A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic [PDF]

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A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF OLD ICELANDIC G. T. Zoega

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A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF

OLD ICELANDIC

Digitized by the Internet Archive in

2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft

Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/concisedictionar001857

A CONCISE

DICTIONARY OF

OLD ICELANDIC BY

GEIR

T.

ZOEGA

GRAMMAR SCHOOL OF REVKJAvfK AUTHOR OF

FIRST MASTER IN THE

AN ENGLISH-ICELANDIC AND ICELANDIC-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

Oxford University Press, Ely House, London W. i GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON CAPE TOWN SALISBURY IBADAN NAIROBI LUSAKA ADDIS ABABA

BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI LAHORE DACCA KUALA LUMPUR HONG KONG TOKYO

FIRST EDITION IQIO

REPRINTED

I

9 2 6,

PRINTED

I942, I952, I961, I965, I967 IN

GREAT BRITAIN

^

. ,W">

M'

PREFACE While

cannot be said that the study of Icelandic has been

it

neglected in Britain, there can be no doubt that

it

become much more general than

There are

reasons

why

earliest,

and one of the

gone

to the

should be

it

has been.

Not only does

also the source of

much

material,

good

proper investigation is

of the

first

impor-

supply a linguistic basis for such a study

;

it is

of the information necessary for the under-

In

standing of that period of British history. literature,

for the

a knowledge of Icelandic

it

several

influence was the

outward forces which have

strongest, of those

this

might with advantage

The Scandinavian

making of modern English, and

and appreciation of tance.

so.

it

itself,

too,

Old Icelandic

both in poetry and prose, presents a wealth of interesting

which

in

some

respects stands unrivalled

among

the literatures

of mediaeval Europe, and without which our knowledge of the ancient

North would be the merest shadow of what This important language and literature

it is.

first

became

easily accessible

to the English student with the publication (in 1869-74) of the Icelandic

Dictionary begun by Richard Cleasby, and completed for the Clarendon Press by

Gudbrand Vigfusson.

Icelandic as a whole, although

have been more ever,

and

fully dealt

for those

prose-writings,

whose

it is

some

still

remains the

fullest

record of

portions of the older vocabulary

with in later works.

For beginners, how-

interests chiefly centre in the old Icelandic

some more convenient and cheaper work has been

needed, and the present volume

main

This

is

intended to supply this want.

greatly

In the

founded on the Oxford Dictionary, and has been compiled on

the general principle of including

student of Icelandic

is

likely to

all

those words which the ordinary

meet with

in the

course of his reading.

With the exception of the Edda poems, the purely poetic vocabulary has

PREFACE

vi

most part been omitted,

lor the

as

well as a

number of compounds

The

occurring only in legal, theological, or technical works. not been very

strictly

drawn, however, and

line has

in doubtful cases insertion

has been preferred to omission, especially where space readily admitted

In the English renderings of the Icelandic words

of this course.

it

has

usually been possible to follow the larger work, but changes have been freely

made wherever they seemed

meaning of the word

more

still

to

To make

be required.

the precise

evident, a short phrase or sentence has

frequently been inserted after the English equivalent,

and the student

will find the usefulness of these illustrations increase as his knowledge

The more

of the language improves.

difficult

examples have been

translated, entirely or in part, especially those illustrating the idiomatic

uses of

common

which even

verbs,

must be

in a concise dictionary

treated with considerable fullness.

The arrangement

of the larger dictionary has on the whole been

The most important

followed, but a few changes have been introduced.

of these are the insertion of genitive compounds in their alphabetical

word

places instead of under the simple

instead

of under old

on

p.

528),

Although these vowels were confused

and

(e. g.

alda-^ aldar-

and the separation of in Icelandic

much

(for

employ

as

only,

The vowel e

has also been distinguished

which many editions use the more original g\ but without

separation of the words containing them.

verbs the later

-st

In the reflexive forms of

has been used instead of the early

must note, however, that employed.

7 ot.

value for etymology and for the study of the

other Scandinavian tongues.

from

p.

from an early date,

editions of old texts printed in Iceland usually

the distinction has

on

from

de

in

many

editions

the

For purely philological purposes a

some points have been

would

in

in the

first

in the

most accessible

-sk

;

the student

intermediate different

advisable, but the dictionary

-z

is

procedure is

intended

place to assist in reading the Icelandic sagas as they appear editions.

For the convenience of beginners the tables of declensions and conjugations,

and the

lists

of irregular forms, are reprinted (with

some

PREFACE alterations

and corrections) from the 'Outlines of Grammar' given

the larger work. jugation of these

For the I

am

vii

A

table of irregular verbs

is fully

which led to

original suggestion

indebted to Dr.

is

given in the dictionary

W.

in

unnecessary, as the conitself.

my

undertaking this work

A. Craigie, Taylorian Lecturer in the Scandi-

navian Languages in Oxford, and one of the foremost scholars in both ancient and

modern

Icelandic.

Dr. Craigie has, moreover, revised the

whole of the manuscript and proofs, and by doing so has helped considerably towards greater exactness in the renderings

Although

the English.

nature

which

all

errors

exist

it is

too

much

and omissions have been avoided,

may prove to be may help

dictionary as a whole

language and literature of

E-EYKJAVfK,

Marchf 19 10.

my

and correctness

to expect that in a

of a minor

work of

I trust that

character,

and

in

this

those

that

the

to bring about a wider interest in the

native country.

ICELANDIC DICTIONARY a, a negative suffix to verbs, not ; it is not unmeet that.

era iimakligt, at

another, in succession vil ek J)u vinnir af J)er skuldina, work off the debt ; muntu enga saett af mer fd, 710 peace at 7ny hand; n'sa af dauda, to rise 7-0771 the dead; vakna af draumi, to ;

abbadis ipl, -ar), f. abbess. abbast (a5'. v. ref.. to be angry, to quarrel (a. vi6 e-n, upp i. e-n). f abbindi = afbindi), n. constipation. awake7i fro7n a drea77i luka upp af hrossi, to ope7i agatefro)7i off a horse aSal, n. nature., disposition. at5al-, in compds., chief., head, -prin- vindr st66 af landi, the wind blew fr0771 (

;

;

-a,^'keri,n. sheet-anchor; -bol, -borinn, pp. of noble birth,

cipal-, n.

manor

;

= 65al-borinn festr

;

see aladsf. the main body of -haf, n. the high sea -festr,

-fylking,

;

troops, centre

-henda,

f.

=

;

f.

;

alhenda

-hen ding,

;

f.

full or perfect rhyrne, as go^ : blo^ (opposed to skothending-'j -hendr, -kelda, a. (verse) with perfect rhymes f. chief well; -kirkja, f. chief part of a church, opp. to forkirkja' ; -liga, adv. co7npletely, quite -merki, n. chief bafiner -ritning, f. chief writing; -skali, m. the maitihall, opp. to '

;

;

'

;

;

'

a

forskali, forhus

tree

;

'

-troll,

;

n.

ttunk of downright ogre

-tr6, n.

;

m. chief spokesman. aSild, f. chief defendantship or pro-

-tiilkr,

secutorship.

aSildarmac5r, m. =a6ili. a(5ili

(-ja,

-jar,

later

-a, -ar),

m.

the land; (2) out of; verQa tekinn af heimi, to be take7i out of the world gruflar hon af lasknum, she SLra77ibles Old of the brook; Otradalr var mjok af \t'g\,far out of the ix ay. Connected with ut fostudaginn for ut herrinn af borginni, 7narched out of the town. II. Of lime past, beyond: af omaga-aldri, able to support oneself, of age ek em nu af lettasta skeiSi, 710 longer i7i the pri7ne of life J)d er sjau vikur eru af sumri, when sei'en weeks ofstwwierare past; var mikit af nott, tnuch of the night was past. III. In various other relations (i) t)iggja 16 af e-m, to 7-eceive help fro7)i one hafa umbo5 af e-m, to be another's deputy vera g65s (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good {bad) of ofie; feil J)ar lid mart af Eyvindi, 7nany of Eyvind's men fell there pd eru J)eir utlagir ok af goSorSi sinu, have forfeite I their go5or6 J)d skalt t>u af allri fjd.rheimtunni,y6'rfcit all the claim ; ek skal stefna J)er af konunni, su7n77ion thee to give tip (2) off, of; hoggva fot, hond, af e-m, to cut off one's foot, hand; vil ek, at J)u takir sli'kt sem J)er li'kar af varningi, whatever you like of the sto7es; jDar forkr einn ok brotit af endanum, with the poi7it broken off; absol., beit hann hondina af, bit the hand off; fauk af hofuSit, the head flew off; ;

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

chief dcfendajit varnaraSili) or prosecutor (soknaraSili, sakaradilij. af, prep. w. dat. 1. Ot place : (i) ff-om G. hljop af hesti sinum, G. jump; ed off his horse; ganga af motinu, to go away f> am the meeti7ig; Flosi kastaSi af ser skikkjunni, threw off his cloak Gizzur gekk af utsuQri at gerSinu. fro7n the south-west; hann halSi leyst af ser skua sina, he had taken off his shoes; Steinarr vildi slita hann af s^r, throiv him off; tok Gisli J)d af ser v^pnin, took off his a7-ms bref af (3) of ci7no7tg; hinn efniiigasti ma6r Magniisi konungi, a letter from king af ungum monnuni, the 7>tost pro77iis~ M. ; land af landi, /r^;;z one land to ing oj the yountj; 77ie7i with ; (4) the other; hverr af odrum, one after hlada (ferma) skip af e-u, to load '

(

^

;

;

'

M

;

;

ICEL. DICT

B

AFAR

AF-FLYTJA

r2]

{freight) a ship with ; fylla heiminn threats, hign woras -bragc5, n. parain af si'nu kyni, tofill the world with his gon (afbragS annarra manna) offspring', (5) ^/(=^r which is more genitive, as a prefix to nouns, surfrequent) ; husit var gert af timbr passing, excellent (afbragds vaenleikr, ;

;

stokkum, was

afbragds maQr). afbragcSligr, a. surpassing. hvat at honum af-brigtS, n. deviation, transgression. has become of hiin\ afbrigSar-tr6, n. tree of transgreshvat hefir t)u gert af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar? (7) sion. af-brig^i, n. (i) alteration denoting parentage, descent, origin (2) ok eru af peim komnir Gilsbekkingar, -brigS -brot, n. offence, transgression kominn -brug^ning, f. deviation -bruSigr, are descended from them -brySa (-dda, -ddr), v. to af Tr6jumonnum, descended froin the a. jealous Trojans (8) by, of (after passive); be Jealous', -lory^ifXi. jealousy. ek em sendr hingat af StarkaSi, sent afburSar, gen. from afburSr ', used hither by S. dstsasllaf landsmonnum, as an intensive before adjectives and beloved of (9) on account of by reason adverbs, very, exceedi7igly (a. digr, a. of by ubygQr af frosti ok kulda, be- vaenn, a. sterkliga, a. vel). afburSar-macSr, m. 7nan of mark cause of frost and cold', omdli af i.verkum, speechless from wounds af -samr, a. given to distinguish oneaf self', -skip, n. first-rate ship. dstsaeld hans, by his popularity af-burtSr, m. superiority af hvi, wherefore, why kvaS honJ)vi, therefore af pvi at, because', (10) by means of, um eigi annat vaenna til afbur3ar, to framfcera e-n af verkum si'num, get the better of it ok vilda ek, at by by means of his own labour af sinu hon yrSi eigi meS minnum afbur6um, absol., hann less glorious', -dalr, m. a retnote, an i€, by one's own itieans fekk af hina mestu soemd, derived out-ofthe-way, valley -deilingr, m. great honour from it', (11) with ad- part, portion f share; -drattr, m. (i) mildr af i€, dimimition, deduction jectives, in regard to (2) subtracliberal of money g66r af griQum, tion -drif, n. pi. destiny, fate (likligr -drykkja, f.= merciful fastr af drykk, close {stingy) til storra afdrifa) in regard to drink (12) used absol. ofdrykkja; -doema (-da, -dr), v. (i) with a verb, off, away, hann baS to take away from one by judicial hann Jjd roa af fjorSinn, to row the decision (afdoema e-n e-u) (2) to firth off', ok er {)eir hofSu af fjdrSung, prohibit', -eggja [e^]^ v. to dissuade', when they had covered one fourth of -eigna (at5), v. to dispossess (afeigna btiilt

{6) fig., eigi vita er orQit, what

of trunks of trees

\

menn

;

;

;

;

=

;

;

;

;

\

'

;

\

;

;

; ;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

',

;

the way sofa af nottina, to sleep the night away. afar, adv., used as an intensive before an adj. or another adv., very, exceedingly (a. auSigr, a. breiSr, a. vel, ;

e-m

-eista (aS), v. to castrate ; j (-5a, -Sr), v. to disinherit;

e-t)

-erfa

-eyringr, m. one whose ears have been cut off; -fall, n. diminution, abate-

ment

;

selja e-t

me5

affollum, to sell

at a discou7it. afarko3ta-laust, adv. on fair terms. affara-, gen. pi. from ' affor ', deparafar-kostr, m. hard ter77is', -ligr, ture ; hence affara-dagr, m. the last -dagr jola, Twelfth -menni, n. an day of a feast a. immense, huge', outstanding man -orS, n. overbear- -night; affara-kveld, n. the last ing word -uSigr, a. overbearing eveni77g of a fast. -yrSi, n. pi. proud speech. af-feSrast (ac5), v. to degene7'ate; af-aut5it, pp. n., e-m ver3r afauSit -ferma (-da, -dr), v. to unload (af* um e-t, one has bad luck {fails) in a ferma skip) -fletta (-tta, -ttr), v. to thing ; -blomga (a$), v. to deprive of strip (afifletta e-n e-u) -flutningr, fioivers ; fig., afblomga frasgC e-s, to m. (i) depreciation; (2) dissuasion; detract from one's fame -boS, n. -flytja (see flytja), v. (i) to disparage a. ilia).

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

AP-PCERA e-m)

(2) to represent ; -foera, v. to misrepresent'^ -gamall, a. very old, decrepit; -ganga, f. (i) digression (2) (afflytja fyrir

as unadvisable

APIiA-STUN

[3]

;

V. to

cut off the hair-j -hoftSa

to behead;

lation afi,

from

the right course (af-gangr, m. (i) ganga gu6s laga) surplus hafa hey me6 afgongum, to spare afgangs, left over, remaining ; -gelja, f. chatter(2) decease, death ing -gipt, f. indtdgence, absolution. afgiptar-br6f, n. letter of indulgence. af-gjarn, a. eager to be off (afgjarnt er ofundarf^) -gjof, f. tribute -glapa (at5), V. to disturb an assenibly or ptiblic meeting ; -glapan, f, disturbance (things afglapan) -glapi, m.fool, sifnpleton ; -greizla, f. payment, contribution, afgongu-dagr, m. affara-dagr. af-g0ra (-5a, -t5r), v. to do amiss, do wrong (ek hefi engan hlut afg^rt vi3 pik) -g0rS, f. transgression, offence -hallr, a. having a dowiiward slope

a.

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

'

n.

fatJ), v.

hewing off, muti-

chippings.

;

m.

",

deviation

-hogg,

grandfather;

(1)

(2)

man\

eptir afa, in regular descent.

af-kaup, hagkeypi

n.

bad bargain

(opp.

to

').

af-karr, a. strange, prodis^ious. afkleyfis-or$, n., -samstafa, f. a superfluous word, syllable (in a verse). af-kl8B5a (-dda, -ddr), v. to undress refl., afklaeSast, to undress oneself -komandi (pi. -endr), m. descefidant -kvistr, m. lateral branch, offshoot

-kvaBmi,

n. offspring,

afkvaBmis-maSr, m. descendant. af-kynjaSr, pp. degenerate -kyn;

jast (aS),

degenerate, afl, m. hearth of a forge. afl, n. (i) physical strength (ramr, styrkr, at afli) (2) force, violence ; taka me5 afli, by force; {-i^) plurality of votes, majority ok skal afl rd6a, -haugr, m. side-mound the majority shall decide -hefS, f. (4) virtue, ivithholdinganother' s property -helg- inherent power; a. daudfoerandi grasa, ast (at$), V. refl. to become iitiholy, to the virtue of poisonous herbs. be profaned -hellir, m. side-cave ; afla (at5), v. to gain, earn, procure -henda (-nda, -ndr), v. (i) to hand (a. e-m e-s) a. ser iykx ok frama, to over (2) to pay (afhenda skuld) ; earn fame and wealth afladi {)essi -hendis, adv. off one* s ha^id -hendr, bardagi honum mikillar fraegSar, a. out of one's hand; segja e-n (serj brougitt him great fatne (2) with afhendan, to giveofte up ; -hent, a. n. ace, to earn (aflaOi harm t)ar fe -heyrandi, mikit) refl., e-m aflast e-t, one gains unfit (e-m er e-t afhent) pr. p. out of hearing, absent, opp. to a thing; (3) with dat., to perform, dheyrandi -heyris, adv. out of hear- accomplish (harm aflaSi brdtt mikilli ing, opp. to dheyris -hlaup, n. sur- vinnu) with infin., to be able (ekki plus -hlutr, m. share of a thing; aflar harm {jvi at standa 1 moti ydur). -hly(5ast (-dd), v. refl. to disobey ; afla- far, a. short of strength e-m -hrapi, m. impoverishjnent -hroS, ver6r afla-fdtt, one fails in strotgth. n. damage, loss gjalda mikit af hro3, aflag, n. ( I ) slaughteritig of cattle ; to sustain a heavy loss gera mikit (2) gen., aflags afgangs, left over. afhroS, to make great havoc -huga, af-laga, adv. unlawfully -lagliga, a. indecl. having turned one's mind adv. =aflaga. from ; verSa afhuga e-u, to mind no afla-litill, a. deficient in strength, more -hugaSr, a. -huga (-hugaSr weak; -matSr, m. powerful man; vi6 e-t) ; -hugast (aS), v. refl. to put -mikill, a. (i) strong; (2) powerful; out of one's mind, with dat. -hus, n. -munr, m. odds ; etja vid -muninn, outhouse, side-apartment; -hvarf, n. to fight against odds. deviation from the di^-ect path (opp. aflan, f. gain, acquisition. to * gagnvegr ') -hy$a (-dda, -ddr), aflanar-matSr, m. good steward. v. to scourge thoroughly; -hylja afla-skortr, m. short-coining in (see hylja), v. to uncover -hyming, power or strength ; -stund, i. fishingf. by-corner, recess -haera (-Sa, -Srj, season. ; V. refl. to

=

;

;

;

;

;

\

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

*

'

;

;

'

'

;

;

;

;

;

;

=

;

;

=

;

;

;

;

;

AF-LAUSN af-lausn,

f.

discharge {release)

(l)

or obligation (2) absohiindulgence (aflausn synda)

from claim tioTty

AFREKS-MADR

[4]

;

;

from

(ek kve6 aflima orSnar Jj^rdisir) f. dismembering, mutilation. afl-lauss,a. nerveless, weak; palsied,

-liman,

leaving off, relinquishing paralytic ixi afldti, lessness ; synda, misverka)

-Idt, n. (i) (afldt

;

incessantly,

synda)

misgernin^a,

(afldt

-litill, a. weak, feeble ; strong, ofgreat strength, af-lofa (at5), v. to prohibit ; -loka (a$), v. to open (afloka hurSina). afl-raun, f. trial {proof) of strength pi. bodily (Jjotti J)etta mikil -raun) exercises (Skallagrimr hendi mikit gaman at -raunumokleikum); -skortr, m. lack of strength (ekki var6 mer -skortr vio J)ik fyrrum).

pardon -mikill,

retnission,

(2)

-lata

;

(see Idta), v. with infin. to cease ; -leggja (see leggja), v. (l) to put to give up, abandon ; aside (2) -leiSing, f. (i) terms godar afleiSingar eru me3 J)eim, they are on good metric, contimiation-, terms', (2) ;

;

=

-leysi, n. weakness, nerve-

;

a.

;

afleiSing (i); t^eir -leiSingr, m. afls-inat5r, m. stro?ig man -munr, skildu goSan afleiSing, they parted on friendly terms; -leiSis, adv. (i) out m. difference in stretigth, odds. afl-vani, a. deficient i?i strength of the right path or course (sigla afleiSis) (2) fig., ganga afleiSis, to go verda afl-vani, to succuinb, be overastray snua (draga, fcera) e-t afleicJis, powered. afl-voSvi, m. the biceps muscle. to pervert, misrepresent (J)u foerSir or6 -logaf-logliga, adv. unlawfully sniia e-m afleiSis, to peirra afleiQis) -leifar, f. pi. leavings, ligr, a. unlawful, contrary to law lead astray remnants ; -leitinn, a. of odd appear- -ma (see ma), v. to blot out, destroy -nam, n. ance ; -leitliga, adv. perversely (ilia -moeSra (aS), v. to wean ok afleitliga) -leitligr, a. perverse, (i) tak'ng away, extirpation, de(i) strange, structiofi (2) at afndmi, by reservation -leitr, a. deforjned; hideous, disgusting (hversu afleitir (before division of property, spoil, or oss synast ^eirra hsettirj ; (2) with inheritance) (3) loss (ef hann verSr afleitr hamingjunni, at skaSa peim monnum, er oss mun d2X., deserted by pykkja afndm i) ; (4) surplus. -lendis, adv. abroad ( luckless afnams-fe, n., -gripr, m. goods, an -lendr, 2.. far fi'oin la?id, erlendis) in open sea ; -letja (see letja), v. to article of value, taken before a dividissuade from (afletja e-n at gera e-t, sion cf. afndm (2). af-nefjaSr, pp. having the nose cut -l§tta (-tta, -tt), afletja e-t fyrir sdr) -neita (ac5 or -tta, -tt), -16ttr, a. off, noseless V. to cease; cf. letta af; V. (i) to r.?;^