A Greek grammar for beginners [PDF]

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GIFT OF

John H. Mee

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A GREEK

GRAMMAR

FOR BEGINNERS.

BY WILLIAM

HENRY WADDELL,

// PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA.

NEW YORK: HARPER

&

BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE.

1873.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by

HARPER In the Clerk's

&

Office of the District

BROTHERS, Court of the United States for the

Southern District of

New

York.

PRE FAC E. Tins book

name

is

be precisely what its nothing more, and nothing less. It is

an attempt

to

imports &"Gree7c Grammar for Beginners" The author has studiously avoided the insertion of a solitary word not Such a book has been, for many absolutely essential.

a book which shall contain

years, a great desideratum

no

notes, remarks, observations, "fine print" in short, to

be marked by a teacher for omission, but only essential

and elementary principles and paradigms, which are to be thoroughly memorized by the pupil, without any exception whatever. The Grammar is designed to be committed to memory, from cover to cover, the time the pupil goes over

Grammar

of reference

it.

first

It is not, therefore, a

the world

is full

of such.

It

a schoolboy's book, and intended for a schoolboy's use. Whether the author has succeeded in perfecting

is

and in giving expression to his many years' experience in teaching Greek, he leaves the public to

his wishes,

decide,

796411

CONTENTS. PART

I.

ORTHOGRAPHY

Page

The Greek Alphabet

9

Euphonic Changes Accents Punctuation

PART Some

9

11

*

,.

IT.

ETYMOLOGY

15

1C 16

general Rules of Declension

17

First Declension

Contracts of the First Declension

18

Second Declension

19

20 20

Contracts of the Second Declension

Third Declension Contracts of the Third Declension

22

Adjectives

27

Numerals Comparison of Adjectives Article Pronouns The Verb

34:

Synoptical Table of the Verb ruTrrw, Table of the Inflections

36 39

I strike

42 43

Formation of Tenses

53

Augment Reduplication Compound Verbs The Root

54

Secondary Root Special Rules for Formation of the Tenses Special Rules for Pure Verbs

53

54 55 55 ,

59

Examples of Pure Contract Verbs

60

Table of Inflections

64

Liquid Verbs

68

Verbs in

/zi

Synoptical Table

70 72

Vlll

CONTENTS.

Table of Inflections

Page

Exercises in Formation

73 77

Tables of the Synopses and Inflections of certain Irregular arid Defective Verbs

Deponent Verbs Synopsis of the Deponent Verb Adverbs Prepositions

PART

78 84

!%o^ai,

/ receive

85 85

III.

SYNTAX

Syntax of the Cases Syntax of the Verb Negatives Accents General Rules for Writing the Accents

8G 89

96 99

101

>

GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. PART 1.

viz.: Figure.

I.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

THE GREEK ALPHABET. The Greek Alphabet consists of twenty-four

letters,

GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS.

10 2.

The Vowels

are seven in number, viz.

:

and o, Short. and w, Long. a, t, and v, Doubtful.

e

7?

The

because they are sometimes

last three are so called

and sometimes

short

long.

3. A combination of two vowels These are twelve in number, viz.

called a Diphthong.

is

:

tit, ft,

v, oi>.

au, at,

The

They

?;(,

wt.

written with the Iota sub-

last three are usually

scribed, thus

Oi.

:

are pronounced as follows, viz.

like ai in aisle ; e. g. aipw. el height ; e. g. etc.

at ti

01

oi

coin ;

av

ou

house ;

v

:

and

e. g. rot*/.

eu in neuter; oo noon;

7/u

ou

e.

g.

e.

g.

e.

g.

pronoun we / e. g. /zvta. The improper diphthongs, 9, 77, and w, are pronounced precisely like a, ry, and w.

we

vt

4.

The Consonants

in

are seventeen in number, viz.,

Mutes, subdivided as follows Smooth.

Medial.

Palatals,

K

y

x

Linguals,

r

d

3-

Labials,

IT

ft

One

Sibilant letter,

Four sound

;

Liquids, X,

and

yu,

contract the endings oa and i n ^o ofi ot and ot^, as tfyXoa

Xpvaeai \pvgai. t,

a,

aTrXoa aTrXa.

oai*

Sometimes

777.

y> as

fft

oa are contracted into w or

rt/iuJ(7t.

^Xw.

as TroXtt TroXi.

The following words violate the preceding rules. Let the pupil correct them, referring in each instance to the concurring vowels in the list above by which the correction

is

made

:

Arj/zoeScVec

Ar)-6og

p,\iTOV

tap

Arjjj.o(T$Va

Arjroa

lIpaK\Tjg

%r]\6ov

^rjXorj

TtfjLacj

\aag

rip-ae

TlfJLaCl

TILLCLT]

TlfJLaig

Kfpag -aTog

ocj>ig

ofyu

TiSfiai

Tip,f]v

Ktpaa

Kpaoiv

p,pog

fjitpti

pepe

fJLpOLV

flpa

fJLpOJV

TToXtt

TroXeec




rjvrt

Dual.

N.A.V.

honored.

Sing.

rt^i-JivrtQ^ .

B2

ijrra

~

~

'

/

'

*

TifA-ijvrctQ,

TiaaaQ,

i\vra

Tiu-ijvrt,

ijffffai,

iji>ra

Part, of /p, ^o

:

ijcrfjcti,

'

s^c7,

is

declined

GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS.

34

iffTr)jj.i,

to stand.

/ufiXac,

Sing.

N.

loT-Wfi

G.

CT-u>ro,

D. A. \.

o)cra,

(-JQ

a>

Perfect S.

struck.

TiTVTTaQ TiTVTTaTOV

TTV7raUV

TiTVirOLTf.

D. P.

/ have

2.

TkTVTTa

Pluperfect

1

.

TcTVTTE

Tt-vrraTOV

/ had struck. irtrvtyti

D.

S.

kTtTV(f)tlTOV

Pluperfect iTtTVTTUV

D. P.

2.

I had struck.

kTcTVTTtlQ

kTtTVTTeiTOV kTtTVTTcLTS.

kTE.TVTrf.lfJLtV

Future

1.

irf.TV7rf.Laav

I shall strike. TV'^tTOV TV'^OVffl

Future

2.

I shall TVTTilQ

p.

strike.^

GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS.

44

Aorist S.

trv^aT^v

cTVl^CtTS

tTV$/CtV

tTUTrOls

I).

P.

.

kTU'ipctf-lfV

Aorist S.

I struck.

trv^ag trv^arov

I).

P.

1.

trv^a

kTUTToptv

2.

trvifse

I struck.

tTVTTEC

tTVTTS

iruTTcTOV

tTUTrtrrjv

i-uxEre

iTVirov

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. S.

TUTTTiiJ

1).

P.

T^TTrW/ZfJ/

Perfect

I may

TUTTTy

TVTTTl]TOV

TV7TT1JTOI

TVTTTIJTk

TUTTTWGl

I may

1.

D.

strike.

TVTTTyQ

have struck.

TTV(f)r]TOV

Perfect

/ may

2.

TiTVTTW

S.

TcTV^tJTO

have struck.

TcTVTTyQ

~D.

TTV7TJ]TOV

Aorist

1.

J).

I may

strike.

TV^TJTOV

Aorist TU7TU)

S. I).

P.

TV7ra)[,iLV

2.

I may

TV^TjTOV

strike.

TVTTyQ

TVTty

rVTTf]TOV

TUTTtfTOV

rvTrrjre

TVTTWGI

OPTATIVE MOOD. Present. S.

I might,

TUTTTOlfM

D. P.

TVTTTOlUtV

Perfect S.

1.

rVTCTOlQ

TVTTTOt

TU7TTOITOV

TVTTTOirTJV

TVTTTOlTt

TVTTTQltV

Imiyht, could, would, or should have struck.

TtTV^Olfll

Y).

P.

could, icould, or should strike.

TTV(j)Ol[JltV

TETV(j)OlQ

TBTlHbOl

TfTV([)OirOV

TETV(j)OlT1]V

TtrV$OlT6

T(TV$OltV

ETYMOLOGY. Perfect S.

2.

I might,

could, would, or should

T&TV7TOIUI

D. P.

Tf.TVTTOlp.LV

S.

TV^Olfjil

Future

1.

TVtpotfjttv

Future S.

2.

I might,

have struck.

TITV7TOIQ

TETV7TOL

TETV7TOITOV

TtTUTTOlTIJV

TtTVTTOlTe.

TeTVTTOtiV

I should

I).

P.

45

or would strike.

TV^Oig

TV^/Ol

TUTpoiTOV

TV^QITK]V

Ti\^oire

TV\poitv

could, would, or should hereofter strike.'f TV7TOI

TVTCOIQ

TVTTollJLl

i'

P.

TVTTOlTS

TV7TolfJ,EV

Aorist S.

1.

TVTrorrjv TUTToltV

I might,

could, would, or should strike.

I might,

could, would, or should strike.

Tv\pai[.u

P. Aorist S.

2.

TVTTOlftl

D. P.

TV7TOIQ

TVTCOL

ru'/rotrov

TVTTOITTJV

TVTTOITS

TVTroipev

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present,

ASVn'/je.

S.

rvTrre

ri>7T7fcra>

D.

TVTTTtTOV

TVTTTSrdJV

P.

TV7TTLT8

S.

T'cTlHpB.

.

Perfect

1.

TVTTTtTUJGaV

Have struck. TtTV

to

^>

s

to

*s

to

ST

li ii

^3-2*3 i^S

-Itl'l-l-l C 3 * o o o N

e _. \

w

p

H

S o *

C

^3,

1|w CDl vu

*

"*>

^_ *

I *

3_

**

%

ST-

^3 V |A|- V a

3

^3

.

3 o V3

4 .5

la

GKEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS.

68

42.

LIQUID VERBS. Verbs are those whose characteristic Liquid

is

a Liq-

In the formation of their Tenses, they differ from the Mute Verbs in the following particulars, viz. uid.

:

I.

Root of the Present is long, all of the Tenses excepting the Present and Imperfect are formed from the modified Root as found in the 2d Aorist and 2d Perfect. If the strengthened

II.

The Future Active and Middle, instead of

dtiicwfltv

T&tTt

didoTe

dtiKwre

Ti^icun^v)

c?t^oacr/(j')

deiKvv(i0i(i>)

Imperfect. S.

tTi&ijv

idiSwv

tdtiKvvv tdtlKVV

D. idtlKVVTIJV

P.

GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. SU15JUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. S. iffrys IGTIJ

D. lGTt]TOV

T&i]TOV

IGT^TOV

T&tJTOV

P.

VtlKVVWJJLtV

Aorist

OTW inflected like the Present.

&&

2. da> inflect-

inflect-

ed like the

ed

Present.

Present.

like the

dun) inflect-

ed like the Present.

OPTATIVE MOOD. Present.

tffraiijc

term?/

citiotrj

D. didoirjTov

CtlKVVOlTE

larairjTt

larairjaav

Ti$rfii](Tav

StlKVVOltV

^

Or thus D.

:

iffTalrov iffraiTfjv

Aorist GTair]v inflect-

ed

like the

Present.

tlKVVOlTOV

2.

Sttrjv inflect-

coirjp inflect-

ed like the

ed like the

Present.

Present.

ETYMOLOGY. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present. _~ci., S'.'toTu.ji

or

i

or St'iKvv

oTty

ioToroo

T&'tTU

dlCUTU)

StlKVVTd)

T&fTOV

difioTOV

StlKVVTOV

Aorist or

3-ari

2.

or

c^o3(

3-6