ASME v Islam Bahaa IA July 2022 [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

Exam Preparation Course for 

ASME V Nondestructive Examination

Islam B.Dweedar [email protected] 01004636196

ASME Section V, Nondestructive Examination

• Article 1, General Requirements • Article 2, Radiographic Examination • Article 6, Liquid Penetrant Examination • Article 7, Magnetic Particle Examination • Article 9, Visual Examination • Article 10, Leak Testing • SE-797 Standard Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultrasonic 2

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General Requirements ☼ T-110 Scope  This Section of the Code contains requirements and methods for nondestructive examination (NDE), which are Code requirements to the extent they are specifically referenced and required by other Code Sections or referencing document.

 These NDE methods are intended to detect surface and internal imperfections in materials, welds, fabricated parts, and components.

☼ T-120 General  qualification of NDE personnel, the qualification shall be in accordance with their employer’s written practice which shall be in accordance with one of the following documents: (1) SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing; or (2) ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel

☼ T – 130 Equipment /T-160 Calibration  It is the responsibility of the Code User (Manufacturer, fabricator, or installer) to ensure that the examination equipment being used conforms to the requirements of this Code Section and calibrations 4 required are performed. 11:44 AM

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General Requirements ☼ T – 150 Procedure  When required by the referencing Code Section, all nondestructive examinations performed under this Code Section shall be done to a written procedure.

 Where so required, written procedures shall be made available to the Inspector on request.  At least one copy of each procedure shall be readily available to the Manufacturer’s Nondestructive Examination Personnel for their reference and use.

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General Requirements ☼ T-170 Examinations and inspections  the word Inspector means the Authorized Inspector who has been qualified as required in the various referencing Code Sections.

 The term inspection applies to the functions performed by the Authorized Inspector, but the term examination applies to those quality control functions performed by personnel employed by the Manufacturer.

☼ T – 180 Evaluation  The acceptance standards for these methods shall be as stated in the referencing Code Section. ☼ T-190 Records/Documentation  Records/Documentation shall be in accordance with the referencing Code Section and the applicable requirements of this Section.

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Q-02: Procedure [T-150] When NDE requirements of ASME Section V are required, who shall be responsible to establish nondestructive examination procedures? a) manufacturer b) fabricator c) installer d) all of the above

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Q-02: Procedure [T-150] When NDE requirements of ASME Section V are required, who shall be responsible to establish nondestructive examination procedures? a) manufacturer b) fabricator c) installer d) all of the above

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Q-: Procedure [T-150] When required by the referencing ASME Code Section, how shall all nondestructive examinations performed under ASME Section V be done? a) to a verbal procedure b) to a demonstrated procedure c) to a written procedure d) to a qualified procedure

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Q-03: Procedure [T-150] When required by the referencing ASME Code Section, how shall all nondestructive examinations performed under ASME Section V be done? a) to a verbal procedure b) to a demonstrated procedure c) to a written procedure d) to a qualified procedure

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Q-04: Calibration [T-160] Who shall assure that all NDE equipment calibrations required by ASME V are performed? a) inspector b) manufacturer, fabricator, or installer c) owner user d) owner user or designee

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Q-04: Calibration [T-160] Who shall assure that all NDE equipment calibrations required by ASME V are performed? a) inspector b) manufacturer, fabricator, or installer c) owner user d) owner user or designee

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Q-05: Examinations and inspections [T-170] What does the term "inspection" apply to in ASME V? a) the functions performed by the Authorized Inspector b) the functions performed by the Authorized Examiner c) the functions performed by the NDE Inspector d) the functions performed by the NDE Examiner

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Q-05: Examinations and inspections [T-170] What does the term "inspection" apply to in ASME V? a) the functions performed by the Authorized Inspector b) the functions performed by the Authorized Examiner c) the functions performed by the NDE Inspector d) the functions performed by the NDE Examiner

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Q-07: General [T-120] ASNT recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A is a: A) Manual covering nondestructive examination (NDE) safety procedures B) Procedure for the visual examination of piping systems C) Document covering NDE personnel qualifications D) Document covering NDE procedures

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Q-07: General [T-120] ASNT recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A is a: A) Manual covering nondestructive examination (NDE) safety procedures B) Procedure for the visual examination of piping systems C) Document covering NDE personnel qualifications D) Document covering NDE procedures

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ The inspector should be familiar with and understand; 1. The Scope of Article 2 and general requirements, 2. The rules for radiography as typically applied on pressure vessels such as, but not  limited to: a. required marking b. type, selection, number, and placement of IQI’s, c. allowable density d. control of backscatter radiation e. location markers 3. Records 18

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T – 210 Scope

 The radiographic method described in this Article for examination of materials  including castings and welds shall be used together with Article 1, General  Requirements.

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T – 224 System of Identification  A system shall be used to produce permanent identification on the radiograph traceable to the  contract, component, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, as appropriate.

 In addition, the Manufacturer’s symbol or name and the date of the radiograph shall be plainly and  permanently included on the radiograph.

 In any case, this information shall not obscure the area of interest. 1.Name of the radiographic contractor 2.Name of the client 3.The Image Quality indicator 4.Date 5.Welder´s ID 6.Location markers 7.Weld ID 8.Equipment´s ID 20

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T – 225 Monitoring Density Limitations of Radiographs  Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film shall be used for judging film density.

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

Step wedge comparison  Densitometer

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination T‐262 Densitometer and step wedge comparison film

 T‐262.1 Densitometers.  Densitometers shall be calibrated at least every 3 months (90 days) during use as follows: (a) A national standard step tablet or a step wedge calibration film, traceable to a national standard  step tablet and having at least 5 steps with neutral densities from at least 1.0 through 4.0, shall be  used.

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

(d) The densitometer is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than ±0.05 density units from the actual density stated on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film. 22

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T‐262 Densitometer and step wedge comparison film  T‐262.2 Step Wedge Comparison Films.  Step wedge comparison films shall be verified prior to first use , unless performed by the manufacturer,  as follows:: (a) shall be verified by a calibrated densitometer. (b) step wedge comparison film is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than  ±0.1 density units from the density stated on the step wedge comparison film.

T‐262.3 Periodic Verification. (a) Densitometers. Periodic calibration verification checks shall be performed as described in T‐262.1 at the  beginning of each shift, after 8 hr of continuous use, or after change of apertures, whichever comes first. (b) Step Wedge Comparison Films. Verification checks shall be performed annually per T‐262.2. 23

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

T‐271 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE A single‐wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography  whenever practical 

T‐271.1 Single‐Wall Technique the radiation passes through  only one wall of the weld (material), which is viewed for acceptance  on the radiograph

T‐271.2 Double‐Wall Technique.  (a) Single-Wall Viewing the radiation passes through two walls and only the weld (material)  on the film‐side wall is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. a minimum of three exposures taken 120 deg to each other shall be  made

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination T‐271 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE T‐271.2 Double‐Wall Technique.  (b) Double-Wall Viewing For materials and for welds in components 31/2 in. (89 mm) or less in nominal outside diameter,  the radiation passes through two walls and the weld (material) in both walls is viewed for acceptance on the same  radiograph.

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T‐274 Geometric Unsharpness ☼ T‐274.1 Geometric Unsharpness shall be  determined  in accordance with: Ug = Fd /D Where:

Ug = geometric unsharpness F = Source size: the maximum projected dimension of  the radiating source (or effective focal spot) in the  plane perpendicular to the distance D from the  weld or object being radiographed, inches.

D = the distance from source of radiation to weld or  object being radiographed, inches.

d = distance from source side of weld or object being  radiographed to the film, inches. 26

https://www.nde‐ed.org/Physics/X‐Ray/GeometricUnsharp.xhtml#:~:text=Geometric%20unsharpness%20refers%20to%20the,but%20rather%20over%20an%20area.

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼T‐274 Geometric Unsharpness  T‐274.2 Geometric Unsharpness Limitations.  Recommended maximum values for geometric unsharpness are as follows .

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E-01:- Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. [T-274.2] For a material thickness of 1.5 inches (38.1 mm), the geometric unsharpness of a radiograph , when required by referencing code ,shall not exceed? a) 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) b) 0.020 inch (0.51 mm) c) 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) d) 0.040 inch (1.02 mm) 11:44 AM

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E-01:- Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. [T-274.2] For a material thickness of 1.5 inches (38.1 mm), the geometric unsharpness of a radiograph , when required by referencing code ,shall not exceed? a) 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) b) 0.020 inch (0.51 mm) c) 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) d) 0.040 inch (1.02 mm) 11:44 AM

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E-02:- Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. [T-274.2] What is the recommended maximum value for geometric unsharpness (Ug) for a 2-1/2 in. thick material? a) 0.020 in. b) 0.030 in. c) 0.040 in. d) 0.070 in.

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E-02:- Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. [T-274.2] What is the recommended maximum value for geometric unsharpness (Ug) for a 2-1/2 in. thick material? a) 0.020 in. b) 0.030 in. c) 0.040 in. d) 0.070 in.

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T‐275 Location Markers.  Location markers (see Fig. T‐275), which are to appear as radiographic images on the film, shall be  placed on the part, not on the exposure holder / cassette.  Their locations shall be permanently marked on the surface of the part being radiographed when  permitted, or on a map, in a manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph to be accurately  traceable to its location on the part, for the required retention period of the radiograph.  Evidence shall also be provided on the radiograph that the required coverage of the region being  examined has been obtained. 

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T‐276 IQI Selection  T‐276.1 IQI Material.



IQI’s shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade as identified in SE‐1025 or from an alloy material group or grade with less radiation absorption than the material being  radiographed.

☼ T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design  IQIs shall be either the hole type or the wire type. 

Wire type IQI

Hole type IQI

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T‐276 IQI Selection  T‐276.2 IQI Size.  The designated hole IQI or essential wire shall be as specified in Table T‐276.

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E-01:- IQI Selection [T-276.2] What is the designated hole IQI required for nominal single-wall material thickness of 0.378 in. on the source-side? a) 6 b) 7 c) 15 d) 17

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E-01:- IQI Selection [T-276.2] What is the designated hole IQI required for nominal single-wall material thickness of 0.378 in. on the source-side?

a) 6 b) 7 c) 15 d) 17

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E-02:- IQI Selection [T-276.2] What is the essential wire IQI required for nominal single-wall material thickness of 0.378 in. on the Film side? a) 6 b) 7 c) 15 d) 17

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E-02:- IQI Selection [T-276.2] What is the essential wire IQI required for nominal single-wall material thickness of 0.378 in. on the Film side?

a) 6 b) 7 c) 15 d) 17

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design  IQIs shall be either the hole type or the wire type.   ASME standard IQIs shall consist of those in Table T‐233.1 for hole type  and those in Table T‐233.2 for wire type.

Hole type IQI

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design  ASME standard IQIs shall consist of those in Table T‐233.1 for hole type and those in Table T‐233.2  for wire type.

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E-01:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.1] What is the 2T hole diameter for an IQI designation 10? a) 0.001 in. b) 0.010 in. c) 0.020 in. d) 0.025 in. 42

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E-01:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.1] What is the 2T hole diameter for an IQI designation 10? a) 0.001 in. b) 0.010 in. c) 0.020 in. d) 0.025 in. 43

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E-02:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.1] What is the thickness of an IQI designation 20? a) 0.002 in. b) 0.020 in. c) 0.040 in. d) 0.200 in. 44

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E-02:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.1] What is the thickness of an IQI designation 20? a) 0.002 in. b) 0.020 in. c) 0.040 in. d) 0.200 in. 45

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E-03:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.2] What is the wire diameter for an IQI wire identity 5? a) 0.10 mm b) 0.20 mm c) 0.005 in. d) 0.010 in. 46

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E-03:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.2] What is the wire diameter for an IQI wire identity 5? a) 0.10 mm b) 0.20 mm c) 0.005 in. d) 0.010 in. 47

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E-05:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.2] What is the wire IQI set for a 0.032 in. diameter wire? a)Set A b)Set B c)Set A and C d)Sets B and C 48

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E-05:- Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design [T-233 /Table T-233.2] What is the wire IQI set for a 0.032 in. diameter wire? a)Set A b)Set B c)Set A and C d)Sets B and C 49

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T‐276 IQI Selection  T‐276.2 IQI Size.  The thickness on which the IQI is the nominal single‐ wall thickness plus the estimated weld reinforcement  (both sides), but not to exceed the maximum  permitted by the referencing Code Section.  The actual measurement of the weld reinforcement is  not required.  Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part  of the weld thickness in IQI selection.

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T‐277 Use Of IQIs To Monitor  Radiographic Examination

 T‐277.1 Placement of IQIs. (a) Source‐Side IQI(s).   The IQI(s) shall be placed on the source  side of the part being examined.

 (b) Film‐Side IQI(s).   Where inaccessibility prevents hand  placing the IQI(s) on the source side, the  IQI(s) shall be placed on the film side in  contact with the part being examined.   A lead letter “F” shall be placed  adjacent to or on the IQI(s), but shall  not mask the essential hole where hole  IQIs are used. 51

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T‐277 Use Of IQIs To Monitor Radiographic  Examination  T‐277.1 Placement of IQIs. (c) & (d) IQI Placement for Welds   Hole IQIs.   The IQI(s) may be placed adjacent to  or on the weld.  Wire IQIs.   The IQI(s) shall be placed on the weld  so that the length of the wires is  perpendicular to the length of the  weld. 52

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T‐277 Use Of IQIs To Monitor Radiographic Examination  T‐277.2 Number of IQIs.   When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQI image  shall appear on each radiograph except as outlined in (b) below.

 (b) Special Cases (7) For segments of a flat or curved (i.e., ellipsoidal, torispherical, toriconical,  elliptical, etc.) component where the source is placed perpendicular to the center of  a length of weld for a single exposure when using more than three film holders, at  least three IQIs, one placed at each end of the radiographed span and one in the  approximate center of the span, are required. 11:44 AM

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T‐282 Radiographic density  T‐282.1 The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the  body of the designated hole‐type IQI adjacent to the essential hole or adjacent  to the essential wire of a wire‐type IQI and the area of interest shall be

 1.8 to 4 for x‐ray techniques and   2.0 to 4 for gamma ray techniques.   1.3 to 4 for composite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film  of the composite set shall have a minimum density of 1.3. 

(a) The density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest shall not (1) vary by more than minus 15% or plus 30% from the density through the body of the designated hole‐type IQI adjacent to the essential hole or adjacent to the essential wire of a wire‐type IQI, and (2) exceed the minimum/maximum allowable density ranges specified in T‐282.1 

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composite viewing

NOT IN EXAM (INFORMTION ONLY )

• If you have very thick material and/or low intensity radiation source, you can save exposure time, if you do the following: • Take two films according to your specification, each with front and rear lead screen, and put them together into the same envelope, one BEHIND the other. Then make your exposure (exposure time: half the time you would need according to your exposure charts for correct density). Then develop the films. • Each film should have about half the desired density. Take the two films, put them as an overlay (one BEHIND the other) on the screen of your evaluation illumination box, and look at it. • This is 'composite viewing'. Of course in resulting density in summary of both films during composite viewing you have to fulfill the minimum/maximum density standards according to your specification. During evaluation take care that there is no vibration which would shift the two films, leading to unsharpness. • As said already above, the only reason of this 'composite viewing procedure' is to reduce exposure time.

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T‐283 IQI Sensitivity  T‐283.1 Required Sensitivity.  Radiography shall be performed with a  technique of sufficient sensitivity to  display the designated hole‐type IQI  image (2T) and the essential hole, or the  essential wire of a wire‐type IQI. 

 T‐283.2 Equivalent Hole‐Type IQI  Sensitivity  if you don’t have the right IQI you can,  using Table T‐283 determine an  acceptable substitution.

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E-01:- Equivalent Hole-Type IQI Sensitivity [T-283.2] What is an equivalent 4T hole-type designation for a 2T hole-type IQI 15? a) 5 b) 7 c) 10 d) 12 61

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E-01:- Equivalent Hole-Type IQI Sensitivity [T-283.2] What is an equivalent 4T hole-type designation for a 2T hole-type IQI 15? a) 5 b) 7 c) 10 d) 12 62

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T – 223 Backscatter Radiation  A lead symbol “B,” with minimum dimensions of 7/16 in.(11mm)  in height and 1/16  in.(1.5mm) in thickness, shall be attached to the back of each film holder during each  exposure to determine if backscatter radiation is exposing the film.

☼ T‐284 Excessive Backscatter   If a light image of the “B,” appears on a darker background of the radiograph,  protection from backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be  considered unacceptable.   A dark image of the “B” on a lighter background is not cause for rejection. 11:44 AM

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Article 2, Radiographic Examination

☼ T‐290 DOCUMENTATION  T‐291 Radiographic Technique Documentation Details.  The Manufacturer shall prepare and document the radiographic technique details. As a minimum,  the following information shall be provided. (a) the requirements of Article 1, T‐190(a) (i) distance from source side of object  (b) identification as required by T‐224 to film (d in T‐274.1) (c) the dimensional map (if used) of marker placement (j) film manufacturer and  in accordance with T‐275.3 Manufacturer’s type/ designation (d) number of radiographs (exposures) (k) number of film in each film  holder/cassette (e) X‐ray voltage or isotope type used (l) single‐ or double‐wall exposure (f) source size (F in T‐274.1) (m) single‐ or double‐wall viewing (g) base material type and thickness, weld thickness, weld reinforcement thickness, as applicable (h) source‐to‐object distance (D in T‐274.1) 64

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Q-01:- Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. [T-274.2] For a material thickness of 2 inches (50.8 mm), the geometric unsharpness of a radiograph , when required by referencing code ,shall not exceed? a) 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) b) 0.020 inch (0.51 mm) c) 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) d) 0.040 inch (1.02 mm) 66

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Q-01:- Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. [T-274.2] For a material thickness of 2 inches (50.8 mm), the geometric unsharpness of a radiograph , when required by referencing code ,shall not exceed? a) 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) b) 0.020 inch (0.51 mm) c) 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) d) 0.040 inch (1.02 mm) 67

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Q-02:- IQI Size [T-276.2 (a)&(b)] On what basis are image quality indicators selected? A) The strength of the radiation source B) The film type used by the radiographer C) The alloy content of the material being radiographed D) The thickness of base material plus weld reinforcement 68

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Q-02:- IQI Size [T-276.2 (a)&(b)] On what basis are image quality indicators selected? A) The strength of the radiation source B) The film type used by the radiographer C) The alloy content of the material being radiographed D) The thickness of base material plus weld reinforcement 69

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Q-03:- Placement of IQIs [T-277.1 (b)] When inaccessibility prevents placing IQIs manually on the source side of a weld being radiographed, what identification is placed on a radiograph to indicate that film-side IQIs were used? A) Letters IQI B) Letter B C) Letter F D) Letters FSP 11:44 AM

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Q-03:- Placement of IQIs [T-277.1 (b)] When inaccessibility prevents placing IQIs manually on the source side of a weld being radiographed, what identification is placed on a radiograph to indicate that film-side IQIs were used? A) Letters IQI B) Letter B C) Letter F D) Letters FSP 11:44 AM

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Q-04:- Placement of IQIs [T-277.1 (d)] During radiographic examination of a weld, a wire-type IQI shall be placed: A) Adjacent to the weld so that the length of the wire is perpendicular to the weld B) Adjacent to the weld so that the length of the wire is parallel to the weld C) On the weld so that the length of the wire is perpendicular to the weld D) On the weld so that the length of the wire is parallel to the weld

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Q-04:- Placement of IQIs [T-277.1 (d)] During radiographic examination of a weld, a wire-type IQI shall be placed: A) Adjacent to the weld so that the length of the wire is perpendicular to the weld B) Adjacent to the weld so that the length of the wire is parallel to the weld C) On the weld so that the length of the wire is perpendicular to the weld D) On the weld so that the length of the wire is parallel to the weld

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Q-05:- Radiographic Technique Documentation Details [T-291] { When reviewing a group of radiographs, all of the following information must be available EXCEPT: } / { Which of the following information is not required to be documented for a radiograph?} A) Minimum source-to-film distance B) Geometric unsharpness C) Material type D) Exposure technique 11:44 AM

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Q-05:- Radiographic Technique Documentation Details [T-291] { When reviewing a group of radiographs, all of the following information must be available EXCEPT: } / { Which of the following information is not required to be documented for a radiograph?} A) Minimum source-to-film distance B) Geometric unsharpness C) Material type D) Exposure technique 11:44 AM

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Q-06:- Densitometers [T-262.1(a)] The density of step wedge comparison film and densitometer calibrations shall be verified by using calibrated step wedge film traceable to: A) An ASME V Standard certified film B) An ASME calibrated step wedge C) An ASNT certified procedure D) National standard (step tablet) 76

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Q-06:- Densitometers [T-262.1(a)] The density of step wedge comparison film and densitometer calibrations shall be verified by using calibrated step wedge film traceable to: A) An ASME V Standard certified film B) An ASME calibrated step wedge C) An ASNT certified procedure D) National standard (step tablet) 77

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Q-07:- IQI Selection [T-276.2 /Table T-276] What film side hole IQI designation would be required, using Gamma-ray radiography, for examination of a weld repair in piping that is 0.875” thick? a) 10 b) 20 c) 30 d) 35 78

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Q-07:- IQI Selection [T-276.2 /Table T-276] What film side hole IQI designation would be required, using Gamma-ray radiography, for examination of a weld repair in piping that is 0.875” thick?

a) 10 b) 20 c) 30 d) 35

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Q-08:- Radiographic density [T-282] What is the maximum density, in the area of interest, for gamma ray source radiography? a) 1.3 b) 1.8 c) 2.0 d) 4.0 80

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Q-08:- Radiographic density [T-282] What is the maximum density, in the area of interest, for gamma ray source radiography? a) 1.3 b) 1.8 c) 2.0 d) 4.0 81

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Q-09:- Excessive Backscatter [T-284 ] What is the cause for rejection of the “B” image on a film due to excessive back-scatter? a) Any image b) No image c) A light image d) A dark image 82

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Q-09:- Excessive Backscatter [T-284 ] What is the cause for rejection of the “B” image on a film due to excessive back-scatter? a) Any image b) No image c) A light image d) A dark image 83

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Q-10:- Excessive Backscatter [T-284 ] Light letter B on the radiography film indicates: a) Sufficient back scatter control and film is acceptable b) Insufficient backscatter control and film is rejected c) Insufficient backscatter control and film is acceptable d) Sufficient backscatter control and film is rejected

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Q-10:- Excessive Backscatter [T-284 ] Light letter B on the radiography film indicates: a) Sufficient back scatter control and film is acceptable b) Insufficient backscatter control and film is rejected c) Insufficient backscatter control and film is acceptable d) Sufficient backscatter control and film is rejected

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Q-11:- IQI Size [T-276.2 (a)&(b)] Image quality indicators (IQI) are always selected on the base of a) Thickness of the material being welded. b) Quality specified for the weld. c) Film speed selected for the job. d) Size of the penetrameter hole.

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Q-11:- IQI Size [T-276.2 (a)&(b)] Image quality indicators (IQI) are always selected on the base of a) Thickness of the material being welded. b) Quality specified for the weld. c) Film speed selected for the job. d) Size of the penetrameter hole.

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Q-12:- IQI Selection [T-276.2 /Table T-276] material 1.25 in, what is the hole type IQI shall be used if the weld is accessible from both sides? a) 10 b) 20 c) 30 d) 35 88

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Q-12:- IQI Selection [T-276.2 /Table T-276] material 1.25 in, what is the hole type IQI shall be used if the weld is accessible from both sides?

a) 10 b) 20 c) 30 d) 35

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Q-13:- Location Markers [T-275] Location markers which are to appear as radiographic images on the film shall always be placed:

A) On the exposure holder/cassette B) On the radiographic film C) Between the film and the part being radiographed D) On the part being radiographed 90

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Q-13:- Location Markers [T-275] Location markers which are to appear as radiographic images on the film shall always be placed:

A) On the exposure holder/cassette B) On the radiographic film C) Between the film and the part being radiographed D) On the part being radiographed 91

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Q-14:- Number of IQIs [T-277.2 (b)(7)] Component where the source is placed perpendicular to the center of a length of weld for a single exposure when using more than three film holders _____________

a) at least three IQIs are required. b) at least two IQIs are required. c) at least one is required. d) at least four are required. 92

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Q-14:- Number of IQIs [T-277.2 (b)(7)] Component where the source is placed perpendicular to the center of a length of weld for a single exposure when using more than three film holders _____________

a) at least three IQIs are required. b) at least two IQIs are required. c) at least one is required. d) at least four are required. 93

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Q-15:- Radiographic density [T-282] A single wall exposure technique was used to make a radiograph using a Cobalt60 source. The minimum permitted density in the area of interest per ASME V code is: A) 1.3 B) 1.8 C) 2.0 D) None of these are correct? 94

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Q-15:- Radiographic density [T-282] A single wall exposure technique was used to make a radiograph using a Cobalt-60 source. The minimum permitted density in the area of interest per ASME V code is: A) 1.3 B) 1.8 C) 2.0 D) None of these are correct? 95

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Q-16:- Densitometers. [T-262.19(d)] The densitometer is acceptable if the density readings_______________ A) vary by more than ±0.05 density units B) do not vary by less than ±0.05 density units C) do not vary by more than ±0.05 density units D) None of these are correct

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Q-16:- Densitometers. [T-262.19(d)] The densitometer is acceptable if the density readings_______________ A) vary by more than ±0.05 density units B) do not vary by less than ±0.05 density units C) do not vary by more than ±0.05 density units D) None of these are correct

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Q-17:- IQI Selection [T-276.2 /Table T-276] What film side hole IQI designation would be required, using Gamma-ray radiography, for examination of a weld repair in piping that is 0.5” thick? a) 10 b) 17 c) 20 d) 30 98

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Q-17:- IQI Selection [T-276.2 /Table T-276] What film side hole IQI designation would be required, using Gamma-ray radiography, for examination of a weld repair in piping that is 0.5” thick? a) 10 b) 17 c) 20 d) 30 99

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Q-18:- Densitometers [T-262.1] Densitometers shall be calibrated ________________ a) prior to first use b) prior to testing the equipment on the procedure to be used c) at least once a year d) at least every 90 days

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Q-18:- Densitometers [T-262.1] Densitometers shall be calibrated ________________ a) prior to first use b) prior to testing the equipment on the procedure to be used c) at least once a year d) at least every 90 days

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Q-19:- Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. [T-274.2] For material thicknesses less than 2”, what is the maximum geometric unsharpness permitted when required by the referencing code? a) 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) b) 0.020 inch (0.51 mm) c) 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) d) 0.040 inch (1.02 mm) 11:44 AM

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Q-19:- Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. [T-274.2] For material thicknesses less than 2”, what is the maximum geometric unsharpness permitted when required by the referencing code? a) 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) b) 0.020 inch (0.51 mm) c) 0.030 inch (0.76 mm) d) 0.040 inch (1.02 mm) 11:44 AM

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☼ The inspector should be familiar with and understand; 1. The Scope of Article 6, 2. The general rules for applying and using the liquid penetrant method such as, but not limited  to; a) procedures b) contaminants c) techniques d) examination e) interpretation f) documentation and g) record keeping 105

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☼ T‐620 General   The liquid penetrant examination method is an effective means for detecting discontinuities which  are open to the surface of nonporous metals and other materials.

☼ T‐ 621 Written Procedure Requirements  T‐621.1 Requirements.  Liquid penetrant examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which  shall as a minimum, contain the requirements listed in Table T‐621.   The written procedure shall establish a single value, or range of values, for each requirement.

 T‐621.2 Procedure Qualification.   When procedure qualification is specified by the referencing Code Section, a change of a  requirement in Table T‐621 identified as an essential variable shall require requalification of the  written procedure by demonstration. 106

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☼ T‐ 621 Written Procedure Requirements  T‐621.2 Procedure Qualification.   A change of a requirement identified as a nonessential variable does not require requalification of the  written procedure.

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☼ T‐ 621 Written Procedure Requirements  T‐621.3 Minimum and Maximum Step Times  The written procedure shall have minimum and maximum times for the applicable examination steps listed in  Table T‐621.3.

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E-01:- Procedure Qualification [T-621.2] Which of the following requirements need re-qualification of if they liquid penetrant examination procedure if they changed? a) method of applying developer b) personnel qualification requirements c) materials, shapes, or sizes to be examined and the extent of examination d) post-examination cleaning technique 11:44 AM

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E-01:- Procedure Qualification [T-621.2]

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E-01:- Procedure Qualification [T-621.2] Which of the following requirements need re-qualification of if they liquid penetrant examination procedure if they changed? a) method of applying developer b) personnel qualification requirements c) materials, shapes, or sizes to be examined and the extent of examination d) post-examination cleaning technique 11:44 AM

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E-02:- Procedure Qualification [T-621.2] Which of the following requirements do not need re-qualification of if they liquid penetrant examination procedure if they changed? a) method of applying penetrant b) method of applying developer c) decrease in penetrant dwell time d) post-examination cleaning technique 11:44 AM

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E-02:- Procedure Qualification [T-621.2]

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E-02:- Procedure Qualification [T-621.2] Which of the following requirements do not need re-qualification of if they liquid penetrant examination procedure if they changed? a) method of applying penetrant b) method of applying developer c) decrease in penetrant dwell time d) post-examination cleaning technique 11:44 AM

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☼ T‐642 Surface Preparation  a) In general, satisfactory results may be obtained when the surface of the part is in the as‐welded,  as rolled, as‐cast, or as‐forged condition.  Surface preparation by grinding, machining, or other methods may be necessary where surface  irregularities could mask indications of unacceptable discontinuities. b) Prior to each liquid penetrant examination, the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas  within at least 1 in.  shall be dry and free of all dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding flux, weld spatter,  paint, oil, and other…………

☼ T‐650 Technique  T – 651 Techniques  Penetrants are colour (visible) type and fluorescent type. Each of these have:  a) water washable b) post emulsifying  c) solvent removable  Thus, total six liquid penetrant techniques are available. 11:44 AM

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☼ T-652 techniques for standard temperatures 

As a standard technique, the temperature of the penetrant and the surface of the part to be processed shall not be below 40°F (5°C) nor above  125°F (52°C) throughout the examination period.

☼ T-653 Techniques for Nonstandard Temperatures 

When it is not practical to conduct a liquid penetrant examination within the temperature range of 40°F to 125°F (5°C to 52°C), the examination procedure at the proposed lower or higher temperature range requires qualification of the penetrant materials and processing in accordance with Mandatory Appendix 

III of this Article. 

This shall require the use of a quench cracked aluminum block, which in this Article is designated as a liquid penetrant comparator block.

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☼ T-654Technique Restrictions  Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow a color contrast penetrant examination.

 Intermixing of penetrant materials from different families or different manufacturers is not permitted.  A retest with water washable penetrants may cause loss of marginal indications due to contamination.

☼ T-660 CALIBRATION  Light meters, both visible and fluorescent (black) light meters, shall be calibrated at least once a year or whenever the meter has been repaired.

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☼ T-671 Penetrant Application  The penetrant may be applied by any suitable means, such as dipping, brushing, or spraying.

☼ T-672 Penetration (DWELL)Time  The minimum penetration time shall be as required in Table T-672 or as qualified by demonstration for specific applications.  The maximum dwell time shall not exceed 2 hr or as qualified by demonstration for specific applications

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☼ T-672 Penetration (DWELL)Time

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E-01:- Penetration (DWELL)Time [T-672] What is the minimum penetration dwell time for a titanium weld that may contain a small surface crack at 40°F test temperature? a) penetrant 2 minutes b) penetrant 5 minutes c) penetrant 20 minutes d) penetrant 10 minutes 11:44 AM

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E-01:- Penetration (DWELL)Time [T-672]

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E-01:- Penetration (DWELL)Time [T-672] What is the minimum penetration dwell time for a titanium weld that may contain a small surface crack at 40°F test temperature? a) penetrant 2 minutes b) penetrant 5 minutes c) penetrant 20 minutes d) penetrant 10 minutes 11:44 AM

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☼ T-673 Excess Penetrant Removal  After the specified penetration(dwell) time has elapsed, any penetrant remaining on the surface shall be  removed, taking care to minimize removal of penetrant from discontinuities.  T ‐673.1 Water Washable Penetrants  Excess water washable penetrant shall be removed with  1. a water spray 2. by wiping with a cloth or absorbent paper, repeating the operation until most traces of penetrant  have been removed.   The water pressure shall not exceed 50 psi  (350 kPa), and the water temperature shall not exceed  110°F (43°C).  T‐673.2 Post‐Emulsification Penetrants. a) Lipophilic Emulsification.   123

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NOT IN EXAM (INFORMTION ONLY )

When removal of the penetrant from a defect due to over‐washing of the part is  a concern, a post‐emulsifiable penetrant system can be used.

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☼ T-673 Excess Penetrant Removal  T-673.3 Solvent  Removable Penetrants  Excess solvent removable penetrant shall be removed by wiping with a cloth or absorbent paper, repeating the operation until most traces of penetrant have been removed.

 Flushing the surface with solvent, following the application of the penetrant and prior to developing, is prohibited.

☼ T-674 Drying After Excess Penetrant Removal a) For the water washable or post-emulsifying technique, the surfaces may be dried by  blotting with clean materials or by using circulating air, provided the temperature of the surface is not raised above 125°F (52°C). b) For the solvent removable technique, the surfaces may be dried by normal evaporation, blotting, wiping, or forced air. 125

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☼ T-675 Developing  The developer shall be applied as soon as possible after penetrant removal; the time interval shall not exceed that established in the procedure  Insufficient coating thickness may not draw the penetrant out of discontinuities; conversely, excessive coating thickness may mask indications. 

With color contrast penetrants, only a wet developer shall be used.

 With fluorescent penetrants, a wet or dry developer may be used.

 T-675.3 Developing Time  Developing time for final interpretation begins immediately after the application of a dry developer or as soon as a wet developer coating is dry.

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☼ T-676 Interpretation  T-676.1 Final Interpretation  Final interpretation shall be made within 10 to 60 min.

 T-676.3 Color Contrast Penetrants.  minimum light intensity of 100 fc (1000/1076 lx) is required on the surface to be examined to ensure adequate sensitivity during the examination and evaluation of indications.

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☼ T-676 Interpretation  T-676.4 Fluorescent Penetrants  The examination shall be performed as follows: a) It shall be performed in a darkened area. b) Examiners shall be in a darkened area for at least 5 min prior to performing examinations to enable their eyes to adapt to dark viewing. d) Black lights shall achieve a minimum of 1000 μW/cm2 on the surface of the part being examined throughout the examination. e) Reflectors and filters should be checked and, if necessary, cleaned prior to use. Cracked or broken filters shall be replaced immediately. f) The UV-A light intensity shall be measured with a UV-A light meter 1. prior to use, 2. whenever the light’s power source is interrupted or changed, and 3. at the completion of the examination or series of examinations. 128

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☼II-640 MISCELLANEOUS Requirements  II-641 Nickel base alloys  sulfur content shall not exceed 0.1% by weight.

 II-642 Austenitic or duplex stainless steel and titanium  The total halogens (chlorine plus fluorine) content shall not exceed 0.1% by weight.

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Q-01:- General [T-620] The liquid penetrant examination method is an effective means for detecting ________. a) discontinuities which are open to the surface or subsurface b) discontinuities which are open to the surface or slightly subsurface c) discontinuities which are open to the surface of all materials d) discontinuities which are open to the surface of nonporous metals 131

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Q-01:- General [T-620] The liquid penetrant examination method is an effective means for detecting ________. a) discontinuities which are open to the surface or subsurface b) discontinuities which are open to the surface or slightly subsurface c) discontinuities which are open to the surface of all materials d) discontinuities which are open to the surface of nonporous metals 132

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Q-02:- Techniques for Nonstandard Temperatures [T-653] As a standard technique, the temperature of the penetrant and the surface of the part to be processed shall not be below _____________ A. 125°F B. 40°F C. 32°F D. 81°C 133

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Q-02:- Techniques for Nonstandard Temperatures [T-653] As a standard technique, the temperature of the penetrant and the surface of the part to be processed shall not be below _____________ A. 125°F B. 40°F C. 32°F D. 81°C 134

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Q-03:- Techniques for Nonstandard Temperatures [T-653] As a standard technique, the temperature of the penetrant and the surface of the part to be processed shall not be above ________________ A. 125°F B. 50°F C. 32°F D. 81°C 135

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Q-03:- Techniques for Nonstandard Temperatures [T-653] As a standard technique, the temperature of the penetrant and the surface of the part to be processed shall not be above ________________ A. 125°F B. 50°F C. 32°F D. 81°C 136

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Q-04:- Water Washable Penetrants [T -673.1] Excess water washable penetrant shall be removed with a water spray. The water pressure shall not exceed __________________ A. 110 PSI B. 90 PSI C. 50 PSI D. 20 PSI 137

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Q-04:- Water Washable Penetrants [T -673.1] Excess water washable penetrant shall be removed with a water spray. The water pressure shall not exceed __________________ A. 110 PSI B. 90 PSI C. 50 PSI D. 20 PSI 138

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Q-05:- Solvent Removable Penetrants [T-673.3] Flushing the surface with solvent, following the application of the penetrant and prior to developing is _________________ A. The average PT technique B. Allowed if sufficient solvent is available C. Not mentioned in ASME Section V D. prohibited 139

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Q-05:- Solvent Removable Penetrants [T-673.3] Flushing the surface with solvent, following the application of the penetrant and prior to developing is _________________ A. The average PT technique B. Allowed if sufficient solvent is available C. Not mentioned in ASME Section V D. prohibited 140

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Q-06:- Final Interpretation [T-676.1] During PT test, final interpretation shall be made within what time range? A. 7 to 60 min B. 10 to 60 min C. 60 to 120 min D. anytime after 24 hours

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Q-06:- Final Interpretation [T-676.1] During PT test, final interpretation shall be made within what time range? A. 7 to 60 min B. 10 to 60 min C. 60 to 120 min D. anytime after 24 hours

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Q-07:- Post-Emulsification Penetrants. [T-673.2 (a)] With post-emulsifying penetrants the emulsification time is ____________ A. Based on water pressure B. Not as important as the dwell time C. To be calculated based on surface temperature D. To be determined experimentally

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Q-07:- Post-Emulsification Penetrants. [T-673.2 (a)] With post-emulsifying penetrants the emulsification time is ____________ A. Based on water pressure B. Not as important as the dwell time C. To be calculated based on surface temperature D. To be determined experimentally

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Q-08:- Control of contaminants for L.P.E [APPENDIX II] When performing liquid penetrant examination of stainless-steel weld joints, which of the following is correct when verifying acceptable penetrant materials? A) Verify certifications of penetrant and developer materials for total halogens (chlorine/fluorine) content B) Verify certifications of penetrant and developer materials for lead and contaminants C) Check (verify) the material containers for proper identification and batch numbers D) Check (verify) the material containers for an indication of the VOC content 145

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Q-08:- Control of contaminants for L.P.E [APPENDIX II] When performing liquid penetrant examination of stainless-steel weld joints, which of the following is correct when verifying acceptable penetrant materials? A) Verify certifications of penetrant and developer materials for total halogens (chlorine / fluorine) content B) Verify certifications of penetrant and developer materials for lead and contaminants C) Check (verify) the material containers for proper identification and batch numbers D) Check (verify) the material containers for an indication of the VOC content 146

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☼ The inspector should be familiar with and understand; 1. The Scope of Article 7, 2. General requirements such as but not limited to requirements for: a. procedures b. techniques (Yoke and Prod only) c. calibration d. examination e. Interpretation 2. Documentation and record keeping 148

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☼ T‐720 General   The magnetic particle examination method is applied to detect cracks and other discontinuities on the surfaces of ferromagnetic materials. 

The sensitivity is greatest for surface discontinuities and diminishes rapidly with increasing depth  of discontinuities below the surface.

 Whichever technique is used to produce the magnetic flux in the part, maximum sensitivity will be  to linear discontinuities oriented perpendicular to the lines of flux.  For optimum effectiveness in detecting all types of discontinuities, each area is to be examined at least twice, with the lines of flux during one examination being approximately perpendicular to the lines of flux during the other. 149

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☼ T‐721 Written Procedures  T- 72.1 Requirements

 Magnetic particle examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure,  which shall as a minimum contain the requirements listed in Table T‐721.  T-721.2 Procedure Qualification.  When procedure qualification is specified by the referencing Code Section, a change of a  requirement in Table T‐721 identified as an essential variable shall require requalification of the  written procedure by demonstration.  A change of a requirement identified as a nonessential variable does not require requalification  of the written procedure.  All changes of essential or nonessential variables from those specified within the written  procedure shall require revision of, or an addendum to, the written procedure 150

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☼ T‐721 Written Procedures

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E-01:- Procedure Qualification [T-721] Which of the following requirements need re-qualification of magnetic particle test procedure if they changed ? a) magnetizing technique b) demagnetizing technique c) post-examination cleaning technique d) personnel qualification requirements

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E-01:- Procedure Qualification [T-721]

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E-01:- Procedure Qualification [T-721] Which of the following requirements need re-qualification of magnetic particle test procedure if they changed ? a) magnetizing technique b) demagnetizing technique c) post-examination cleaning technique d) personnel qualification requirements

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E-02:- Procedure Qualification [T-721] Which of the following requirements do not need re-qualification of magnetic particle test procedure if they changed ? a) temperature (as previously qualified) b) method of particle application c) method of excess particle removal d) minimum light intensity

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E-02:- Procedure Qualification [T-721]

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E-02:- Procedure Qualification [T-721] Which of the following requirements do not need re-qualification of magnetic particle test procedure if they changed? a) temperature (as previously qualified) b) method of particle application c) method of excess particle removal d) minimum light intensity

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☼ T‐731 examination medium  (c) Temperature Limitations.  Particles shall be used within the temperature range limitations set by the manufacturer of the  particles.   Alternatively, particles may be used outside the particle manufacturer’s recommendations  providing the procedure is qualified in accordance with Article 1, T‐150 at the proposed  temperature.

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☼ T‐741 Surface Conditioning  T-741.1 Preparation. a) Satisfactory results are usually obtained when the surfaces are in the as‐welded, as‐rolled, as‐ cast, or as forged conditions. b) However, surface preparation by grinding or machining may be necessary where surface  irregularities could mask indications due to discontinuities. c)

Prior to magnetic particle examination, the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within  at least 1 in. (25 mm) shall be dry and free of all dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding flux and spatter,  oil, or other extraneous matter that could interfere with the examination.

d) Cleaning may be accomplished using detergents, organic solvents, descaling solutions, paint  removers, vapor degreasing, sand or grit blasting, or ultrasonic cleaning methods.

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☼ T‐750 TECHNIQUE  T-751 TECHNIQUES  One or more of the following five magnetization techniques shall be used: a) prod technique b) longitudinal magnetization technique……….. Not on Exam c) circular magnetization technique……….. Not on Exam d) yoke technique e) multidirectional magnetization technique……….. Not on Exam

☼ T‐752 PROD TECHNIQUE  T-752.1 Magnetizing Procedure.  For the prod technique, magnetization is accomplished by portable prod type electrical contacts  pressed against the surface in the area to be examined.   To avoid arcing, a remote control switch, which may be built into the prod handles, shall be  160 provided to permit the current to be applied after the prods have been properly positioned. 11:44 AM

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☼ T‐752 PROD TECHNIQUE  T-752.2 Magnetizing Current.  Direct or rectified magnetizing current shall be  used,The current shall be .  100 to 125  amp/in. of prod spacing for sec ons 3⁄4  in.(19 mm) thick or greater.  90 to 110  amp/in. of prod spacing, For sections less  than 3⁄4 in.(19 mm) thick .  T-752.3 Prod Spacing.  Minimum prod spacing 3” and maximum 8” 11:44 AM

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E-01:- PROD TECHNIQUE [T-752.2] According to ASME Section V , in using prod technique on a 50 mm (2 inches) thickness plate range: with a prod spacing of 101 mm (4 inches), current shall be selected in the following (a) 300-450 amps (b) 400-500 amps (c) 500-625 amps (d) 550-700 amps 162

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E-01:- PROD TECHNIQUE [T-752.2] According to ASME Section V , in using prod technique on a 50 mm (2 inch) thickness plate range: with a prod spacing of 101 mm (4 inches), current shall be selected in the following

(a) 300-450 amps (b) 400-500 amps (c) 500-625 amps (d) 550-700 amps  The current shall be 100 (minimum) amp / in. to 125 (maximum) amp/in. of  prod spacing for  sec ons 3⁄4 in.(19 mm) thick or greater.  4 x(1oo amp./in   to  125 amp/in.) = 400‐ 500  amps 163

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E-02:- PROD TECHNIQUE [T-752.2] According to ASME Section V , in using prod technique on 1/2 inch thickness plate range: with a prod spacing of 3 ½ inches, current shall be selected in the following (a) 315-385 amps (b) 400-500 amps (c) 500-625 amps (d) 550-700 amps 164

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E-03:- PROD TECHNIQUE [T-752.2] According to ASME Section V , in using prod technique on 1/2 inch thickness plate range: with a prod spacing of 3 ½ inches, current shall be selected in the following

(a) 315-385 amps (b) 400-500 amps (c) 500-625 amps (d) 550-700 amps  For sections less than 3⁄4 in.(19 mm) thick, the current shall be 90 amp/ to 110  amp/in. of prod  spacing.  Current = 3.5 x(90 amp./in   to  110 amp/in.) = 315‐385 amps 165

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☼ T-755 Yoke technique 

For this technique, alternating or direct current electromagnetic yokes, or permanent magnet yokes, shall be used.

☼ T-760 Calibration 

Frequency. Magnetizing equipment with an ammeter shall be calibrated  at least once a year, or whenever the equipment has been subjected to  major electric repair, periodic overhaul, or damage. 



If equipment has not been in use for a year or more, calibration shall be  done prior to first use.



Deviation shall not exceed ±10% of full scale.



T‐761.2 Light meters shall be calibrated at least once a year

electromagnetic yokes

☼ T-762 Lifting Power of Yokes 

(a) The magnetizing power of yokes shall be verified 1. prior to use each day the yoke is used. 2. whenever the yoke has been damaged or repaired (d) A weight need only be verified again if damaged in a manner that could have caused potential loss of material

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☼ T‐762 Lifting Power of Yokes  AC electromagnetic yoke shall have lifting power of at least 4.5 kg (10 lb.)  DC electromagnetic yoke or permanent magnetic yoke shall have lifting power of at least 18 kg (40 lb.)

☼ T‐774 Examination Coverage  All examinations shall be conducted with sufficient field overlap to ensure 100% coverage at the required  sensitivity (T‐764).

☼ T‐777 Interpretation  T-777.1 Visible (Color Contrast) Magnetic Particles.  A minimum light intensity of 100 fc (1000/1076 Lx) is required on the surface to be examined to ensure adequate sensitivity during the examination and evaluation of indications. 167

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☼ T‐764 Magnetic Field Adequacy and direction T‐764.2 Magnetic Field Adequacy. (a) Pie‐Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator. A suitable field strength is indicated when a clearly defined line of magnetic particles form(s) across the copper face  of the indicator

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☼ T‐777 Interpretation  T-777.2 Fluorescent Magnetic Particles With Black Light.  The examination shall be performed as follows: a) It shall be performed in a darkened area. b) Examiners shall be in a darkened area for at least 5 min prior to performing examinations to enable their eyes to adapt to dark viewing. d) Black lights shall achieve a minimum of 1000 μW/cm2 on the surface of the part being examined throughout the examination. e) Reflectors and filters should be checked and, if necessary, cleaned prior to use. Cracked or broken filters shall be replaced immediately. f) The UV-A light intensity shall be measured with a UV-A light meter 1. prior to use, 2. whenever the light’s power source is interrupted or changed, and 169 3. at the completion of the examination or series of examinations. 11:44 AM

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☼ T‐779 POST‐EXAMINATION CLEANING  T-777.2 Fluorescent Magnetic Particles With Black Light.  When post-examination cleaning is required, it should be conducted as soon as practical using a process that does not adversely affect the part

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Q-01:- General [T-720] Magnetic Particle examination methods can detect which of these discontinuities? A) Both shallow sub-surface cracks and surface cracks B) Both deep sub-surface cracks and surface cracks C) Shallow sub-surface cracks D) Deep sub-surface cracks 172

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Q-01:- General [T-720] Magnetic Particle examination methods can detect which of these discontinuities? A) Both shallow sub-surface cracks and surface cracks B) Both deep sub-surface cracks and surface cracks C) Shallow sub-surface cracks D) Deep sub-surface cracks 173

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Q-02:- Temperature Limitations [T-731 (c)] The maximum surface temperature for dry magnetic particle testing of welds is: A) Set by examination medium manufacturer B) Limited by magnetic particle permeability C) 250°F D) 600°F 174

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Q-02:- Temperature Limitations [T-731 (c)] The maximum surface temperature for dry magnetic particle testing of welds is: A) Set by examination medium manufacturer B) Limited by magnetic particle permeability C) 250°F D) 600°F 175

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Q-03:- Prod Technique [T-752.2] What is the acceptable range of magnetizing current (amps) required for prod spacing of 6 inches on an as welded NPS 24 Schedule 40 ASTM A-106 Gr. B pipe weld(0.688 in)? A) 600 to 750 amps B) 720 to 880 amps C) 800 to 1000 amps D) None of these are correct 11:44 AM

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Q-03:- Prod Technique [T-752.2] 1. Determine the thickness of pipe from the API 574 ,table 1 @ NPS 24 SCH.40, t= 0.688

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Q-03:- Prod Technique [T-752.2] What is the acceptable range of magnetizing current (amps) required for prod spacing of 6 inches on an as welded NPS 24 Schedule 40 ASTM A-106 Gr. B pipe weld (0.688 in)? A) 600 to 750 amps B) 720 to 880 amps C) 800 to 1000 amps D) None of these are correct 2. Determine the current   For sections less than 3⁄4 in.(19 mm) thick, the current shall be 90 amp/ to 110  amp/in.  of prod spacing.  Current =6 x(90 amp./in   to  110 amp/in.) = 540‐660 amps 11:44 AM

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Q-04:- General [T-720] Magnetic Particle Examination (MT) is most effective when the: a) current flow is 45º to the major axis of discontinuities b) magnetic flux is parallel to the major axis of discontinuities c) magnetic flux is 90º to the major axis of discontinuities d) current flow is normal to the major axis of discontinuities

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Q-04:- General [T-720] Magnetic Particle Examination (MT) is most effective when the: a) current flow is 45º to the major axis of discontinuities b) magnetic flux is parallel to the major axis of discontinuities c) magnetic flux is 90º to the major axis of discontinuities d) current flow is normal to the major axis of discontinuities

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Q-05:- Lifting Power of Yokes [T-762] When a direct-current magnetic yoke is checked for lifting power. It must be capable of lifting at least many pounds at the maximum pole spacing : a) 10 pounds b) 30 pounds c) 40 pounds d) 50 pounds 181

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Q-05:- Lifting Power of Yokes [T-762] When a direct-current magnetic yoke is checked for lifting power. It must be capable of lifting at least many pounds at the maximum pole spacing : a) 10 pounds b) 30 pounds c) 40 pounds d) 50 pounds 182

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Q-06:- Lifting Power of Yokes [T-762] When AC electromagnetic yoke is checked for lifting power. It must be capable of lifting at least many pounds at the maximum pole spacing : A. 100 lbs. B. 40 lbs. C. 10 lbs. D. 5 lbs. 183

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Q-06:- Lifting Power of Yokes [T-762] When AC electromagnetic yoke is checked for lifting power. It must be capable of lifting at least many pounds at the maximum pole spacing : A. 100 lbs. B. 40 lbs. C. 10 lbs. D. 5 lbs. 184

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Q-07:- Lifting Power of Yokes [T-762] The acceptable frequency to check the magnetizing power of an electromagnetic yokes is A. Every year B. Before and after use C. Every two years D. Every six months 185

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Q-07:- Lifting Power of Yokes [T-762] The acceptable frequency to check the magnetizing power of an electromagnetic yokes is A. Every year B. Before and after use C. Every two years D. Every six months 186

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Q-08:- Fluorescent Magnetic Particles With Black Light [T-777.2] { During the fluorescent MT test, the black light intensity shall be measured with a black light meter_} / {How often should the black light intensity be check for the fluorescent particle technique of Magnetic Particle examination?} A) Every 8 hours and whenever the workstation is changed B) Every 4 hours and whenever the workstation is changed C) Whenever the light’s power source is interrupted and at the end of each days’ examinations D) prior to use, whenever the light’s power source is interrupted or changed, and at the completion of the examination or series of examinations 11:44 AM

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Q-08:- Fluorescent Magnetic Particles With Black Light [T-777.2] { During the fluorescent MT test, the black light intensity shall be measured with a black light meter_} / {How often should the black light intensity be check for the fluorescent particle technique of Magnetic Particle examination?} A) Every 8 hours and whenever the workstation is changed B) Every 4 hours and whenever the workstation is changed C) Whenever the light’s power source is interrupted and at the end of each days’ examinations D) prior to use, whenever the light’s power source is interrupted or changed, and at the completion of the examination or series of examinations 11:44 AM

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Q-09:- Magnetic Field Adequacy [T-764.2 (a) ] When it is necessary to verify the adequacy or direction of the magnetizing field, ________ shall be used. A. A pie-shaped magnetic particle field indicator B. A polarized lens type indicator C. A florescent light with appropriate safety shield D. Iron powder in a non-aqueous base

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Q-09:- Magnetic Field Adequacy [T-764.2 (a) ] When it is necessary to verify the adequacy or direction of the magnetizing field, ________ shall be used. A. A pie-shaped magnetic particle field indicator B. A polarized lens type indicator C. A florescent light with appropriate safety shield D. Iron powder in a non-aqueous base

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Q-10:- Prod Spacing. [T-752.3] What is the maximum allowable prod spacing using an AC prod technique? A. t/2 B. 8 inches C. 10 inches D. No spacing required

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Q-10:- Prod Spacing. [T-752.3] What is the maximum allowable prod spacing using an AC prod technique? A. t/2 B. 8 inches C. 10 inches D. No spacing required

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Q-11:- Frequency Of Calibration [T-761.1 (a)] magnetizing equipment with an ammeter used for magnetic particle examinations shall be calibrated a) prior to first use b) prior to testing the equipment on the procedure to be used c) at least once a year d) at least once a year, or whenever the equipment has been subjected to major electric repair, periodic overhaul, or damage 193

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Q-11:- Frequency Of Calibration [T-761.1 (a)] magnetizing equipment with an ammeter used for magnetic particle examinations shall be calibrated a) prior to first use b) prior to testing the equipment on the procedure to be used c) at least once a year d) at least once a year, or whenever the equipment has been subjected to major electric repair, periodic overhaul, or damage 194

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Q-12:- Temperature Limitations [T-731 (c)] MT Examination part surface temperature outside of the temperature range recommended by ________ a) the manufacturer of the particles or as previously qualified. b) owner /user. c) authorized Inspector. d) None of the above

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Q-12:- Temperature Limitations [T-731 (c)] MT Examination part surface temperature outside of the temperature range recommended by ________ a) the manufacturer of the particles or as previously qualified. b) owner /user. c) authorized Inspector. d) None of the above

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Q-13: Frequency Of Calibration [T-761.1 (c)] The unit’s meter reading shall___________________, relative to the actual current value as shown by the test meter.. a) not deviate by more than ± 5 % of full scale. b) not deviate by more than ±10 % of full scale. c) not deviate by less than ±10% of full scale. d) not deviate by more than ±15% of full scale. e) None of the above 197

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Q-13: Frequency Of Calibration [T-761.1 (c)] The unit’s meter reading shall___________________, relative to the actual current value as shown by the test meter.. a) not deviate by more than ± 5 % of full scale. b) not deviate by more than ±10 % of full scale. c) not deviate by less than ±10% of full scale. d) not deviate by more than ±15% of full scale. e) None of the above 198

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Q-14: Frequency Of Calibration [T-761.1 (c)] Which of the following the best surface preparation Prior to Wet fluorescent magnetic particle testing (WFMT)? A) the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at least 1 in. (25 mm) B) the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at least 2 in. (25 mm). C) the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at least 3 in. (25 mm). D) the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at least 1 in. (25 mm) shall be dry and free of all dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding flux and spatter, oil that could interfere with the examination 11:44 AM

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Q-14: Frequency Of Calibration [T-761.1 (c)] Which of the following the best surface preparation Prior to Wet fluorescent magnetic particle testing (WFMT)? A) the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at least 1 in. (25 mm) B) the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at least 2 in. (25 mm). C) the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at least 3 in. (25 mm). D) the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at least 1 in. (25 mm) shall be dry and free of all dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding flux and spatter, oil that could interfere with the examination 11:44 AM

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ARTICLE 9-VISUAL EXAMINATION • Visual examinations shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure • In general, a fine line 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) or less in width, may be considered as a method for procedure demonstration. • Personnel shall have an annual vision test (J-1) to assure natural or corrected near distance acuity. • Direct visual examination may usually be made within 24 in. (600 mm) of the surface to be examined and at an angle not less than 30 deg to the surface to be examined. • Light meters shall be calibrated at least once a year or whenever they have been repaired. • All examinations shall be evaluated in terms of the acceptance standards of the referencing Code Section. 201

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ARTICLE 10 LEAK TESTING

• Leak testing shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure • pressure gage(s) are used in leak testing, they should preferably a range of approximately • double the intended maximum pressure, • but in no case shall the range be less than 11/2 nor more than four times that pressure • i.e. Range = 1.5 Ptest < 2 Ptest < 4 Ptest • gages used shall be calibrated at least once a year, against a • standard deadweight tester, • a calibrated master gage, or • a mercury column

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Standard Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method

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• This practice provides guidelines for measuring the thickness of materials using the contact pulse-echo method at temperatures not to exceed 93°C [200°F]. • Thickness (T), when measured by the pulse-echo ultrasonic method, is a product of the velocity of sound in the material and one half the transit time (round trip) through the material.

• High-temperature materials, up to about 540°C[1000°F], can be measured with specially designed instruments with high-temperature compensation, search unit assemblies, and couplants. • The apparent thickness reading obtained from steel walls having elevated temperatures is high (too thick) by a factor of about 1 % per 55°C [100°F]. •

Thus, if the instrument was standardized on a piece of similar material at 20°C [68°F], and if the reading was obtained with a surface temperature of 460°C [860°F], the apparent reading should be 204 reduced by 8 %. 11:44 AM

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THANK YOU 205

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