Biology Module 5 - Animal Organ Systems [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

Animal Organ Systems Anatomy and Physiology

Fundamentals of Life All living things are made up of cells.  Cells are the most basic structure of life.  Cells need oxygen, food/energy, and water to survive. 

Natural Hierarchy     

Cells are the most basic and simple. Cells that are all alike work together to form tissues which perform tasks. Tissues that are alike work together to form organs which complete jobs. Organs work together in organ systems to carry out processes. Organ systems work together to support the life of an organism.

How do we study animals? We look at the outside of them – the outer physical structures.  We look inside of dead animals – the internal physical structures.  We look at the tissues under a microscope – microscopic structures.  We study the chemical reactions between cells, tissues, and organs. 

Anatomy 

The study of the form, shape, and appearance of an animal – its structures both internal and external. Gross anatomy is the study of the structures – internal and external – that we can see with the naked eye.  Microscopic anatomy is the structures that can only be seen under magnification 

Physiology The study of the functions of the cells, tissues, and organs of the animal.  Biochemistry  How cells, tissues and organs work together to complete a task…digestion. 

Why study anatomy and physiology? 

Efficient production of livestock requires understanding the anatomy and physiology related to Production. 

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Production is muscle gain, milk or egg production, and hair or wool production.

Raising animals requires an understanding of the requires needed for animal wellbeing. 

Animal wellbeing is caring for animals so that their basic needs are met and they do not suffer.

Mammals vs Non-mammals 

Most of our livestock are mammals. 

i.e. – vertebrate that has hair, gives birth to live young, produces milk, & maintains constant body temperature. 

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Cattle, horses, pigs, goats & sheep, etc.

Exceptions are poultry & aquacrops. Poultry – birds – ducks, chickens, turkeys, etc.  Aquacrops – fish, shrimp, etc. 

Organ Systems Skeletal  Muscular  Nervous  Circulatory  Respiratory 

Excretory  Digestive  Endocrine  Integumentary  Reproductive 

Skeletal 

Bones  

50% water, 26% minerals (Ca & P), 20% protein, 4% fat Core is soft and spongy – called marrow 

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Cartilage 

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Marrow makes new red blood cells for body.

Soft, tough tissue found between bones that cushions joints

Ligaments 

Long stretchy tissue that holds joints together

Skeletal 

Gives structure and support

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Protects internal organs

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Makes locomotion/movement possible

Muscular 

Muscles   

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Fibrous cells that are design to contract and relax in pairs Voluntary – under the organisms conscious control – triceps Involuntary – automatically move to regulate body functions – heart and diaphragm

Tendons  

Long, thin, stretchy tissues that attach muscles to bones. Muscles pull against bone when they contract which causes movement.

Muscular 

Primary function is movement. 

External & internal

Also protect delicate organs  Muscles make up about half our livestock animals’ weight.  Muscles are the meat of the animal.  Composed mostly of protien. 

A=Rhomboideus capitis B=Splenius C=Levator scapulae ventralis D=Supraspinatus E=Infraspinatus F=Teres major G=Serratus dorsalis H=Longissimus dorsi I=Multifidae spinae J=Clavotrapezius K=Clavobrachialis L=Acromiodeltoid M=Spinodeltoid N=Acromiotrapezius O=Spinotrapezius P=Spinalis dorsalis Q=Latissimus dorsi R=Rhomboideus

Nervous 

Brain 

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Spinal Cord 

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Soft tissues that coordinates all aspects of animal function Main “highway” for nerve impulses to travel from brain to rest of body

Nerves 

Branch out and reach rest of body

Nervous Uses electrical impulses to send messages from brain throughout body.  Controls activity, learning, memory  Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System 

Circulatory 

Heart Technically a muscle  Pumps blood with 4 chambers and 2 valves 

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Arteries 

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Carry oxygen rich blood from lungs and heart to tissues

Veins 

Carry blood back from tissues to lungs and heart.

Circulatory 

Blood 

Plasma 

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red blood cells 

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Carries O2 and carbohydrates (glucose)

white blood cells 

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Liquid part of blood

Fights pathogens

Platelets 

Makes blood clot

Circulatory

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Also includes the Lymph Glands 

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Secrete disease fighting materials

Moves materials throughout the body

Respiratory 

Nose 

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Pharynx & Larynx  

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Pharynx connects the esophagus and trachea Larynx is the “voice box”

Trachea 

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External opening of the body

Wind pipe that connects nasal passages with lungs

Lungs 

“bags” that expand and contract to bring in fresh air and expel old air

Respiratory 

Function is to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide.  Exchange of gasses happens inside the lungs in the alveoli.  Lungs expand and contract due to the movement of the diaphragm.

Excretory Also referred to as the urinary system.  Kidneys 

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Bladder 

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Holds liquid wastes - urine

Ureters 

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Remove waste materials from blood

Connect bladder to urethra

Urethra 

Empties urine to the exterior of the animal

Digestive Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, rectum, anus  Breaks down food into usable energy  Removes unusable food from body 

Endocrine Ductless glands in the body  hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, liver, thyroid, adrenal  Secrete hormones that chemically regulate certain functions of the body  Play a large role in reproduction, digestion, growth, etc. 

Integumentary Skin, hair, hooves, horns, etc  Keeps out pathogens, regulates body temp, gives shape and color, protects internal organs  System made almost entirely out of protein  Animal skin is called the hide 

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Most animal hides made into leather

Reproductive System Most complex system in animals  Allows for reproduction of animals and the continuation of the species  Different structures between male and female  Most animals fundamentally have the same system, just varies in structure between species. 