable

authorize

authority

authorized

describe

description

descriptive

base

basis

basic

compete

competitor,

competing

competition recruit

recruit, recruitment

staff

staff

staff

require

requirement

required

Anaìy-e missing

the following

words.

Supply

sentences

the correct

to determine

form

of the

the part

of speech

of

the

worcỉ.

ì. authorize H i s new j o b has m o r e

and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . H e is n o w

to

sign checks. 2. applicant People w h o w i s h to an

f o r the personnel department

vvill be n o t i í i e d by m a i l .

140

f o r the p o s i t i o n s h o u l d f i l l out chosen f o r intervievvs

3. promote The personnel depaitment is g i v i n g a

e x a m i n a t i o n t o see

w h i c h o f the current employees w i l l be

t o the n e w p o s i t i o n .

4. descriptive The j o b

states the j o b title. ít also

a l l the duties

as

w e l l as the requirements f o r e m p l o y m e n t . 5. basic The intervievver w i l l

H i s decision ô n the applicant's personality

and q u a l i f i c a t i o n s . 6. competitor They h i r e d the n e w manager f r o m a

company.

7. determine A

w i l l be made based ô n the experience o f the applicants.

8. require Does the applicant have the other

skills? Does he meet a l l the

......?

9. q u a l i f i c a t i o n Are

you

f o r this j o b ? F i l l

out an application

applicants vvill be contacted f o r an intervievv. 10. recruit This c o m p a n y has a p o l i c y o f internal

W e alvvays t r y to f i l l

managerial positions w i t h current employees.

D. M A T C H I N G Man

h the words

ôn the left with the expressions

ôn the

vight.

Ì. promote

a. to stop vvorking after a certain age

2. vacancy

b. outside

3. retire

c. j o b opening

4. external

d. seeking new employees

5. recruitment

e. to assign a m o r e i m p o r t a n t j o b

141

E. V O C A B U L A R Y R E V I E W : R E P H R A S I N G Rephrasing w o r d s Rewrite the f o l l o w i n g sentences. Replace the words i n italics w i t h expressions f r o m the text vvhich have the same m e a n i n g . 1. The personnel department is a servicẹ

department.

2. Businesses c o n t i n u a l l y need to fìnd g o o d personnel t o t a k e the place o f workers w h o quít because

ofolcl

age.

3. I f they are l o o k i n g f o r managers, company

in the same

they m i g h t r e c r u i t f r o m

business.

4. O f t e n there is a p o l i c y f o r h a n d l i n g compỉaints

about

treatment.

5. Because o f his accomplishments, he received a ịob with and

authority

vesponsibiỉìty. and

7. The policies describe what

to

8. T h e job seekers

10. H e changed

empỉoyees

receive

in addition

abiliíies. saỉary.

w i t h the highest scores w i l l be selected f o r an i n t e r v i e w .

9. T h i s c o m p a n y ìooksỊor jobs

workers/rom

outside

F. O U T L I N I N G the text using

the

company.

f r o m the a c c o u n t i n g d e p a r t m e n t t o the

department.

the given

headlines

Ì . Reasons f o r r e c r u i t i n g 1.1 1.2 2. Internal r e c r u i t m e n t 2.1. Promotion

2.2.Transfer

2.3. Result o f internal p r o m o t i o n p o l i c y

ì /li

more

6. H e was selected f o r the j o b because he had the best skills

Outline

another

personnel

3. External recruitment f r o m 3.1

U n i t 3

Ư N E M P L O Y M E N T

Pre-reading Ì. W h a t are d i f f e r e n t reasons f o r u n e m p l o y m e n t i n y o u r c o u n t r y ? 2. W h a t do y o u t h i n k is the commonest reason?

Every c o u n t r y has some unemployables, people vvhose p r o d u c t i v i t y is so low thát they cannot keep any j o b f o r l o n g and f a l l back u p o n p u b l i c o r private charity. U s u a l l y , their numbers are relatively s m a l l . Some vvorkers, vvhile u n e m p l o y a b l e ,

are

much

belovv the

average in

e f f i c i e n c y . T h e y are s l o w workers. I f e m p l o y e d ô n piece-rates, t h e y earn m u c h less than their f e l l o w vvorkers. T h e i r slowness m a y be due t o some p h y s i c a l or mental d i s a b i l i t y . T h e y can keep j o b s át r e l a t i v e l y l o w wages, c o r r e s p o n d i n g to their l o w p r o d u c t i v i t y . B ú t i f a general m i n i m u m wage is f i x e d b y l a w , they vvill o f t e n be out o f w o r k , because they w i l l n ó t be vvorth the m i n i m u m vvage. Some industries e m p l o y casual labour w h i c h is needed o n l y f o r short periods o f t i m e . F o r example, a construction f i r m is s e l d o m able t o get a steady f l o w o f construction

projects

vvhich

vvould enable Ít t o g i v e

continuous

e m p l o y m e n t to a í ì x e d n u m b e r o f workers. W h e n Ít has a l ó t o f contracts, Ít hires extra vvorkers, and w h e n Ít has less to do, Ít dismisses t h è m . T h e y may soon be able to f i n d w o r k vvith other f i r m s , b ú t i f the t o t a l d e m a n d f o r construction has f a l l e n , they m a y be out o f w o r k f o r some t i m e . A n o t h e r type o f u n e m p l o y m e n t depends ô n a c^ramatic

change i n the

methods o f p r o d u c t i o n o f an industry, w h i c h enables f e w e r vvorkers t o produce the same output. I n most cases, e m p l o y m e n t w i l l p r o b a b l y be r e d u c e d f o r a t i m e i n the i n d u s t r y t h á t adopts the n e w methods. T h e n the q u e s t i o n o f m o b i l i t y

144

arises: H o w r a p i d l y can the workers no longer needed i n t h á t industry f i n d other jobs elsewhere? The way to keep such disturbances to a m i n i m u m is to promote the m o b i l i t y o f labour.

WORD LIST ưnemployable

Không thể tuyển dụng

Adopt(v)

C h p n h ậ n v à thực h i ệ n

Arise(v)

P h á t sinh

Casual(adj)

Tht thường, k h ô n g c ó việc làm ổ n định.

Contract(n)

Hợp đồng

C o ư e s p o n d i n g to

P h ù h ợ p v ớ i , t ư ơ n g ứng v ớ i

Disability(n)

Sự tàn tật, k é m n ă n g lực

Disturbance(n)

R ố i l o ạ n , sự x á o t r ộ n

Dramatic(adj)

Đ ộ t ngột

Due t o ( a d j )

Đ ế n h ạ n trả

Extra(adj)

T h ê m , thừa

Fall back u p o n ( v )

Phải c ầ n đ ế n

Fellow(n)

B ạ n đ ồ n g sự

For long

Lâu dài

Method(n)

Phương pháp

Mobility(n)

Tính năng động

Piece rates(n)

L ư ơ n g trả theo k h ố i l ư ợ n g sản p h ẩ m

promote(v)

Khuyến khích, thúc đẩy

Steady(n)

V ữ n g chắc

A.

COMPREHENSION

Read the passage Do nót look

back

a second

time. Then

át the passage.

try to answer

Compare

your

the foIIowing

answers

with

a

questions. classmate's

answers.

10.GT ENGLISH FOR-A

145

1. W h i c h o f these types o f people m i g h t be c o n s i d e r e d

unemployables

and w h y ? í o r m e r soldier m i s s i n g hands y o u n g u n i v e r s i t y students. someone w i t h m e n t a l illness a b l i n d person 2.1n general, can slow vvorkers get h i g h vvages? 3. W h y m i g h t s l o w vvorkers become u n e m p l o y e d i f there is a m i n i m u m wage law? 4. W h a t is casual labour? G i v e some examples. 5. W h a t are reasons f o r u n e m p l o y m e n t stated i n the article? 6. W h y is m o b i l i t y o f labour important?

B. W O R D S T U D Y Fiỉỉ in the blanks if

with noun,

verb, OI- adịective

forms.

Use your

dictỉonaiy

necessary.

Noun

Verb employ

1. 2.

ability

3.

promotion change

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

146

Adjective

productive adoption minimize steady

10 GT ENGl ISM c