2019 - Chapter 5 - Hedging Strategies Using Derivatives [PDF]

Zitiervorschau

CHAPTER 5 HEDGING STRATEGIES USING DERIVATIVES

5.1

Hedging Strategies Using Futures 5.1.1 Basic Principles

5.1.2 Basic Risk 5.1.3 Hedging Strategies 5.2

Hedging Strategies Using Options 5.2.1 Strategies involving a single option and a stock 5.2.2 Spreads 5.2.3 Combinations Reading Materials TL1. Chapter 1, Chapter 3 and Chapter 11; Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives; 8th Edition; John C. Hull; Prentice-Hall (2012) Exercises Chapter 3: 3.1; 3.2; 3.3; 3.5; 3.8; 3.9; 3.11; 3.20; 3.21 Chapter 11: 11.1; 11.2; 11.3; 11.4; 11.6; 11.7; 11.10; 11.12; 11.13; 11.17

Hedging Strategies using Futures ◼

◼

Basic Principles: Take positions that neutralize risk Short hedges ❑

Used when hedger already owns the asset and expected to sell in the futures

Short hedges _Example

Short hedges _Example

Short hedges _Example Outcomes − Scenario 1: SAug.15 = $17.50, Sale of oil =>$17.50 million. Close out futures contract => Gain = 18.75-17.50 = $1.25/barrel Total Gain on Futures Position = $1.25 million Total amount realized on sale of oil and futures position =($17.50+ $1.25) million = $18.75 million ◼

Short hedges _Example − Scenario 2: SAug.15 = $19.50,

∼ Sale of oil => $19.50 million. ∼ Close out futures contract => Loss = 19.5-18.75 = $0.75/barrel ∼ Total Loss on Futures Position = $0.75 million ∼ Total amount realized on sale of oil and futures position =($19.50-$0.75) million=$18.75 million · In both cases, total amount on sale is the same – locking in sell-price

Long hedges ◼

A long hedge – Used when hedger needs to purchase asset in the future and wishes to lock in price now

Long hedges _ Example – Company required to buy 100,000 pounds of copper on May 15 ◼ Hedging Strategy − Contract size is 25,000 pounds of copper − No. of contracts: 100,000/25,000=4. − Jan. 15: ∼ long position in FOUR May futures contracts on copper − May 15: ∼ close out the position

Long hedges _ Example

Long hedges _ Example Possible Outcomes − Scenario 1: SMay15 = $1.25. ∼ Purchase copper: 100,000 lbs * $1.25 = $125,000 ∼ Close out futures position =>Gain = (1.25 − 1.20) ´ 100,000 = $5,000 ∼ Total cost of copper = $125,000 - $5,000= $120,000.

Long hedges _ Example − Scenario 2: SMay15 = $1.05. ∼ Purchase copper: 100,000 lbs *$1.05 = $105,000 ∼ Close out futures position => Loss = (1.20 − 1.05) ´ 100,000 = $15,000 ∼ Total cost of copper = $105,000 +$15,000=$120,000. ◼ In both cases, the buy-price is locked in at $1.20/per pound. ◼ Note: If copper purchased on January 15 cost would be: $140,000 + storage costs + interest costs.

Basis Risk In practice, hedging is not so straightforward as in above examples: 1. The asset whose price is to be hedged is not exactly the same as the asset underlying the futures contract. 2. Hedger may be uncertain as to exact date when the asset will be bought or sold. 3. The hedge may require the futures contract to be closed out well before its expiration date. · These problems give rise to – basis risk.

Basis = Spot price of asset to be hedged − Futures price of contract used

Example S1 = 2.50 F1 = 2.20

S2 = 2.00 F2 = 1.90

b1 = S1 − F1 = 0.30 and b2 = S2 − F2 = 0.10 ∼ Hedge involves short futures position at t1 / asset sold at t2 ∼ Price realized for asset = S = 2.00 ∼ Profits on futures position = F1 - F2 = 0.30 ∼ Effective price obtained for asset with hedging: =S +(F1F2)=$2.30=F1+b2 ∼ At time t1,F1 = known, but b2 =unknown => basis risk

Choice of Contract A key factor affecting basis risk. − Two components: 1. Choice of asset underlying futures contract 2. Choice of the delivery month ◼

Basis risk in a short hedge Example: On March 1 – A U.S. company expects to receive 50 million Japanese yen at the end of July. – The September futures price for the yen is currently 0.7800 (in cents per yen, i.e. 1 yen = 0.78c US) – Contract size: 12.5million yen · Strategy − The company can: ∼ Short 4 (=50m/12.5m) Sept. yen futures contracts on March 1. ∼ Close out the contract when the yen arrive at the end of July.

Basis Risk − The basis risk arises from the hedger’s uncertainty as to the difference between the spot price and September futures price of the Japanese yen at the end of July. ◼

Time line for short hedging strategy

At the end of July, spot price = 0.7200 and the futures price = 0.7250 − It follows that Basis = 0.7200 − 0.7250 = −0.0050 = SJul. − FJul.-Sept. − Gain on futures = F Mar.-Sept. − F Jul.-Sept. = 0.7800 − 0.7250 = +0.0550 − The effective price (in cents per yen) received by the hedger is the end-of-July spot price plus the gain on the futures: S2 + (F1 − F2) = 0.7200 + 0.0550 = 0.7750 − This also equals the initial September futures price plus the basis: F1 + (S2 − F2) = 0.7800 − 0.0050 = 0.7750

Basis risk in a long hedge Example: It is July 8: − A company knows that it will need to purchase 20,000 barrels of crude oil at some time in October or November. − The current December oil futures price is $18.00 per barrel. − Contract size: 1,000 barrels. · Strategy – The company: − Takes a long position in 20 Dec. oil futures contracts on July 8. − Closes out the contract when it finds it is ready to purchase oil.

Basis Risk – The basis risk arises from the hedger’s uncertainty as to the difference between the spot price and the December futures price of oil at the time when contract closed out ◼

Time line for long hedging strategy

On Nov. 10 company purchases the oil and closes out its futures con-tract. −The spot price is $20.00/barrel and the futures price is $19.10/barrel: Basis = SNov. − FNov.-Dec. = 20.00 − 19.10 = 0.90 − Gain on futures = F Nov.-Dec. − F Jul.-Dec. = 19.10 − 18.00 = 1.10 − The effective cost of the oil purchased is the November 10 price less the gain on the futures: S − (gain/loss on futures) = 20.00 − 1.10 = 18.90 per barrel − This also equals the initial Dec.futures price + the basis: F Jul.-Dec. + basis = 18.00 + 0.90 = 18.90 per barrel

Hedging Strategies using Options Strategies involving a single option and a stock (Hedge) ◼ Spreads ◼ Combinations ◼

Strategies involving a single option and a stock ◼

Covered Call_ write a call and long the stock

Covered Call_ Example

Covered Call_ Example

Strategies involving a single option and a stock ◼

Protective put_ long put option and long the stock

Protective put

Spreads

Bullish vertical spreads

Bearish vertical spreads

Bearish vertical spreads_ Example

Bearish vertical spreads_ Example

Butterfly Spreads

Butterfly Spreads_ Example

Butterfly Spreads_ Example

Butterfly Spreads_ Example

Combinations

Bottom straddle ◼

Profitable in volatile market

Bottom straddle_ Example ◼

From the Trader’s Desk

Bottom Straddle_ Example

Bottom straddle_ Example

Top straddle ◼

Profitable in stable market

Bottom vertical combinations_ Long strangles

Bottom vertical combinations_ Long strangles

46

Top vertical combinations_ Short strangles

47

Top vertical combinations_ Short strangles

48

Strip and Strap Profit

Profit

K

Strip

ST

K

Strap

ST